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The outstanding biodiversity of the Guiana Shield has raised many questions about its origins and evolution. Frogs of the genera Adelastes, Otophryne and Synapturanus form an ancient lineage distributed mostly across this region. These genera display strikingly disparate morphologies and life-history traits. Notably, Synapturanus is conspicuously adapted to fossoriality and is the only genus within this group to have dispersed further into Amazonia. Moreover, morphological differences among Synapturanus species suggest different degrees of fossoriality that might be linked to their biogeographical history. Through integrative analysis of genetic, morphometric and acoustic data, we delimited 25 species in this clade, representing a fourfold increase. We found that the entire clade started to diversify ~55 Mya and Synapturanus ~30 Mya. Members of this genus probably dispersed three times out of the Guiana Shield both before and after the Pebas system, a wetland ecosystem occupying most of Western Amazonia during the Miocene. Using a three-dimensional osteological dataset, we characterized a high morphological disparity across the three genera. Within Synapturanus, we further characterized distinct phenotypes that emerged concomitantly with dispersals during the Miocene and possibly represent adaptations to different habitats, such as soils with different physical properties., Agence Nationale de la Recherche (CEBA, ref. ANR-10-LABX-25-01), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq #140716/2016-5; 305535/2017-0; PQ 302501/2019-3; PQ 303070/2017-0

RESUMEN Las macroalgas constituyen un componente muy importante de la biodiversidad marina por su papel en los ecosistemas marino-costeros como productores primarios, competidores por recursos y bioindica-dores de problemas ambientales. El conocimiento de los taxones autóctonos permite vigilar la entrada de especies exóticas e invasoras. Este trabajo surge de la necesidad de actualizar las similitudes de la ficoflora marina, del Atlántico Occidental Tropical y Subtropical, ante los avances del conocimiento de nuevos taxones en los últimos años. Para analizar las diferencias en el área, el Atlántico Occidental Tropical y Subtropical se subdividió en 17 zonas. Hasta el momento, se inventariaron 1615 taxones in-fragenéricos, de los cuales, 368 pertenecen al phylum Chlorophyta, 1050 a Rhodophyta y 197 a la clase Phaeophyceae del phylum Ochrophyta. De ellos, solo 65 se encontraron en las 17 zonas, mientras que 516 fueron registradas en una sola. Los análisis multivariados realizados con todas las especies separan la zona compuesta por Carolina del Norte + Carolina del Sur + Georgia de las demás; las rodofíceas presentan el menor grado de similitud entre las zonas, de modo que quedan más alejadas Bermudas, el Norte del Golfo, Bahamas y Brasil de forma individual, mientras que Jamaica, la Española y Antillas Holandesas + Trinidad-Tobago forman un grupo separado. La región presenta en general una alta similitud en la composición de macroalgas, fundamentalmente en un núcleo central que incluye todo el Caribe, el sur del golfo de México y la Florida. ABSTRACT Macroalgae are an important component of marine biodiversity for its role in coastal-marine ecosystems as primary producers, competitors for resources, and bioindicators of environmental problems. Knowing native taxa allows watching on foreigner and invasive species. This work arises from the need of updating the similarities of marine macroalgae of the Tropical and Subtropical Western Atlantic, due to the advances in the knowledge of new taxa in the last years. For this analysis, the Tropical and Subtropical Western Atlantic was subdivided into 17 zones. A total of 1615 infrageneric taxa were inventoried so far, of which 368 belong to the phylum Chlorophyta, 1050 to Rhodophyta, and 197 to the class Phaeophyceae of the phylum Ochrophyta. From them, only 65 were found in all zones, while 516 were registered in only one. Multivariate analyses with all the species indicate the separation of North Carolina + South Carolina + Georgia zone from the rest; rhodophyceans present the lower similarity among zones, being Bermuda, Northern Gulf of Mexico, Bahamas, and Brazil more separated individually, while Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Dutch Antilles + Trinidad-Tobago from a distanced group. The region has a high similarity in the composition of macroalgae, mainly from a central core that includes the whole Caribbean, the south of the Gulf of Mexico and Florida.

Macacos zogue-zogue (família Pitheciidae) são primatas neotropicais altamente diversificados em morfologia, ecologia e genética, com distribuição geográfica abrangente, incluindo a Floresta Amazônica, Mata Atlântica, Cerrado, Pantanal e a Caatinga. Essa diversificação, juntamente com lacunas de conhecimento, gera incertezas na taxonomia e distribuição das espécies. Um exemplo é Plecturocebus baptista, com apenas 14 registros de ocorrência e distribuição indefinida, baseada em barreiras geográficas não testadas. Aqui nós relatamos a ocorrência da espécie em uma nova localidade, fora de sua área conhecida de distribuição, que transpõe uma suposta barreira geográfica, o Rio Paraná-Urariá. O novo registro de P. baptista se sobrepõe à distribuição de P. hoffmannsi e, neste contexto, observamos um indivíduo aparentemente híbrido entre as duas espécies. Nossas observações sugerem que i) a distribuição de P. baptista necessita ser revisada, e ii) a relação evolutiva entre P. baptista e P. hoffmannsi pode ser mais complexa do que se pensava. Como ambas espécies compartilham áreas contínuas de potencial hibridização, questionamos se as duas espécies resultaram de especiação alopátrica. Titi monkeys (family Pitheciidae) are Neotropical primates highly diversified in morphology, ecology and genetics, with a wide geographic distribution, including the Amazon, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, Pantanal and Caatinga. This diversity, together with knowledge gaps, generates uncertainties in titi monkey taxonomy and distribution. An example is Plecturocebus baptista, with only 14 occurrence records and an ill-defined distribution based on untested geographical barriers. Here, we report the occurrence of this species at a new locality outside its known range, across the Paraná-Urariá River, which was considered a distributional limit for the species. The new record implies an overlap of P. baptista with the range of P. hoffmannsi. We document the sighting of an apparent hybrid animal. Our observations suggest that i) the distribution of P. baptista needs to be reviewed, and ii) the evolutionary relationships between P. baptista and P. hoffmannsi may be more complex than previously assumed. Since both species share contiguous areas of potential hybridization, we question whether the two species arose via allopatric speciation.

Samples collected in Central Asia, Kyrgyzstan, have revealed a hitherto unknown diversity of Campodeidae (Diplura) in soil and cave habitats, including a new genus and species, Kyrgyzstancampa sanare Sendra & Ferreira gen. et sp. nov., Turkmenocampa edaphica Sendra & Sánchez-García sp. nov. and a previously recognized soil-dwelling species, Campodea (Dicampa) catalana Denis, 1930. Kyrgyzstancampa sanare Sendra & Ferreira gen. et sp. nov. was collected in the deep zone of an interesting geological and cultural cave, Ak-Turpak Cave, located near the western margin of Kadamjay District, Batken Province. This genus belongs to the subfamily Campodeinae, sharing the morphology of the pretarsus with Eutrichocampa and other related genera, but differing from them in the shape of the claws and the laminar lateral processes, in addition to its unique cupuliform organ and the macrosetal pattern on the thorax and abdomen. Turkmenocampa edaphica Sendra & Sánchez-García sp. nov. was found in humid edaphic habitats, under stones or near roots, and is morphologically and geographically very similar to the cave-dwelling species Turkmenicampa mirabilis Sendra & Stoev, 2017, which occurs in an isolated cave in the nearby country of Turkmenistan.

The Sally lightfoot crab, Grapsus grapsus (Linnaeus, 1758), is distributed along the Eastern Pacific coast and along the Western Atlantic coast, from the Gulf of Mexico to the Southwestern Atlantic. In Brazil, the only established populations are found on the Brazilian oceanic islands, although two previous records (1901 and 1966) reported the presence of individuals on the continental coast. Here, we report new records of the Sally lightfoot crab on the coast of the states of Espirito Santo and Rio Grande do Norte, southeastern and northeastern Brazil, respectively. We also discuss three main hypotheses that could explain occasional records (1901, 1966, 2005, and 2020) of single individuals on the mainland: rafting events associated with flotsam and debris carried by oceanic currents; hitchhiking on vessels and fishing boats navigating routes from the Brazilian oceanic islands to the mainland; and stochastic settlement through larval dispersal.

With 119 species distributed in 19 genera, most species of the subtribe Lychnophorinae are endemic to the Espinhaço Range in central eastern Brazil. This region is characterized especially by the campos rupestres, a grassland mosaic associated with vegetation on rock outcrops, which display a high level of endemism. The present work aims to identify distribution patterns, collection density, species richness and research bias in collections. Ten geographic distribution patterns were identified: Chapada Diamantina, Chapada dos Veadeiros and adjacent mountains, Pico da Aliança, Extension of the Espinhaço Range, Central-South Arc of Minas Gerais, Espinhaço Range and Brasília Arc, Campos Rupestres and Restinga, Chapada Diamantina and Caatinga, Northwest-Southeast Diagonal and East Triangle. Other Angiosperm families present similar distribution, mainly in the Espinhaço Meridional, where higher collecting efforts are present. Species richness is higher in sites with higher collection intensity, however, the northeast of Goiás shows the opposite pattern. Spearman correlation analysis shows a strong correlation between collection density and species richness, with an exponential asymptotic model that is quite significant for the total variation of species richness. The cluster analysis presented five clusters correlated with five distribution patterns in Lychnophorinae. Resumo Com 119 espécies distribuídas em 19 gêneros, a maioria das espécies da subtribo Lychnophorinae é endêmica da Cadeia do Espinhaço no centro leste do Brasil, área caracterizada especialmente pelos campos rupestres, que são descritos como mosaicos vegetacionais em afloramentos rochosos que apresentam alto grau de endemismo. Este trabalho objetivou identificar padrões de distribuição, densidade de coleta, riqueza de espécies e viés de coletas. Foram identificados dez padrões de distribuição geográfica: Chapada Diamantina, Chapada dos Veadeiros e montanhas adjacentes, Pico da Aliança, Extensão da Cadeia do Espinhaço, Arco Centro-Sul de Minas Gerais, Cadeia do Espinhaço e Arco da Brasília, Disjunção Campos Rupestres e Restinga, Chapada Diamantina e Caatinga, Diagonal Noroeste-Sudeste e Triângulo Leste. Outras famílias de Angiospermas apresentam distribuição semelhante, principalmente no Espinhaço Meridional. A riqueza de espécies é maior em locais com alta intensidade de coleta, porém, o nordeste de Goiás mostra comportamento oposto. A análise de correlação de Spearman demonstrou forte correlação entre densidade de coleta e riqueza de espécies, apresentando modelo exponencial assintótico significativo para a variação total da riqueza de espécies. A análise de agrupamento apresentou cinco grupos correlacionados com cinco padrões de distribuição em Lychnophorinae.

O cachorro-vinagre (Speothos venaticus) é um dos seis representantes da família Canidae no Brasil, estando presente em quase todos os biomas do país. Sua distribuição vai da Costa Rica e Panamá até a província de Misiones, na Argentina, e o estado de Santa Catarina, no Brasil. Além de naturalmente raro, é considerado de difícil detecção pelo seu comportamento elusivo e pouco conhecido. O presente estudo visa descrever o primeiro registro do cachorro-vinagre para o estado do Rio Grande do Sul, expandindo assim sua área de ocorrência e distribuição confirmada. Tendo sido observados oportunisticamente no dia 05 de julho de 2020, dois indivíduos foram fotografados dentro do Parque Estadual do Turvo, na região noroeste do estado. Tal encontro ressalta a relevância das Unidades de Conservação na manutenção das populações da fauna ameaçada de extinção. Sugere-se a classificação como “criticamente ameaçada” para a espécie no estado do Rio Grande do Sul e recomenda-se a sua inclusão na lista de espécies ameaçadas da fauna no estado.

A first survey of Muscidae in the State of São Paulo (Southeastern Brazil) is presented here with a one-year of Malaise trap collecting from August 2010 to July 2011 at the Biological Reserve Alto da Serra de Paranapiacaba (23°46′00″-23°47′10″S, 46°18′20″-46°20′40″W, 750-891 m of altitude). A total of 1,284 individuals of muscids were collected, and 15 genera and 39 species of Muscidae were identified. So far, only one muscid species had been recorded to the Reserve, which now has its Muscidae diversity increased to 40 species. Thirteen species are new records for the State of São Paulo. With this, the number of species of Muscidae species known to occur in the State of São Paulo is increased to 169. The interval between November and February was higher in number of individuals and number of species. Muscidae presented a seasonal pattern, with more abundance and diversity in that interval. The study area is covered by secondary forest and very close to São Paulo metropolitan area, and the composition of the fauna of Muscidae signalizes this environment changing and anthropic stress with nine species with synanthropic habits, two of them are typically synanthropic species.

The coastal basins of southeastern Brazil are influenced by climatic changes that caused sea-level oscillations during the Pleistocene. These marine transgressions and regressions can generate isolation and connection among coastal rivers. In this region, freshwater fishes are excellent models for phylogeographic studies because their distributions may have been affected by geographical and ecological changes resulting from these processes. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Pleistocene sea-level changes on the genetic structure of the loricariid Hisonotus leucofrenatus throughout its area of occurrence. Two genes were sequenced: Cytochrome Oxidase subunit 1 (mitochondrial gene) and rpS7 ribosomal protein gene intron 1 (nuclear gene) from specimens representing 14 river drainages. The genetic data corroborate a divide for freshwater fish by the Serra do Tabuleiro mountain in Santa Catarina State. This divide determines two main genetic groups in H. leucofrenatus: one group to the south and one to the north of this mountain range. The genetic structure observed coincide with the limits of estimated paleodrainage systems for the region, supporting that marine transgressions and regressions during the Pleistocene influenced the biogeographical history of H. leucofrenatus. Resumo As bacias costeiras do sul do Brasil são influenciadas pelas mudanças climáticas que causaram oscilações no nível do mar durante o Pleistoceno. Essas transgressões e regressões marinhas geraram isolamento e conexão entre os rios. Nessa região, as espécies de peixe são excelentes modelos para estudos filogeográficos, pois suas distribuições podem ter sido afetadas por mudanças históricas e ecológicas decorrentes desses processos. Portanto, o objetivo principal deste estudo foi testar os efeitos das alterações do nível do mar durante o Pleistoceno na estrutura genética das populações do loricarídeo Hisonotus leucofrenatus ao longo de sua área de ocorrência. Dois genes foram sequenciados: Citocromo Oxidase subunidade 1 (gene mitocondrial) e o intron 1 da proteína ribossomal rpS7 (gene nuclear) de espécimes representando 14 bacias de drenagens. A estrutura genética observada corrobora uma divisão para peixes de água doce separada pela Serra do Tabuleiro, em Santa Catarina. Essa divisória determina dois grupos principais genéticos em H. leucofrenatus: um grupo ao sul e outro ao norte desse divisor. A estrutura genética também coincide com os limites dos sistemas de paleodrenagens estimados para a região, sustentando que as transgressões e regressões marinhas durante o Pleistoceno influenciaram a história biogeográfica de H. leucofrenatus.

RESUMEN Kinosternon chimalhuaca (Casquito de Jalisco) es una tortuga kinosternida endémica de México. La talla máxima de longitud de caparazón (CL) es de 160 mm en machos y de 130 mm en hembras. Tiene un pequeño rango de distribución en la costa del Pacífico de Jalisco y Colima (México), desde el río Tuito en Jalisco hasta el río Cihuatlán en el noroeste de Colima. Este nuevo registro en Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, extiende su distribución al menos 32 km al norte de la localidad más septentrional conocida. Se registra un nuevo tamaño máximo (CL) para la especie de 172,00 mm (un macho). ABSTRACT Kinosternon chimalhuaca (Jalisco Mud Turtle) is a kinosternid turtle endemic to Mexico. The previously recorded maximun carapace length (CL) is 160 mm in males and 130 mm in females. It has a small distribution range along the Pacific coast of Jalisco and Colima, Mexico, from the rio Tuito in Jalisco to the rio Cihuatlán in northwestern Colima. This new record in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, extends its distribution at least 32 km north from the northernmost known locality. A new maximun size (CL) for the species of 172.00 mm (one male) is recorded.

Five new species are described, Plusiocampa (Didymocampa) cvijici Sendra & Antić, sp. nov., Plusiocampa (Plusiocampa) atom Sendra & Antić, sp. nov., Plusiocampa (Stygiocampa) barethae Sendra & Rađa, sp. nov., Plusiocampa (Stygiocampa) dulcici Sendra & Rađa, sp. nov. and Plusiocampa (Venetocampa) pirnati Sendra & Borko, sp. nov. This brings the number of cave-adapted species of campodeids known from the Dinarides, Eastern Alps, Balkan System and Rodope Massif to 28 (one species in the genus Campodea and 27 in Plusiocampa). Among Plusiocampa, four out of five subgenera are present (Pentachaetocampa is not present in the region studied): Didymocampa (one species), Plusiocampa s. str. (15 species), Stygiocampa (eight species) and Venetocampa (three species), whereby Stygiocampa and Venetocampa are endemic to the studied region. These results reveal the importance of the Dinarides karst region as a centre of diversification for campodeids and for cave animals in general. A monophyletic subgroup, consisting of Stygiocampa, Venetocampa and Plusiocampa s. str. and characterized by the absence of medial posterior thoracic macrosetae, presumably colonized the Dinaric plate during the middle of the Cenozoic and occurs in that area since then.

The existence of a wild population of Laelia dawsonii f. dawsonii is recorded for the first time in the Mexican State of Jalisco. Laelia dawsonii has a wide geographical distribution throughout the Sierra Madre del Sur (Oaxaca, Guerrero, and Jalisco); however, the populations are very isolated, and each one has very few individuals. Until now, no wild populations of this species had been registered outside of the State of Oaxaca. The population found in Jalisco is composed of about 100 plants. Due to its horticultural importance, L. dawsonii has been frequently extracted from the field, and its Oaxacan populations have been decimated since the end of the 19th century. Currently, this species is considered endangered in Mexico. Keywords: biogeography, conservation, Laeliinae, Laelia anceps Se registra por primera vez la existencia de una población silvestre de Laelia dawsonii f. dawsonii en el estado de Jalisco. Laelia dawsonii tiene una amplia distribución geográfica a lo largo de la Sierra Madre del Sur (Oaxaca, Guerrero, y Jalisco); sin embargo, sus poblaciones están muy aisladas y cada una cuenta con muy pocos individuos. Hasta ahora, no se habían registrado poblaciones silvestres de esta especie fuera del estado de Oaxaca. La población encontrada en Jalisco cuenta con alrededor de 100 ejemplares. Debido a su importancia hortícola, L. dawsonii ha sido frecuentemente extraída del campo y sus poblaciones oaxaqueñas fueron diezmadas desde finales del siglo XIX. Actualmente, esta especie se considera en peligro de extinción en México. Palabras clave: biogeografía, conservación, Laeliinae, Laelia anceps

A new dipluran species, Plusiocampa (Plusiocampa) imereti Sendra & Barjadze sp. nov., from the deep zone in three caves in the Imereti region, Georgia, is described. This new troglobitic Plusiocampa is an addition to four others known Diplura from around the Black Sea region, two Dydimocampa and two Plusiocampa s. str. The present study also provides the first CO1 sequences for the Plusiocampinae taxa and the first molecular data for cave-dwelling Plusiocampa species. Although bootstrap values were low, the maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree grouped Plusiocampa (P.) imereti Sendra & Barjadze sp. nov. with two Plusiocampa s. str. species from Eastern Europe. Morphologically, P. (P.) imereti Sendra & Barjadze sp. nov. is closely related to two cave-dwelling species: Plusiocampa (Plusiocampa) glabra Condé, 1984 and Plusiocampa (P.) chiosensis Sendra & Gasparo, 2020. The new species can be distinguished by the presence of lateral anterior macrosetae on metanotum, more uneven claws, and the presence of 2+2 lateral anterior macrosetae on middle urotergites. The five species currently known for the Black Sea region inhabit caves located at low altitude but with no influence from former glacial or permafrost processes.

Baryancistrus xanthellus (Loricariidae) is an endemic fish species from the Xingu River basin with its life history in the shallow rapid waters flowing over bedrock substrates. In order to investigate the genetic diversity and demographic history of B. xanthellus we analyzed sequence data for one mitochondrial gene (Cyt b) and introns 1 and 5 of nuclear genes Prolactin (Prl) and Ribosomal Protein L3 (RPL3). The analyses contain 358 specimens of B. xanthellus from 39 localities distributed throughout its range. The number of genetically diverged groups was estimated using Bayesian inference on Cyt b haplotypes. Haplotype networks, AMOVA and pairwise fixation index was used to evaluate population structure and gene flow. Historical demography was inferred through neutrality tests and the Extended Bayesian Skyline Plot (EBSP) method. Five longitudinally distributed Cyt b haplogroups for B. xanthellus were identified in the Xingu River and its major tributaries, the Bacajá and Iriri. The demographic analysis suggests that rapids habitats have expanded in the Iriri and Lower Xingu rivers since 200 ka (thousand years) ago. This expansion is possibly related to an increase in water discharge as a consequence of higher rainfall across eastern Amazonia. Conversely, this climate shift also would have promoted zones of sediment trapping and reduction of rocky habitats in the Xingu River channel upstream of the Iriri River mouth. Populations of B. xanthellus showed strong genetic structure along the free-flowing river channels of the Xingu and its major tributaries, the Bacajá and Iriri. The recent impoundment of the Middle Xingu channel for the Belo Monte hydroelectric dam may isolate populations at the downstream limit of the species distribution. Therefore, future conservation plans must consider the genetic diversity of B. xanthellus throughout its range.

Several studies suggest that Cyanopsitta spixii occurs mainly in Tabebuia caraiba (Mart.) Bureau gallery woodlands of northern Bahia (Brazil). The recently creation of two Protected Areas (2018) is combining efforts to ensure the reintroduction and conservation of this Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct in the Wild) macaw. Achieving species conservation requires the definition of priority conservation areas and habitat recovery and the Landscape Cartography can be a relevant tool for this purpose. This research aimed to verify if there is a correlation between Landscape Units map and the Spix’s macaw occurrence. Here the Protected Areas landscape is described in three main components: land cover, landforms and superficial geology and then overlapped to occurrence map of Spix’s macaw and its most similar syntopic parrot, Primolius maracana. Spatial correlation revealed a correspondence of 85.48% to Dry River Environment Landscape pattern and C. spixii occurrence, indicating the importance to prioritize fluvial Landscapes conservation, combined with conservation strategies that must include the local population, since this are important territories for their survival.

Leaf decomposition is one of the main processes that regulate nutrient cycling. Understanding how the decomposition process occurs makes it easier to understand ecological processes in ecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the leaf decomposition of Byrsonima gardneriana A. Juss, Tocoyema formosa (Cham and Schltl) K. Schum and Tabebuia sp. of Caatinga in Delmiro Gouveia, Alagoas. To evaluate the decomposition, leaves were collected from the three species, oven dried at 65 °C for 72 hours, weighed 15,0 g of leaves and inserted into the litterbags, which were distributed on the soil surface, withdrawing monthly ten per species, which again were dried and weighed for determination of decomposition relative to the initial weight. About the species evaluated during the 300 days, T. formosa presented a higher rate of decomposition, followed by Tabebuia and B. gardneriana ; The decomposition of leaf material is influenced directly by rainfall, since when precipitation is higher, decomposition increases; The studied region went through a long period of drought, making it difficult to decompose the leaf material of the species sampled; The carbon and organic matter contents are superior to other Caatinga environments, due to the good conditions of the experimental area, however these variables did not present significant relation with decomposition of the species; The C/N ratio influences the decomposition of species leaf material of T. formosa and Tabebuia ; Due to the microclimatic conditions and characteristics of the plant material, B. gardneriana was the slowest decomposing species.

Among the four butterflyfishes of the genus Chaetodon present in the western Atlantic, the banded butterflyfish Chaetodon striatus has the largest distribution range, spanning 44 degrees of latitude (from Massachusetts, USA to Santa Catarina, Brazil). Although the ecology of the banded butterflyfish has been well studied over its entire range, nothing is known about its phylogeography and how biogeographic barriers structure its populations. To assess the level of genetic connectivity among populations from distinct biogeographic provinces and environmental conditions, we collected samples from seven localities: Puerto Rico, in the Caribbean, and Tamandaré, Salvador, Abrolhos, Trindade Island, Arraial do Cabo and Florianópolis, in Brazil. One nuclear (rag 2) and two mitochondrial (control region and cyt b) molecular markers were sequenced. Our findings are consistent with a recent population expansion, around 30-120 thousand years ago, which was found for all populations. Haplotype network analyses point to the Caribbean as a refugium before the population expansion. Results show no geographic pattern of genetic diversity. Indeed, a lack of population structure was found and no isolation was observed across oceanographic barriers, as well as between coral and rocky reef ecosystems. Furthermore, no directionality in the migration pattern was found among populations. Since ecological and environmental characteristics are very diverse across such a vast geographic range, the lack of genetic differentiation suggests that C. striatus evolved ecological plasticity rather than local adaptation in the western Atlantic. RESUMO O peixe-borboleta listrado, Chaetodon striatus, possui a maior distribuição geográfica dentre as quatro espécies de peixes-borboleta do gênero Chaetodon presentes no Oceano Atlântico Ocidental, abrangendo 44° de latitude (entre Massachusetts, EUA até o sul do Brasil). A ecologia alimentar desta espécie é bastante conhecida, considerando a ampla distribuição, porém, pouco se sabe sobre a filogeografia e como as barreiras biogeográficas estruturam as populações. Para acessar a conectividade genética entre as populações de diferentes províncias biogeográficas e diferentes condições ambientais, foram coletadas amostras de sete localidades: Porto Rico, no Caribe, e Tamandaré, Salvador, Abrolhos, Ilha da Trindade, Arraial do Cabo e Florianópolis, no Brasil. Foram sequenciados um gene nuclear (rag 2) e dois genes mitocondriais (região controle e cit B). Para todas as populações, foi identificada uma expansão populacional recente, em torno de 30-120 mil anos atrás. A análise de rede de haplótipos sugere que o Caribe serviu como refúgio antes desta expansão populacional. Os resultados indicam que não há padrão geográfico de diversidade genética. Apesar da existência de barreiras oceanográficas e diferenças na constituição dos recifes (rochosos e coralíneos), não foi encontrada estruturação populacional. Também, não encontramos padrão na direção de migração entre as populações. Os resultados sugerem que C. striatus apresenta plasticidade ecológica, uma vez que não há diferenciação genética entre as populações que habitam ecossistemas tão diferentes ao longo da ampla distribuição no Atlântico Ocidental.

The consumption of raw fish parasitized with larval ascaridoid nematodes of the family Anisakidae can cause anisakiasis, provoking gastrointestinal and/or allergic symptomatology. The main causative agents in the Anisakis genus are the sibling species Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s.s.) and A. pegreffii of the A. simplex sensu lato (s.l.) complex. Larvae of A. simplex (s.l.) are frequently detected in fish commonly consumed in Spain, as are larvae of the genus Hysterothylacium of the family Raphidascarididae, associated with allergic reactions but not considered pathogenic. Reported here are the results of an epidemiological survey of ascaridoid larvae in three commonly consumed fish species in Spain, horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) (n = 52), blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) (n = 93) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) (n = 69), caught in the North-Eastern Atlantic, West Mediterranean and Adriatic Sea. The larvae found in the dissected fish were identified in the following order of abundance: A. simplex (s.l.) (n = 2003), Hysterothylacium aduncum (n = 422), H. fabri (n = 180) and A. physeteris (n = 15). Binomial regression analysis showed a correlation between A. simplex (s.l.) and Hysterothylacium larvae abundance and the host geographical location, the North-Eastern Atlantic being the area with the highest parasitation. Fish length and weight and Fulton's condition factor were correlated with A. simplex (s.l.) abundance only in horse mackerel. There was a significant presence of A. simplex (s.l.) and H. aduncum larvae in the musculature of North-Eastern Atlantic blue whiting, the most parasitized part being the anteroventral region, followed equally by the anterodorsal and central sections. The ITS rDNA of larvae of the sibling species A. simplex (s.s.) and A. pegreffii was identified by PCR-RFLP, and a binary logistic regression model was developed to study their morphometric differentiation. Anisakis simplex (s.s.) was detected in the North-Eastern Atlantic and A. pegreffii in all the areas studied. The morphometric analysis discriminated between the two species at the third and fourth larval stages (L3 and L4), the latter obtained by in vitro culture in RPMI-1640 medium. Two discriminant functions were obtained for the L3 and L4 larvae, the ventricle being a key parameter for specific differentiation in both stages, providing taxonomical criteria that could be used besides molecular identification. The present study reveals differences in the parasitation of the studied fish, including the distribution of larvae in the musculature, related to the host species and its geographical origin.

Doris kyolis (Ev. Marcus and Er. Marcus, 1967) (Nudibranchia, Dorididae) has been reported in tropical and subtropical locations of the western Atlantic, from Florida, USA, to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Belmonte et al., 2015; Caballer- Gutiérrez et al., 2015). Throughout its distribution range, it has been frequently observed in interaction with sponges (Belmonte et al., 2015; Ortea et al., 2017) but there is no data of its density on the sponges from which it feeds. A recent study conducted in a southern Gulf of Mexico estuary (Laguna de Términos, Mexico) revealed that this nudibranch species is part of the associated macrofaunal assemblage with the sponge Halichondria (Halichondria) melanadocia Laubenfels, 1936 in seagrass meadows and red mangrove prop roots habitats (Ávila and Briceño-Vera, 2018). However, although D. kyolis was common in the samples of this sponge, basic aspects of its population dynamics, such as the small-scale spatial and temporal variation in its frequency of occurrence and density, have not been investigated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine whether the frequency of occurrence and density of D. kyolis in association with H. (H.) melanadocia varies (i) between seagrass meadows and mangrove prop root habitats and (ii) throughout the year as a function of the sponge prey size and/or environmental factors, such as water temperature and salinity.

Information regarding the spatial distribution of palm trees in tropical forests is crucial for commercial exploitation and management. However, spatially continuous knowledge of palms occurrence is scarce and difficult to obtain with conventional approaches such as field inventories. Here, we developed a new method to map Amazonian palm species at the individual tree crown (ITC) level using RGB images acquired by a low-cost unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Our approach is based on morphological operations performed in the score maps of palm species derived from a fully convolutional neural network model. We first constructed a labeled dataset by dividing the study area (135 ha within an old-growth Amazon forest) into 28 plots of 250 m×150 m. Then, we manually outlined all palm trees seen in RGB images with 4 cm pixels. We identified three palm species: Attalea butyracea, Euterpe precatoria and Iriartea deltoidea. We randomly selected 22 plots (80%) for training and six plots (20%) for testing. We changed the plots for training and testing to evaluate the variabilityn, in the classification accuracy and assess model generalization. Our method outperformed the average producer?s accuracy of conventional patch-wise semantic segmentation (CSS) in 4.7%. Moreover, our method correctly identified, on average, 34.7 percentage points more ITCs than CSS, which tended to merge trees that are close to each other. The producer's accuracy of A. butyracea, E. precatoria and I. deltoidea was 78.6 ± 5.5%, 8.6 ± 1.4% and 96.6 ± 3.4%, respectively. Fortunately, one of the most exploited and commercialized palm species in the Amazon (E. precatoria, a.k.a, Açaí) was mapped with the highest classification accuracy. Maps of E. precatoria derived from low-cost UAV systems can support management projects and community-based forest monitoring programs in the Amazon. Made available in DSpace on 2020-08-01T11:12:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 27014.pdf: 15845790 bytes, checksum: 2169ad4041cb991e84ec0efef9ffbeab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

Aim Palms are an iconic, diverse and often abundant component of tropical ecosystems that provide many ecosystem services. Being monocots, tree palms are evolutionarily, morphologically and physiologically distinct from other trees, and these differences have important consequences for ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration and storage) and in terms of responses to climate change. We quantified global patterns of tree palm relative abundance to help improve understanding of tropical forests and reduce uncertainty about these ecosystems under climate change. Location Tropical and subtropical moist forests. Time period Current. Major taxa studied Palms (Arecaceae). Methods We assembled a pantropical dataset of 2,548 forest plots (covering 1,191ha) and quantified tree palm (i.e., ≥10cm diameter at breast height) abundance relative to co‐occurring non‐palm trees. We compared the relative abundance of tree palms across biogeographical realms and tested for associations with palaeoclimate stability, current climate, edaphic conditions and metrics of forest structure. Results On average, the relative abundance of tree palms was more than five times larger between Neotropical locations and other biogeographical realms. Tree palms were absent in most locations outside the Neotropics but present in >80% of Neotropical locations. The relative abundance of tree palms was more strongly associated with local conditions (e.g., higher mean annual precipitation, lower soil fertility, shallower water table and lower plot mean wood density) than metrics of long‐term climate stability. Life‐form diversity also influenced the patterns; palm assemblages outside the Neotropics comprise many non‐tree (e.g., climbing) palms. Finally, we show that tree palms can influence estimates of above‐ground biomass, but the magnitude and direction of the effect require additional work. Conclusions Tree palms are not only quintessentially tropical, but they are also overwhelmingly Neotropical. Future work to understand the contributions of tree palms to biomass estimates and carbon cycling will be particularly crucial in Neotropical forests.

espanolLas hipotesis filogeneticas para los peracaridos del orden Cumacea son escasas y no han proporcionado una solucion definitiva. En el presente estudio se utilizo un fragmento del rDNA 16S mitocondrial para formular una hipotesis filogenetica para tres familias de cumaceos, Diastylidae, Bodotriidae y Leuconidae. Ademas se han analizado las relaciones intrafamiliares de esta ultima. Los cumaceos es un grupo monofiletico con tanaidaceos e isopodos como taxones externos. De las tres familias analizadas, los Diastylidae fueron la unica con buen apoyo para la monofilia. El genero Leucon se resol- vio parafiletico mientras que el subgenero Crymoleucon fue monofiletico. Ademas, se analizo la estructura genetica de dos especies de leuconidos Leucon antarcticus Zimmer, 1907 y L. intermedius Muhlenhardt-Siegel, 1996 del mar de Weddell y el mar de Ross respectivamente. Ambas especies mostraron diferentes patrones de variabilidad genetica intraespecifica. A diferencia de L. intermedius, para L. antarcticus se observo una distribucion bimodal del mismatch distribution, que se corre- laciona con las distribuciones geograficas y de profundidad entre el mar de Ross y el mar de Weddell. Aunque una evaluacion clara de la especiacion criptica en estas especies requiere trabajo adicional con mas especimenes de mas regiones geograficas y rangos de profundidad mas amplios, las diferencias que se muestran en las secuencias del rDNA 16S solo pueden explicarse por la separacion genetica de poblaciones entre el mar de Weddell y el mar de Ross durante un periodo de tiempo prolongado. EnglishPhylogenetic hypotheses for the peracarid order Cumacea are scarce and have not provided a solution to the full extent. In the present study, a fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rDNA was used to erect a phylogenetic hypothesis for three cumacean families, Diastylidae, Bodotriidae and Leuconidae, along with intra-family relationships of the latter. The Cumacea resolved monophyletic with tanaids and isopods as outgroup taxa. The Diastylidae were the only family with good support for monophyly. The genus Leucon resolved paraphyletic, whereas the subgenus Crymoleucon was monophyletic. Furthermore, the genetic structure was analysed for two leuconid species, Leucon antarcticus Zimmer, 1907 and L. intermedius Muhlenhardt-Siegel, 1996, from the Weddell Sea and the Ross Sea. The two species showed different patterns of intraspecific genetic variability. In contrast to L. intermedius, a bimodal distribution of pairwise genetic distances was observed for L. antarcticus, which is correlated with geographical and depth distributions between the Ross Sea and the Weddell Sea. Although a clear evaluation of cryptic speciation in these species requires additional work on more specimens from more geographic regions and broader depth ranges, differences shown in the sequences of 16S rDNA can only be explained by genetic separation of populations between the Weddell Sea and the Ross Sea for an extended period of time

The Pleistocenic Arc Hypothesis (PAH) posits that South American Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests (SDTF) were interconnected during Pleistocene glacial periods, enabling the expansion of species ranges that were subsequently fragmented in interglacial periods, promoting speciation. The lizard genus Lygodactylus occurs in Africa, Madagascar, and South America. Compared to the high diversity of African Lygodactylus, only two species are known to occur in South America, L. klugei and L. wetzeli, distributed in SDTFs and the Chaco, respectively. We use a phylogenetic approach based on mitochondrial (ND2) and nuclear (RAG-1) markers covering the known range of South American Lygodactylus to investigate (i) if they are monophyletic relative to their African congeners, (ii) if their divergence is congruent with the fragmentation of the PAH, and (iii) if cryptic diversity exists within currently recognized species. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses recovered a well-supported monophyletic South American Lygodactylus, presumably resulting from a single trans-Atlantic dispersal event 29 Mya. Species delimitation analyses supported the existence of five putative species, three of them undescribed. Divergence times among L. klugei and the three putative undescribed species, all endemic to the SDTFs, are not congruent with the fragmentation of the PAH. However, fragmentation of the once broader and continuous SDTFs likely influenced the divergence of L. wetzeli in the Chaco and Lygodactylus sp. 3 (in a SDTF enclave in the Cerrado).

The Cercosaurini tribe stands out from other Gymnophthalmidae lizards for including several species with morphological adaptations to aquatic lifestyle (“Crocodile-Like Morphology” – CLM). Recent molecular phylogenies of Cercosaurini demonstrated the paraphyly of CLM species, implicitly suggesting that adaptations to the aquatic life evolved more than once. However, CLM species have remained poorly sampled, and a number of uncertainties persist, such as the monophyly of Neusticurus and the placement of Potamites apodemus within the tribe. Based on a more extensive molecular and morphological data set, we propose a phylogenetic hypothesis for Neusticurus and investigate, for the first time, the phylogenetic position of P. apodemus. We recovered a monophyletic Neusticurus clade; however, Neusticurus rudis as currently understood was recovered as paraphyletic, with two lineages that also show consistent morphological diagnosis; as a result, we resurrect and provide a taxonomic redescription of Neusticurus surinamensis Müller,. Moreover, because P. apodemus was recovered as sister to all other Echinosaura, we propose a new combination for this species (Echinosaura apodema). We also review the distribution of Neusticurus species, offering a comprehensive view of their biogeography. Lastly, our ancestral character reconstruction and dating analyses indicate that the CLM phenotype evolved four times independently during Cercosaurini′s evolutionary history. We hypothesize that the CLM phenotype and subsequent adaptation to aquatic life may be linked to the development of the Pebas Lake in western Amazonia during the Miocene.

espanolEn el presente trabajo se comentan aspectos biologicos de algunas especies de mariposas diurnas pertenecientes al genero Adelpha (Hubner), que abarca 89 especies 60 de las cuales habitan Colombia, con enfasis en su distribucion, biogeografia. Ademas se reporta la presencia del fenomeno de hibridacion que se presenta entre algunas subespecies que cohabitan determinadas regiones del centro y occidente de Colombia. EnglishIn the present work, biological aspects of some species of diurnal butterflies belonging to the genus Adelpha (Hubner), Which includes 89 species 60 of which inhabit Colombia, are discussed, with emphasis on distribution and biogeography. Moreover, the presence of the phenomenon of hybridization that occurs between some subspecies cohabiting certain regions of central and western Colombia is reported

Contribució al coneixement dels copèpodes (Crustacea) meiobèntics de la costa de Sardenya, Itàlia Les dades disponibles sobre espècies italianes de copèpodes Canuelloida Khodami, Vaun MacArthur, Blanco-Bercial i Martínez Arbizu, 2017 i Harpacticoida Sars, 1903 registren un total de 210 espècies, però la seva diversitat i la seva biogeografia continuen estan escassament investigades. Vam portar a terme un estudi faunístic a la costa est de Sardenya (regió d’Ogliastra) a fi de documentar-hi la presència d’aquests taxons. Hi vam trobar un total de 41 espècies de 36 gèneres i 18 famílies. Tot i que moltes espècies es van identificar com a putatives, la llista de control italiana vigent va ser actualitzada amb 12 registres nous de gèneres i quatre d’espècies. Longipedia coronata Claus, 1862 (Canuelloida), Diosaccus tenuicornis (Claus, 1863), Asellopsis hispida Brady i Robertson, 1873, Wellsopsyllus (intermediopsyllus) intermedius (Scott i Scott, 1895) (totes Harpacticoida) van ser registrades per primera vegada a les costes de Sardenya. La comunitat de copèpodes va resultar particularment rica a l’illa d’Ogliastra, un illot rocallós amb esculls naturals, bancs de roques i praderies de Posidonia oceanica. Les espècies trobades a la zona estaven relacionades principalment amb sorres gruixudes i detritus macròfits. Dades publlicades a GBIF: doi:10.15470/dxru6l, Contribución al conocimiento de los copépodos (Crustacea) meiobénticos de la costa de Cerdeña, Italia Los datos disponibles sobre especies italianas de copépodos Canuelloida Khodami, Vaun MacArthur, Blanco-Bercial y Martínez Arbizu, 2017 y Harpacticoida Sars, 1903 registran un total de 210 especies, pero la diversidad y biogeografía de las mismas siguen estando escasamente investigadas. Realizamos un estudio faunístico en la costa este de Cerdeña (región de Ogliastra) con objeto de documentar la presencia de estos taxones en dicha área. Encontramos un total de 41 especies de 36 géneros y 18 familias. Aunque muchas especies se identificaron como putativas, la lista de control italiana vigente se actualizó con 12 nuevos registros de géneros y cuatro de especies. Longipedia coronata Claus, 1862 (Canuelloida), Diosaccus tenuicornis (Claus, 1863), Asellopsis hispida Brady y Robertson, 1873, Wellsopsyllus (intermediopsyllus) intermedius (Scott y Scott, 1895) (todas Harpacticoida) fueron registradas por primera vez en las costas de Cerdeña. La comunidad de copépodos resultó particularmente rica en la isla de Ogliastra, un islote rocoso con arrecifes naturales, bancos de rocas y praderas de Posidonia oceanica. Las epecies encontradas en la zona estaban relacionadas principalmente con arenas gruesas y detritos macrófitos. Datos publicados en GBIF: doi:10.15470/dxru6l, Data available on the Italian species of Copepoda Canuelloida Khodami, Vaun MacArthur, Blanco-Bercial and Martínez Arbizu, 2017 and Harpacticoida Sars, 1903 report overall 210 species, but their diversity and biogeography are still poorly investigated. We carried out a faunistic survey along the eastern coast of Sardinia (Ogliastra region) in order to document these taxa in the area. A total of 41 species in 36 genera and 18 families were found. Although many species were identified as putative, the current Italian checklist was updated with 12 new records of genera and 4 of species. Longipedia coronata Claus, 1862 (Canuelloida), Diosaccus tenuicornis (Claus, 1863), Asellopsis hispida Brady and Robertson, 1873, Wellsopsyllus (intermediopsyllus) intermedius (Scott and Scott, 1895) (all Harpacticoida) are reported for the first time from Sardinia coasts. The copepod community was particularly rich at Ogliastra Island, a small rocky island with natural reefs, rocky shoals and Posidonia oceanica meadows. Species found there were mainly related to coarse sands and macrophytal detritus. Data published in GBIF: doi:10.15470/dxru6l

Avaluació biogeogràfica de les libèl·lules i els espiadimonis de l’est de la península Ibèrica Els insectes són un dels grups d’animals més diversos dels ecosistemes terrestres, raó per la qual constitueixen un bon sistema model per estudiar els patrons macrogeogràfics en les distribucions d’espècies. En aquest treball es fa una anàlisi biogeogràfica de les libèl·lules i els espiadimonis del País Valencià (est de la península Ibèrica). També es comparen les espècies presents en aquest territori amb les dels territoris veïns de Catalunya i Aragó, i amb les presents a tota la península Ibèrica. Amb aquest objectiu s’actualitza la llista d’espècies de libèl·lules i espiadimonis del territori valencià (65 espècies) i es discuteix l’estatus actual de dues d’elles: Macromia splendens i Lindenia tetraphylla. Els resultats posen de manifest que, amb relació a Catalunya i Aragó, el País Valencià està enriquit amb elements etiòpics, però té una proporció menor d’elements eurosiberians. També cal destacar la importància del treball de voluntariat a l’hora de proporcionar nous coneixements sobre aquest grup d’insectes icònics i la rellevància de les col·leccions de museus per preservar-los. Es discuteix així mateix el paper del canvi climàtic en la distribució dels odonats., Insects are one of the most diverse groups of animals in terrestrial ecosystems, and are thus a good model system to study macrogeographic patterns in species’ distributions. Here we perform a biogeographical analysis of the dragonflies and damselflies in the Valencian Country (Eastern Iberian Peninsula). We also compare the species present in this territory with those in the adjacent territories of Catalonia and Aragon, and with those present in the whole Iberian Peninsula. Furthermore, we update the list of species of dragonflies and damselflies in the Valencian territory (65 species), and discuss the current status of two of them: Macromia splendens and Lindenia tetraphylla. Our results highlight that the Valencian Country has a higher proportion of Ethiopian elements but a lower proportion of Eurosiberian elements than Catalonia and Aragon. We also emphasize the importance of volunteer work in providing new knowledge on this group of iconic insects, and the relevance of museum collections in preserving them. The role of climate change in the distribution of Odonata is also discussed., Evaluación biogeográfica de las libélulas y los caballitos del diablo del este de la península ibérica Los insectos son uno de los grupos de animales más diversos de los ecosistemas terrestres, por lo que constituyen un buen sistema modelo para estudiar los patrones macrogeográficos en las distribuciones de especies. En este trabajo se realiza un análisis biogeográfico de las libélulas y los caballitos del diablo del País Valenciano (este de la península ibérica). También se comparan las especies presentes en este territorio con las de los territorios vecinos de Cataluña y Aragón, y con las presentes en toda la península ibérica. Con este objetivo se actualiza la lista de especies de libélulas y caballitos del diablo del territorio valenciano (65 especies) y se discute el estatus actual de dos de ellas: Macromia splendens y Lindenia tetraphylla. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que, con relación a Cataluña y Aragón, el País Valenciano está enriquecido con elementos etiópicos, pero tiene una menor proporción de elementos eurosiberianos. También debe destacarse la importancia del trabajo de voluntariado para proporcionar nuevos conocimientos sobre este grupo de insectos icónicos y la relevancia de las colecciones de museos para preservarlos. Se discute asimismo el papel del cambio climático en la distribución de los odonatos.

Lorentziella (Gigaspermaceae, Bryophyta) nuevo para Chile, y lectotipificación del género. El género Lorentziella es reportado por primera vez para Chile sobre la base de múltiples colecciones realizadas durante los meses de julio y septiembre de 2016. Se entrega información acerca de la ecología de la especie y su distribución mundial conocida, así como un mapa de distribución. Un lectotipo para el género Lorentziella es aquí seleccionado y se corrige la autoría del nombre.

Prior to 2012, only 158 species of Odonata were known from Angola. Surveys in 2012 and 2013 added 76 species and two further additions in 2016 brought the national total to 236 species. We provide a revised checklist with taxonomic notes and discuss the history of research, the biogeography of the fauna, and the potential for further discoveries. The national total is likely to be above 300 species. This would make Angola one of the richest countries for Odonata in Africa. The endemic species formerly classified in Chlorocypha are transferred to Platycypha.

The movement of postflexion larvae of marine estuarine-dependent species into estuaries is critical for the survival of fishes reliant on estuaries as nurseries. However, detailed studies focused on environmental variability experienced by postflexion larvae entering a range of estuary types under varying conditions are rare. This study assessed the in situ conditions (temperature, salinity and water clarity) under which the southern African endemic fish Rhabdosargus holubi (Sparidae) recruits into estuaries. Postflexion larvae were sampled in three biogeographic regions (cool temperate, warm temperate and subtropical boundary), which included three estuary types (permanently open estuaries (POEs), temporarily open/closed estuaries and estuarine lake systems) on a seasonal basis, independent of each other. Rhabdosargus holubi larvae were more abundant in spring and summer, in POEs in the warm temperate region. Models predicted that higher larval occurrence in estuaries is a function of lower salinity (e.g. mesohaline zones of 5-17.9 salinity) and lower water clarity (e.g. 0-0.2 Kd, light extinction coefficient), particularly for warm, temperate POEs. This re-emphasizes the importance of freshwater for optimal nursery functioning, which may be compromised by impoundments, abstraction and climate change in water-short countries like South Africa. En las especies de peces dependientes de los estuarios marinos como zonas de cría, el movimiento de las larvas en estadio de postflexión hacia el interior de los estuarios es un proceso crítico para su supervivencia. Sin embargo, son raros los estudios detallados que analicen la variabilidad ambiental experimentada por estas larvas en diversos ambientes estuáricos. Este estudio evaluó las condiciones in situ (temperatura, salinidad y claridad del agua) bajo las que Rhabdosargus holubi (Sparidae), pez endémico de África meridional, recluta en los estuarios. Las larvas en postflexión se muestrearon estacionalmente en tres regiones biogeográficas, independientes entre sí, (templada-fría, templada-cálida y subtropical), que incluían tres tipos de estuarios (POE: estuarios permanentemente abiertos, TOC: estuarios temporalmente abiertos/cerrados y ELS: sistemas de lagos estuarinos). Las larvas de Rhabdosargus holubi fueron más abundantes durante la primavera y el verano, en POEs de la región templada-cálida. Los modelos predijeron que la mayor aparición de larvas en los estuarios es función de una menor salinidad (por ejemplo, zonas mesohalinas de 5-17.9 salinidad) y una menor claridad del agua (por ejemplo con coeficiente de extinción de luz de 0-0.2 Kd), particularmente para POEs templado-cálidos. Esto reafirma la importancia del agua dulce para el funcionamiento óptimo como zona de cría, que puede verse comprometida por los embalses, la extracción de agua y el cambio climático en países con escasez de agua como Sudáfrica.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T00:56:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-15T14:37:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0031-10492019000100240.pdf: 3175500 bytes, checksum: d729d7aa88dc88b8a3af58f5b018813e (MD5) The occurrence of Isarachnanthus Carlgren, 1924 (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Ceriantharia) specimens in Cape Verde Islands is recorded. Identification of the tube anemone species Isarachnanthus maderensis (Johnson, 1861) was possible based on DNA Barcoding. A discussion on biogeographic patterns associated with ocean circulation and life cycle is presented. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Faculdade de Ciências e Letras Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Laboratório de Evolução e Diversidade Aquática (LEDA) Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Instituto de Biociências IB-USP) Departamento de Zoologia Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Centro de Biologia Marinha (CEBIMar) Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Faculdade de Ciências e Letras Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Laboratório de Evolução e Diversidade Aquática (LEDA)

Colombia is the only South American country with coasts in both the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea thus providing great contrasts for mangroves in terms of climatic types and geomorphic settings. For instance, mangroves are extensive along the Pacific coast due to both high annual rainfall rates and the presence of many world-class deltas. Besides, they are the habitat of the only Neotropical endemic mangrove (Pelliciera rhizophorae), which is also a threatened species. In contrast, mangroves are discontinuously distributed along the Caribbean coast and they are extensive in the three major deltas and a few coastal lagoons. In addition, dwarf and stunt mangroves are found in northern arid lands sprung by seasonal streams and rivers. Recent studies have highlighted the global significance of the Colombian mangroves in terms of their extension, low deforestation rates (particularly in the Pacific coast), and high reservoirs of ecosystem carbon scattered nation-wide. Nonetheless, most of the current understanding of the biogeography of our mangroves has been obtained by integrating studies independently conducted in different sites and years. The voluminous information collected by Heliodoro Sánchez-Páez and his colleagues in the largest national inventory of mangroves (MCP: Mangroves of Colombia Project, Ministry of the Environment) undertaken in the mid 1990's provides an opportunity to re-assess biogeographic hypotheses (e.g., that high rainfall promotes the increase in the importance value of red mangroves) and to explore macroecological patterns when combined with open data sets. The objective of this paper was to introduce HELIO_SP.CO v.1, an open database derived from this mangrove inventory as a homage to Heliodoro Sánchez-Páez, who passed away in 2017, as a platform for macroecological studies and benchmark for future impact assessments of climate change and land-use change on mangroves in Colombia. In addition, the contributions of the MCP were reviewed and the general geographic patterns were explored by using HELIO_SP.CO v. 1. For instance, the shift of the two dominant mangrove species in Colombia across the rainfall gradient observed from Nariño to La Guajira was clearly depicted. Using WorldClim 2, we also explored the rainfall and temperature spaces where the species occur. Finally, we briefly reviewed the progress of mangrove science since 1997 and identified some challenges regarding climate change and post-armed conflict scenarios in Colombia. © 2019. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. Ex. Fis. Nat. Resumen Colombia es el único país suramericano con costas tanto en el Océano Pacífico como el Mar Caribe, por lo cual exhibe grandes contrastes para los manglares en términos de tipos de climas y geoformas costeras. Por ejemplo, los manglares son extensos a lo largo de la costa del Pacífico debido a la alta precipitación anual y a la presencia de grandes deltas. Estos manglares son el hábitat de la única especie endémica del Neotrópico (Pelliciera rhizophorae), también clasificada como amenazada. En contraste, los manglares se distribuyen de forma discontinua a lo largo de la costa Caribe, siendo extensos en los tres deltas más grandes y en unas pocas lagunas costeras. Además, los manglares enanos y de baja estatura están presentes en las zonas áridas de la costa norte, bañadas por quebradas y ríos estacionales. En estudios recientes se resalta la importancia global de los manglares de Colombia en términos de su extensión, sus bajas tasas de deforestación (particularmente en la costa Pacífica) y sus grandes reservas de carbono. Sin embargo, la mayor parte de lo que actualmente sabemos de la biogeografía de los manglares colombianos se ha obtenido a partir del análisis de estudios independientes llevados a cabo en diferentes sitios y años. La voluminosa información recolectada por Heliodoro Sánchez-Páez y sus colaboradores en el mayor inventario nacional de manglares (PMC: Proyecto Manglares de Colombia, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente) recopilado a mediados de la década de 1990, ofrece una oportunidad para, en combinación con datos abiertos, revisar hipótesis biogeográficas (por ejemplo, que la alta precipitación promueve el valor de importancia del mangle rojo) y explorar patrones macroecológicos. En homenaje a Heliodoro Sánchez-Páez (fallecido en el 2017), se presenta a la comunidad la base de datos HELIO_SP.CO v.1, derivada de este inventario forestal, como una plataforma para los estudios macroecológicos y línea de base para futuras evaluaciones del impacto del cambio climático y en los usos de la tierra. Se revisaron las contribuciones del PMC y se exploraron patrones geográficos generales utilizando la base de datos HELIO_SP.CO v.1. En este sentido, se describió el recambio de las dos especies dominantes a lo largo del gradiente de precipitación observado desde Nariño hasta La Guajira. Se utilizaron datos rasterizados de WorldClim 2 para explorar los espacios de precipitación y temperatura donde las especies fueron registradas. Por último, se revisó brevemente el progreso de las "ciencias del manglar" desde 1997 y se detectaron algunos de los desafíos relacionados con el cambio climático y las situaciones posteriores al acuerdo de paz en Colombia.

A study including morphological characters and mitogenomics of South American and Australian fishes previously assigned to Percichthyidae was conducted. Results generated from these different data sets reveal major disagreements concerning the content and interpretation of the so-called percichthyids. A phylogenetic analysis based on 54 morphological characters suggests the existence of two major clades: (1) Percichthyidae, including the South American Percichthys and the Australian taxa Macquaria australasica, Macquaria (= Plectroplites), and Maccullochella; (2) Perciliidae with the South American genus Percilia at the base plus more advanced Australian genera Nannoperca, Nannatherina, Bostockia, and Gadopsis. In contrast, molecular and mitogenomic evidence suggests only one clade (Percichthyidae), with the exclusion of species of Macquaria (= Percalates). Additionally, the results reveal the existence of various taxonomic problems, such as the current interpretation of only one species of Percichthys in Argentina, an interpretation that is not supported by the present study; the existence of cryptic species of Percilia as well as of Gadopsis, Nannoperca, and Macquaria that will increase the diversity of the genera; and the need for an extensive revision of species previously assigned to Percalates versus Macquaria. Disagreements point to the need to develop further research on the so-called percichthyids and perciliids.

The objective of the present work was to model the climate niche of Cedrela fissilis Vell. and to project the contemporary and future potential spatial distribution considering different climate change scenarios. Species occurrence data were obtained from the SpeciesLink and Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) databases. Altitude data, and 19 climate variables for both present and future conditions were obtained from the WorldClim database. The spatial prediction for the year 2070, considering an optimistic scenario (RCP 4.5) and a pessimistic one (RCP 8.5), was defined by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) regarding the concentration of greenhouse gases. The climate niche modeling was performed using the Maximum Entropy algorithm (MaxEnt). The results showed that C. fissilis has a wide geographic distribution, occurring in most South American countries. Its distribution showed a high correlation associated with the isothermal and precipitation variables in the humid month. In future scenarios, impacts on the climatic suitability of the areas in which the species occur, will not be spatially homogeneous. Indeed, reductions of about 47% (RCP4.5) and 63% (RCP8.5) are expected. It is recommended the creation and expansion of Conservation Units (CU) in areas that will remain climatically suitable for this species. The areas that will not have a favorable climate in the future should be considered strategic for genetic rescue and establishment of germplasm banks. Areas changing into a favorable climate should be considered as new areas of ecological and forestry interest. RESUMO O objetivo do presente trabalho foi modelar o nicho climático de Cedrela fissilis Vell. e realizar a projeção espacial potencial contemporânea e futura, considerando diferentes cenários de mudanças climáticas. Os dados de ocorrência da espécie foram obtidos a partir do banco de dados do SpeciesLink e GBIF. Os dados de altitude e 19 variáveis climáticas para as condições presente e futura foram obtidos por meio do banco de dados do WorldClim. Para a predição espacial futura no ano de 2070, considerou-se um cenário otimista (RCP 4.5) e outro pessimista (RCP 8.5), definido pelo IPCC em relação à concentração de gases causadores do efeito estufa. A modelagem do nicho climático foi realizada por meio do algoritmo de Máxima Entropia. Os resultados indicaram que C. fissilis possui ampla distribuição geográfica, ocorrendo na maioria dos países da América do Sul. Sua distribuição apresentou elevada correlação com as variáveis isotermalidade e precipitação no mês mais úmido. Em cenários futuros, os impactos sobre as áreas de adequabilidade climática da espécie não ocorrerão de forma espacialmente homogênea, esperando-se uma redução de cerca de 47% (RCP4.5) e 63% (RCP8.5). Recomenda-se a criação e expansão de Unidades de Conservação nas áreas que permanecerão com clima favorável à espécie. Nas áreas que não terão clima favorável no futuro, devem ser consideradas estratégicas para o resgate genético e a criação de bancos de germoplasma. As áreas que passarão a ter clima favorável no futuro devem ser consideradas como novas áreas de interesse ecológico e silvicultural.

The diversity of ascidians from the Southwestern Atlantic between 30°S and 40°S (southern Brazil, Uruguay and northern Argentina) remains as one of the poorest known of the West Atlantic. The objective of this work is to compile, analyze and discuss all published records of ascidians from Uruguay. They show the historical relevance of the studies performed by Herdman, Monniot F. and Monniot C. on ascidians collected at deep-sea stations by the HMS Challenger and the RV Atlantis II in the Argentine Basin. Total literature records include 38 ascidian species which are enumerated here for the first time. On the basis of the current knowledge, the ascidian fauna of Uruguayan waters encompasses: a) shallow-water species with temperate distribution (3 spp.); b) shelf and deep-sea species with Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic distribution (13 spp.); c) deep-sea species until now only collected off Río de La Plata (11 spp.); d) deep-sea species displaying a wide distribution (11 spp.). Only nine species have been recorded for the continental shelf; the remaining species were collected either from the slope (21) or the abyssal plain (5) or both deep-sea zones (3). Future research should be directed to record coastline and shelf species, assess the presence of exotic elements, and re-describe enigmatic species first described by Herdman (1882, 1886). Fil: Fabrizio Scarabino. Centro Universitario Regional del Este - CURE, Universidad de la República y Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Montevideo, ; Uruguay Fil: Maggioni, Tamara. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; Argentina Fil: Taverna, Anabela Jesús. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; Argentina Fil: Lagger, Cristian Fabian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Diversidad y Evolución Austral; Argentina Fil: Schwindt, Evangelina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; Argentina Fil: Guzmán López. Dirección Nacional de Recursos Acuáticos, Montevideo; Uruguay Fil: Leonardo Ortega. Dirección Nacional de Recursos Acuáticos, Montevideo; Uruguay Fil: Felipe García-Rodríguez. Centro Universitario Regional del Este -CURE, Universidad de la República, Montevideo ; Uruguay Fil: Tatian, Marcos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; Argentina

The territorial expansion of Amazonian religions that make ritual use of Ayahuasca / Hoasca, in Rondônia, has been associated to the maintenance of forested areas and recovery of degraded areas associated with the cultivation of Banisteriopsis caapi [(SpruceexGriseb.) CV Morton] and Psychotria viridis (Ruiz & Pav.) in agroforestry systems (SAFs). The present research had as objective to carry out the floristic survey and to analyze the composition and structure of the arboreal component of the forest fragments and agroforestry of territorial areas of União do Vegetal, one of the Hoasca religious matrices, in each phytoecological region of its comprehension in Rondônia. For this, non-probabilistic samples were performed on 08 rural properties in the delimited territory. In the selected areas, disjoint plots of 50 x 20 m (0.1 ha) were plotted, totaling 23 plots and 2.3 ha of area sampled, and then phytosociological parameters were calculated in the FITOPAC 2.1 application. Floristic surveys and phytosociological parameters presented satisfactory results regarding the conservation of phytodiversity in these areas according to the phytoecological region in which they are found. The occurrence of species in the Near Threatened and Vulnerable (VU) status by RedList shows the importance of these territories to conservation. In the case of samples in cultivated areas of the ritual species, these results were superior to other Agroforestry Systems, and in 75% of the samples better than the own areas of forest destined to the Legal Reserve of the same property. The territorial expansion of Amazonian religions that make ritual use of Ayahuasca / Hoasca, in Rondônia, has been associated to the maintenance of forested areas and recovery of degraded areas associated with the cultivation of Banisteriopsis caapi [(SpruceexGriseb.) CV Morton] and Psychotria viridis (Ruiz & Pav.) in agroforestry systems (SAFs). The present research had as objective to carry out the floristic survey and to analyze the composition and structure of the arboreal component of the forest fragments and agroforestry of territorial areas of União do Vegetal, one of the Hoasca religious matrices, in each phytoecological region of its comprehension in Rondônia. For this, non-probabilistic samples were performed on 08 rural properties in the delimited territory. In the selected areas, disjoint plots of 50 x 20 m (0.1 ha) were plotted, totaling 23 plots and 2.3 ha of area sampled, and then phytosociological parameters were calculated in the FITOPAC 2.1 application. Floristic surveys and phytosociological parameters presented satisfactory results regarding the conservation of phytodiversity in these areas according to the phytoecological region in which they are found. The occurrence of species in the Near Threatened and Vulnerable (VU) status by RedList shows the importance of these territories to conservation. In the case of samples in cultivated areas of the ritual species, these results were superior to other Agroforestry Systems, and in 75% of the samples better than the own areas of forest destined to the Legal Reserve of the same property.

In Costa Rica, Patagioenas fasciata is distributed in forested areas of the highlands, from 900 m above sea level to the top of the ridges. We identified the main habitats of this species with thematic maps in GIS and did a geophysical analysis. The species is found in the highlands of Rincon de la Vieja, SanIgnacio de Acosta and San Vito de Coto Brus. Our information about possible migration routes, altitudes, weather elements and geomorphology of the sites where it moves and lives is relevant to the species’ management and conservation. En Costa Rica la paloma Patagioenas fasciata se distribuye en las áreas boscosas de las tierras altas, a partir de los 900 m de altitud hasta la cima de las cordilleras. Determinamos los principales hábitats de esta especie con mapas temáticos en Sistemas de Información Geográfica y realizamos su análisis geofísico. La especie se encuentra en las zonas altas del Volcán Rincón de la Vieja, San Ignacio de Acosta y en San Vito de Coto Brus. Nuestra información sobre las posibles rutas de desplazamiento, altitudes, elementos climatológicos y geomorfología de los sitios por donde se desplaza y habita la paloma collareja es relevante para su manejo y conservación.

The objective of this work was to outline the potential distribution and economic impact of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), a recent invasive pest, in Brazil. Two maps of the potential establishment of the species were drawn based on the ecoclimatic index (EI), which uses the following thermal requirements for the species: with thermal stress, most restrictive scenario for spread; and without thermal stress. The EI was classified into four ranges: unfavorable, ≤25%; less favorable, >25 to ≤50%; favorable, >50 to ≤75%; and highly favorable, >75%. Economic losses were estimated based on the most restrictive map. The highly favorable areas were overlapped with those of the maps of production data for each possible host (apple, grape, peach, persimmon, fig, and pear). Considering these six hosts, the overlap between the highly favorable and the production areas varied from 45.5% (grape) to 98.3% (apple). However, the monetary estimation of the potential losses in the worst case scenario (no control measures) was possible only for figs and peaches. Southern Brazil is the most climatically favorable area for D. suzukii development and where potential economic losses are expected to be the greatest. Maximum average temperatures (>30°C) are the main ecological factor to limit D. suzukii spread in Brazil. Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi delinear a distribuição e o impacto econômico potenciais de Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), recente praga invasora, no Brasil. Foram feitos dois mapas de potencial de estabelecimento da espécie baseados no índice ecoclimático (EI), que utiliza as seguintes exigências termicas da espécie: com estresse de temperatura, cenário mais restrito para a expansão; e sem estresse de temperatura. O EI foi classificado em quatro faixas: não favorável, ≤25%; pouco favorável, >25 a ≤50%; favorável, >50 a ≤75%; e altamente favorável, >75%. As perdas econômicas foram estimadas a partir do mapa com a distribuição mais restritiva. As áreas consideradas altamente favoráveis foram sobrepostas às dos mapas de produção de cada hospedeiro possível (maçã, uva, pêssego, caqui, figo e pera). Ao se considerar esses seis hospedeiros, a sobreposição das áreas altamente favorável e de produção variou de 45,5% (uva) a 98,3% (maçã). No entanto, a estimativa monetária de perdas potenciais no pior cenário possível (sem medidas de controle) foi possível apenas para figo e pêssego. O Sul do Brasil é a área climaticamente mais favorável para o desenvolvimento de D. suzukii e onde as perdas econômicas potenciais podem ser máximas. As temperaturas médias máximas (>30°C) são o principal fator para restringir a dispersão de D. suzukii no Brasil.

Hymenophyllaceae constituye uno de los linajes más tempranamente divergente dentro de los helechos, habitan lugares hiperhúmedos y su aparición se ha datado en el cretácico temprano, previa a la ruptura de Gondwana; estas características determinan que sean especialmente útiles para establecer patrones biogeográficos. En este trabajo se discuten la diversidad de la familia Hymenophyllaceae en las Yungas meridionales y sus vinculaciones biogeográficas, mediante un análisis panbiogeográfico. Se han encontrado nueve especies, comprendidas en cuatro géneros: Crepidomanes, Didymoglossum, Hymenophyllum y Polyphlebium; Crepidomanes pyxidiferum constituye una novedad florística a nivel genérico para Argentina. Se brindan una clave para todos los géneros de Hymenophyllaceae presentes en Argentina, así como claves entre todas las especies presentes en las Yungas, que además son descriptas e ilustradas. Hymenophyllaceae represents a very ancient lineage of ferns that inhabit hyperhumid places and appeared in the Early Cretaceous, prior to the breakup of Gondwana; these features make Hymenophyllaceae especially useful to establish biogeographic patterns. The diversity of Hymenophyllaceae in meridional Yungas and their biogeographical relationships, employing a panbiogeographic analysis, are discussed. Nine species in four genera: Crepidomanes, Didymoglossum, Hymenophyllum and Polyphlebium were found; Crepidomanes pyxidiferum constitutes a novelty of generic level for Argentina. A key to all genera of Hymenophyllaceae present in Argentina are provided as well as keys for all species inhabiting the Yungas, which are also described and illustrated. The generalized track shows close relationships among the Argentine Yungas with the North Andes and the Parana dominion, overcoming the arid barrier represented by the Chacoan dominion. Furthermore, the South American Transition Zone constitutes a current barrier between the neotropical and the south-andean Hymenophyllaceae pteridofloras. Fil: Arana, Marcelo Daniel. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Ciencias Naturales; Argentina Fil: Larsen, Cristian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina Fil: Ponce, Marta Monica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina

Species distribution modeling is presented as an analytical tool for biogeography and the study of climate change impact on biodiversity. Key modeling concepts and applications are reviewed; the maximum entropy principle is described as well as its implementation in the Maxent software. Lastly, two demonstrative examples of species modeling are presented using two plant species: Pycnophyllum spathulatum (Caryophyllaceae) and Prosopis pallida (Fabaceae). Bothe species were modeled using current climate data and under a future climatic change scenario based on RCP8.5 to examine the potential impact of global warming on the species’ distribution. Se presenta el modelamiento de distribución de especies como una herramienta analítica para la biogeografía y para el estudio del impacto del cambio climático en la biodiversidad. Se revisan los conceptos y aplicaciones fundamentales de modelamiento; se describe el principio de máxima entropía así como su aplicación en el programa MaxEnt. Finalmente, se presentan ejemplos ilustrativos de modelamiento de dos especies vegetales con MaxEnt: Pycnophyllum spathulatum (Caryophyllaceae) y Prosopis pallida (Fabaceae), utilizando los datos climáticos disponibles en WorldClim tanto para las condiciones climáticas presentes como también bajo un escenario futuro de cambio climático (RCP 8.5) para determinar el impacto potencial de este en la distribución de las especies modeladas.

The bony-tongue fishes, Osteoglossomorpha, have been the focus of a great deal of morphological, systematic, and evolutionary study, due in part to their basal position among extant teleostean fishes. This group includes the mooneyes (Hiodontidae), knifefishes (Notopteridae), the abu (Gymnarchidae), elephantfishes (Mormyridae), arawanas and pirarucu (Osteoglossidae), and the African butterfly fish (Pantodontidae). This morphologically heterogeneous group also has a long and diverse fossil record, including taxa from all continents and both freshwater and marine deposits. The phylogenetic relationships among most extant osteoglossomorph families are widely agreed upon. However, there is still much to discover about the systematic biology of these fishes, particularly with regard to the phylogenetic affinities of several fossil taxa, within Mormyridae, and the position of Pantodon. In this paper we review the state of knowledge for osteoglossomorph fishes. We first provide an overview of the diversity of Osteoglossomorpha, and then discuss studies of the phylogeny of Osteoglossomorpha from both morphological and molecular perspectives, as well as biogeographic analyses of the group. Finally, we offer our perspectives on future needs for research on the systematic biology of Osteoglossomorpha. RESUMO Os peixes da Superordem Osteoglossomorpha têm sido foco de inúmeros estudos sobre a morfologia, sistemática e evolução, particularmente devido à sua posição basal dentre os peixes teleósteos. Fazem parte deste grupo os “mooneyes” (Hiodontidae), “knifefishes” (Notopteridae), o “abu” (Gymnarchidae), peixes-elefante (Mormyridae), aruanãs e pirarucu (Osteoglossidae), e o peixe-borboleta africano (Pantodontidae). Esse grupo de morfologia heterogênea possui um longo e diverso registro fóssil, incluindo táxons de todos os continentes, oriundos tanto de depósitos de água doce quanto marinhos. As relações filogenéticas dentre a maioria das famílias de osteoglossomorfos é amplamente aceita. Entretanto, há muito a ser descoberto sobre a sistemática biológica desses peixes, particularmente com relação às afinidades filogenéticas de inúmeros fósseis, relações dentro de Mormyridae, e a posição filogenética de Pantodon. Neste manuscrito nós revisamos o atual estado de conhecimento dos peixes osteoglossomorfos. Nós primeiramente provemos uma abordagem geral da diversidade de Osteoglossomorpha, e então discutimos os estudos filogenéticos sobre Osteoglossomorpha sob a perspectiva morfológica e molecular, assim como uma análise biogeográfica do grupo. Finalmente, oferecemos nossas perspectivas sobre os futuros passos para pesquisa sobre a sistemática biológica de Osteoglossomorpha.

A new species, Eucynorta rooneyi sp. nov. (Opiliones, Cosmetidae), is described from Parque Nacional Cusuco, Cortés, Honduras, a tropical montane cloud forest habitat. This is the thirty-fifth species of Eucynorta Roewer, 1912, and is characterized by the combination of three sexually dimorphic characters in males: enlarged chelicerae, some armature on femur III and IV, and swollen basitarsi on leg I. This new species is distinct from other Eucynorta species due to its unique pattern of yellow markings on area I of the dorsal scutum, and unarmed free tergites with line markings.

Nuevos registros de Corydoras micracanthus en la cuenca del río Bermejo son presentados. Se confirma la presencia de esta especie en la provincia de Jujuy en base a material depositado. Asimismo, confirmamos su localidad tipo en Lesser, Salta, luego de obtener nuevos datos de la bibliografía sobre las localidades de colecta de Alfredo Borelli, colector de los ejemplares tipos. Se proveen comentarios adicionales sobre la ecología y el estado de conservación de esta especie. New records of Corydoras micracanthus from the Bermejo River basin are presented. We confirm the presence of this species in the province of Jujuy, based on deposited material. In addition, its type locality in Lesser, Salta is confirmed, after new data obtained from bibliography regarding the collecting localities of Alfredo Borelli, collector of the type specimens. Additional comments on the behavior, ecology, and conservation status of this species are given. Fil: Alonso, Felipe. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Museo de Ciencias Naturales. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA; Argentina Fil: Teran, Guillermo Enrique. Grupo de Investigación y Conservación de Killis; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina Fil: Calviño, Pablo Antonio. Grupo de Investigación y Conservación de Killis; Argentina Fil: Aguilera, Gaston. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina Fil: Mirande, Juan Marcos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; Argentina

Schinus, best known by its few cultivated and invasive species, is the largest genus of Anacardiaceae in southern South America. It is remarkably diverse compared to closely related genera, with approximately 42 species, most of which occur in several arid vegetation types and extend into Andean and Atlantic moist forests. The most comprehensive taxonomic revision of the genus dates to 1957, recognizing S. subg. Schinus and S. subg. Duvaua, the latter of which were further divided into two sections. Subsequent studies have highlighted morphological inconsistencies in this infrageneric classification, and species delimitation remains a challenge. Schinus has been poorly sampled in previous phylogenetic studies of Anacardiaceae, and thus any assumptions about its monophyly and relationships remain untested. We investigated the phylogenetic relationships of 44 Schinus taxa and sampled 122 specimens, including the outgroup, using nine nuclear and two plastid DNA sequence regions, most of them developed recently for Commiphora (Burseraceae, sister to Anacardiaceae). We used maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference to infer relationships among species. We also constructed a morphological dataset, including vegetative anatomical features, and compared these characters to hypotheses based on molecular evidence in order to achieve a better understanding of the relationships among the species of Schinus and to related genera, aiming also to identify morphological characters and putative synapomorphies for major clades, and to discuss hypotheses regarding the evolution of structural traits in the genus. Our analyses strongly support the monophyly of Schinus, but also indicate that S. subg. Schinus and the sections of S. subg. Duvaua are polyphyletic. The phylogenetic relationships that emerged from our analyses include eight relatively well-supported lineages, but relationships among closely related species remain unclear in some clades. Ancestral state reconstructions demonstrate that several morphological and leaf-anatomical characters are valuable in characterizing some lineages. By contrast, most of the traits that have traditionally been used to circumscribe groups in Schinus show high levels of homoplasy. In light of these results, we present a novel sectional classification of Schinus based on a combination of character states associated with geographic distribution, corresponding to lineages that are mostly allopatric or at least ecologically distinct.

We present an estimation of the potential species richness of frogs, and diurnal butterflies distributed in the departments of Norte de Santander and Santander, Colombia, and analyze the implications for conservation of such high Andean species. From June 2012 to May 2016, we sampled across the Almorzadero, Santurbán and Tamá biogeographical units to gather presence data of 7 anuran species and 29 butterflies species from the superfamily Papilionoidea. We modeled the potential distribution of each species, converted every model to binary, and the sum up of unique species per cell allowed to estimate the model of potential richness, generating the total number of species for every 1 km2 cell. Every model was validated against field data, vegetation cover, and altitude. Our results suggest the existence of species’ concentration zones, specifically in the places of convergence between biogeographical units; it was evident the high levels of data deficiency in some places. Finally, it was clear the importance of these zones as a continuum of biogeographic conditions to maintain the biological diversity. Presentamos una estimación de la riqueza potencial y las implicaciones para la conservación de especies altoandinas de anuros y de mariposas diurnas, distribuidas en los departamentos de Norte de Santander y Santander. Durante junio de 2012 y mayo de 2016 se realizaron muestreos de campo en las unidades biogeográficas de Almorzadero, Santurbán y Tamá, para registrar los datos de presencia de siete especies de anfibios del orden Anura y 29 de mariposas de la superfamilia Papilionoidea. Realizamos modelamientos de la distribución potencial de cada especie, convertimos cada modelo en binario, y la suma de especies únicas por celda permitió estimar el modelo de riqueza potencial, obteniendo el número total de especies por cada celda de 1 km2; a su vez, los modelos fueron superpuestos sobre información de campo, cobertura vegetal y altitudinal. Nuestros resultados sugieren que existen zonas concretas de concentración de especies en las zonas de convergencia entre las unidades biogeográficas, así como zonas con vacíos de información. Resaltamos la importancia de estas zonas como un continuo de condiciones biogeográficas para mantener la diversidad.

An analysis of vicariant speciation ofGeotrupesandPhanaeus(Coleoptera, Geotrupidae, Scarabaeidae) from the mountains of Oaxaca, Mexico is undertaken. The new species of dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from Oaxaca, Mexico,Phanaeusdionysiussp. n.is described. Photos of the habitus and a distribution map are provided.PhanaeusmalyiArnaud is revalidated. An updated key for thePhanaeusendymionspecies group and new localities are also presented. An updated key for theGeotrupesof Oaxaca and new locality records are also submitted.

7 pages, 2 figures, 2 tables, [EN] A population of the poorly-known stomatopod crustacean, Pseudosquillopsis cerisii, was detected in the NW Mediterranean Sea. To date, in Mediterranean waters, this species was only known from rare reports that were mainly based on the occurrence of single individuals. Analysis of the stomach contents of fish predators caught in coastal trammel-net artisanal fisheries revealed several individuals of this species on a sandy bottom with nearby Posidonia seagrass beds in an area within the vicinity of Vilanova i la Geltrú (Catalonia). This is the first report of the species from Iberian peninsula waters, [ES] Se ha detectado una población de Pseudosquillopsis cerisii, un crustáceo estomatópodo escasamente conocido en el Mediterráneo noroccidental. En aguas mediterráneas, esta especie era conocida hasta la fecha tan solo por unas cuantas citas principalmente de ejemplares aislados. El análisis del contenido gástrico de peces depredadores capturados utilizando trasmallos en pesca artesanal ha permitido la detección de varios individuos de esta especie en fondos de arena situados en aguas próximas a Vilanova i la Geltrú (Cataluña), en las cercanías de praderas de Posidonia. Este registro constituye la primera observación de la especie en aguas de la península Ibérica, [CAT] S’ha detectat una població de Pseudosquillopsis cerisii, un crustaci estomatòpode molt poc conegut a la Mediterrània nord-occidental. En aigües mediterrànies, aquesta espècie només era coneguda fins ara per unes quantes cites principalment d’exemplars aïllats. L’anàlisi del contingut gàstric de peixos depredadors capturats utilitzant tresmalls en pesca artesanal ha permès la detecció de diversos individus d’aquesta espècie en fons de sorra situats prop de Vilanova i la Geltrú (Catalunya), a la vora d’alguers de Posidonia. Aquesta troballa constitueix la primera observació de l’espècie en aigües de la península Ibèrica

The gymnophthalmid lizard genus Neusticurus Duméril and Bibron, 1839 currently contains six described species. One of them, Neusticurus rudis Boulenger, 1900 has a long history of taxonomic confusion, and uncertainty remains about the number of species involved under that name, especially in the Pantepui region. Our molecular phylogenetic (concatenation and species tree) and morphological (morphometrics, external and hemipenial morphology) analyses confirm Neusticurus rudis as a species complex with several candidate species in the eastern Pantepui region. Neusticurus rudis is here redescribed based on the re-examination of the holotype and 10 specimens from the vicinity of the type locality (ca. 15 km airline) in Guyana. The geographic distribution of N. rudis sensu stricto is restricted to east of the Venezuelan Gran Sabana, extending from the slopes of Mount Roraima in Venezuela through the slopes of Maringma-tepui and Wayalayeng to Mount Ayanganna in Guyana, between 678 and 1500 m elevation. Populations tentatively assigned to N. rudis also occur from Mount Wokomung in the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana to the Iwokrama Forest Reserve in Guyana, between 159 and 1234 m elevation. A new Neusticurus species is described from the uplands and highlands of the eastern Pantepui region, west of the Venezuelan Gran Sabana in Brazil and Venezuela, between 900 and 2200 m elevation. Populations provisionally assigned to the new species were also found from the La Escalera region to Chivatón, the summit of Abakapá-tepui and the slopes and summit of Auyán-tepui, Venezuela, between 1100 and 2203 m elevation. Our results suggest the Gran Sabana as a possible recent biogeographical barrier for the genus in the region and indicate that tepui-summit Neusticurus populations derive from uplands populations that shifted their habitat preference. www.zoobank.org/lsid:zoobank.org:pub:33DCF862-11CF-4FD0-B4D6-706E2C6A339E.

We provide morphological data supporting the allocation of Chironius pyrrhopogon (Wied, 1824) in the synonymy of C. exoletus , proposed earlier in the literature without proper justification. Besides the historical (literature) data, we also examined 155 Chironius specimens previously identified as C. exoletus , C. pyrrhopogon and C . quadricarinatus that could possibly fit the diagnosis and distribution of Wied’s specimens, and performed statistical tests to assess potentially informative variations in the sample. In addition, we concluded that the color features associated with C. pyrrhopogon are by no means diagnostic of a unique entity. Nonetheless, although apparently present at random in some Chironius species in the Atlantic Forest, we suggest that the reddish-brown spots are possibly linked to other phenomena involving co-evolutionary interactions with anuran potential preys.