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In the North Pacific, variations in isopycnal depth influence the biogeochemical characteristics of the water column and the aragonite saturation horizon (ZΩa) during interannual events. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of the 2011 La Niña conditions on ZΩa in Todos Santos Bay (Baja California, Mexico) and surrounding waters. The results showed that ZΩa variability was modulated by the intensity of interannual conditions and by the water masses that were present in the region. Subarctic Water predominated in the upper 200 m with anomalous characteristics, such as low temperature and low salinity. Also, isopycnals shoaled toward the coast and ZΩa was thus ~30 m in the nearshore area, in contrast with the oceanic region, where ZΩa was ~150 m. Prior to this study, there were no records of ZΩa in Todos Santos Bay, nor were there any records of its shallowness.

Due to their sensitivity to climate forcing that may alter their abundance and distribution, small pelagic fish are important ecological indicators of the state of the California Current System. They are schooling, planktivorous fish that provide forage for higher trophic levels. We describe the life cycle histories and patterns of distribution of sardine, anchovy, and mackerel species occupying the waters along the west coast of the Baja California Peninsula (Mexico). The links between the physical and biological forcing and the structure and condition of their habitats, their patterns of movement, productivity, and stock structure (where information is available) are described in relation to the fisheries. We have used the catches as a proxy for the history of the different stocks, while recognizing that fisheries-derived information is biased by the operational scale and only covers areas where fish are available. We have relied mainly on studies of sardines to evaluate the validity of the principal paradigms in fisheries oceanography. We describe how the environment can structure a population by relating an example given by the spatiotemporal variability of the northern and southern stocks of Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) and Pacific mackerel (Scomber japonicus) from 2000 to 2014. During this period, the northern stocks showed a marked tendency to contract southwards, as far south as Magdalena Bay, in response to the regional cooling that began in the previous decade. It appears that the combined effects of fishing and climate change may sufficiently alter habitat characteristics so that both the distribution and productivity of a population are shifted.