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The toxicity and PAH of C. gariepinus (0.98±0.01g, n=480) to 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 0.0 ml/L of BLCO oil was determined and were exposed to 3 treatment sublethal concentrations (2.40, 1.20, 0.60 (corresponding to 1/16, 1/8 and 1/4 of 96h LC50) and 0.00 ml/L of WSF of BLCO in triplicate replications of 60 fish per treatment for 10 weeks. The 96h median lethal concentration of BLCO to the experimental fish fingerlings was 9.6 ml/L. The mean ∑ 16PAH gave 6% compared to 11% that of its mean 8PAH. Mean TEQ and MEQ in 8PAH both corresponded to 11%, however BaP-TEQ in BLCO ranged from 0% in Chry to 84% in DahA while BaP-MEQ ranged from 0% in Chry to 30% in DahA. The respective Benzo [a] Pyrene carcinogenic and mutagenic equivalents of Clarias gariepinus to BLCO was 2 and 9%. There was a significant difference (P

This study aimed to get an insight into the effects of household processing on the leaching behaviour of 137Cs and 40K from fresh, frozen and dried Boletus edulis (King Bolete) mushrooms. Three processes were investigated—blanching, blanching and pickling, and drying followed by grinding and soaking. The activity concentrations of 137Cs and 40K in the fresh unprocessed mushrooms were 270 Bq kg−1 dry biomass (27 Bq kg−1 whole weight) and 590 Bq kg−1 db (59 Bq kg−1 ww), respectively. Blanching of fresh mushrooms decreased 137Cs activity by 55%, and 40K activity by 34%, and blanching of deep-frozen mushrooms caused a reduction of 52% and 44% (db) (equivalent to whole weight reductions of 37% and 8.5%, and 67% and 22%, respectively). Blanching and pickling of fresh mushrooms decreased 137Cs activity by 83% and 40K activity by 87%, while blanching deep-frozen mushrooms resulted in decreases of 88% and 80% (db) (whole weight decreases of 77% and 81%, and by ~ 84% and 72%, respectively). This study confirms earlier reports that blanching of fresh or frozen mushrooms alone is not as efficient at removing 137Cs as blanching followed by pickling. The study also shows that the initial rate of fruiting body disintegration and pre-preparation (comparing fresh, deep-frozen, or dried and ground) can have an impact on the leaching rate of the water soluble fraction of metallic elements.

The cortex root of Paeonia ostii, is used as a traditional Chinese medicine for treating female diseases. Phytochemical investigation of the water-soluble fraction of the plant led to the isolation of two new acetoisovanillone glycosides: acetoisovanillone-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and 2-hydroxy-acetoisovanillone-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods.

Two new lignans mubezhisol (1) and mubezhisal (2), together with twenty six known compounds (3–28) were isolated from water-soluble fraction from the semens of Momordica cochinchinensis. In the sub...

Shelf life of pearl millet flour is very short because of rapid development of rancidity. This investigation was carried out in view of generating breeding material for development of low rancid pearl millet hybrids/varieties. Flour of twenty-one genotypes; seven hybrids, seven CMS lines, five inbreds and two composites stored in covered aluminium boxes at 37 °C for 30 days along with respective fresh flour was analysed for shelf life indicators/determinants. Crude fat content and fat acidity (FA) of fresh flour of the genotypes varied from 3.8 to 7.2% and 11 to 75 mg KOH/100 g d.m., respectively. FA in stored flour ranged between 180 and 330 mg KOH/100 g d.m. After storage, magnitude of decrease in pH of water extract of flour of the genotypes varied from 0.15 to 0.44. Activity of peroxidase (POX) varied from 378 to 588 units in control flour and irrespective of the genotypes decreased upon storage. Increase in FA (difference between FA of fresh and stored flour) rather total build up of FA was positively associated with crude fat content (r = 0.440*) indicated comparatively more prominent role of lipolytic enzymes. Chemical changes taking place in water soluble fraction of flour were independent of fat content as no correlation was discerned between fat content and decrease in pH. Among the hybrids, HHB 197 had lowest crude fat content (4.7%), lowest total build up FA (212 mg KOH/100 g d.m.), slowest increase in FA (191 mg KOH/100 g d.m.), least decrease in pH (0.31) of water soluble fraction flour during storage and lowest activity of POX in fresh flour (377 units/g d.m). Among all the tested CMS lines, inbreds and composites, HBL 11 showed pattern of quantitative changes in FA, pH and POX activity similar to the hybrid HHB 197 and was identified a promising inbred for developing low-rancid pearl millet variety or hybrid.

The importance of interindividual variability in environmental responses has been little studied, although the available information suggests that, e.g., changes in environmental temperature may be associated with changes in variability. We studied, if exposure to water-soluble fraction (WSF) of crude oil can be associated with changes in interindividual variability in phenotype in Daphnia magna, which reproduces parthenogenetically. By using these clonal organisms, we could exclude the possibility that the observed changes were caused by genetic variability. The results show that the variability of oxygen consumption rate decreased in 48 h 30% WSF-exposed animals as compared to 10% WSF-exposed or control animals without a change in the mean of oxygen consumption rate. The clonal Daphnia magna could also be used to study transgenerational effects without genetic contribution, as the different generations are genetically identical. We observed that the oxygen consumption rates in F1 and F2 generations of unexposed and 10% WSF-exposed Daphnia had decreased from parental F0 generation and were also lower than in offspring of 30% WSF-exposed specimens. The studies did not aim at environmental realism but were designed to show the possibility of variability changes without changes in the mean value of a parameter, and transgenerational effects as a result of environmental contamination.

Background: Ocimum sanctum is a well reputed medicinal herb being used in the treatment of various ailments in this Indo Pak Subcontinents since ancient time.Methods: In this study the Antihypertensive effects of water extract of Ocimum sanctum and Water soluble fraction of methanol extract of Ocimum sanctum were tried for its antihypertensive effects on albino rats. Extracts were administered via vein and BP was recorded in the carotid artery by direct invasive method.Result: Normal blood pressure was 81/71 mm of Hg (mean blood pressure was 75 mm of Hg. Water extract of Ocimum sanctum has got significant antihypertensive effect (19-30 %). Water soluble fraction of methanol extract of Ocimum sanctum has also got significant antihypertensive effect (15-27 %).Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.15(3) 2016 p.357-361

Using isotopic ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) measurements, this study analyzed samples of saffron originating from two distinct geographical regions. We then used the results to distinguish saffron of the two considered origins. δ13C data related to the crocin fractions in 48 saffron samples from Western Macedonia (Greece) and 48 samples from Khorasan Province (Iran) were correlated to an index derived from triacylglycerols. Isotopic data could clearly differentiate between samples from the two areas. The isotopic measurements were -28.3 to -26.9 for Greek samples, and -26.1 to -24.5 for Iranian samples. Another index, derived from a gas-chromatographic analysis of the triacylglycerols, successfully determined that the range of isotopic values that characterized Greek samples was 52% larger than the range that characterized Iranian samples. The application of statistical evaluations permitted us to identify the two groups of saffron with confidence and to accurately identify the site of origin of a saffron sample.

Acute toxicity of water soluble fraction (WSF) of diesel fuel was assessed by evaluating its effects on growth of two marine microalgae, Isochrysis and Chaetoceros. Pure cultures of each of the two microalgae were exposed to concentrations of 0% (controls), 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of diesel WSF (in triplicates) and allowed to grow for 96 hours. Cell density was determined in each of the culture vessels every 24 hour. Cell density growth rate in every treatment, percentage growth inhibition by various concentrations and IC50 of diesel WSF on the two microalgae were determined following standard methods. While control cultures recorded exponential growth within 96 hour, the four WSF concentrations resulted in inhibition of cell growth of the two microalgae species every 24 hour. Cell growth inhibition effect increased significantly (p0.05). Ecological implications of the growth inhibition effects of diesel WSF microalgae were discussed.Key Words: Cell density, water soluble fraction (WSF), concentration, growth inhibition, 96 hour IC50, Isochrysis, Chaetoceros

The influence of the cold-water-soluble fraction on gelatinization and pasting properties of rice flour was investigated. The cold-water-soluble fraction was removed by water extraction under room temperature. The gelatinization properties of untreated and treated flour were analyzed with a differential scanning calorimeter, and pasting profiles were measured with a rapid viscosity analyzer. The removal of the cold-water-soluble fraction resulted in the formation of a loosened starch granule structure, a morphological alteration of protein bodies, a markedly lower gelatinization temperature, and a significantly higher pasting enthalpy. The impact on paste viscosity followed different trends. In some cultivars that had lower endogenous amylase activity, the paste viscosity was greatly reduced by the removal of the cold-water-soluble fraction. In others, the higher level of endogenous amylase activity led to more soluble saccharides being released through starch hydrolysis. Removing the soluble fra...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of crude oil Water Soluble Fraction (wsf) and the aqueous extract of Lepidagathis alopecuroides on fertilty and hatchability of Clarias gariepinus. Artificially fertilized eggs of Clarias gariepinus were exposed to five sublethal concentrations of L. alopecuroides and five concentrations of the water soluble fractions of crude oil. The results showed that there was concentration dependent reduction in hatchability of eggs exposed to L. alopecuroides. A highly significant (p

Metlaline ( 1 ), piyaline ( 2 ), piyaline methyl ester ( 3 ), a pair of diasteriomeric epimers of marsuposide ( 4a and 4b ), and pterostilbene ( 5 ) were isolated from the water soluble fraction of 70% MeOH extract of Pterocarpus marsupium (Roxb.) heartwood. Among them compound 3 was isolated for the first time from natural source. Pterostilbene has been found as antioxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-cancer agent. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 13, No. 2 (2012) 219-224 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v13i2.7740

Leaves of Cinnamosma fragrans were extracted with MeOH, and the concentrated MeOH extract was partitioned with EtOAc and H₂O. From the H₂O-soluble fraction, three new flavonol C-glycosides and two coloratane glucosides were isolated, along with nine known compounds. On extensive spectroscopic analysis, C-glycosylation was found to have occurred on the B-ring.

Effects of Sublethal Concentrations of Water-Soluble Fraction of Petroleum on the Innate Immune System of Marine Fish Rachycentron Canadum (Linnaeus, 1766) Petroleum is a natural product derived from the decomposition of organic matter. With increasing exploration, production and transportation of petroleum, the spill accident occurrence in the marine environment has become routine. After the shedding occur various physical, chemical and biological processes that result in the water-soluble fraction formation of petroleum, rich in hydrocarbon, molecules that are toxic to fish. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sublethal concentration of 0.3 ppm of the petroleum WSF in the innate immune system parameters of Rachycentron canadum, after the periods of 7 and 14 days. It was used after the normality test, statistical analysis ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD (significant difference: p

The peculiarities of organic carbon water soluble fraction content in the litters and soil profile in burned forests of different age under the cryolithozone conditions have been revealed. It has been shown that surface fires cause a decrease in the content of water-extractable organic carbon (WEOC) in the litters and upper 5 cm deep layer of soil. At the same time in microelevations these differences are more pronounced and the WEOC content in the upper organogenic horizons in burnt-out places is 2 times lower. In the deeper soil horizons there have been no differences detected in the WEOC content between intact plantations and postpyrogenic areas.

Excessive air pollution may adversely affect plant growth and development. The overall objective of this research was to elucidate some microscopic effects of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) on the formation, development, and structure of pollen grains and its proteins in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Bean plants were grown in experimental pots and treated with different concentrations of the water-soluble fraction of DEP. Flowers and young buds were removed, fixed in FAA70 (formalin : acetic acid : ethanol, 2 : 1 : 17), and subjected to developmental studies. Our results show that DEP cause some abnormalities during pollen development. Pollen grains in normal plants are spherical in equatorial view and triangular in polar view; in DEP-treated plants, they were changed into irregular shapes in equatorial view and asteroidal in polar view. Delay in degeneration of the tapetum layer of the anther, and formation of giant, irregular, and non-fertile pollen grains are other results of DEP treatment. Gel electrophoretic...

Both the pro- and antioxidant activities were found in water-soluble components contained in onion, leek and garlic samples, and effects of thermal treatment on such activities were investigated. Raw vegetable extracts were prepared by squeezing vegetable homogenates followed by centrifugation at 4 °C. The extracts were subjected to thermal treatment at 75 or 100 °C for 30 and 60 min. The water-soluble extracts were assayed for antiradical activity using both a chemical and a cellular system. Heating onion and leek extracts at 100 °C for 60 min, and garlic extract at 100 °C for 30 min, yielded strong antioxidant components that are able to scavenge free radicals, in either system, significantly. Measuring total phenolic content by the Folin–Ciocalteu method, we observed that thermal treatment significantly decreased the phenolic contents in leek and garlic extract. In addition, we estimated pro-oxidant activities in the vegetable extracts, using reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate; we found that extracts of raw alliums have strong ROS activity, and that thermal treatment destroyed most of the ROS activity present in the raw extracts. These findings indicate that thermal processing enhanced the nutritional value of alliums by increasing the total antioxidant activity, and reducing the pro-oxidant elements. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry

The water-soluble fraction of crude oil is a complex and toxic mixture of hydrocarbons. Because aquatic organisms directly encounter it, the water-soluble fraction plays an important role in the toxicity of crude oil in aquatic environments. To determine whether fish are attracted to or avoid the water-soluble fraction, Caspian roaches (Rutilus caspicus) were exposed to different concentrations of the water-soluble fraction in a choice maze apparatus. The results showed that Caspian roaches can detect and avoid 2 mg/L of the water-soluble fraction. To study the effect of the water-soluble fraction on the olfactory function of fish, Caspian roaches were exposed to 3.2 mg/L and 16 mg/L of the water-soluble fraction for 96 h; afterward, exposed fish encountered food extract in a choice maze apparatus. The present study showed that the water-soluble fraction significantly impairs the olfactory function of roaches. To investigate the effect of olfactory system dysfunction on the feeding behavior of fish, Caspian roaches were exposed to 3.2 mg/L and 16 mg/L of the water-soluble fraction. After 4 d, 8 d, and 12 d of exposure, the feeding behavior toward the food extract was tested. The results showed that both 3.2 mg/L and 16 mg/L of the water-soluble fraction suppress the feeding behavior of Caspian roaches. The present study demonstrates that sublethal concentrations of crude oil's water-soluble fraction impair the olfactory function of fish and consequently suppress the feeding behavior. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:1826–1832. © 2015 SETAC

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the stability of anti- Helicobacter pylori IgY in water soluble fraction (WSF) of egg yolk according to the heat, pH and digestive enzyme treatment. Anti- H. pylori IgY content of WSF remained 76% after pasteurization (63 for 30 min). The stability of anti- ℃ H. pylori IgY at different pH showed a tendency to diminish according to decreasing pH from 7.0 to 1.5 (p 0.05). Anti- < H. pylori IgY content was 84.4% after treatment for 1 hour at 37 in pH 5.0. There were significantly ℃ differences in IgY content between 1 hour and 2 hours at pH 2.0 in 200 units of pepsin treatment (p 0.05). However, IgY was relatively stable at pH 4.0 regardless of the reaction time and the < concentration of pepsin. The stability of IgY of egg yolk after the treatment of trypsin was significantly higher than that of water soluble fraction (p 0.05). This results indicated that anti- < H. pylori IgY showed

Ethanolic extract of seeds of Cassia tora L. and its fractions were investigated for hypolipidemic activity on triton induced hyperlipidemic profile. Ethanolic extract and its ether soluble and water soluble fraction decreased serum level of total cholesterol by 42.07, 40.77 and 71.25%, respectively. On the other hand ethanolic extract, ether soluble fraction and water soluble fraction increased the serum HDL-cholesterol level by 6.72, 17.20 and 19.18%, respectively. Ethanolic extract, ether fraction and water fraction decreased triglyceride level by 26.84, 35.74 and 38.46%, respectively. The reduction in LDL-cholesterol level by ethanolic extract, ether soluble fraction and water soluble fraction were 69.25, 72.06 and 76.12%, respectively.

The intraperitoneal administration of CAWS (water-soluble extracellular polysaccharide fraction obtained from the culture supernatant of Candida albicans) to mice induces coronaritis similar to Kawasaki disease. We analyzed differences in the production of cytokines involved in the occurrence of coronary arteritis among mouse strains, C3H/HeN, C57BL/6, DBA/2 and CBA/J that were injected with CAWS at 4 mg/mouse for 5 consecutive days in the first week and the fifth week of administration. The incidence of arteritis was 100% in C57BL/6, C3H/HeN and DBA/2 mice, but only 10% in CBA/J mice. The coronary arteritis observed in DBA/2 mice was the most serious, with several mice expiring during the observation period. The CAWS-sensitive strains revealed increased levels of IL-6 and IFN-gamma during the course of a specific response to CAWS by spleen cells. In contrast, IL-10 levels were observed to increase markedly in CAWS-resistant CBA/J mice, but not the CAWS-sensitive strains. However, TNF-alpha levels were more elevated only in DBA/2 mice. The difference in disease development and cytokine production strongly suggests that the genetic background of the immune response to CAWS contributes to the occurrence of coronary arteritis.

Crude oil is a complex mixture of compounds of which the water-soluble fraction (WSF) is considered to be bioavailable and potentially toxic to aquatic biota. Containing numerous compounds, WSF becomes a source of multiple chemical stressors to wildlife when introduced into the environment. To study the combined effects of WSF components on aquatic biota, the model species zebrafish (Danio rerio Hamilton) was exposed for 24 or 72 h to 10 or 50% WSF solution of known composition, generated from artificially weathered North Sea crude oil. Hepatic expression of genes involved in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-cytochrome P-450 1A (AhR-CYP1A) pathway (AhR2, AhRR1, CYP1A1) and steroidogenesis (StAR, CYP11A, 3β-HSD, CYP19A, CYP19B) was measured, as well as estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ1. Induction of CYP1A and particularly of AhRR1 was observed while ERα and steroidogenic enzymes CYP11A and 3β-HSD were downregulated. Regression analysis demonstrated a negative relationship between AhR-CYP1A pathway and endocrine transcript levels, although causality remains to be established. These findings indicate that exposure to WSF of oil disrupts steroidogenesis and may therefore constitute a potential risk for reproductive ability of aquatic organisms. In addition, it is proposed that hepatic gene expression of AhRR1 may serve as a novel biomarker of WSF exposure.

The fresh water fish Puntius ticto were exposed to lethal concentration of water soluble fraction (WSF) of petrol (5%-PF1, 10%-PF2, 15%-PF3, 20%-PF4 and 25%-PF5) for 96 hours. The exposure of WSF produced some conspicuous histopathological changes in liver. The swelling of hepatocytes, degeneration, necrosis, hemolysis, dilation, congestion and fibrosis in blood sinusoids were the prominent changes observed. The histological analysis showed increasing damages dose-dependents and time-dependents.

Saltwater-acclimated, coded-wire tagged, and adipose fin clipped pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) fry were exposed for 10 days to seawater (control) or 25-54 μg·L-1 (low dose) or 178-349 μg·L-1 (high dose) of the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of North Slope crude oil. The WSF was composed primarily of monoaromatics and was acutely lethal to the fry: 96-h LC50 ranged from 1 to 2.8 mg·L-1. After exposure the fry (30 000 per treatment) were released into the Pacific Ocean to complete their life cycle. The experiment was replicated in 1990, 1991, and 1992. There was no consistent significant dose-dependent effect of the 10-day exposure to the crude oil WSF on growth of the pink salmon prior to their release. Adult pink salmon from this experiment were captured in fisheries and also recovered from their natal Quinsam River, British Columbia. Pink salmon from each treatment group were recovered in similar numbers. Exposure of populations of fry to the WSF of crude oil and release to the Pacfic Ocean did not result in a detectable effect on their survival to maturity. Fry from all treatment groups incurred typically high mortality following release, and there were no discernible effects on survival that were attributable to exposure to the WSF of crude oil.

The gel strength of the minced fish product made from the unwashed mullet mince was found higher than that of the washed product. Transglutaminase (TGase) was found in the water soluble fraction of mullet muscle. It's optimal temperature was at 30C to 35C and the optimal pH was 7.5 to 7.7, Increased setting time at 30C, increased the gel strength of the minced fish product produced from the unwashed mullet mince. p-Chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB), an inhibitor to TGase was added to the mullet mince up to 2.0 mM, the mince was set at 35C and then heated to 85C. The gel strength of the product was inversely correlated to the PCMB concentration, Y 1 = - 0.45X 1 + 1.66 (r = 0.95). Studies of setting of the mullet mince at temperatures ranging 20 to 60C indicated that maximal gel strength was obtained at 35C, coinciding with the optimal temperature of TGase. Meat from 21.5 month-old grey mullet produced a minced product of higher gel strength than those produced from younger fish, although the muscle TGase activities were not significantly different.

The uptake and depuration of the water-sol‐uble fraction (WSF) of hydrocarbons of crude petroleum by Atlantic salmon (Salmosalar) has previously been examined in terms of whole muscle. The hypothesis that the tainting WSF in the muscle was retained primarily by adipocytes has been investigated by the isolation of adipocytes and the subsequent analysis for hydrocarbons in adipocytes. After 96 h exposure of market-sized Atlantic salmon to 0.2 ppm WSF, adipocytes isolated from the belly flap region of the muscle tissue accumulated 14.3 times more WSF (59.4 ppm) than the dorsal white muscle (4.2 ppm), while 54% of the tainting WSF in the dorsal white muscle was found to be stored in associated adipocytes. When returned to clean seawater, WSF accumulated in the dorsal white muscle was released much faster than that in the adipocytes. These results indicated that the loose association of WSF with the nonlipid portion of white muscle, mainly muscle cells and intercellular fluid, is responsible for the rapid discharge of WSF from the dorsal muscle tissue in the early stages of depuration. After 4 d of depuration, the adipocytes became the principal storage site of residual WSF in white muscle and the depuration of WSF from muscle tissue then reflected the release of WSF from adipocytes in the muscle tissue. After 20 d of depuration, 10.7 ppm of tainting WSF in the form of high molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons (mainly C4-benzenes, naphthalene and alkylated naphthalenes) were still present in adipocytes, while in the dorsal white muscle only a trace of total WSF was detected. Increases in the number of aromatic rings and the alkylations on the rings enhanced the accumulation and retention of individual hydrocarbons in both adipocytes and white muscle. From these studies we conclude that it is the adipocytes in the muscle tissue which control the actual accumulation and release of hydrocarbons in the whole muscle tissue of Atlantic salmon.

Turbot larvae were exposed to dilutions of the water soluble fraction (WSF) of crude oil (1–25%), in a laboratory flow-through system. Whole body immunoreactive cortisol (IRC) content of premetamorphic 345 degree C day and early metamorphosing 450 degree C day larvae (23 and 30 days post hatch, respectively) was elevated when exposed to 25% WSF for 6 h, but the lower WSF concentrations did not induce IRC elevations. Larvae of 450 degree C days exposed to WSF for 6 h and then left in clean sea water for 24 h showed recovery of IRC, whilst the IRC content of 450 degree C day larvae exposed to WSF for 30 h remained elevated. Whole body thyroxine content of 345 degree C day larvae exposed to 25% WSF for 6 h was significantly elevated, which may have implications for larval development/metamorphosis. However, whole body triiodothyronine content of these larvae was not altered by WSF-exposure. Furthermore, larvae of 450 degree C days, WSF-exposed for 6 h or 30 h showed no thyroidal disturbance. Larvae of 345 degree C days exhibited significantly elevated whole body adrenaline and noradrenaline content after exposure for 6 h to 25% WSF; however, more diluted WSF did not influence adrenaline or noradrenaline content. These studies have demonstrated that larvae of 345 and 450 degree C days can successfully mount endocrine stress responses but that environmentally realistic concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons do not induce these responses.

Diesel oil can be a source of contamination in aquatic environments, mainly as a result of spills. The effects of the water-soluble fraction of diesel (WSF) on Prochilodus vimboideswere assessed. Fish were exposed to three different WSF dilutions for up to 96 h and were compared to a control group. Damages in the fragments of DNA were analyzed using the Comet assay. The presence of erytrocyts abnormalities was assessed by micronucleus test. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and the accumulation of copper in gills were also analyzed. Fish exposed for 96 h had higher rates of damage than those exposed for 24 h. There was no significant difference regarding the presence of micronuclei between exposed and control fish and between 24-h and 96-h exposures. For AST, no significant difference was observed between samples collected at the two exposure times. Fish exposed to a 1:100 dilution of WSF showed higher activity of the enzyme ALT than the control fish after a 24-h exposure period. There was no bioaccumulation of copper in the gills. We conclude that the genotoxic effects of WSF in the cells are more evident in P. vimboides during an acute exposure. O óleo diesel pode ser uma fonte de contaminação em ambientes aquáticos, principalmente como resultado de derrames acidentais. Foram avaliados os efeitos da fração solúvel do óleo diesel (FSO) em Prochilodus vimboides. Os peixes foram expostos a três diferentes diluições da FSO por até 96 horas e comparados com um grupo controle. Os danos nos fragmentos de DNA foram analisados utilizando o ensaio Cometa. A presença de anormalidades nos eritrócitos foi avaliada pelo teste do micronúcleo. A atividade da Aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e alanina aminotransferase (ALT) e da acumulação de cobre nas brânquias também foram analisados. Os peixes expostos por 96 h tiveram maiores taxas de danos do que aqueles expostos por 24 h. Não houve diferença significativa quanto à presença de micronúcleos entre os peixes expostos e controle e entre 24 e 96 h exposições. Para AST, não foi observada diferença significativa entre as amostras coletadas em dois tempos de exposição. Os peixes expostos a uma diluição de 1:100 do FSO apresentaram maior atividade da enzima ALT do que os peixes do controle após um período de exposição de 24 horas. Não houve bioacumulação de cobre nas brânquias. Os efeitos genotóxicos nas células foram os mais evidentes em P. vimboides durante a exposição aguda a FSO.

International audience; This study evaluated the toxicity of dispersant application which is, in nearshore area, a controversial response technique to oil spill. Through an experimental approach with juveniles of Liza aurata, the toxicity of five exposure conditions was evaluated: (i) a chemically dispersed oil simulating dispersant application; (ii) a single dispersant as an internal control of chemically dispersed oil; (iii) a mechanically dispersed oil simulating natural dispersion of oil; (iv) a water soluble fraction of oil simulating an undispersed and untreated oil slick and (v) uncontaminated sea water as a control exposure condition. The relative concentration of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) biliary metabolites showed that the incorporation of these toxic compounds was increased if the oil was dispersed, whether mechanically or chemically. However, toxicity was not observed at the organism level since the aerobic metabolic scope and the critical swimming speed of exposed fish were not impaired.

This study was done to investigate the effects of water-soluble fraction (WSF) of the fruits of Abelmoschus esculentus L (okra/lady's fingers) on absorption of oral glucose as well as metformin from the gastrointestinal tract in the Long Evans rats. WSF of A. esculentus significantly () reduced the absorption of glucose as studied in the 24 hrs fasting rats. The effect of WSF of A. esculentus on metformin absorption was studied in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Significant differences () were observed in the average blood glucose level from 2 to 24 hours after metformin therapy in presence (33.6 to 34.2 mmol/L) or absence (15.2 to 20.2 mmol/L) of oral WSF of A. esculentus. In both of the experiments, Na-carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was used as positive control. The results of this study indicate that A. esculentus may improve glycemic control but should not be taken concurrently with metformin hydrochloride in controlling diabetes mellitus.

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of lignite on the growth of metal tolerant and non tolerant cultivars of Agrostis capillaris in metalliferous mine spoil. Lignite treatment did not increase the already satisfactory survival rate of seedlings from the tolerant cultivar. However, both the water soluble fraction and the insoluble residue of oxidatively degraded lignite had deleterious effects on the non tolerant cultivar. It appeared that a simple treatment with crushed lignite could enable the non tolerant cultivar to compete favourably with the genetically adapted metal tolerant cultivar. If substantiated by further experimental work, incorporation of lignite into metalliferous mine spoil might be considered as part of an alternative treatment for the establishment of non tolerant cultivars.

Physicochemical characteristics of three levels (25, 50, and 100%) of the WSF of Erhobahro flow station crude oil, rain river and pond water on A llium cepa were investigated in order to evaluate the toxic level of the different treatments. Root growth parameters were used as an index of toxicity. Physicochemical characteristics were found to increase after exposure to the plant tissues, except for pH, TDS, EC, THC (at 25 and 100%), hardness (at 50 and 100%), HCO-3 (at 25%), Cl- and SO42- of the three different levels of WSF which recorded reduction in values after exposure to the plants. The pH of rain and river water was also found to reduce after exposure to Allium species. The river water had the least values of EC before and after exposure to the plant tissues. Total hydrocarbons (river water), Zn and Ni (pond and rain water) were not detected before exposure to A. cepa, while Zn (pond water) and Ni (50% WSF, rain and pond water) were not detected after exposure to the plant. Allium cepa grown in pond water had the highest number of roots. The results showed that 25% WSF, pond and river water, had improvement in growth over the control treatment. Rain water, 50% and 100% WSF showed reduction in the number of roots as compared to the control treatment. River water had the highest value for root length while the least value was recorded for 100% WSF followed by 50% WSF. Root initiation occurred in pond, rain and river water treatments. At concentrations of 50% and 100% WSF there was inhibition of root growth. The results indicated significant difference in the number of roots exposed to 25% WSF (P Key words: Response, Allium cepa , water soluble fraction WSF, crude oil, physicochemical characteristics

1. The Antarctic teleost Pagothenia borchgrevinki was exposed to the water soluble fraction of diesel fuel oil. 2. Under the acute time frame used, no mortalities occurred, even at high concentrations. 3. Exposure to the oil caused elevations in metabolic rates and a 50% increase in haematocrit. 4. Plasma chloride levels did not change.

The suitability of water lettuce ( Pistia stratiotes , Linn.) and greater duckweed ( Spirodela polyrrhiza , Trev.) was tested under laboratory conditions in order to evaluate their potential role in the recovery of crude oil polluted water bodies. The Water Soluble Fraction (WSF) of the crude oil was prepared to concentration levels of 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 per cent. The plant number, percentage survival, dry weights and shoot/root ratio of the plants showed a significant decrease (P Keywords : Pistia stratiotes , Spirodela polyrrhiza , suitability, water soluble fraction, crude oil Discovery and Innovation Vol. 19 (2) 2007: pp. 102-107

Differences in the setting properties of sardine and Pacific mackerel were examined. The meat sol of sardine easily set after being kept at 20°C for only 20min; at the same time myosin heavy chain (MHC) polymers which were insoluble in SDS formed. But that of mackerel set hardly at all in the 30-40°C range, with no MHC polymerization. The setting phenomenon of sardine seemed to be caused by transglutaminase (TGase), as in the case of Alaska pollack, because significant inhibition of its activity was found due to the inhibitors of TGase, EDTA and methylamine. However, TGase activity was detected in the water soluble fraction of the muscle from seven species of fish including Pacific mackerel in the presence of 6mM CaCl2. When washed with 0.1N NaCl containing 2mM EDTA, minced sardine meat transformed its setting property to that of Pacific mackerel. On the other hand, Pacific mackerel meat changed its setting property to that of sardine after addition of 0.1% CaCl2.

In addition to 10-hydroxyoleuropein and 10-hydroxyligustroside, three new secoiridoid glycosides, multifloroside, multiroside, and 10-hydroxyoleoside-11-methyl ester have been isolated from the water soluble fraction of Jasminum multiflorum. Their structures were established by spectroscopic analyses and chemical correlations. 10-Hydroxyoleuropein and multifloroside were found to possess coronary dilating and cardiotropic activities.

椎茸菌糸体温水抽出物 (LEM) の吸収と排泄, 抗腫瘍効果とその作用機序について検討し, さらに実験大腸発癌に対する効果を検討した.LEMは経静脈的投与後早期に尿中に排泄され, 経腸管的投与では門脈血中にも移行する.AH60C腹水肝癌ラット移植腫瘍およびBAMC-1マウス移植腫瘍において, 腫瘍増殖抑制効果と生存期間の延長を示した.担癌ラット脾細胞のNK活性を正常化し, 正常マウスの脾細胞と腹腔滲出細胞のNK活性を増強したが, in vitroでは増強しなかった.azoxymethane誘発大腸発癌において, ラットの発生腫瘍個数を有意に抑制したが, 腫瘍径に有意差はなく, 一旦発生した腫瘍の増殖にはあまり抑制効果を示さなかった.LEMの投与は経腹腔法より経口法が有効であった.LEMは担癌ラットの異常な血清蛋白を正常化した.LEMの抗腫瘍効果は宿主介在性であり, LEMによる大腸癌発生の予防の可能性が示唆された.

Occurrence and causes of the unacceptable taste and coloring of Giant Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas during frozen storage were investigated. Aldehydes, hydroxy fatty acids and free fatty acids interact synergetically so as to cause the unacceptable taste. It was speculated that dimethylsulfide also plays a subordinate part. The water soluble fraction did not exhibit unacceptable taste, while on the other hand, this fraction was responsible for the onset of unacceptable coloring during frozen storage. Since unacceptable coloring occurred prior to the development of any unacceptable taste during frozen storage, it was considered that freezing temperature is much more important than glazing in storing the oyster.

Tempeh is a traditional fermented soyfood native to Central Java, Indonesia; tempeh is prepared by salt-free aerobic fermentation using Rhizopus. Similar to miso, tempeh is also reported to be antioxygenic. In this study, we used a tempeh-like fermented soybean. First, soybean was incubated aerobically and then successively incubated anaerobically. Because the gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) content was increased remarkably, we named this tempeh GABA-tempeh. The contents of other free amino acids and peptides were significantly higher in GABA-tempeh than in conventional tempeh. In this study, we compared the antioxidant activity of the water-soluble fraction in GABA-tempeh with that of soybean and conventional tempeh. The order of the antioxidant activity was shown as follows: GABA-tempeh > conventional tempeh > soybean. The components responsible for the antioxidant activity of GABA-tempeh were isoflavone aglycones, free amino acids, and peptides, which increased during aerobic and anaerobic fermentations.

The Sava River, the largest and most commercially valuable water body in the riparian countries, receives inputs of organic and inorganic compounds from a variety of domestic and industrial activities that may affect the health of humans and wildlife. In the present work, the chronic toxicity of sediment, sediment porewater and surface water from the Sava River and connecting tributaries to the freshwater algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata were assessed to characterise the potential impact on aquatic organisms. Samples of different environmental matrices were either tested directly (porewater) or subjected to preconcentration sediments and surface water) prior to testing in a 72 h growth inhibition assay using P. subcapitata. The results show that a combination of pre-concentration and bioassay testing were able to characterise the toxic potential and to identify several compartment-specific "hot spots" along the Sava River. Based on the resulting data, environmental risk could only be identified for the presumed water soluble fraction of surface water at some locations, although lack of proper risk assessment tools for porewater and sediment limited the ability to conduct a similar risk assessment for the sediment compartment.

Cereals and legumes are the major source of protein in the human diet. There is little information on the presence of non-protein tryptophan, one of the essential amino acids less represented in the vegetable proteins. Our results show that tryptophan is present not only in the free-form but also is linked either to water soluble proteins or to proteins extracted at pH 8.9 both in cereal and legume flours. As regards the cereals, wheat and spelt contain the highest content of protein tryptophan and maize the lowest. Spelt, followed by barley and pearl millet flours, contains the highest amounts of free tryptophan and the rice the lowest. In addition, spelt flour shows the highest levels of tryptophan linked to both water soluble and buffered protein fractions, whereas rice contains the lowest amounts of protein-bound tryptophan. Among the legume flours, soybeans show the highest value in protein tryptophan and peas the lowest. Chick peas contain the highest concentrations of both free and protein-bound tryptophan water soluble fraction. This last fraction appears absent in broad bean, lentil and soybean flours. In addition, beans are shown to contain the highest levels of tryptophan linked to proteins extracted at pH 8.9, and peanuts the lowest values both as free and protein-bound forms. Considering that tryptophan is one of the limiting amino acids of the biological value of vegetable proteins, the determination of non-protein tryptophan in food is very useful in calculating the score.