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This study was conducted to collect local Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) genotypes belonging to Malvaceae (Mallow) family in the Northern Cyprus and morphological characterization of this collected material. On the other hand, due to the limited studies on collection and morphological characterization, which are the first step of breeding; the genetic potential of the local okra genotypes of Northern Cyprus has not been determined before. This research was carried out in two stages as the collection and morphological characterization of genotypes. In the first stage of the study, it was aimed to collect local okra genotypes and a total of 58 different locations were reached in line with this target and 24 samples of okra genotypes were collected from these areas. In the second year of the study, morphological characterization studies of 24 okra genotypes from the collected genetic material were carried out according to UPOV and IPGR criteria. As a result of morphological characterization showed that 24 okra genotypes can be categorized under 6 different groups. The regenerated seeds of these 6 different genotypes were preserved. In conclusion, although morphological characterization analyses performed in this study are the methods used to differentiate new species from each other, but it will be insufficient alone. Therefore, it is concluded that this method will be used in coordination with molecular characterization studies to provide more reliable results.

Sandhanasamy Devanesan, Mohamad S AlSalhi Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Mohamad S AlSalhi Email malsahi@ksu.edu.saBackground: Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, an economically important malvaceous vegetable crop popularly known as okra, is used in various culinary preparations and is rich in vitamins, minerals, and nutrients. The biological properties of okra flowers in relation to nanoparticle synthesis have not yet been reported.Materials and Methods: In the current study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using extracts of the flowers of A. esculentus. The characteristics of the AgNPs were studied using a UV-vis spectrometer, Fourier transmission infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX). Antibacterial activity screening was performed using the agar well diffusion method, and cytotoxicity and cell viability studies were conducted using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.Results: The synthesized AgNPs were spherical and ranged in size from 5.52 to 31.96 nm, with an average size of 16.19 nm, as determined by UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, TEM and EDX. A. esculentus flower extract-mediated silver nanoparticles (AME-AgNPs) exhibited excellent activities in vitro studies, particularly in vitro cytotoxic and antiproliferative studies against cancer cell lines, such as the TERT-4 and A-549 cell lines. The antibacterial effects on the Gram-positive pathogens Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus pyogenes and the Gram-negative pathogens Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella sonnei were tested. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values varied with the bacterial strain. The IC50 values of the synthesized NPs for the tested cell lines were close to that of a standard drug.Conclusion: Compared to other NPs the NPs synthesized in this study were smaller in size and exhibited a higher level of antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity and apoptosis at minimal concentrations, and this is the first study on okra flower-induced anticancer and antimicrobial activities.Keywords: Abelmoschus esculentus, silver nanoparticles, okra green pods, cell lines and cytotoxicity

Seed priming is an effective, eco-friendly method to promote seed germination and seedling vigor of okra to overcome the reduced and delayed germination in fresh or stored okra seeds caused by seed hardness. An experiment was carried to evaluate the effects of different priming on okra seeds germination and seedling vigor using Arka Anamika variety at Horticulture lab of Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. Investigation was carried out with 6 treatments (T1: seed priming with tap water, T2: seed priming with 200ppm NAA solution, T3: seed priming with 10% PEG-200 solution, T4: seed priming with 200ppm GA3 solution, T5: seed priming with 5% Trichoderma solution and T6 no priming) with 4 replications in Complete Randomized Design (CRD). Seeds primed with T1 to T5 were soaked for 24 hours and shade dried for 6 hours before sowing. Priming with T4 was found to be best in terms of maximum seed germination (60.12%), seed vigor index (5772.68 cm), mean germination rate (7.53 seeds per day). The highest shoot length (81.40 mm) was observed at T1 whereas enhancement of root length occurred with the priming with T3. All treatments had a significant positive effect on all the germination parameters in comparison to control. The study concluded that GA3 priming enhanced germination as well as seed vigor in okra and hydro priming and tricho-priming can be used as an alternative to GA3 priming among farmers in Nepal.

Okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) is a vegetable crop of high nutritional value, which presents great losses after harvest when stored under poor storage conditions. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of different low-density polyethylene (LDPE) thicknesses on the preservation and post-harvest quality of okra fruits under different storage periods. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, with nine replicates, in a 5 × 5 factorial scheme, corresponding to five forms of packaging at a temperature of 10 ± 1 ℃: no film and four LDPE thicknesses (10, 20, 30, and 40 µm) with five storage periods (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days). It was revealed that the use of LDPE plastic films provided lower loss of mass, higher fruit firmness containment of increase in soluble solids, and lower color change at 21 days of storage compared to no film. The LDPE thickness of 30 µm showed lower incidence of rotting, better appearance throughout storage, lower color changes, containment of increase in soluble solids content, higher chlorophyll, ascorbic acid, and total phenolic content compared to other forms of packaging, and is the most appropriate package for storing okra fruits up to 21 days, under refrigeration condition. The results of this study show that the thickness of LDPE has significant effects on the conservation and quality of okra. Our findings can be used to minimize post-harvest losses of okra during marketing.

Plant growth promoting rhizobacterial strain Bacillus thuringiensis A5-BRSC was applied as charcoalbased biofertilizer on Abelmoschus esculentus plants under field condition for consecutive two years (spring-summer season). The objective of the present study is to evaluate the growth promoting parameters of the plant under field condition. Field application of biofertilizer showed statistically significant increase (at 0.05 levels by one-way ANOVA) in seed germination, shoot height, root length, leaf diameter, vigor index, fruit weight, seed weight and total fresh weight as well as dry weight of inoculated plants in comparison to the plants not treated with biofertilizer. Biofertilizer inoculated plants exhibited 68% more protein content in leaves, as well as about 70% more catalase and 52% more peroxidase activity than control plants; although leaf chlorophyll content was not significantly changed. Biofertilizer treatment increased nutritional content of the fruits. About 66% increase in the soluble sugar content, 34% more protein content and more than 75% phosphorus content in pods were noted in biofertilizer treated plants, compared to untreated plants.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a prevalent endocrine disorder with clinical manifestations of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia due to malfunction and/ or insufficiency of insulin in the body. DM is considered as a public health problem worldwide due to its adverse effects on the body. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is an annual medicinal plant rich in antioxidant components, bioactive polysaccharides, and fibers. This systematic review aimed to summarize the effects of okra on glycemic indices and lipid profile. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, and Google scholar databases were searched until May 2021 with no limitation. Totally, 54 studies which investigated the effects of okra on glycemic control and lipid profile were included in the present systematic review. Most of the included studies showing favorable effects of okra products on glycemic variables and lipid profile, were performed on animal models. Therefore, more clinical trials are needed for a definitive conclusion.

Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench (okra) is a commonly consumed vegetable that consists of the seeds and peel component which are rich in polyphenolic compounds. The aim of this study is to utilize pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) for the extraction of bioactive phytochemicals from different parts of okra. A single step PHWE was performed at various temperatures (60 °C, 80 °C, 100 °C and 120 °C) to determine which extraction temperature exhibits the optimum phytochemical profile, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. The optimum temperature for PHWE extraction was determined at 80 °C and the biological activities of the different parts of okra (Inner Skin, Outer Skin and Seeds) were characterized using antioxidant (DPPH and ABTS), α-glucosidase and vasoprotective assays. Using PHWE, the different parts of okra displayed distinct phytochemical profiles, which consist of primarily polyphenolic compounds. The okra Seeds were shown to have the most antioxidant capacity and antidiabetic effects compared to other okra parts, likely to be attributed to their higher levels of polyphenolic compounds. Similarly, okra Seeds also reduced vascular inflammation by downregulating TNFα-stimulated VCAM-1 and SELE expression. Furthermore, metabolite profiling by LC/MS also provided evidence of the cytoprotective effect of okra Seeds in endothelial cells. Therefore, the use of PHWE may be an alternative approach for the environmentally friendly extraction and evaluation of plant extracts for functional food applications.

Abelmoschus esculentus has fruit popularly known as okra and belongs to the Malvaceae family. It is commonly used in cooking but also in traditional medicine in the treatment of worms, dysentery, inflammation, and also irritation of the stomach, intestines, and kidneys, as it is a potential functional food. Its mucilage is a highly viscous polysaccharide that is mostly composed of monosaccharides D-galactose, L-rhamnose, and galacturonic acid, as well as proteins and minerals. The functional properties of okra mucilage have been widely studied, mainly for its potential antidiabetic activity; thus, its use as adjuvant or nutraceutical therapy for diabetes is very promising. Due to its rheological properties, it is a potential resource for pharmaceutical and food applications. Okra mucilage can be extracted by several methods, which can directly influence its physicochemical characteristics and biological activity. Features such as low cost, non-toxicity, biocompatibility, and high availability in nature arouse the interest of researchers for the study of okra mucilage. The survey of research on the applications of okra mucilage highlights the importance of using this promising source of bioactive compounds with interesting technological properties. The potential of okra as a functional food, the properties of okra mucilage, and its technological applications are discussed in this review.

In this work, experiment was carried out resulting in the utilization of local viscosifiers as substitute to conventional method (PAC-R) for hole cleaning purposes in drilling mud. The proposed viscosifiers are Irvingia gabonensis (Ogbono) and Abelmoschus esculentus (Okro) as alternative to the imported poly-anionic cellulose-regular (PAC-R) which is used in cutting carrying capacity efficiency. Laboratory tests were carried out on the proposed viscosifiers to evaluate their rheological properties. Slip velocity, annular velocity, shear stress, shear rate and cuttings transport efficiency on hole cleaning parameters were calculated to ascertain the effectiveness of the proposed viscosifiers in comparison with the conventional one (PAC-R). The results of the study showed that the proposed viscosifiers Sample B Irvingia gabonensis (Ogbono) had cutting carrying capacity of 96% for 5, 8, 10 and 15 (g), respectively. However, Sample C Abelmoschus esculentus (Okro) had 96% for 5 g and 8 g and 95% for 10 g and 15 g on the cutting transport efficiency. Based on the result of this work, the proposed viscosifiers compared favorably to that of PAC-R on hole cleaning and cutting carrying capacity.

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is one vegetable crops most cultivated in Côte d'Ivoire. However, the plant is attacked by insects which caused important damage. This study was carried out to inventory entomofauna associated with okra crop and assess the damage caused by the pests. The insects were captured using pliers, sweep net by mowing technique and colored traps. Overall, a total of 61 species belonging to 36 families grouped into 10 orders were identified. During the plant cycle, 11602 insects were collected, including 3663 individuals at before stage flowering (31.57%); 3757 individuals at the flower bud stage (32.38%) and 4182 individuals at the flowering-fruiting stage (36.05%). Analysis of the occurrence frequency showed thatPodagrica decoloratawas ubiquitous in the crop, causing considerable damage to all organs of the plant. The damage assessment revealed that the defoliators, induced the highest average attack rates at all phenological stages. During the collections, six species (Rhinocoris albopilosus,R. rapax,R. bicolor,Hediocoris fasciatus,CosmolestespictusandCoranussp) belonging to the family of Reduviidae were identified as predators ofP. decolorata. This study therefore made it possible to identifyP. decolorataas a major pest of okra and its predators, thus opening up a perspective of biological control as an alternative to chemical control.&nbsp

Resumen Introducción. El crecimiento, la producción y la calidad de okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) están relacionados con la aplicación de fertilizantes, siendo el nitrógeno (N) el que más destaca, debido a la relación directa con la fotosíntesis y crecimiento vegetativo de la planta. Objetivo. El objetivo fue evaluar las características agronómicas y de productividad de okra en función de la dosis de N. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en el área experimental Campus Gurupi, de la Universidad Federal de Tocantins (UFT), Brasil, en dos períodos de siembra (otoño/invierno y primavera/verano). El diseño experimental utilizado fue bloques al azar (DBC), con seis tratamientos (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 y 250 kg N ha-1) y cuatro repeticiones. Se utilizó urea como fuente de N. Las características evaluadas fueron: productividad, masa media del fruto, altura e índice de clorofila de la planta. Resultados. La productividad y la altura de la planta resultaron superiores en el cultivo de otoño/invierno. La masa media e índice de clorofila no sufrieron influencia por el período de siembra. Para la productividad, se obtuvo una respuesta lineal en aumento de la dosis hasta el límite de la dosis de N utilizada (250 kg ha-1), con valor medio superior a 14 t de fruto. La masa media y la altura de la planta respondieron linealmente al aumento de la dosis de N. El nitrógeno afectó el índice de clorofila, con valores máximos de 45,96 y 47,19, observados en los dos periodos de evaluación. Conclusión. La época de siembra y el contenido de N en el suelo interactuaron con la altura de la planta, siendo favorable en el periodo que no hubo precipitación. El N influyó en todas las características, lo que demuestra la importancia de la fertilización nitrogenada en el desarrollo de las plantas de okra. Abstract Introduction. The growth, production, and quality of the okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) are related to the application of fertilizers with nitrogen (N) being the most prominent, due to the direct relationship with photosynthesis and vegetative growth of the plant. Objective. The objective was to evaluate the agronomic and productivity characteristics of the okra based on the dose of N. Materials and methods. The study was carried out in the experimental area Campus Gurupi, of the Universidad Federal de Tocantins (UFT), in two planting periods (autumn/winter and spring/summer). The experimental design used was randomized blocks (DBC) with six treatments (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 kg N ha-1) and four repetitions. Urea was used as a source of N. The characteristics evaluated were: productivity, average fruit mass, height and chlorophyll index of the plant. Results. The productivity and height of the plant were higher in the autumn/winter crop. The average mass and chlorophyll index were not influenced by the sowing period. For productivity a linear response was obtained, increasing the dose up to the limit of the dose of N used (250 kg ha-1), with an average value higher than 14 t of fruit. The mean mass and plant height responded linearly to the increase in the dose of N. Nitrogen affected the chlorophyll index, with maximum values of 45.96 and 47.19, observed in the two evaluation periods. Conclusion. The sowing season and the N content in the soil interacted with the height of the plant, being favorable in the period when there was no precipitation. N influenced all characteristics, demonstrating the importance of nitrogen fertilization development okra plants.

From 2014 to 2016, approximately 5% of okra fruit were observed displaying gray mold symptoms at the research field of Jeollabuk-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Korea. The symptoms observed were water-soaked, brown or gray spots, and abundant mycelial with conidia appearing on the infected fruit. Initial infection commenced from the base of fruit and gradually moved to the pod, where it finally resulted in collapse. Colonies on potato dextrose agar were gray to grayish brown, felted and cottony expanding 65-80 mm after one week. The fungus formed several black sclerotia ranging 1.0-3.5×0.5-3.0 mm on the Petri dish after two weeks. The conidia were one-celled, ellipsoidal or ovoid, colorless or pale brown, and 6.2-15.4×5.0-10.4 µm. Conidiophores arose solitary or in groups, straight or flexuous, septate, with an inflated basal cell brown to light brown, and measured 85-450×10.0-40.0 µm. On the basis of the morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of internal transcribed spacer rDNA, the fungus was identified as Botrytis cinerea Pers. Pathogenicity of a representative isolate was proved by artificial inoculation, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of B. cinerea on okra in Korea.

Background: Leafy vegetables (Abelmoschus esculentus, Vigna unguiculata, Corchorus olitorius, Ipomea batatas, Solanum melongena.) are sold on markets to people who consume them in different forms. Studies have shown their nutritional value but there is little information on the amino acids and fatty acids of these leafy vegetables. The objective of this study was to evaluate the composition in the micronutrients of these leafy vegetables. Method: These leafy vegetables were washed and dried to determine protein and lipid levels. An evaluation of the amino acid levels and the fatty acid profile was performed on these samples. Results: Statistical analysis showed that leaves of Vigna unguiculata (18.31 ± 0.29 g / 100 g) and Corchorus olitorius (19.15 ± 0.32 g / 100 g) contained more protein (p> 0). , 05). The amino acid percentages of Solanum melongena leaves were significantly (p> 0.05) higher than other leafy vegetables. Overall, the essential fatty acid profiles of the five leafy vegetables studied were characterized by high levels of oleic acid (17.06-22.70%), linoleic acid (15.19-43, 90%) and α- linolenic acid (0.70 - 39.20%). Conclusion: All these results show that leafy vegetables are excellent sources of micronutrients for both humans and animals.

As climate changes increase, drought stress is becoming a problem for all major horticultural crops; among them is okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). Despite its superior resilience to heat stress and high nutritional content, it is still underutilized in contrast to other vegetable crops. Moreover, the drought-resistant and drought-sensitive genotypes of okra are also not well known and require further exploration to improve their productivity. To investigate this in more detail, we performed comparative physiological and large-scale chloroplast proteomics on drought-stressed genotypes of okra. We evaluated four major genotypes of okra, viz., NS7774, NS7772, Green Gold, and OH3312 for drought resilient rootstock. The physiological modulations demonstrated a significant change by 50–76% in biomass, net-photosynthetic machinery, water transport, and absorption both in early and late stages of drought stress compared to well-watered crops in all genotypes. Maximum oxidative damage due to drought stress was observed for the genotypes NS7772, Green Gold and OH3312 as depicted by H2O2 and O2− determination. Greater oxidative stress was correlated to lesser antioxidant activity and expression of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase and ascorbate peroxidase under stress in okra genotypes. The overall photosynthetic pigments, such as total chlorophyll, and total carotenoid content, were also decreased, and stomatal guard cells were disrupted and appeared closed compared to the control for the above three mentioned genotypes, except NS7774. A subsequent tissue-specific proteome analysis of chloroplasts and thylakoids analyzed by BN-PAGE (blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) revealed either over or under expression of specific proteins, such as ATPase, PSI, PSII core dimer, PSII monomer and ATP synthase. The expression of multiprotein complex proteins, including PSII-core dimer and PSII-core monomer, was slightly higher for the genotype NS7774 when compared to three other genotypes for both 5 and 10 days of drought stress. Further identification of specific proteins obtained in second dimension BN-PAGE provided descriptive detail of seven proteins involved in drought resistance across all genotypes. The identified proteins are majorly involved in photosynthesis under drought stress, suggesting NS7774 as a drought tolerant genotype. Further, the proteomic results were confirmed using Immunoblot by selecting specific protein such as PsaA. Overall, from our physiological modulations and chloroplast proteomics in all genotypes, we summarized NS7774 as a resilient rootstock and the other three genotypes (NS7772, OH3312, and Green Gold) as sensitive ones.

Background: Hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemias are common clinical problem among users of glucocorticoids (GCs). The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of oral administration of the aqueous extract of Abelmoschus esculentus peel (AEPE) on hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia induced in rats by dexamethasone (DEXA). Methods: Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into four equal groups. Each group was treated for 10 days either with 2% carboxymethylcellulose orally (normal control); 10 mg/kg DEXA subcutaneously (hyperglycemic group); 100 mg/kg AEPE orally plus 10 mg/kg DEXA subcutaneously (treatment group 1); or 200 mg/kg AEPE orally plus 10 mg/kg DEXA subcutaneously (treatment group 2). Animals were killed after 10 days of treatments by decapitation, their blood collected for the analysis of blood sugar and lipid profile. Results: Treatment with DEXA induced a significant increase in blood glucose and all lipids and a significant reduction in body weights. After 10 days of treatment, 100 mg/kg of AEPE was able to significantly reduce the effect of DEXA on triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) only. 200 mg/kg of AEPE was able to significantly reduce the effect of DEXA on blood glucose levels, cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL. Both doses of AEPE were able to increase high-density lipoprotein. Conclusion: This study suggests that the AEPE could be beneficial in protecting against GC-induced hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia.

Purpose In a novel attempt, vermicompost derived from an intransigent and noxious weed salvinia was assessed for its fertilizer value and pest repellent properties. Methods In outdoor experiments which simulated the way vegetables are cultivated by farmers, ladies finger (Abelmoschus esculentus) seeds were germinated and grown in soil supplemented with salvinia vermicompost at four levels: 0 (V0), 2.5 (V1), 3.75 (V2) and 5 (V3) t/ha. Besides assessing germination success and subsequent growth, yield, and biochemical content of the plants, the impact of pest attacks on them was also studied. Results Salvinia vermicompost significantly enhanced germination success, growth, and yield of the plants. Maximum growth in terms of shoot length (96.2 cm), root length (48.2 cm), shoot and root dry weight (23.31, 7.96 g), stem diameter (14.04 mm), and number of leaves and branches (26.8, 4.8) was recorded in V4 (5t/ha). Likewise, the mineral and biochemical content in vermicompost-treated plants was significantly higher than in the controls. The vermicompost also induced resistance in plants against pests and disease. Compared to the controls, vermicompost had reduced the fruit borer infection by 65, 78 and 82% in V1, V2 and V3, respectively. Conclusion The toxicity of salvinia is largely eliminated when it is vermicomposted, and the product acquires the qualities of a good organic fertilizer. The present work can potentially lead to the development of an inexpensive, sustainable and eco-friendly method of utilizing billions of tons of phytomass that is generated annually by salvinia, and which presently goes to waste.

Resumo. As cochonilhas sao insetos sugadores de seiva que causam enfraquecimento das plantas, queda de frutos, alem de atuarem como vetores de fitopatogenos e favorecerem a ocorrencia da fumagina, que por sua vez diminui a capacidade fotossintetica das plantas. A especie Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley e uma especie polifaga e relatada em plantas cultivadas, ornamentais, hortalicas e especies daninhas. No presente estudo, registrou-se a ocorrencia da cochonilha P. solenopsis na cultura do quiabeiro no municipio de Rio Branco, estado do Acre, Brasil. Exemplares da cochonilha foram coletados em plantas de quiabeiro cultivados em horta urbana em marco de 2015. Observou-se que a infestacao da cochonilha ocorreu em brotos terminais, caules e frutos dessa malvacea. Ressalta-se ser esse o primeiro relato de ocorrencia e infestacao de P. solenopsis em quiabeiro no estado do Acre. Occurrence of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in okra in Acre state, Brazil Abstract. Mealybugs are sap-sucking insects that cause weakening of plants, fruit drop, and act as vectors of pathogens and favor the occurrence of sooty mold which decreases in the photosynthetic capacity of plants. The species Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley is a polyphagous species and has been reported in cultivated, ornamental plants, vegetables and weeds. In the present study, the mealybug P. solenopsis was reported in okra culture in the county of Rio Branco, state of Acre, Brazil. Samples of mealybug were collected in cultivated okra plants in urban garden in March 2015. It was observed that the infestation of the mealybug occurred in terminal buds, stems and fruits of these plants. It is noteworthy that this is the first report of occurrence and infestation of P. solenopsis in Acre state.

The little-known use of okra grafting, mainly to incorporate nematode resistance, requires evaluation of interspecific compatibilities. This study aimed to determine the compatibility of the okra ‘Santa Cruz 47’ cultivar grafted onto different rootstocks of the Malvaceae family. The research was divided into two experimental stages, with the treatments consisting of non-grafted, self-grafted or grafted okra plants onto rootstocks of mallow, roselle and pima cotton. In the first stage, a completely randomized design was used, with four replications and seedlings grown in a humidity chamber. In the second stage, the seedlings were transplanted to a greenhouse and a randomized block design was used, with five replications. The results of the first stage demonstrated that the self-grafting provided the best results for the growth characteristics assessed, except for the diameter of the grafted region. There was no difference among the treatments for the graft survival rate. In the second stage, the use of roselle as a rootstock enabled an adequate vegetative development, but did not differ from the treatments of self-grafting and mallow rootstock for the graft survival rate. The treatments did not differ for fruit diameter, length and average mass. Grafts onto roselle were the most precocious ones, with estimated means for production per plant (478.75 g), commercial yield (10.07 t ha-1) and total yield (10.64 t ha-1) similar to those observed for self-grafted and non-grafted plants. Hence, among the assessed rootstocks, roselle was identified as the most promising one for grafting with okra.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-03T17:31:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2019-10-04T16:20:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-204X2019000102900.pdf: 323004 bytes, checksum: 612251eae361fd8311e4e53a65f62c7b (MD5) Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar os danos causados por Meloidogyne enterolobii em quiabeiro (Abelmoschus esculentus) e verificar a confiabilidade do fator de reprodução como medição adequada para a seleção de genótipos de quiabeiro resistentes. Avaliaram-se populações crescentes de M. enterolobii - 0, 500, 1.500, 3.000, 5.000 e 7.000 ovos e juvenis de segundo estádio (J2) por planta -, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. O patógeno apresentou padrão de parasitismo similar ao de M. incognita, tendo causado redução significativa de parâmetros morfológicos e agronômicos. O fator de reprodução do patógeno deve ser usado na seleção de genótipos de quiabeiro quanto à tolerância a M. enterolobii, em populações acima de 3.000 ovos ou J2. Abstract: The objective of this work was to estimate the damage caused by Meloidogyne enterolobii in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and to verify the reliability of the reproduction factor as a suitable measure for selecting resistant okra genotypes. Increasing populations of M. enterolobii - 0, 500, 1,500, 3,000, 5,000, and 7,000 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) per plant, - were evaluated, in a completely randomized design. The pathogen showed a parasitism pattern similar to that of M. incognita, causing a significant decrease in morphological and agronomic traits. The pathogen reproduction factor should be used in the selection of okra genotypes for tolerance to M. enterolobii, in populations above 3,000 eggs or J2. Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of different doses Abelmoschus esculentus hydroalcoholic extract (AEHE) on changes in pituitary-gonadal axis hormones and testicular tissue in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic adult rats. Materials and Methods: The rats were randomly divided into six groups of six. The control group did not receive treatment, but the STZ60 group received 60 mg/kg STZ intraperitoneally for 3 days to induce diabetes and the AEHE400 group received 400 mg/kg AEHE orally for 28 days. The STZ60 + AEHE100, 200 and 400 groups first received 60 mg/kg STZ intraperitoneally for 3 days to induce diabetes and then received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg AEHE, respectively, for 28 days orally. At the end of the study, the hormonal levels were measured by ELISA method, and the testicular tissue was evaluated histopathologically. Results: Hormonal results represented that compared to the control and AEHE400 groups, the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels had increased in STZ60 group, and testosterone level had decreased. In the STZ60 + AEHE groups, FSH, LH and testosterone levels were improved compared to the STZ60 group. Histopathological findings also showed that compared to the control and AEHE400 groups, the number of spermatogenic and Leydig cells decreased in STZ60 group, but there were no changes in Sertoli cells. In the STZ60 + AEHE groups, an improvement in the number of spermatogenic and Leydig cells was observed compared to the STZ60 group. Conclusion: At the optimum dose (400 mg/kg), AEHE has protective effects on the testicular tissue and levels of pituitary-gonadal axis hormones in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-07-14T10:33:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-02-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-14T11:32:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1808-16572017000100306.pdf: 2252168 bytes, checksum: 2faaacdc8877033ab8603484d533aa39 (MD5) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Em um experimento sobre a produção orgânica do quiabeiro (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench), que foi instalado em Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil, no período de setembro de 2013 a janeiro de 2014, observou-se, na face adaxial do limbo foliar das folhas medianas e baixeiras, a ocorrência de lesões cloróticas e necróticas grandes, helicoidais, de coloração marrom escuro ou marrom claro e descontínuas, com desprendimento parcial da área lesionada. Na face abaxial, sobre as manchas, em condições de alta umidade, constatou-se a presença de um manto micelial esbranquiçado do patógeno, facilmente visível, recobrindo a área colonizada. Por meio da análise de características morfológicas, postulados de Koch e análise filogenética da região ITS-5.8S do rDNA do fungo isolado, identificou-se Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk (fase assexuada Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn grupo de anastomose AG-1 ID) como o agente causal da doença. Este é o primeiro relato de T. cucumeris causando mancha foliar em quiabeiro no Brasil e, provavelmente, no mundo. Até então, sua ocorrência em quiabeiro estava restrita à podridão pós-colheita em frutos e tombamento de mudas. In an experiment on organic production of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) that was carried out from September 2013 to January 2014, in Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil, we observed large chlorotic, necrotic, helical, discontinuous, dark or light-brown lesions with partial detachment of the injured area on the adaxial surface of leaves located in the median and basal portions of the plants. A whitish mycelium mantle covers the lesions on the leaves at the abaxial surface at high moisture conditions. Using morphological characteristics, Koch’s postulates, and phylogenetic analyses of the ITS-5.8S rDNA region, we identified that the fungus causing the lesions on the okra leaves was Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk (asexual stage of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn of the anastomosis group AG-1 ID). This is the first report of T. cucumeris causing web blight on okra in Brazil, and probably in the world. So far, T. cucumeris was described on okra only on post-harvest pods rotting and seedlings’ damping off. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas: 307295/2015-0; 2004/02127-9 CNPq: 307295/2015-0; 2004/02127-9 FAPESP: 307295/2015-0; 2004/02127-9

Resumo. A partir de coletas realizadas em área rural no município de Paraíso do Tocantins, TO, foram obtidos exemplares do percevejo-de-renda Gargaphia lunulata (Mayr). Os insetos estavam ocasionando danos em cultivos comerciais de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (Fabales: Fabaceae), quiabo [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] (Malvales: Malvaceae), maracujá (Passiflora edulis Sims) (Malpighiales: Passifloraceae) e também em plantas daninhas conhecidas como flor-do-guarujá (Turnera ulmifolia L.) (Malpighiales: Turneraceae) e fedegoso [Senna alata (L.) Roxb.] (Fabales: Fabaceae). A ocorrência de G. lunulata em feijão, quiabo, flor-do-guarujá e fedegoso é registrada pela primeira vez no Estado, sendo os percevejos-de-renda encontrados com maior densidade populacional em flor-do-guarujá, maracujá e feijão. Abstract. From the samples made in rural areas in the municipality of Paraíso do Tocantins, Tocantins state, Brazil, specimens of the lace bug Gargaphia lunulata (Mayr) were obtained. The insects were causing damage to commercial of bean (Fabales: Fabaceae), okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] (Malvales: Malvaceae), passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) (Malpighiales: Passifloraceae) (Turnera ulmifolia L.) (Malpighiales:Turneraceae) and fedegoso [Senna alata (L.) Roxb.] (Fabales: Fabaceae). The occurrence of G. lunulata in cowpea, okra, 'guarujá flower' and 'fedegoso' is recorded for the first time in the state, with the lace bugs found with higher population density in ?guarujá? flower, passion fruit and bean. Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-04T01:26:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 26681.pdf: 703184 bytes, checksum: 68f885685bca8c30490af79ee94f3001 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-03

Waterlogging is an environmental challenge affecting crops worldwide. Ethylene induces the expression of genes linked to important agronomic traits under waterlogged conditions. The ability of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench.) and maize (Zea mays L.) given exogenous ethylene priming to tolerate prolonged waterlogged conditions was investigated in this study. The investigation was carried out as field experiments using 3 week-old plants grouped into four treatments; control, waterlogged plants, ethylene priming of plants before waterlogging, and ethylene priming of plants after waterlogging. Different growth parameters were recorded. Soil chemical and bacterial analyses were performed. The activity and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes were studied. The ethylene biosynthetic genes expression analysis and root anatomy of surviving okra plants were also carried out. Results revealed that okra and maize plants showed increase in their height under waterlogged conditions. Ethylene priming and waterlogged conditions induced early production of adventitious roots in okra and maize. Maize survival lasted between 5 and 9 weeks under waterlogging without reaching the flowering stage. However, okra survived up to 15 weeks under waterlogging producing flower buds and fruits in all treatments. Variable changes were also recorded for total soluble phenolics of soil. Cross sections of waterlogged okra roots showed the formation of a dark peripheral layer and numerous large aerenchyma cells which may have assisted in trapping oxygen required for survival. The activity and gene expression levels of antioxidant enzymes were studied and showed higher increases in the root and leaf tissues of okra and maize subjected to both waterlogging and ethylene priming, as compared to control or waterlogged condition. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis also showed that the ethylene biosynthetic gene expression levels in all okra and maize tissues were up-regulated and showed much higher levels under ethylene-treated waterlogged conditions than those expressed under control or waterlogged conditions at all time points. These results indicate that okra and maize tissues respond to the conditions of waterlogging and exogenous ethylene priming by inducing their ethylene biosynthetic genes expression in order to enhance ethylene production and tolerate the prolonged waterlogging stress. In conclusion, this study revealed that exogenously generated ethylene gas as a priming treatment before or after waterlogging could enhance waterlogging tolerance in maize and okra crops.

Aims: This study evaluated potentials of aqueous extract of pod husk of Parkia biglobosa as a biopesticide in okra production. Study Design: The study employed a radomized complete block design with seven treatments (5, 10, 15 and 20% Parkia biglobosa aqueous pod husk extract (PPHE), 2.5 ml dimethoate + cypermethrin (D+C) – recommended, 5.0 ml (D+C), control – 500 ml of water) and replicated three times. Place and Duration of Study: Crop Garden of Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan (7° 34’N and 3° 54’E) between April and July 2016. Methodology: The leaves, seeds, pod husks and bark of Parkia biglobosa were collected, authenticated and analyzed for their phytochemical compositions using standard procedures. Aqueous extract of the pod husk of the plant (PPHE) was found to contain the highest phytochemicals qualitatively and quantitatively which formed the basis of using it as a biopesticide. A field study was conducted at the crop garden of Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, to assess the potency of the extract as a biopesticide and a synthetic insecticide - Dimethoate 14.5% + Cypermethrin 5.5% (D+C) on the management of flea beetles on NHAe-47-4 okra variety. The seven treatments (5, 10, 15 and 20% Parkia biglobosa aqueous pod husk extract (PPHE), 2.5 ml dimethoate + cypermethrin (D+C) – recommended, 5.0 ml (D+C) (synthetic), control – 500 ml of water) were applied weekly on okra plants from two Weeks After Sowing (WAS) till 12 WAS. Data were collected on growth and yield parameters, dry matter accumulation of A. esculentus and flea beetle populations. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at P = 0.05. Results: Results revealed that treatment 20% PPHE had relatively higher values of growth parameters which compared favorably (p≤0.05) with 2.5 ml and 5 ml (D+C). Yield parameters; Number of fruits and fruit weights from 20%PPHE also compared favorably with 2.5 ml and 5 ml (D+C) with no significant difference (P >0 .05) and with the same trend in dry root weight. While the dry shoot weight of 2.5 ml (D+C) treatment (p≤0.05) was different from other treatments. The control treatment however, revealed significant differences (p Conclusion: This study showed the efficacy and potency of Parkia biglobosa aqueous pod husk extract (PPHE) in suppressing the flea beetles due to its highest quantities of phytochemicals. The 20% concentration also enhanced the growth and yield of okra and performed relatively well with the recommended dose (2.5 ml) of D+C. The aqueous pod husk extract, therefore could serve as a biopesticide for food sustainability and safety.

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is an economically important crop in sub-Saharan Africa. The vegetable is of major technological interest in food and medicinal applications. A survey was conducted by administering structured questionnaires (1560) in major okra-producing regions in Ghana to determine the level of okra utilization and nutritional and medicinal attributes of the crop. The okra pectin yield and intrinsic viscosity at different maturity stages were also investigated. Isolation of okra pectin from the pods at different harvest maturity was performed by aqueous extraction at pH 6.0. The intrinsic viscosity [η] of the okra pectin solutions was determined at 20°C using Ubbelohde capillary viscometer. The survey showed that okra is well known (96.9%) across the country among the various ethnic groups. The majority (94.7%) of the respondents use okra as food, whereas few utilized the crop as medicine (22.1%) and for other applications (9.6%). The respondents widely used okra in the form of soup (73.1%) and stew (68.7%) consumed popularly with banku (81.3%) and tuo zaafi (38.8%). The majority of respondents (65.2%) showed interest in the development of new products from okra. Highest pectin yield was obtained for intermediate matured fruits, followed by that of immature fruits and lowest for overgrown fruits. The intrinsic viscosity value, however, was highest for immature fruits. The study showed that okra is mainly used as food among various ethnic groups and that it is important to identify the most appropriate stage of development to harvest the okra fruit. This knowledge would enhance the potential of okra for specific use or functionality.

Objective To evaluate a formulation from the milky mangrove tree Excoecaria agallocha L. ( E. agallocha ) against Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (H. armigera) . Methods About 3% aqueous ethanolic spray formulation derived from the lipophilic extract of E. agallocha (dry leaf) was evaluated against H. armigera in Abelmoschus esculentus (lady's finger) and Cajanus cajan (C. cajan) (pigeon pea), under field conditions. Results On the 9th day of the 4th spray the larval count in the plot treated with 3% E. agallocha formulation drastically came down to 0.23 larva/plant, compared to 1.63 in the ethanol control plot and 1.60 in the unsprayed plot. Blocks sprayed with 3% E. agallocha formulation yielded 35.8 quintals/hectare (q/ha) of healthy pods compared to Ekalux® (pod yield: 60.7 q/ha), 3% Vijay Neem® (60.22 q/ha), yield plot (6 q/ha) and ethanol control (7 q/ha). In C. cajan , 1% E. agallocha , 3% Nimbecidine® and 0.07% indoxacarb were equally potent in reducing the larval population of H. armigera and the non-target pest Spilosoma obliqua to 0%, from the 9th day (3rd spray). Indoxacarb plot recorded the maximum yield of 16.1 q/ha with 2.4% pod damage. Plots sprayed with 1% E. agallocha yielded 14.7 q/ha with 2.32% pod damage. The effect of 3% Nimbecidine® spray (14.35 q/ha) was comparable to E. agallocha formulation. Unsprayed and ethanol control plots yielded 12.41 and 11.2 q/ha of pods with an average pod damage of 4.7%. Conclusions E. agallocha formulation was found to be promising for the control of H. armigera , under field conditions.

The potential of perimeter trap cropping, using short and extra-short duration pigeon pea (SD PP and ESD PP), sorghum and cotton, was evaluated in Niger as an agroecological alternative to pesticide application on okra for the management of the tomato fruit worm (TFW) Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). In 2008, infestation by TFW and damage by fruit worms of unsprayed okra with SD PP borders was intermediate between cypermethrin-sprayed and unsprayed pure okra crops. In 2009, the cypermethrin-sprayed okra was significantly less damaged by fruit worms than in the unsprayed pure okra, as well as in the unsprayed okra crops with SD PP, sorghum and cotton borders. In 2010, the pure okra crop sprayed with cypermethrin was significantly less infested by TFW than the unsprayed pure okra crop and the unsprayed okra crop with SD PP borders. The unsprayed okra crop with ESD PP borders was intermediate between cypermethrin-sprayed and unsprayed pure okra crops. The slightly lower TFW infestation of the unsprayed okra crop with ESD PP borders was a result of increased top-down regulation by predator spiders, whose colonization was significantly higher on the unsprayed okra crop with ESD PP borders than on both (sprayed and unsprayed) pure okra crops. (Resume d'auteur)

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffaL.) is an economically important plant in Niger. Little is known about its genetic diversity and population structure. In this study, we performed the first diversity assessment of a collection of 124 roselle accessions and 16 accessions of its close relativesHibiscuscannabinusandAbelmoschusesculentus. Our study was based on ten agromorphological traits and 267 amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. We identified two major distinct groups inH. sabdariffausing a Bayesian method. These two genetic groups were associated with statistical differences for three phenological characteristics: number of days to flowering, 100-seed weight and calyx size. However, the calyx colour, i.e. a morphological characteristic often used to classify different local ecotypes, did not superimpose this separation. Our findings suggested that roselle diversity is genetically structured; the two different groups were clearly associated with morphological differences but were not commonly used by farmers for their classification. The impact of the perceived ecotype structure and its consequence on farmer management is discussed.

Germination and vigor tests are essential components of seed quality control programs adopted by seed industries. We studied different procedures to perform the controlled deterioration test to identify differences in vigor among okra seed lots. Four seed lots of Colhe Bem cultivar and five seed lots of Santa Cruz 47 cultivar were submitted to the following tests: germination, seedling emergence, controlled deterioration (seeds with moisture contents of 18, 21 and 24% at 45°C for 24 and 48 hours) and moisture content. The controlled deterioration test is efficient to evaluate the physiological potential of okra seeds, and the combination of 24% water, 45°C during 24 hours is recommended. Os testes de germinação e de vigor são componentes essenciais do processo de controle de qualidade das empresas produtoras de sementes. Objetivou-se com essa pesquisa estudar a metodologia do teste de deterioração controlada, visando a identificação de diferentes níveis de vigor de lotes de sementes de quiabo. Utilizaram-se as cultivares Colhe Bem e Santa Cruz 47, representadas por quatro e cinco lotes de sementes, respectivamente. As nove amostras de sementes foram submetidas às avaliações de germinação, emergência de plântulas, deterioração controlada (sementes com umidade de 18, 21 e 24%; a 45ºC durante 24 e 48 horas) e grau de umidade no início dos testes e durante o monitoramento para o teste de deterioração controlada. O teste de deterioração controlada conduzido a 45ºC, com grau de umidade das sementes de 24% e período de exposição de 24 horas é eficiente para a avaliação do potencial fisiológico de sementes de quiabo.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (FOV) is one the most destructive okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) pathogens in Brazil. Fifty-four okra accessions were evaluated for resistance to FOV. Greenhouse screening was initially carried out with one FOV isolate ('Fus-194'). Inoculation (in all assays) was carried out with 21-day-old plantlets, using the root-dipping inoculation technique. Thirty-three accessions displaying differential responses in the first screening were re-evaluated in two additional assays, using two FOV isolates ('Fus-194' and 'Fus-201'). Twelve accessions were rated as highly to intermediately resistant to 'Fus-194' during the dry/moderate temperature season, whereas nine accessions were classified as highly to intermediately resistant to 'Fus-201'. In the assay carried out in the wet and warm season, 72% of the accessions were classified as having high and intermediate resistance to 'Fus-194', and 32% were resistant to 'Fus-201'. The accessions 'Santa Cruz-47', 'BR-2399' and 'BR-1449' were the most promising resistance sources. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (FOV) é um dos patógenos mais destrutivos do quiabeiro (Abelmoschus esculentus) no Brasil. Cinquenta e quatro acessos de quiabeiro foram avaliados quanto à resistência a FOV em casa de vegetação. Inicialmente foi conduzida uma seleção com o isolado 'Fus-194'. Trinta e três acessos, que foram resistentes na seleção inicial, foram reavaliadas em dois ensaios adicionais (sob duas condições de ambiente), utilizando dois isolados de FOV. Destes, onze acessos foram classificadas como altamente ou medianamente resistentes ao isolado 'Fus-194' em agosto (estação seca e com temperatura moderada), enquanto que 28% dos acessos foram classificados como altamente ou medianamente resistentes ao isolado 'Fus-201'. No ensaio conduzido na estação úmida e quente, 72% dos acessos apresentaram reação de alta a média resistência a 'Fus-194', enquanto que 32% foram resistentes a 'Fus-201'. A cultivar 'Santa Cruz-47' e os acessos 'BR-2399' e 'BR-1449' foram as fontes de resistência mais promissoras.

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the relative effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). The experiment consisted of four treatments. Cow dung and poultry droppings were applied at the rates of 2.5 kg per 10 kg of soil one week before sowing, while NPK fertilizer (15:15:15) was applied at the rate of 6 g per 10 kg of soil three weeks after sowing. The treatments were laid in a completely randomized design with three replications. Plant growth was assessed using plant height, fresh weight, leaf area and dry weight. The application of cow dung, poultry droppings and NPK fertilizer had significant effects on all the parameters assessed. The application of poultry droppings gave plants with the greatest plant height, leaf area and fresh weight, while cow dung application gave the greatest dry weight. The data obtained from these treatments were significantly higher than the data obtained from the control. It was, therefore, concluded that the use of organic manure in the production of vegetables like okra should be encouraged.

El estudio de heterosis podria ayudar en la seleccion de cruzas heteroticas para la explotacion comercial de hibridos F1 de gombo (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench). Cuarenta y cinco F1s fueron desarrolladas cruzando 10 lineas elite de gombo: P1(IC282248), P2(IC27826-A), P3(IC29119-B), P4(IC31398-A), P5(IC45732), P6(IC89819), P7(IC89976), P8(IC90107), P9(IC99716) y P10(IC111443), en forma de medio dialelo durante el verano 2009. Todas las 45 F1s junto con sus 10 padres y un control estandar (Hibrido de Mahyco N° 10) fueron evaluadas en un diseno de bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones durante kharif temprano (junio a septiembre) 2009 en la Estacion de Investigacion de Vegetales, Rajendranagar, Andhra Pradesh, India, para heterosis de la produccion de gombo y sus componentes. La significancia de cuadrados medios debida a genotipos revelo la presencia de variabilidad genetica considerable entre el material estudiado para casi toda la produccion y atributos de produccion excepto la altura de planta. La heterosis media total entre los padres y control estandar para la produccion total por planta fue 6,92 y -15,44%, respectivamente, mientras para la produccion comerciable por planta fue 6,64 y el -22,18%, respectivamente. Cruzas negativamente heteroticas como C19(P3XP5) para dias a 50% floracion (-4.35%) y C4(P1XP5) para primera floracion y nudos fructiferos (-15,22%), respectivamente, son importantes para explotar heterosis de precocidad en quingombo. Las cruzas con heterosis estandar no significativa en cualquier direccion dada para produccion total por planta C42, C31, C35, C25, y C36 (8,6; -0,08; -2,61; -3,26; y -4,57%, respectivamente) y produccion comerciable por planta C42, C31, y C36 (-5,87; -6,56, y -10,54%, respectivamente), fueron estadisticamente iguales con el control estandar para rendimiento medio y fueron tan prometedoras como aquellas del control estandar. El hibrido F1 C42(P7XP10) con alto potencial de rendimiento tiene potencial para cultivo comercial despues de evaluacion adicional para la temporada kharif temprana.

Summary: Okra is a commercial vegetable crop with considerable area under cultivation in Africa and Asia. Okra belongs to the family Malvaceae. It probably originated in Ethiopia and is widely spread all over tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of the world. Okra plays an important role in the human diet by supplying fats, proteins, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. Moreover, its mucilage is suitable for certain medical and industrial applications. Therefore, young fruits of okra have reawakened beneficial interest in bringing this crop into commercial production. The optimum yield of okra is approximately 6.6 t ha -1 . Okra requires warm temperatures. The optimum temperatures are in the range of 20-30°C, with minimum temperatures of 18°C and maximum of 35°C. Okra needs rather high quantity of water despite having considerable drought resistance. The plant forms a deeply penetrating tap root with dense shallow feeder roots reaching out in all directions in the upper 45 cm of soil. Soil clamminess is essential during the continuation of growing period.

Background: Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. fruit is a commonly consumed vegetable in many countries due to its rich medicinal value. However, till date, in vivo antioxidant property of A. esculentus has not been scientifically documented in animal models. Objective: The present investigation was aimed to evaluate the in vivo antioxidant property of A. esculentus (L.) Moench. peel and seed powder (AEPP and AESP) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In rats, acute toxicity assessment of AEPP and AESP at 2 g/kg did not show any toxicity. Diabetes was induced by STZ (60 mg/kg, i.p.) injection and diabetic rats received AEPP (100 and 200 mg/kg) as well as AESP (100 and 200 mg/ kg) orally up to 28 days. At the end of the 28 day, diabetic rats were killed and liver, kidney and pancreas were collected to determine superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), and lipid peroxidation level. Results: In diabetic rats, significant (P < 0.001) reduction of liver, kidney and pancreas SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH levels and increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were observed as compared to normal control rats. Administration of both doses of AEPP and AESP significantly (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01) increased liver, kidney and pancreas SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH levels and decreased TBARS (P < 0.001) levels in diabetic rats compared to diabetic control rats. Conclusion: Our findings confirmed that A. esculentus peel and seed powder has significant in vivo antioxidant property in diabetic rats.

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is one of the most important pests of the tomato Lycopersicon esculentnm in the world; it affects plant vigour, transmits geminiviruses and reduces crop quality. This experiment was conducted to determine the response of Bemisia tabaci population when tomato (Solanum lycopersicum MT1) planted alone (non-choice), tomato planted with brinjal (Solanum malagna MTe1), tomato with chilli (Capsicum annuum MC11), tomato with okra (Abelmoschus esculentus MKBE1), and all together (choice experiment) under glasshouse conditions (30-36°C, 80% RH). The results have shown that, there were significantly higher (P< 0.05) numbers of adults, eggs and nymphs on tomato alone or planted with chilli, whereas significantly lower numbers of adults, eggs and nymphs were seen when tomato was planted with okra and brinjal. Generally, the number of adults and eggs was observed to be more on the upper stratum compared to the lower plant stratum. Interestingly, the number of nymphs was found to be higher on the middle stratum than on the other strata in all treatments.

Fruit and vegetable growers in the tropics are faced with crop protection issues resulting in food insecurity and low-income in low-input traditional agro-systems. In intensive systems, pesticide-induced adverse impacts on human health and the environment may occur. Setting up an "ecologically intensive" horticulture by modifying agro-systems to mobilize natural regulation mechanisms taking ecological processes as a source of inspiration, has become a major challenge. This implies a shift from a "tactical" approach based on preventive and curative chemical treatments (agro-chemistry) to a "strategic" approach based on preventive and natural methods (agro-ecology) for the regulation of pests/pathogens infestations/infections. Horticultural cropping systems provide ideal frameworks for studying the effects of the planned introduction and management of plant species diversity (PSD), on pest and disease impact. The Cirad Omega3 Project builds on case studies representing a broad range of PSD levels, scales and deployment modalities, according to an a priori typology of pests and diseases based on their life-history traits. Obtained and anticipated outcomes of these studies concern both i) knowledge on ecological pest and disease regulation processes that can be mobilized in horticultural systems, ii) tools and methods for incepting and evaluating innovating pest and disease-resilient cropping systems. We present here the global approach and first results obtained within this framework regarding i) introduction of service plants with sanitizing/ allelopathic effect managed as green manure for reducing tomato bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, ii) potential of trap crops/barriers for reducing infestation and damage of tomato fruit worms Helicoverpa armigera on okra in Niger and Helicoverpa zea on tomato in Martinique. Results of these case studies on non-specific disease and pests with respectively low and high dispersal ability, provide decision rules which help set up models to predict the impact of PSD deployment modes on the studied bio-aggressors or other pathogens/pests with similar life-history traits. (Resume d'auteur)

In diabetes mellitus there is an increase in oxidative stress in which oxidants exceed the antioxidant system resulting from the production of oxidant-antioxidant imbalance and/or limited antioxidant defenses. Abelmoschus esculentus (“ okra ”) is known as lowering blood glucose vegetable by Indonesia n . A. esculentus has a high antioxidant activity that can: 1) lower H2O2 level; 2) decrease the amount of ROS; 3) lower •OH level . This study tried to prove that administration of A. esculentus may decrease fasting blood glucose, serum malondialdehyde, and increase superoxide dismutase activity of diabetic male white rats. This research is a pure experimental research, with randomized post test only control group designs, held in 28 days. Thirty one rats were divided into 4 groups randomly: KN = normal control group given 0.1% Na-CMC solution; KDM = DM control group injected with STZ, followed by 0.1% Na-CMC solution; P1 = treatment group 1 injected with STZ, followed by administration of A. esculentus at a dose of 775 mg/kgBW/day; P2 = treatment group 2 injected with STZ, followed by administration of A. esculentus at a dose of 1550 mg/kgBW/day. The result: administration of A. esculentus at doses of 775 mg/kgBW/day and 1550 mg/kgBW/day can not decrease fasting blood glucose and MDA serum level of diabetic male white rats . Giving A. esculentus at a dose of 1550 mg/kgBW/day may increase the activity of SOD erythrocytes of diabetic male white rat s .. Conclusions: A. esculentus has the potential to lower blood glucose and MDA serum levels, also increase erythrocyte SOD activity.

Pests are major factor affecting the crop yield, quality, and esthetic value. Although pest resistance is genetically controlled, it is mediated through physiological and biochemical processes interrelated with the nutritional status of the plant. Nutrition of plant may determine its resistance or susceptibility to pests. An experiment was conducted to determine whether and up to what extent varying concentrations of N modulate the infesting rate of whitefly on Okra (Hibiscus esculentus). Twenty-one-day-old okra plants were subjected to five concentrations of 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 mM N for 30 days. Number of eggs, nymph were counted on each plant after every 4 days. Growth and yield of okra plants increased with increasing supply of N but it decreased slightly at the highest level of N (20 mM). Leaf soluble proteins, amino acids, and soluble sugars were determined on fresh weight basis. From these results, it is clear that increasing N level increased the biosynthesis or accumulation of protein, free amino acid, and sugars that might have attracted more whitefly for feeding. © 2010 Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a produtividade e o estado nutricional do quiabeiro 'Santa Cruz', cultivado em sistema orgânico, em função de populações de plantas e doses de biofertilizante suíno. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental da EPAMIG, em Oratórios (MG), no período de 16/10/2007 a 22/2/2008. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, no esquema fatorial 2 x 5, sendo duas populações de plantas e cinco doses de biofertilizante, obtido pela fermentação anaeróbica de dejeto líquido de suíno. As populações foram 23.809 e 35.714 plantas ha-1, obtidas no espaçamento de 1,4 x 0,30 m com uma planta por cova e 1,4 x 0,40 m com duas plantas por cova. As doses de biofertilizante foram: 0; 6; 12; 24 e 48 m³ ha-1, sendo 80% aplicado no sulco de plantio, 15 dias antes do transplante, e 20% em cobertura, aos 30 dias após o transplante das mudas. Avaliaram-se teor foliar de nutrientes, índice SPAD, altura de plantas, número de hastes e produção de frutos comerciais e não comerciais. A aplicação do biofertilizante suíno proporcionou plantas com bom estado nutricional. O índice SPAD correlacionou positivamente com teores foliares de N, sendo as maiores concentrações obtidas nas maiores doses de biofertilizante, especialmente na menor população de plantas. O número e a produção de frutos comerciais por planta foram maiores quando se utilizou menor população de plantas. A maior produtividade obtida na população de 35.714 plantas ha-1 foi 31,23 t ha-1 e na população de 23.809 plantas ha-1 foi 21,90 t ha-1, ambas alcançadas com a maior dose de biofertilizante aplicada. A maior produtividade comercial de frutos de quiabo foi obtida na maior população de plantas. The objective of this work was to evaluate yield and nutritional status of organically cultivated Santa Cruz okra as a function of planting densities and doses of swine biofertilizer. The experiment was carried out at the EPAMIG Experimental Farm, in Oratorios-MG, Brazil, from 16/10/2007 to 22/02/2008. The experiment was arranged in randomized blocks, with four replications, in a 2 x 5 factorial, with two plant populations and five doses of biofertilizer obtained by the fermentation of liquid swine waste. The two populations were 23809 and 35714 plants.ha-1, obtained in the 1.4 x 0.30 m spacing with a plant per hole and 1.4 x 0.40 m with two plants per hole. Biofertilizer doses were: 0; 6; 12; 24 and 48 m3.ha-1, with 80% applied in furrow 15 days before transplantation and 20% top-dressing at 30 days after seedling transplantation. The characteristics evaluated included nutrient leaf content, SPAD index, plant height, number of stems and production of commercial and non-commercial fruits. The use o the swine biofertilizer gave plants with a good nutritional status. The SPAD index correlated positively with N leaf content, with the highest concentrations at the highest doses of the swine biofertilizer, mainly in the smallest plant population. The number and commercial fruit production per plant were larger when a smaller plant population was used. The highest yield achieved in the population of 35714 plants ha-1 was 31.23 ton ha-1, and in the population of 23809 plant.ha-1 was 21.9 ton ha-1, both at the highest dose of biofertilizer. The highest commercial yield of okra fruits was obtained with the largest plant population.

Germplasm characterization is essential and molecular markers provide valuable information for breeding programs. Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) and phenotypic markers were studied to determine diversity and relationships among 23 okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench) genotypes. The 39 combinations of forward and reverse SRAP primers were used to evaluate the 21 Turkish and two randomly selected USA genotypes as outgroups, and produced 97 scorable markers, of which 50% was polymorphic for all 23 genotypes. Seventeen out of the 23 genotypes (74%) were distinguished from each other with mean similarity of 0.93. As to phenotypic markers, 33 heritable traits were evaluated in field with ten replications, 28 of them (85%) were found to be polymorphic. The UPGMA (unweighted-pair group method arithmetic average) dendrogram based on the 33 phenotypic markers distinguished all genotypes, but failed to detect any geographic association of okra genotypes, being consistent with previous study. It can be concluded that SRAP markers are useful for studying diversity and relationships among okra germplasm, and have potential in marker-aided selection, linkage mapping, and evolutionary studies. © 2007 Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences. FBE2002YL296 Horticultural Research Institute We wish to acknowledge the Alata Horticultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture of Turkey and the University of Cukurova for their partial support (Project number: FBE2002YL296) of this research.

Polysaccharide containing extracts from immature fruits of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) are known to exhibit antiadhesive effects against bacterial adhesion of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) to stomach tissue. The present study investigates structural and functional features of polymers responsible for this inhibition of bacterial attachment to host cells. Ammonium sulfate precipitation of an aqueous extract yielded two fractions at 60% and 90% saturation with significant antiadhesive effects against H. pylori, strain J99, (FE60% 68% ± 15%, FE90% 75% ± 11% inhibition rates) after preincubation of the bacteria at 1 mg/mL. Sequential extraction of okra fruits yielded hot buffer soluble solids (HBSS) with dose dependent antiadhesive effects against strain J99 and three clinical isolates. Preincubation of H. pylori with HBSS (1 mg/mL) led to reduced binding to 3ʹ-sialyl lactose, sialylated Lea and Lex. A reduction of bacterial binding to ligands complementary to BabA and SabA was observed when bacteria were pretreated with FE90%. Structural analysis of the antiadhesive polysaccharides (molecular weight, monomer composition, linkage analysis, stereochemistry, and acetylation) indicated the presence of acetylated rhamnogalacturonan-I polymers, decorated with short galactose side chains. Deacetylation of HBSS and FE90% resulted in loss of the antiadhesive activity, indicating esterification being a prerequisite for antiadhesive activity.

Avaliou-se a utilização de marcadores RAPD para estimar a diversidade em 42 acessos do gênero Abelmoschus e um de Hibiscus. As estimativas das distâncias genéticas foram feitas com base no complemento aritmético do Índice de Jaccard. Foram utilizadas as técnicas de análise multivariada, através de agrupamento hierárquico do vizinho mais próximo e método de Tocher, para estudar os arranjos dos grupos de genótipos, bem como analisar os métodos de agrupamentos empregados. Trinta e um iniciadores foram utilizados para amplificar fragmentos de DNA pela reação de polimerização em cadeia (PCR) e foram gerados 103 fragmentos RAPD. O agrupamento hierárquico dos 43 genótipos com base no método do vizinho mais próximo separou os acessos, de modo geral, conforme as espécies botânicas, formando 6 grupos distintos. Isto foi confirmado pela projeção das distâncias genéticas no plano bidimensional, onde o primeiro e maior dos grupos reuniu os acessos de A. esculentus e A. caillei. Por outro lado, o método de Tocher reuniu 90% do germoplasma no grupo I incluindo, neste, os acessos de A. moschatus e A. manihot, além das outras duas espécies anteriores. O método de otimização de Tocher permitiu a formação de apenas 4 grupos de genótipos, mostrando-se coerente apenas em parte à análise de agrupamento hierárquico. Porém, o reagrupamento dos acessos do grupo I de Tocher pelo método hierárquico, revelou a existência de maior heterogeneidade genética no germoplasma estudado. RAPD markers were utilized to estimate the diversity among 42 Abelmoschus and 1 Hibiscus accessions . The genetic distances were based on the arithmetic complement of the Jaccard index. For this purpose we used the multivariate analysis technique by hierarchycal single linkage and the Tocher methods to obtain the genotypes agglomeration as well as to analyze the methods employed. Thirty-one random decamer primers were used do amplify DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 103 RAPD fragments were generated. The hierarchycal method of single linkage has separated 43 genotypes, in a general way, according to the botanical species, forming six different groups. The genetic distances projection on the bidimentional level confirmed that the first and largest group has united A.esculentus and A. caillei accessions.On the other hand, the Tocher method grouped 90% of the germoplasm at group I, including A. moschatus and A. manihot accessions, besides the other two previous species. The Tocher optimization method allowed the formation of just 4 genotype groups. There was only partial coherence to the hierarchycal grouping analysis. The Tocher group I accessions regrouping by the hierarchycal method revealed the existence of a most important genetic heterogenity on the studied germplasm.

Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-12T18:46:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-04-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T17:53:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-04-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:14:51Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:14:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-04-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Este estudo objetivou identificar lepidópteros desfolhadores e seus parasitoides em cultura de quiabo em Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil. As lagartas foram coletadas através de catação manual entre março e abril de 2009, individualizadas em placas de Petri forradas com papel filtro umedecido contendo pedaços de folhas de quiabo e mantidas sob condições controladas (25±1°C, 12 horas de fotofase, 70±10% de UR) até a obtenção dos adultos de lepidópteros e/ou de seus parasitoides. Foram obtidos 63 adultos de lepidópteros: três espécies de Noctuidae, Anomis flava (Fabricius), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), uma de Pieridae, Ascia monuste orseis (Godart) e uma de Tortricidae não identificada. Uma espécie não identificada de taquinídeo (Diptera) e os Hymenoptera parasitoides Copidosoma floridanum Westwood (Encyrtidae), Euplectrus sp. (Eulophidae) emergiram de A. flava e, C. floridanum e uma espécie não identificada de taquinídeo, de P. includens. Este é o primeiro relato da associação entre S. frugiperda, P. includens e A. monuste orceis e seus parasitoides C. floridanum e Euplectrus sp. em plantas de quiabo. The aim of this study was to identify the defoliating lepidopterans and their parasitoids occurring on okra plants in the district of Riberao Preto city (SP. Brazil). Caterpillars were collected by hand from an experimental field of okra, in March and April, 2009. They were placed individually on Petri dishes lined with wet filter paper, containing shredded okra leaves, and kept in a climactic chamber (25 +/- 1 degrees C, 12:12h light/dark photoperiod, RH 70 +/- 10%) until the emergence of lepidopterans and/or parasitoids. In all, 63 lepidopterans were obtained: three species of Noctuidae, Anomis flava (Fabricius), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) and Pseudoplusia includens (Walker); one of Pieridae, Ascia monuste orseis (Godart), and an unidentified species of Tortricidae. One unidentified tachinid fly (Diptera) and the Hymenoptera parasitoids Copidosoma floridanum (Ashmead) (Encyrtidae) and Euplectrus sp. (Eulophidae) emerged from A. flava, while C. floridanum and an unidentified tachinid, from P. includens. This is the first report of an association between the herbivores S. frugiperda, P. includens and A. monuste orceis, the parasitoids C. floridanum and Euplectrus sp. on okra plants. APTA, Apta Reg Ctr Leste, BR-14030670 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Julio de Mesquita Filho UNESP, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Dept Fitossanidade, Programa Posgrad Agron Entomol Agr, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Julio de Mesquita Filho UNESP, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Dept Fitossanidade, Programa Posgrad Agron Entomol Agr, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil

Submitted by repositorio ufvjm (repositorio@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-01-19T11:28:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-05362013000300017.pdf: 299604 bytes, checksum: 9a7a8e0aa317cbf487e0298ae61fd243 (MD5) license.txt: 2109 bytes, checksum: aa477231e840f304454a16eb85a9235f (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-03-08T14:32:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 2109 bytes, checksum: aa477231e840f304454a16eb85a9235f (MD5) S0102-05362013000300017.pdf: 299604 bytes, checksum: 9a7a8e0aa317cbf487e0298ae61fd243 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-08T14:32:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 2109 bytes, checksum: aa477231e840f304454a16eb85a9235f (MD5) S0102-05362013000300017.pdf: 299604 bytes, checksum: 9a7a8e0aa317cbf487e0298ae61fd243 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-01 Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecu?ria de Minas Gerais (EPAMIG) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) O manejo da aduba??o verde com leguminosas herb?ceas perenes tem se apresentado como pr?tica interessante ? produ??o de hortali?as, proporcionando melhorias no ambiente de cultivo e aumentando a produtividade das culturas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o cultivo org?nico de quiabeiro em solo coberto com leguminosas herb?ceas perenes. Os tratamentos foram constitu?dos pelo cultivo do quiabeiro em solo descoberto (controle) ou coberto com cudzu tropical (Pueraria phaseoloides), soja perene (Glycine wightii), calopog?nio (Calopogonium muconoides), amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi) e estilosantes campo grande (Stylosanthes capitata e Stylosanthes macrocephala). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro repeti??es. A ro?ada das leguminosas, realizada na v?spera da semeadura do quiabeiro, possibilitou a adi??o de quantidades de massa seca ?s ?reas de cultivo, destacando-se o potencial do cudzu tropical (3,74 t ha-1), soja perene (1,55 t ha-1) e amendoim forrageiro (1,30 t ha-1). Nos cultivos de quiabeiro em solo coberto com cudzu tropical e com soja perene foram observados os menores ac?mulos de massa seca de plantas espont?neas, at? os 150 dias ap?s a semeadura do quiabeiro. Aos 150 dias ap?s a semeadura do quiabeiro, somente as ?reas cobertas com amendoim forrageiro e com calopog?nio apresentaram maiores volumes de ?gua no solo em rela??o ao controle. Do in?cio ao fim da colheita, as plantas de quiabeiro cultivadas em solo coberto com soja perene e com cudzu tropical apresentaram as maiores alturas. A produtividade m?xima alcan?ada de frutos de quiabeiro (16,23 t ha-1), foi obtida no cultivo de quiabeiro em solo coberto com soja perene. The management of green manure with perennial herbaceous legumes has emerged as an interesting practice for vegetable production, improving the cultivation environment and increasing crop yields. In the present study we evaluated the organic okra cultivation in soil covered with perennial herbaceous legumes. The treatments consisted of okra grown in bare soil (control) or covered with tropical kudzo (Pueraria phaseoloides), perennial soybean (Glycine wightii), calopogonium (Calopogonium muconoides), Pinto peanut (Arachis pintoi) and Stylosanthes capitata and Stylosanthes macrocephala. A randomized block design with four replications was used. The weeding of legumes was realized before the okra was sown and this allowed the addition of quantities of dry matter, highlighting the potential of tropical kudzo (3.74 t ha-1), perennial soybean (1.55 t ha-1) and peanut (1.30 t ha-1). Okra cropped in soil covered with tropical kudzo and perennial soybean had the weed lowest dry matter accumulation until 150 days after sowing the okra. At 150 days after sowing the okra, only the areas covered with peanut and calopogonium had higher volumes of water in the soil compared to the control. Throughout the harvest, the okra plants grown in soil covered with perennial soybean and tropical kudzo showed the greatest heights. The maximum okra fruit yield (16.23 t ha-1) was obtained by growing okra in soil covered with perennial soybean.

Background: This research will establish the ultraviolet colorimetric method to determine the total flavonoid content in different species and different parts of Abelmoschus esculentus L. Materials and Methods: We establish the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatograph (RP-HPLC) method to determine the content of the three flavonoid glycosides in different species and different parts of the A. esculentus. Adopt the NaNO 2 -Al (NO 3 ) 3 -NaOH colorimetric method to determine the total flavonoid content; at the same time, adopt the RP-HPLC method to determine the contents of the three flavonoid glycosides. Using the methods of ultraviolet colorimetry and RP-HPLC, we determined and analyzed the total flavonoid content and the content of the three flavonoid glycosides in different species and different parts of A. esculentus. Results: There are great distribution differences of the total flavonoids and the three flavonoid glycosides in different species and parts of A. esculentus. Among them, the content of the effective constituents in the flower is relatively high, next is in the fruit. In the different species of A. esculentus, the content of the flavonoids of finger relatively high. The HPLC method established in this research is simple and convenient and its results are accurate and reliable. In addition, it has a very good repeatability. Conclusion: The results provided the reference data for the medicinal use of A. esculentus and it can be used in quality analyzing of its effective constituents.

The okra grows well in hot weather, finding favorable conditions for development in Brazil. We evaluated the production of okra seedlings and productivity. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, in Aquidauana. In the seedling phase we tested substrates (100% triturated cassava stems, 75% triturated cassava stems and 25% vermiculite, 50% triturated cassava stems and 50% vermiculite, 25% triturated cassava stems and 75% vermiculite and 100% vermiculite). These substrates were placed in two protected environments (nursery with black screen, 50% of shading, and aluminized screen, 50% of shading). Each environment was considered an experiment conducted in completely randomized design with eight replications. After that we realized joint analysis. In the field, a total of 10 treatments generated from combinations of environments and substrates (2 environments x 5 substrates) were distributed in a randomized block design with four replications. The average proportions of cassava stems and vermiculite may be suitable for okra seedlings. The results of shoot and total dry phytomass indicate that the aluminized screen can be recommended for okra seedlings production when the substrate with a 1:1 ratio is used. Seedlings grown on higher percentages of vermiculite anticipate production, while seedlings produced only in cassava stems tend to slow it down. The aluminized screen tends to increase the yield of okra seedlings. Average proportions of vermiculite and cassava stems for seedling production under aluminized screen, provide more fruits and yield of okra in Aquidauana. O quiabeiro é hortaliça de clima quente, encontrando condições favoráveis de desenvolvimento no Brasil. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a produção de mudas e a produtividade de quiabeiro. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental da Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul em Aquidauana. Na fase de mudas, foram testados substratos (100% ramas de mandioca triturada; 75% ramas de mandioca triturada + 25% de vermiculita; 50% ramas de mandioca triturada + 50% de vermiculita; 25% ramas de mandioca triturada + 75% vermiculita e 100% vermiculita). Estes substratos foram dispostos em dois ambientes protegidos (viveiro agrícola de tela de monofilamento de 50% de sombreamento e viveiro agrícola de tela aluminizada de 50% de sombreamento). Cada ambiente foi considerado um experimento, conduzido no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com oito repetições. Em seguida, realizou-se a análise conjunta. No campo, foram distribuídos os 10 tratamentos gerados a partir das combinações entre ambientes e substratos (2 ambientes x 5 substratos), no delineamento blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. As proporções médias de ramas de mandioca e vermiculita podem ser indicadas para a formação de mudas de quiabeiro. Pelas fitomassas seca aérea e total o ambiente com tela aluminizada pode ser indicado para produção de mudas de quiabeiro com a utilização do substrato na proporção 1:1. Mudas provenientes de maiores porcentagens de vermiculita antecipam a produção, enquanto que mudas oriundas apenas de ramas tendem a retardar essa fase. Mudas oriundas do ambiente aluminizado tendem a incrementar a produção de frutos de quiabeiro. Proporções médias de vermiculita e ramas, para mudas produzidas na tela aluminizada, propiciam maior número de frutos e produtividade do quiabeiro em Aquidauana.

Okra leaf curl disease (OLCD) is commonly observed in okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus ) crops in several African countries (N’Guessan et al ., 1992). Affected plants are severely stunted with apical leaf curl (upward or downward), distortion…

Okra leaf curl disease (OLCD) is a major constraint on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) production and is widespread in Africa. Using a large number of samples representative of the major growing regions in Burkina Faso (BF), we show that the disease is associated with a monopartite begomovirus and satellite DNA complexes. Twenty-three complete genomic sequences of Cotton leaf curl Gezira virus (CLCuGV) isolates associated with OLCD, sharing 95 to 99% nucleotide identity, were cloned and sequenced. Six betasatellite and four alphasatellite (DNA-1) molecules were also characterized. The six isolates of betasatellite associated with CLCuGV isolates correspond to Cotton leaf curl Gezira betasatellite (CLCuGB) (88 to 98% nucleotide identity). One isolate of alphasatellite is a variant of Cotton leaf curl Gezira alphasatellite (CLCuGA) (89% nucleotide identity), whereas the three others isolates appear to correspond to a new species of alphasatellite (CLCuGA most similar sequence present 52 to 60% nucleotide identity), provisionally named Okra leaf curl Burkina Faso alphasatellite (OLCBFA). Recombination analysis of the viruses demonstrated the interspecies recombinant origin of all CLCuGV isolates, with parents being close to Hollyhock leaf crumple virus (AY036009) and Tomato leaf curl Diana virus (AM701765). Combined with the presence of satellites DNA, these results highlight the complexity of begomoviruses associated with OLCD.

A two year survey was conducted in 2003 and 2004 in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) plants for Okra mosaic virus (OkMV; genus Tymovirus) symptoms at three locations in northern Nigeria. It showed that the highest incidence of OkMV occurred at Samaru (16.50 and 17.10% in 2003 and 2004, respectively), followed by Shika (13.02 and 14.82%) and Bomo (12.31 and 8.10%). Disease severity followed the same trend. Beetles of Podagrica spp. naturally infected were efficient vectors in the transmission of OkMV. En 2003 y 2004 se llevó a cabo una prospección de síntomas del virus del mosaico del kimbombó (OkMV, género Tymovirus) en plantas de kimbombó (Abelmoschus esculentus) en tres localidades del norte de Nigeria. La incidencia de OkMV más alta se detectó en Samaru (16,50 y 17,10% en 2003 y 2004, respectivamente), seguido de Shika (13,02 y 14,82%) y Bomo (12,31 y 8,10%). En las tres localidades la severidad de la enfermedad siguió la misma tendencia. Escarabajos de Podagrica spp. naturalmente infectados fueron vectores eficientes en la transmisión de OkMV.

Background: The aim of this study is to determine the antifatigue active fraction from Abelmoschus esculentus. The in vivo antifatigue effects of ethanol extracts and polysaccharides from A. esculentus fruit have been determined. The polysaccharides of A. esculentus were determined as the best effective fractions of antifatigue effects. Materials and Methods: About 360 Kunming male mice were randomly divided into nine subgroups: normal control subgroup, model subgroup, positive subgroup and the ethanol extracts of A. esculentus with high dose (3.2 g/kg) subgroup, medium dose (1.6 g/kg) subgroup and low dose (0.8 g/kg) subgroup, the polysaccharides of high dose (3.2 g/kg) subgroup, medium dose (1.6 g/kg) subgroup, and the low dose (0.8 g/kg) subgroup. The antifatigue effects of ethanol extracts and polysaccharides form A. esculentus were measured by comparing body weight, food intake, swimming time, liver glycogen, serum urea, blood lactic acid as well as visceral parameter in mice. Results: Compared with the model subgroup, other subgroups significantly prolonged swimming time, and high dose polysaccharides administration was the most effective (P < 0.01). High dose polysaccharides significantly increased liver glycogen, serum lactic acid, and serum urea (P < 0.01) in mice. In contrast with model group, the high dose polysaccharides administration could also significantly elevated the parameters of testicles and epididymis (P < 0.01). The study established that the ethanol extracts and polysaccharides of A. esculentus both have antifatigue effects. Conclusions: The results demonstrated that both the ethanol extracts and polysaccharides of A. esculentus have antifatigue effects. The high dosage polysaccharides have significant antifatigue properties. The results will provide the basis for further development and utilization of this plant. SUMMARY The high dosage polysaccharides have restoration ability on kidney yang deficiency mice.The high dosage polysaccharides have significant effects of relieving body fatigue of mice.The polysaccharide of Abelmoschus esculentus showed better antifatigue effects than the ethanol extracts. Abbreviations used: A. esculentus: Abelmoschus esculentus, BUN: Blood urine nitrogen, LD: Lactic Acid dehydrogenase, AE: Abelmoschus esculentus ethanol extracts, AP: Abelmoschus esculentus polysaccharides, LAC: Lactic acid content.