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This study evaluated the effect of organic acids–essential oils blend with or without oat hulls (OH) on growth performance, organ weights, blood parameters, gut morphology, microbiota, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in broiler chickens. Day-old broiler chickens were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments consisting of 1) a corn-soybean meal-wheat based diet (BAS), 2) BAS + 0.05% bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD), 3) BAS + protected organic acids–essential oils at 300 g/1,000 kg of feed (OE), and 4) BAS + protected organic acids–essential oils at 300 g/1,000 kg of feed + 3% OH (OEOH), in 8 replicate groups. Feeding was in starter (d 0 to 14), grower (d 14 to 24), and finisher (d 24 to 36) phases. Body weight (BW), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and mortality were determined weekly. On d 36, 8 chickens per treatment were sampled for blood biochemistry, organ weights, cecal SCFA production, and microbiota. Treatments had no effect on FI and FCR at all phases. Both OE and OEOH treatments reduced (P

Infection with Eimeria sp. results in the activation of multiple facets of the host immune system; the use of phytogenics can modulate the inflammatory response and improve the performance of the challenged animal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a commercial blend of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) and castor oil on the immune response of broilers challenged with coccidiosis. A total of 864 one-day-old male chicks (Cobb 500) were randomly distributed into six treatment groups (8 pens/treatment and 18 chicks/pen) in a three-by-two factorial design with three additives: control (non-additive), 100 ppm of monensin or 0.15% CNSL–castor oil. Challenge status was determined twice at 14 days of age. Unchallenged birds were inoculated by gavage with oocysts sporulated with Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria maxima. Although the positive control (non-additive and challenged) and CNSL–castor oil treatment groups exhibited similar variation in weight gain (ΔBWG) compared to unchallenged birds fed without additives, the variation observed in birds fed diets containing CNSL–castor oil was associated with a higher maintenance requirement and not feed efficiency. In the second week after infection, ΔBWG of the CNSL–castor oil treatment group did not significantly change compared to the other treatment groups. At days 7 and 14 post-challenge, there was a higher excretion of oocysts in the control group, whereas the CNSL–castor oil and monensin groups did not differ. The CNSL–castor oil group exhibited increased gene expression of interferon (IFN), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), while the control group exhibited increased expression of cyclooxygenase (COX) and IL-1. The heterophils/lymphocyte ratio was low for the monensin treatment group. The unchallenged birds that received monensin treatment presented higher gene expression of IFN, COX and IL-1 compared to the other treatments, while the CNSL–castor oil group exhibited reduced gene expression, except for TNF. The commercial blend of cashew nut liquid and castor oil modulated the inflammatory response against Eimeria spp. In the absence of the parasite, there was no stimulation of genes involved in the inflammatory response, demonstrating that the blend is an effective tool in specifically modulating the immune system of birds afflicted with coccidiosis.

The proposal on the ban of anticoccidials drugs from poultry feed highlights the importance of broiler breeders resistance to Eimeria as a criteria for animal genetic selection. The aim of this study was to compare the resistance between two commercial broiler breeds to Eimeria acervulina. Eight hundred male chicks from two commercial breeds (400 animals each) were housed from 1–42 days of age and randomly divided into 4 treatments with 8 replicates of 25 birds each. Following a factorial design, the treatments were AU, BU (breed A and B, unchallenged), AC and BC (breed A and B, challenged at 14 days of age by gavage with 1 × 106 oocysts of a field strain of E. acervulina). From 1–42 days, feed intake, body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed efficiency and mean weight (MW) were weekly measured. For the clinical evaluation, feces were sampled from 18 to 24 days for the counting of excreted oocysts and twenty birds per treatment were euthanized at 20 days of age for the scoring of macroscopic lesions in the gut. The breeds did not show statistical differences in performance after the Eimeria challenge in all phases. Breed A presented a higher increase in FCR from 21 to 45 days in comparison to the breed B, which presented a deeper reduction in FI, BWG and MW at all periods post-infection when compared to the breed A. Despite of the challenge, breed A presented better performance indexes (P

Recently, the inflammation of the intestinal mucosa has been related to many diseases in humans and animals. The concept of Microscopic Enteritis (ME) used in human pathology through the Marsh classification system has no counter-part in veterinary medicine. In poultry science, the I See Inside (ISI) methodology, unlike the current linear measures of villi and crypts, generates possibilities to describe and understand the avian ME. Through specific parameters, graded from 0 to 3, the model links proliferative and/or inflammatory reactions in the intestinal layers to some loss in performance. Herein, two trials were conducted in order to describe the development of ME through the ISI methodology in chickens challenged or not with Eimeria spp. and Clostridium perfringens. In each trial, a total of 64 birds were divided in 2 treatments with 4 replicates containing 8 birds each: non-challenged (NCH) and challenged (CH) through gavage with an Eimeria spp. vaccine at 1 day of age and 108 CFU/mL of Clostridium perfringens administered at 10, 11, and 12 days of age. At 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of age birds were euthanized and samples of ileum and liver were collected for ISI evaluation, cytokines and presence of macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+ cell. The results allowed the description of the avian Microscopic Enteritis and of its two basic components: a basal enteritis (BE) in NCH broilers, over which the infectious enteritis is developed in CH birds. In addition, the chronology of ME translated by the ISI methodology parameters were associated to losses in zootechnical performance.

The growing restriction of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) use in farming animals has raised a concern regarding the viability of the animal production system. In this new context, feed additives with proven positive impact on intestinal health may be used as strategy to avoid losses on performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a protected blend of organic acids and essential oils [P(OA+EO)] on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal health of broiler chickens. A total of 1,080 Cobb × Cobb 500 male broilers were randomly distributed in four treatments with 10 replicates (27 birds/each). Treatments were as follow: non-challenged control; challenged control; AGP (enramycin at 10 g/t); and P(OA+EO) at 300 g/t. All birds on challenged groups were challenged with Eimeria spp. at 1 day and with Clostridium perfringens at 11, 12, and 13 days. Body weight gain (BWG), feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were evaluated until 42 days. At 17 days, one bird per pen was orally gavaged with fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-d) and blood samples were collected for FITC-d detection to assess intestinal permeability. At 21 days, apparent ileal nutrient and energy (IDE) digestibility, intestinal macroscopic and histologic alterations (ISI) and, expression of mucin2 (MUC2), claudin1 (CLDN1), and occludin (OCLN) genes in the jejunum were evaluated. From 1 to 42 days, birds from the non-challenged and P(OA+EO) groups had greater (P < 0.001) BWG compared to challenged control and AGP groups. The challenged control group presented the worst FCR (P < 0.001). IDE was 106 kcal/kg greater when broilers were fed P(OA+EO) compared to the challenged control group. Broilers supplemented with P(OA+EO) had improved intestinal integrity with lower blood FITC-d concentration and ISI scores, and greater expression of MUC2, CLDN1, and OCLN genes compared to the challenged control group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the P(OA+EO) and the AGP led to increased growth performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal health of challenged broilers. A marked difference occurred in favor of the P(OA+EO), suggesting that this blend may be used to improve intestinal health and broiler growth performance in AGP free programs.

SUMMARY Salmonella enterica has more than 2,500 different serovars that have been described as causes of human infections, and S. enterica serovar Enteritidis is the most prevalent of these serovars. In some regions in Brazil, S. enterica serovar Minnesota was prevalent in 37.93% of broiler samples. This study evaluated the effect of a prebiotic (PREB) based on mannan oligosaccharide on the immune response of broilers challenged against Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) or Minnesota (SM). PREB supplementation increased the weight gain and reduced Salmonella recovered and mRNA gene expression of IL12 in livers of SE-challenged broilers, but did not prevent colonization by SM in the liver at 16 h after challenge. At the time of challenge, birds supplemented with PREB had higher lymphocyte scores in the lamina propria, villi edema, and dilation, suggesting an inflammatory reaction when compared to a non-supplemented group. PREB supplementation could prevent SE colonization in the livers of broilers 16 h after challenge; however, it would have no effect on SM challenged birds. The challenge with serovar Enteritidis induces higher IL12 mRNA expression levels than challenge with SM.

The maintenance of integrity of the gastrointestinal tract is an important aspect for animal productivity, since it is able to absorb nutrients more efficiently and serves as a barrier against microorganisms. To control agents detrimental to intestinal integrity, growth-promoting antibiotics (AGP) are used, which reduce the number of toxin-producing microorganisms in the intestinal lumen, acting as anti-inflammatory agents. There is a demand for restriction of use of AGP in animal feed, but there are few studies showing what parameters we should observe to search for alternative additives. The aim of this study was to establish histological parameters that explain the effect of enramycin as growth promoter on intestinal health in broilers challenged with Eimeria and Clostridium perfringens. The zootechnical performance and the histology by I See Inside (ISI) methodology were evaluated on liver and ileum samples. Chickens challenged without AGP have the worst BWG, FCR, and histological ISI score (ISI score 9) in the ileum compared to non-challenged (ISI score 5). The use of enramycin on challenged group significantly minimized the ISI score in the ileum at 21 and 28 d (ISI score 7.4 and 8.0, respectively) compared with the challenged group not fed with enramycin (ISI score 9.2 and 9.9, respectively), associated with reduced lamina propria thickness and inflammatory cell infiltration. We suggest these 2 histological parameters as a standard to compare products for gut health.

Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg is a human pathogen also found in broilers. A strain (UFPR1) has been associated with field reports of resistance to short-chain organic acids (SCOA) in broilers in the South of Brazil, but was susceptible to a Bacillus subtilis-based probiotic added in feed in a related study. This work aimed to (i) report clinical symptoms caused by SH UFPR1 in broilers, (ii) study its susceptibility to some antibiotics in vitro, and (iii) SCOA in vivo; and (iv) relate these phenotypic observations with its genome characteristics. Two in vivo trials used 1-day-old chicks housed for 21 days in 8 sterilized isolated negative pressure rooms with 4 battery cages of 12 birds each. Birds were challenged or not with 107 CFU/bird of SH UFPR1 orally and exposed or not to SCOA in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Zootechnical parameters were unaffected (P > 0.05), no clinical signs were observed, and few cecal and hepatic histologic and immune-related alterations were seen, in birds challenged with SH. Formic and propionic acids added together in drinking water, fumaric and benzoic acid in feed (Trial 1), and coated calcium butyrate in feed (Trial 2) did not reduce the SH isolation frequencies seen in cecum and liver in broilers after SH challenge (P > 0.05). SH UFPR1 was susceptible to amikacin, amoxicillin + clavulanate, ceftiofur, cephalexin, doxycycline and oxytetracycline; and mildly susceptible to ampicillin + sulbactam, cephalothin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and gentamycin in an in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration model using Mueller–Hinton agar. The whole genome of SH UFPR1 was sequenced and consisted of a circular chromosome, spanning 4,760,321 bp with 52.18% of GC-content encoding 84 tRNA, 22 rRNA, and 4,427 protein-coding genes. The comparison between SH UFPR1 genome and a multidrug-resistant SL476 strain revealed 11 missing genomic fragments and 5 insertions related to bgt, bgr, and rpoS genes. The deleted genes codify proteins associated with cell cycle regulation, virulence, drug resistance, cellular adhesion, and salt efflux which collectively reveal key aspects of the evolution and adaptation of SH strains such as organic acids resistance and antibiotic sensitivity and provide information relevant to the control of SH in poultry.

Para avaliar o efeito do probiótico sobre a resposta imunológica de frangos de corte desafiados com Salmonella Minnesota (SM), 60 frangos foram divididos em três grupos: CN- (controle negativo) aves que não foram inoculadas com SM, CP- (controle positivo) aves inoculadas com SM e Probiótico- aves suplementadas na ração com probiótico composto de Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. plantarium, L. rhamnosus, L. bulgaricus, Enterococcus faecium, Streptococcus thermophilus e Bifidobacterium bifidum e desafiadas com SM. Aos 14 dias foi realizada a inoculação com SM e aos 7 e 35 dias foram quantificadas células caliciformes, CD4+ e CD8+ na mucosa intestinal do íleo e ceco. Aves suplementadas com probióticos aos 7 dias de idade apresentaram aumento significativo (P≤0,05) de células caliciformes e CD4+ no íleo e de células CD8+ no ceco. Aos 35 dias houve aumento significativo (P≤0,05) das células CD8+ nas aves inoculadas do CN e Probiótico. A utilização de probióticos proporcionou redução significativa (P≤0,05) da contagem de Salmonella sp.

In broiler production, the litter is reused for consecutives flocks, and it is treated during down time between flocks to reduce its microbial load. Although covering the litter with a plastic canvas is a common litter treatment in the field, there is little scientific information available on its efficacy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of covering broiler litter with a plastic canvas for eight days on litter microbiological, physical, and chemical parameters, and on the intestinal microbiota and immunity of broilers. In the first trial, reused litter from a previous flock was distributed into three treatments, with six replicates each: L1 (negative control, litter free from Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) and Eimeria maxima (EM) and not covered), L2 (positive control, litter with SE and EM, and not covered), and L3 (litter with SE and EM, and covered with plastic canvas for eight days). Litter total bacteria, Enterobacteria, Lactobacillus, SE, and EM counts, and litter pH, temperature, moisture, and ammonia emission were determined on days 1 and 8. In the second trial, broilers were housed on those litters according to the treatments described above, and their intestinal microbiota, gut CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes and macrophages, and liver and intestinal pro-inflammatory interleukin (IFN-γ, IL-1β e IL-18) levels were evaluated on days 14 and 28. A significant reduction of litter bacterial populations was observed in the litter covered with plastic canvas. A significantly higher mRNA IFN-γ gene expression (12.5-fold) was observed in the jejunum and liver of broilers reared on the litter with Enterobacteria counts. No EM reduction was observed in the covered litter. Covering reused broiler litter with plastic canvas reduces initial litter bacterial load as a result of the interaction between physical and chemical parameters.

The present study evaluated the effect of aflatoxin B1 and Eimeria vaccine challenges and their interaction on intestinal morphology, applying the morphometric index “I See Inside” (ISI). Immune cellular response and broiler chicken performance were also studied. A total of 240 broiler chickens were divided in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with 4 treatments, T1: Control diet and no challenge (CON), T2: Aflatoxin B1 (AFLA), T3: Control diet and Eimeria challenge (COC), and T4: Aflatoxin B1 and Eimeria challenge (AFLA+COC). The mathematical morphometric index ISI was applied to evaluate macro and microscopic alterations. Samples of liver and jejunum were analyzed for macrophages, CD4+, and CD8+ cells counting by immunohistochemistry at 7, 14, and 21 d of age. Chickens challenged with Eimeria presented higher ISI of macroscopic alterations associated to Eimeria lesion at the medium small intestine, lower body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI), and worse feed conversion ratio compared to non-challenged birds. Both Eimeria and aflatoxin challenges modulated the immune cells in the jejunum and liver, generally increasing the number of macrophages, CD4+, and CD8+ cells in relation to the control group. Birds from COC and COC+AFLA groups presented higher ISI histological score in the jejunum at 7 and 14 d of age compared to the CON and AFLA groups. The reduction of FI and BWG was correlated to high histological ISI and resulted in a high presence of immune cells in tissues, suggesting immune response demand. The histological ISI had statistical correlation to broiler performance.

The use of Bacillus subtilis (BS) as a probiotic in bird feed was studied through the evaluation of its effect on th e infiltration of immune cells in the ileum and cecum mucosa of chickens challenged with Salmonella Minnesota (SM). The birds were divided into three treatment groups; Negative control, containing unchallenged birds; Positive control, with SM challenged birds; and Probiotic, with SM challenged birds fed with a diet containing BS (DSM 17299 2.13 x 10 cfu/g). The birds fed BS showed increased goblet and CD4+ 6 cell counts in the ileum and cecum before being challenged with SM in comparison to the birds not fed BS. After the SM challenge, the birds fed BS showed a reduction in the Salmonella counts at 48 Post Inoculation (PI) in the cloaca and cecum swabs and in litter samples and furthermore a reduction in CD8+ cells in the cecum compared to the challenged birds. Based on the results, it is concluded that feeding BS as a probiotic to broilers reduced the Salmonella spp. counts and thus, affected the mobilization of CD4+ and CD8+ cells in the ileum and cecum mucosa.

Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência de um composto vegetal contendo óleo essencial de orégano, alecrim, canela e extrato de pimenta vermelha no controle de Salmonella, Eimeria e Clostridium em frangos de corte. Para tal, foram realizados dois experimentos. No primeiro avaliou-se a eficiência deste produto no controle de Clostridium perfringens após desafio com Eimeria acervulina, E. maxima e E. tenella. Aves de um dia de idade foram divididas em três grupos: T1 - dieta controle sem aditivo promotor de crescimento; T2 - dieta com adição de avilamicina (10ppm); e T3 - dieta com adição do composto vegetal (100ppm). O uso do composto vegetal na alimentação de frangos reduziu lesões específicas de E. maxima e E. tenella aos 14 dias pós-inoculação (PI) como também reduziram a contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC) de Clostridium perfringens no conteúdo do ceco das aves em relação ao grupo controle. No segundo experimento avaliou-se a eficiência deste mesmo produto em aves desafiadas com Salmonella Enteritidis. Aves de um dia de idade foram distribuídas em três tratamentos, sendo T1 - dieta controle sem adição de antibiótico promotor de crescimento, T2 - dieta com 10ppm de Avilamicina, T3 - dieta com 100ppm de um produto a base do composto vegetal acima citado. Aos 21 dias de idade todas as aves foram inoculadas com 10(5) UFC de Salmonella Enteritidis. A utilização do composto vegetal e avilamicina diminuiu a excreção de Salmonella nas aves 72 horas PI de Salmonella. A utilização do composto vegetal aumentou a relação vilo/células CD3+ no duodeno, em relação ao grupo avilamicina e controle, porém não teve efeito sobre a expressão destas células no ceco. The efficiency of a product in broiler feed containing essential oil of oregano, rosemary, cinnamon and extract of red pepper (plant compost) in the control of Salmonella, Eimeria and Clostridium was evaluated. Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the product. In the first experiment the efficiency of this product to control Clostridium perfringens after challenge with Eimeria acervulina, E. maxima and E. tenella was assessed. Day old chicks were allotted into three groups: T1 - control diet without growth promoter, T2 - diet with avilamycin (10ppm), and T3 - diet with addition of the plant compost (100ppm). The use of the plant compost in broiler diets reduced specific lesions of E. maxima and E. tenella at 14 days after inoculation and reduced the count of colony forming units (CFU) of Clostridium perfringens in the ceca comparing to the control group. In the second trial the efficiency of the same product in birds challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis was evaluated. Day old birds were submitted to three experimental diets: T1 - control diet without antibiotics growth promoter, T2 - diet with 10ppm Avilamycin, T3 - diet with 100ppm of the plant compost mentioned above. At 21 days of age all birds were inoculated with 10(5) CFU of Salmonella Enteritidis. The use of the plant compost and avilamycin decreased the excretion of Salmonella in poultry 72 hours after the inoculation. The use of the plant compost increased villous/CD3+ cells in the duodenum, compared to group avilamycin and control, but had no effect on the expression of these cells in the cecum.

The Cracidae family of neotropical birds is regarded as one of the most severely threatened in the world. They traditionally have been extensively hunted, and, thus, ex situ efforts for their conservation are recommended and involve the optimization of their care in captivity. Nutrition is a fundamental aspect of husbandry, which influences survival and reproduction in captivity. In this study, a total of 29 animals, including 3 species (Penelope obscura, Penelope superciliaris, and Aburria jacutinga), were subjected to monthly physical examination and blood sampling before and after dietary conversion from the traditional diet of broiler feed, fruits, and vegetables to a nutritionally balanced commercial diet specifically designed for wild Galliformes. The diet change produced differences in several parameters tested, including an increase (P0.05) in hemoglobin concentration for all species. Increases (P0.05) in erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, and body weight were observed in P. obscura, with a concomitant decrease in the standard deviation for such parameters that show improved uniformity. Globulins and lipase also were reduced (P0.05) in P. obscura. Although leukocyte count was lowered and eosinophils were increased in all 3 species after dietary conversion, only these 2 changes were significant (P0.05) in P. superciliaris. A. jacutinga had higher (P0.05) blood glucose concentrations than the other species, but diet had no effect on this parameter. Blood uric acid concentrations were higher (P0.05) after conversion to the commercial diet in P superciliaris. The provision of a commercial extruded diet as a single food source was beneficial, which led to a general improvement in clinical aspects and group uniformity in these 3 species of Cracidae.

Highlights • The ISI was applied to evaluate histologic alterations specific of Eimeria infection. • The ISI histological score show high correlation with broilers performance. • The higher the ISI scores the worse are the performance results of birds challenged., The present study evaluated the effects of coccidiosis on histological parameters and performance of broilers submitted to a mild challenge with Eimeria sp. A total of 132 broilers were randomly divided into two groups with 6 replicates of 11 birds each: negative control (NC) – birds uninfected and challenge (CH) - birds infected by gavage at day-one with 10x the manufacturer recommended dose of Bio-Coccivet R® live vaccine by Biovet, with strains of E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. necatrix, E. praecox, E. tenella and E. mitis. From 1 to 28 d of age, weekly the zootechnical performance was evaluated and samples of the liver, duodenum, jejunum and ileum were collected and submitted to histological analysis by the I See Inside methodology (ISI). The ISI methodology is a metric evaluation of histological alterations in the intestine and liver. Which translates macroscopic and microscopic alterations into numbers and allows their correlation with the animal zootechnical performance. Pearson’s correlation was used to demonstrates how the damages to the gut, evaluated by ISI method, could affect negatively the performance of broilers. The presence of oocysts in histological analysis of the jejunum and ileum at 7d indicate a negative effect on performance over the next 2 weeks (14d and 21d). When the ISI total score was measured in the ileum at 14d, we observed a strong negative effect on zootechnical performance from that period on 14d, 21d and 28d. The obtained data demonstrates that the higher the ISI scores, the worse are the zootechnical performance results of broilers challenged with Eimeria sp. and the I See Inside scores could be applied to evaluate coccidiosis effect on performance in future.

The effect of coccidiosis vaccine route on animal development and the efficiency of different routes to protect birds against different Eimeria challenges were evaluated. 135 Isa Brown® birds were used in two experimental phases. In the first phase, the birds were distributed in three treatments: non-vaccinated, vaccinated against coccidiosis by water and vaccinated by spray. In the second phase, these birds were challenged separately with different eimeria species oocysts (E. maximum, E. acervulina, E. tenella and E. necatrix). Weight gain, relative weight of Fabricius bursa, degrees of lesions in the intestines and counting of oocysts in the coproparasitological examination were evaluated. As a result, in most cases, birds challenged with different eimeria species and vaccinated against coccidiosis, by water or spray, showed better physical conditions, mainly by: best weight gain and lower intestinal lesions scores, compared to the birds challenged and non-vaccinated. Another interesting result refers to the different vaccine routes, showing no significant difference regarding the effectiveness of the vaccine and the vaccine reaction in animals.

Objetivou-se com o presente estudo comparar o efeito de diferentes sorovares de Salmonella na resposta imune local da mucosa do intestino de frangos de corte. Aos sete dias de idade, as aves foram desafiadas com os sorovares S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Senftenberg, S. Mbandaka e S. Minnesota. Foi observado que todos os sorovares testados foram capazes de colonizar o intestino das aves sendo possível o isolamento de Salmonella em suabes de cloaca, 48 h após inoculação. De maneira geral, as aves do grupo controle negativo, que não foram desafiados apresentaram quantidade significativamente menor de células imunológicas na mucosa intestinal do que as aves desafiadas. Porém, verificou-se que os sorovares de Salmonella, utilizados neste estudo, apresentaram diferentes efeitos sobre a dinâmica celular da mucosa do íleo e ceco e afetaram de modo diferente o ganho de peso e ganho médio diário das aves demonstrando distintos graus de patogenicidade. Os sorovares Enteritidis e Typhimurium apresentaram um efeito mais intenso tanto no desempenho quanto na mobilização de células imunológicas na mucosa intestinal de frangos de corte The study was designed to compare the effect of different Salmonella serovars in immune response across the count of CD8+ cells, CD4+ cells, goblet cells and macrophages in the gut mucosa of broilers. During the experimental inoculation at 7 day-old were used Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica sorovars Enteritidis, Typhimurium, Senftenberg, Mbandaka and Minnesota. It was observed that all serovars tested were capable of contaminating the poultry being possible counts of Salmonella in cloacal swabs, 48 h after inoculation and into the crop and cecum, at 14 and 20 day-old. Serovars tested had different effects on broiler performance assessed at 20 days. In the mucosa of the ileum and cecum of broilers, it was observed that some of the serotypes increased CD8 + cells, CD4 + cells, goblet cells and macrophages compared to the negative control group both at 14 and at 20 day-old. S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium are the serovars that showed the more intense effect in live performance and in the immune system of birds showing pathogenic characteristic; generally the broilers of the negative control showed significantly less immune cells on the intestinal mucosa than broilers inoculated experimentally. However, it was found that the Salmonella serovars used in this study had different effects on the cellular dynamics of the mucosa of the ileum and cecum and differently affect weight gain and average daily gain of poultry showing different levels of pathogenicity.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary ochratoxin, in the presence or absence of aluminosilicate, on the histology of the bursa of Fabricius, liver and kidneys, and on the humoral immune response of broilers vaccinated against Newcastle disease virus. The exposure of birds to 2 p.p.m. ochratoxin, in the presence or absence of aluminosilicate, reduced their humoral immune response and the number of mitotic cells in the bursa. The relative weight of the livers of the birds exposed to this toxin was increased and, microscopically, there was hepatocyte vacuolation and megalocytosis with accompanying hyperplasia of the biliary epithelium. The kidneys showed hypertrophy of the renal proximal tubular epithelium, with thickening of the glomerular basement membrane. Aluminosilicate did not ameliorate the deleterious effects of the ochratoxin.

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:22:27Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:22:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-04-30 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) The influences of sex and age on hematological parameters were investigated in the ring-necked pheasant. Statistical comparisons were made for differences in values between male and female, 30 adults (52 week old) and 20 juvenile birds (5 week old). A variety of blood parameters showed statistically significant age and sex related differences. Adult males had higher values for Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and juveniles lower values for PCV. Adult females had higher values for basophils, the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio and total plasma protein. Juvenile females had higher values for hemoglobin. Adults had greater White Blood Cells (WBC), heterophils, eosinophils and monocytes. Serum biochemical values (uric acid, gamma glutamyl transferase, protein, albumin and globulins) were determined in young (5 week old) ring necked pheasants. There were no differences in any of these serum parameters among juvenile males and females. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007. Aluna Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária FCAV-Unesp, Jaboticabal CNPq Departamento de Patologia Veterinária FCAV-Unesp, Jaboticabal Departamento de Medicina Veterinária UFPR, Curitiba Departamento de Zootecnia UFPR, Curitiba Aluna Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária FCAV-Unesp, Jaboticabal Departamento de Patologia Veterinária FCAV-Unesp, Jaboticabal

The present study was designed to compare the ability of different probiotics, applied in feed, to reduce Salmonella colonization and interfere with the cellular dynamics in the intestinal mucosa of broilers challenged with Salmonella enterica enterica sorovar Minnesota (SM). The following probiotics were used: A composed of Bacillus subtillis CCT 7711; B containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Enterococcus faecium, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Bifidobacterium bifidum; C consisting of Bacillus subtilis DSM 5750; and D with Enterococcus faecium. All tested probiotics were able to significantly reduce the Salmonella counts in cloacal swabs assessed at 48 h after inoculation when compared with the positive control. All probiotics were able to reduce the Salmonella counts in the cecum when compared to the positive control at 35 days. None of the tested probiotics reduced the Salmonella counts in the crop of broilers at 35 days of age. All probiotics induced an increase in the CD4 + and CD8+ cell counts in the cecum mucosa relative to the negative control group at 7 days of age; only probiotics C and D, reduced significantly the CD8 + cell counts in this same tissue of broilers at 35 days compared to positive control group. The results from this study indicated that the tested probiotics presented different effects on the reduction of SM counts and affected the cell dynamics in the cecum mucosa of broilers differently.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:47:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-01-01 The objective of this study was to evaluate different programs of the vaccination against Newcastle disease in Japanese quails. Two hundred and eighty eight 5-week-old Japanese quails were distributed into six different vaccine programs: T1 - vaccinated with LaSota strain of Newcastle virus (NDV) via intraconjunctiva instillation at five weeks of age and revaccinated at 13 and 21 weeks with NDV LaSota strain via intra-conjunctiva instillation; T2 - vaccinated with NDV B1 strain via intra-conjunctiva instillation at five weeks of age and revaccinated at 13 and 21 weeks of NDV B1 strain via intra-conjunctiva instillation; T3 - vaccinated with NDV Ulster 2C strain via intra-conjunctiva instillation at five weeks of age and revaccinated at 13 and 21 weeks of age with Ulster 2C strain; T4 - vaccinated with NDV VG-GA strain via intra-conjunctiva instillation at five weeks of age and revaccinated at 13 and 21 weeks with NDV VG-GA strain via intra-conjunctiva instillation; T5 - vaccinated with NDV LaSota strain, which was inactivated and emulsified in mineral oil, subcutaneous, at five weeks of age and were not revaccinated; and T6 - not vaccinated. At 17 and 25 weeks of age, all birds were challenged with a velogenic strain of NDV and a group of specific pathogen free (SPF) broilers was used as control of the virus. Five and 14 days after challenge, tracheal and cloacal swabs were collected from each bird for virus isolation. The quails from all experimental groups did not show any clinical sign of NDV, although 100% of SPF broilers that died after the challenge showed clinical signs of Newcastle disease. NDV isolation was possible in all SPF broilers and 5 and 14 days after challenge in the nonvaccinated group of quails (T6), suggesting that quails can be NDV carriers. In the vaccinated groups, NDV was not re-isolated, demonstrating the importance of vaccination to control virus dissemination by quails infected with NDV. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2004. UNESP, Jaboticabal - SP UFPR, Curitiba - PR LARA, Campinas - SP UNESP, Jaboticabal - SP

Dois experimentos foram desenvolvidos para avaliar a eficiência de ácidos orgânicos frente a Salmonella enterica enterica sorovar Enteritidis (SE) e Minnesota (SM) em frangos. No primeiro experimento foram avaliados 3 tratamentos: T1 - ração adicionada de ácido orgânico, T2 - ração adicionada de ácido orgânico e ácido orgânico na água de bebida, T3 - grupo controle. Todos os animais foram inoculados com SE, via oral. A utilização de ácidos orgânicos na ração (T1) e na ração e na água (T2) diminuíram a excreção de Salmonella no papo e no ceco 7 dias pós inoculação com SE e houve redução de células CD3+ no jejuno dos frangos. No segundo experimento foram avaliados 4 tratamentos sendo T1 - controle, T2 - controle inoculado via oral com Salmonella Minnesota (SM), T3 - animais inoculados via oral com SM e ácidos orgânicos na ração e T4 - animais inoculados via oral com SM e ácidos orgânicos na ração e na água de bebida. Ácidos orgânicos a ração (T3) e na ração e na água (T4) reduziram a excreção de SM em papo de frangos de corte desafiados, 7 dias após inoculação. O uso de ácidos orgânicos na ração e na ração e na água foram mais eficientes em reduzir SE do que SM.

Neste experimento ovos férteis oriundos de matrizes de uma mesma linhagem genética, mas com idades distintas (30 e 60 semanas), foram incubados sob condições rotineiras. Após a eclosão, as aves foram sexadas, selecionadas, e alocadas em quatro grupos. Dois destes grupos receberam ração logo após o alojamento, enquanto os outros grupos foram submetidos a jejum de 12 horas. Foram realizadas colheitas de sangue no momento do alojamento e semanalmente no decorrer do experimento. Os títulos de anticorpos para as doenças de Newcastle, Gumboro e Bronquite Infecciosa foram avaliados. Também foi avaliado o efeito destas duas variáveis sobre a resposta local à aplicação subcutânea de um veículo vacinal oleoso e sobre a presença e severidade de lesões macroscópicas nos órgãos do sistema digestório aos 19 e 30 dias de idade. Somente os títulos de anticorpos contra a doença de Newcastle, medidos aos sete dias, foram afetados pelo período de jejum de 12 horas. Nem o período de jejum nem a idade de matrizes afetaram a severidade das lesões macroscópicas no sistema respiratório e digestório aos 19 e 30 dias de idade.

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:22:38Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:22:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-11-19 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) The influence of sex on serum biochemical parameters was investigated in adult (52 week-old) ring-necked pheasants on reproductive activity. Statistical comparisons were made for differences in values between male and female birds. Adult females had higher values for serum total protein and albumin. Significant variations were not observed in the analyses in relation to the sex of the birds for urea, uric acid, ratio urea/uric acid and globulins. This study also aimed to determine serum biochemical values for adult ring-necked pheasants. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007. Aluna Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária FCAV Unesp, Jaboticabal CNPq Departamento de Patologia Veterinária FCAV Unesp, Jaboticabal Departamento de Medicina Veterinária UFPR, Curitiba Departamento de Zootecnia UFPR, Curitiba Aluna Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária FCAV Unesp, Jaboticabal Departamento de Patologia Veterinária FCAV Unesp, Jaboticabal

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:22:35Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:22:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-09-13 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) The influences of age on hematological and serum biochemical parameters were investigated in juvenile ring-necked pheasant. Statistical comparisons were made for differences in values among different ages. A variety of blood parameters showed significantly age related differences. Juvenile ring-necked pheasants of all ages had lymphocytes as the major circulating leukocyte. RBC values for 60 day-old pheasants were lower than the values for 74, 88 and 102 day-old pheasants. The hemoglobin value was higher for 88 day-old pheasants. The WBC, the heterophil and the lymphocyte values were significantly higher for 60 day-old pheasants. Total serum protein, albumin and globulin values for 25 and 60 day-old pheasants were significantly lower than the values for 42, 88 and 102 day-old pheasants. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007. Aluna Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária FCAV-Unesp, Jaboticabal CNPq Departamento de Patologia Veterinária FCAV-Unesp, Jaboticabal Departamento de Medicina Veterinária UFPR, Curitiba Departamento de Zootecnia UFPR, Curitiba Aluna Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária FCAV-Unesp, Jaboticabal Departamento de Patologia Veterinária FCAV-Unesp, Jaboticabal

We recently reported a comparison of glycoprotein-encoding genes of different Marek's disease virus pathotypes (MDVs). One mutation found predominantly in very virulent (vv)+MDVs was a 12-bp (four-amino acid) deletion in the glycoprotein L (gL)-encoding gene in four of 23 MDV strains examined (three were vv+MDVs and one was a vvMDV). This mutation was noted in the gL of the TK (615K) strain, but not in the RL (615J) strain of MDV. These strains have identical mutations in the meq gene characteristic of vv+MDVs but can be distinguished by the mutation in the gL-encoding gene. The TK strain was originally isolated from vaccinated chickens and appeared to confer or enhance horizontal transmission of the vaccine virus, herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT). Because the molecular basis for increased virulence of MDV field strains is unknown, we hypothesized that one mechanism might be by coreplication of MDV-1 strains with HVT and that it could be mediated by the mutation of gL, an essential component of the glycoprotein H/L complex. In this study, we compared the pathogenicity of TK (615K) and RL (615J) strains of MDV in the presence and absence of simultaneous HVT coinfection. MDV infections were monitored at the levels of viremia (for both MDV-1 and HVT), clinical signs of MD, tumor incidence, and mortality in 1) inoculated chickens, 2) chickens exposed at 1 day of age, 3) chickens exposed at 2 wk of age, and 4) chickens exposed to both TK/HVT- and RL/HVT-infected chickens at 6 wk of age. We found high incidences of clinical MD signs in all inoculated treatment groups and all chickens exposed to TK and RL viruses, regardless of the presence of HVT. The median time to death of chickens exposed to TK1HVT-infected chickens, however, was lower than the other treatment groups for contact-exposed chickens. Although this difference was not considered to be statistically significant to a rigorously interpreted degree because of the removal of chickens for sampling from the test groups, these data suggest that replication of the TK strain and HVT, when coadministered, might incrementally affect the virulence of MDV-1 strains. The strict correlation of this enhancement of virulence with the mutation in gL, however, requires additional experiments with genetically identical MDV background strains.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:48:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-01-01 This study was carried out to clarify the real role that was played by the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) in the epidemiological plan, under the perspective as infection source of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV). For this, they used specific-pathogen-free birds (SPF) that were housed with inoculated quails with a pathogenic strain (velogenic viscerotropic), of NDV (DIE50=108,15/0.1 ml), by the ocular-nasal via. Each group was composed by 6 SPF birds and 12 Japanese quails. After 4, 14 and 20 days since the inoculation of the quails with NDV, 6 SPF birds were put together with each group of quails, so that there was a direct contact among the species. After 5, 14 and 20 days since the challenge of the quails with NDV, the samples were collected through the vent swabs of the quails for the viral isolation (pathogenic virus) in SPF embryos. There was no clinical disease in the quails inoculated with NDV. Therefore, there was viral isolation from 5 to 14 days after the challenge with the NDV, demonstrating, this way the state of carrier of the quail NDV, which happened until 14 days of the experimental infection with this pathogen. So, 100% of the SPF birds which housed with the NDV infected quail, after 5 (group 1) and 14 days (group 2), died from 4 to 7 days after the direct contact among species. This way, the transmission of the pathogenic virus of the quail was evident until 14 days of the experimental infection with this pathogen (NDV) for the SPF birds that housed together, and that calls the attention to the importance of the quail from the epidemiological point of view as potential source of infection of the NDV to commercial birds that housed with these specie or near this breeding. © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2004. UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP UFPR, Curitiba - PR LARA, Campinas - SP UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:59:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-84782003000100019.pdf: 247730 bytes, checksum: ac2664acd434b1f57cc8b01456fe2e13 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:59:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-84782003000100019.pdf: 247730 bytes, checksum: ac2664acd434b1f57cc8b01456fe2e13 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-02-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:56:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-84782003000100019.pdf: 247730 bytes, checksum: ac2664acd434b1f57cc8b01456fe2e13 (MD5) S0103-84782003000100019.pdf.txt: 14443 bytes, checksum: d5616850873060fae1d6f1c3f92d192e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-02-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:14:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-84782003000100019.pdf: 247730 bytes, checksum: ac2664acd434b1f57cc8b01456fe2e13 (MD5) S0103-84782003000100019.pdf.txt: 14443 bytes, checksum: d5616850873060fae1d6f1c3f92d192e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:14:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0103-84782003000100019.pdf: 247730 bytes, checksum: ac2664acd434b1f57cc8b01456fe2e13 (MD5) S0103-84782003000100019.pdf.txt: 14443 bytes, checksum: d5616850873060fae1d6f1c3f92d192e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-02-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Este experimento foi realizado para avaliar o emprego da microscopia eletrônica de varredura no estudo da reação respiratória pós-vacinal em epitélio traqueal de codornas (Coturnix coturnix japonica) imunizadas contra a doença de Newcastle. Foram utilizadas 36 codornas que foram distribuídas em quatro grupos, sendo: T1 ¾ grupo de aves controle (não vacinado), T2 ¾ grupo de aves vacinadas com a estirpe Ulster 2C, T3 ¾ grupo vacinado com a estirpe B1, T4 ¾ grupo de aves vacinadas com a estirpe LaSota. Independente do grupo experimental, as aves não apresentaram sinais clínicos detectáveis de reação respiratória pós-vacinal. Entretanto, na análise de fragmentos traqueais, ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura, observou-se que as codornas vacinadas com as estirpes B1 e LaSota desenvolveram descamação epitelial da traquéia, enquanto as aves vacinadas com a estirpe Ulster 2C não desenvolveram tal alteração, mostrando um epitélio traqueal íntegro, semelhante ao grupo controle. This study aimed at evaluating the use of scanning electron microscopy in the study of the post-vaccinal respiratory reaction of the tracheal epithelium of quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) immunized against Newcastle disease. A number of 36 quails were distributed into four groups: T1 ¾ control birds (non-vaccinated); T2 ¾ birds vaccinated with Ulster 2C strain; t3 ¾ birds vaccinated with B1 strain; t4 ¾ birds vaccinated with LaSota strain. Regardless the experimental group, birds did not show detectable clinical signs of post-vaccinal respiratory reaction. However, the analysis of tracheal fragments by scanning electron microscopy showed that birds vaccinated with B1 and LaSota strains developed epithelial sloughing of the trachea, whereas those vaccinated Ulster 2C strain did not develop this change, demonstrating intact tracheal epithelium, similar to the control group. Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Departamento de Patologia Veterinária Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Departamento de Patologia Veterinária

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:56:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-01-01 Several studies demonstrate that environmental temperature can influence the immune response of poultry. The objective of this research was to determine at which stage in the life of a bird this effect is greatest. In experiment 1, broiler breeder eggs were incubated at three different temperatures (36.8 ± 0.2, 37.8 ± 0.2, and 38.8 ± 0.2°C) from the 13th day of incubation to hatching. After hatching, birds were raised in thermoneutral temperature. In experiment 2, 144 1-d-old broiler chicks were distributed into three environmental chambers with different temperatures (18 ± 2, 24 ± 2, and 32 ± 2°C). In both experiments, the humoral immune responses to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and infectious bursal disease (IBDV) were evaluated. NDV and IBDV antibody titers were not significantly different (P > 0.05) among treatments. Depto. de Patol. Veterinária Faculdade Cie. Agrarias Veterinarias Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP Depto. de Patol. Veterinária Faculdade Cie. Agrarias Veterinarias Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP

Micotoxinas são metabólitos tóxicos produzidos por fungos, de natureza heterogênea e com variados princípios farmacológicos, que podem atuar sobre o organismo animal prejudicando o seu desempenho e desenvolvendo alterações patológicas graves. Nos últimos anos, as micotoxicoses têm recebido especial atenção devido às enormes perdas que vem causando na avicultura mundial. Fungos do gênero Fusarium são descritos como produtores de diversos tipos de toxinas. Assim sendo, as intoxicações causadas por essas micotoxinas, dificilmente ocorrerão devido a uma substância isolada, de forma que se faz necessário obter maiores informações sobre o efeito interativo dessas toxinas. Mycotoxins are fungi toxic metabolites, heterogeneous in their nature and with varied pharmacological actions. They can cause injuries to animals, resulting in decreased performance and serious pathologic lesion. In the last years, the mycotoxicosis has received special attention worldwide due to losses in poultry industry. Fusarium fungi are reported as producers of diverse mycotoxin. Therefore, intoxication caused by Fusarium mycotoxins will hardly be due to one separate substance and more information is needed about the interaction effect of these.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:56:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2001-01-01 Use of antibiotics as an additive in poultry diets to improve growth has been discussed in relation to bacterial resistance and the development of new products and management practices. This study was carried out to test the efficacy of a new substance (Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell walls, var. Calsberg- SCCW) obtained from the brewery industry, added (at 0.1 and 0.2%) to broiler chicken diets (based on corn and soybean meal), on performance and intestinal mucosa development In Experiment 1 (carried out in litter-floor pens) the results revealed higher body weight gain for the total experimental period and higher villus height at 7 d of age for the birds fed 0.2% SCCW. In a field test using 44,000 broilers that received feed containing 0.2% SCCW, the results also showed higher body weight gain and better feed conversion for SCCW-supplemented birds. The present findings show that SCCW improved body weight gain in broiler chickens and that this effect can be attributed to the trophic effect of this product on the intestinal mucosa, because it increases villus height, particularly during the first 7 d of a chicken's life. Depto. de Morfol. e Fisiol. Animal Faculdade Cie. Agrarias Veterinarias Campus de Jaboticabal-Unesp, Cep: 14870-000 Jaboticabal, SP Cooperativa Holambra, Holambra, SP Prodesa Alimentos S.A., Campinas, SP Frango Sertanejo S.A., Guapiaçu, SP Depto. de Morfol. e Fisiol. Animal Faculdade Cie. Agrarias Veterinarias Campus de Jaboticabal-Unesp, Cep: 14870-000 Jaboticabal, SP