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Rust fungi on commercial Vitis cultivars, wild Vitaceae, and Meliosma (Sabiaceae), potential alternate hosts of a grapevine leaf rust (GLR) fungus, were surveyed in Thailand and Vietnam. Molecular phylogenetic analyses using the internal transcribed spacer 2 and the large-subunit rRNA gene (D1/D2 region) and morphological examinations confirmed that the GLR fungus distributed in Southeast Asia and Australasia is distinct from Neophysopella species involved in GLRs in East Asia and the Americas. Therefore, the Southeast Asian-Australasian GLR fungus is recognized as a new Neophysopella species and named as N. tropicalis. Two fungi on Meliosma species in Thailand were aecial anamorph of Neophysopella species. One parasitic on M. simplicifolia and M. simplicifolia subsp. fordii was previously named as Aecidium wareoense, and a new name, N. wareoensis, is proposed for it. Another on M. arnottiana in Thailand was phylogenetically and morphologically distinct from all other Meliosma rust fungi, and, therefore, it is recognized as a new species, N. sriphumensis. A uredinial-telial fungus on Ampelocissus araneosa (Vitaceae) in Thailand was morphologically similar to Phakopsora cronartiiformis on Parthencissus semicordata (Vitaceae) in the Himalayas. However, the former fungus was distinct from the latter in producing characteristic urediniospores with labyrinthiform surface structure and cone-shaped projections. It is, therefore, recognized as a new species, N. doipuiensis.

Ophiocaryon nicolasii, from the “Camino de los Andaquíes,” in the Amazonian slope of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia, Caquetá department, is described and illustrated and its morphological relationships with other similar Ophiocaryon species are discussed. This new species is a small tree from the foothills to montane forest (500–1000 m). Morphologically it is related to O. manausense (W.A. Rodrigues) Barneby, but it differs by: smaller leaves, petioles, petiolules, and inflorescences; leaflets with 8–16 secondary veins; leaflets, bracteoles, staminodes and ovary with different shape; margins of sepals erose. Information about the Andakí region and its ancestral inhabitants is presented. An updated key to the species of Ophiocaryon is provided.

Descriptions of the cambial variants of the lianoids in two families, Lardizabalaceae and Sabiaceae, were lacking in Taiwan. This study aimed to diagnose the stem characteristics of seven lianoid species from these two families to update existing knowledge. Specifically, the transverse sections of fresh stems were diagnosed to generate a key. The results showed that all seven species develop one of ten cambial variant types, viz. axial vascular elements in segments. Of these species, Sabia swinhoei Hemsley, Stauntonia obovata Hemsley, and S. obovatifoliola Hayata formed secondary rays. The thick and successive periderm was apparent in Stauntonia obovata and S. obovatifoliola at older stem. The sclerenchyma ring was continuous or discontinuous in two genera (Akebia and Stauntonia), but was absent in Sabia. Four diagnostic features could be used to distinguish Lardizabalaceae and Sabiaceae; namely, the periderm, cortical sclerenchyma, vessel arrangement, and cortex ducts. The cambial variations documented for these seven lianoid species in Taiwan update existing information, facilitating comparisons between Lardizabalaceae and Sabiaceae.

Sabiaceae comprises three genera and ca. 80 species with an amphi-Pacific tropical disjunct distribution. It has been unclear whether the family is monophyletic, where the family belongs within the angiosperm phylogeny, and when and how is present-day disjunct distribution originated. To address these questions, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of Sabiaceae with comprehensive sampling of the family and basal eudicots using six chloroplast DNA loci (atpB, rbcL, matK, ndhF, atpB-rbcL and trnL-trnF). Our results support the monophyly of Sabiaceae s. l. that includes three genera: Meliosma Blume, Ophiocaryon Endl. and Sabia Colebr. The placement of Sabiaceae as sister to Proteales receives moderate bootstrap support, and is corroborated by various alternative hypothesis tests. Within Sabiaceae, Ophiocaryon and Sabia were resolved as strongly supported clades, whereas Meliosma was paraphyletic with Ophiocaryon nested within it. The biogeographically disjunct accessions of Meliosma alba (which is alternatively known as Kingsboroughia alba (Schltdl.) Liebm.) sampled from southwestern China and Mexico form a monophyletic group. Molecular dating and ancestral area reconstruction suggest a Eurasian origin of Sabiaceae in the late Cretaceous and a boreotropical range expansion during Paleogene. Southward migrations were inferred from continental Eurasia to the Malesian region in Sabia and in the Asian Meliosma, and from Central America to South America in the Neotropical clade of Meliosma in response to climatic cooling after the late Miocene. A long distance dispersal from Central America to tropical Asia was suggested during the time at the Neogene and Quaternary boundary in Meliosma alba (now recognized as Kingsboroughia alba). Our results also support the recognition of Kingsboroughia Liebm. as a distinct genus to maintain the monophyly of each of the genera: Meliosma, Ophiocaryon and Sabia. Kingsboroughia along with Meliosma and Ophiocaryon constitutes the subfamily Meliosmoideae Mast., while Sabia is the sole genus of Sabioideae Y.W. Law & Y.F. Wu.

Sabia campanulata Wall. subsp. ritchieae (Rehder & E.H. Wilson) Y.F. Wu, an endemic species from China is recorded for the first time to the flora of India from Sainj Wildlife Sanctuary of Himachal Pradesh, India. Detail description, illustration, habitat, flowering and fruiting period along with field photographs are provided for easy identification. A note has also been provided on the population status of the taxon in India.

Sabia parviflora Wall. ex Roxb., an evergreen climbing woody vine, is a Chinese herbal medicine commonly used by ethnic minorities in some areas of China. In this study, the chloroplast genome of S. parviflora was sequenced for the first time. Its genome is 162,054 bp in length with 38.6% of GC content. The genome consists of a large single copy (LSC) region of 90,001 bp, a small single copy (SSC) region of 18,887 bp, and two inverted repeat (IRa and IRb) regions of 26,583 bp each. A total of 130 genes were annotated, including 85 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted by nine species from order Proteales, which demonstrated a close relationship between the family Sabiaceae and Nelumbonaceae.

Background and aims Ophiocaryon is a lesser known genus in Sabiaceae. This study examines flowers of six Ophiocaryon species in comparison with Meliosmaalba, to identify taxonomically informative characters for understanding relationships within the family Sabiaceae, to imply previously unknown pollination mechanisms of Ophiocaryon, and to contribute to the placement of Sabiaceae within the early-diverging eudicots. Methods Floral morphology and anatomy of six Ophiocaryon species and M. alba were studied and described using scanning electron microscopy, clearing techniques and resin sectioning. Key results Novel characters of Ophiocaryon were identified, e.g. conical cells on petals, different kinds of orbicules in anthers, stomata on nectary appendage tips and ovary, two distinct surface patterns on stamens and ovary, tanniferous cell layers in the ovary wall, and acorn-shaped unitegmic ovules with very short integuments. Comparison of floral characters between Ophiocaryon and Meliosma found that the calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium of Ophiocaryon resemble an undeveloped state of the latter taxon, reflecting a paedomorphic regression of the flower of Ophiocaryon. The flower morphology and anatomy of Ophiocaryon was compared with its putative sister species M. alba, but no clear shared derived characters could be detected. Moreover, the findings of scent, presence of conical cells on petals and a nectary suggest flowers are pollinated by small insects with a secondary pollen presentation on the cupula of fertile stamens. Conclusions We found that Ophiocaryon may be derived from ancestors that were similar to extant Meliosma in their flower structure and pollination mechanism. However, the lack of shared derived characters between Ophiocaryon and its phylogenetic sister group M. alba is puzzling and requires further investigations on the diversity of the latter species.

In this paper, the fourth in a series documenting palynological characters across angiosperms using a contemporary phylogenetic framework, we deal with the basal eudicots, a group which includes Buxales, Proteales, Ranunculales, Sabiaceae, and Trochodendrales. Using available molecular sequences of matK and rbcL from previous studies, we reconstructed a maximum likelihood tree for a total of 196 genera (including nine outgroups), representing 13 families and all four orders of basal eudicots. Across the 196 genera, 20 pollen characters were documented from prior publications and new observations. These were coded using two strategies and optimized onto the reconstructed phylogenetic tree using Fitch parsimony, maximum likelihood, and hierarchical Bayesian inference to infer ancestral states. Pollen samples of 24 species from 24 genera in eight families were imaged under LM and SEM to illustrate the diversity of basal eudicot pollen. In addition, we tested for correlated evolution between plant growth form and pollen shape class, and between anemophily and pollen aperture number, using maximum likelihood and Markov chain Monte Carlo analyses. Basal eudicot pollen showed high morphological diversity, especially in characters including tectum sculpture, aperture number, and ectoaperture shape. Depending upon the method of reconstruction, 14 to 18 plesiomorphic palynological states were unequivocally inferred, and a total number of 357 character state transitions were found at or above tribal level. These provide palynological support for at least 58 of the clades discovered by molecular phylogenetic estimation. For example, using hierarchical Bayesian inference with comprehensive data coding, 222 state changes were inferred. Pollen size, tectum sculpture, and pollen shape class changed the most frequently among the 20 studied characters. The most concentrated character state changes in basal eudicot pollen are estimated to have occurred around the Barremian to Albian stages of the Early Cretaceous. Tests of correlated evolution suggest that the herbaceous growth form is significantly associated with spheroidal pollen shape and the arborescent growth form with oblate pollen shape. However, no significant correlations were found between anemophily and aperture number. Patterns of evolutionary change in pollen size and tectum sculpture, and their adaptive functions, are discussed. Based on previous evidence and our data, pollination syndrome is the most likely factor associated with the high frequency of state changes in these two characters.

Summary The type specimen of Maesa camptobotrys is re-examined and morphology and characters are discussed. The specimen is a member of the genus Sabia (Sabiaceae) rather than the genus Discocalyx (Primulaceae) into which it was transferred; the name is formally placed as a synonym of Sabia pauciflora.

Chemical study of the leaves of Meliosma pinnata spp. arnottiana afforded five sulfated glucosides of oct-1-en-3-ol (1) and cyclic linalool derivatives (2-5), and two megastigmanes (6, 7). Their structures were elucidated by extensive investigation of one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic data, and the absolute structures of the megastigmanes were determined by the modified Mosher's method.

Insect galls of the Floresta da Cicuta (Volta Redonda, RJ, Brazil). Galls are changes in the pattern of growth and development of plant tissues or organs in response to the action of an inducing organism, usually an insect. The goal of the present study was to inventory the insect galls of the Floresta da Cicuta (Volta Redonda, RJ, Brazil). The collections were carried out along all the trails, totaling 16 hours of sampling. Forty-three morphotypes of insect galls were found in 24 plant species (18 genera and 15 families). Sapindaceae and Euphorbiaceae were the most richness host plant families. Six new records of host plant species are presented: Senefeldera verticillata (Vell.) Croizat. (Euphorbiaceae), Inga acuminata (Fabaceae), Ocotea elegans (Lauraceae), Ouratea stipulata (Ochnaceae), Psychotria nuda (Rubiaceae) and Cestrum intermedium (Solanaceae). Most of the galls occurred on leaves (n = 21) and stems (n = 18), followed by buds (n = 2), two gall morphotypes occurred simultaneously on leaves and stems. One-chambered galls were more frequent (n = 31), as well as glabrous galls (n = 33). The gallers belong to three insect orders: Diptera (Cecidomyiidae), Hemiptera, and Lepidoptera. The associated fauna comprised parasitoids (Hymenoptera), inquilines (Hemiptera and Coleoptera) and successors (Isoptera and Acari).

Sabiaceae include over 120 species of mostly trees and shrubs found in moist forests of the Neotropics and Southeast Asia. The family includes three genera, Meliosma, Ophiocaryon, and Sabia, the first being the most species-rich and the only one found at the present time throughout the entire disjunct distribution range displayed by the family. Sabiaceae resolves among early-diverging eudicots in familylevel phylogenetic studies, however, to date, no such studies have focused on the family or any of its members. Nuclear and chloroplast molecular data were used to infer phylogenetic relationships within Sabiaceae and among species of Meliosma. Sabia occupies an early diverging position in Sabiaceae and Ophiocaryon is nested within Meliosma, although monophyly of the latter cannot be rejected. Results show that Meliosma alba, found in China and Mexico, is monophyletic. The infrageneric classification of Meliosma, largely based on endocarp morphological characters, is evaluated in light of these res...

UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY Flowers of Sabiaceae diverge from basal eudicots in combining pentamery with superposed whorls of sepals, petals, and stamens and are therefore crucial in understanding origins of core eudicot flowers. Different hypotheses are tested using floral developmental evidence, whether the pentamerous flower is derived from a spiral, trimerous, or dimerous progenitor.• METHODS The floral development of two species of Sabia was investigated with the scanning electron microscope to understand their unusual floral morphology and the origin of pentamery.• KEY RESULTS The species show major developmental differences in their inflorescence morphology and organ initiation sequence. In S. limoniacea, flowers are subtended by a pherophyll preceding two prophylls, one of which encloses a younger flower; floral organs arise in a continuous spiral sequence without interruption between different organs. The ovary is oriented in an oblique-median position. In S. japonica, one prophyll replaces one of the sepals, and there is a disruption in the spiral sequence. As a result, the ovary is inserted more or less transversally.• CONCLUSIONS The flower of Sabiaceae is structurally best interpreted as derived from a trimerous progenitor, and a derivation from a dimerous or spiral progenitor is less likely. One organ of each median adaxial whorl is interpreted as lost (from K3+3 C3+3 A3+3 G3 to K3+2 C3+2 A3+2 G2). The number of sepals is variable as pherophylls, prophylls, and sepals cannot be distinguished by shape and intergrade with each other. The floral organization of Sabia is reminiscent of trimerous Ranunculales and supports an earlier divergence of Sabiaceae relative to Proteales.

From the leaves of Meliosma lepidota ssp. squamulata, megastigmane glucosides with spiro-structures and megastigmanes were isolated. Their structures were determined by X-ray crystallographic analyses and spectroscopic investigation. The absolute structures of the megastigmanes were determined by the modified Mosher's method.

Explosive pollen release is a mechanism used by some angiosperms that serves to attach pollen to a pollinator's body. It is usually adopted by species with zygomorphic tubular flowers and pollinated by birds and bees. The tree genus Meliosma (Sabiaceae, Proteales) has unique disc-like flowers that are externally actinomorphic, but internally zygomorphic, and release pollen explosively. To elucidate the adaptive significance of explosive pollen release, we observed flowering behaviour, the breeding system and pollinator visits to flowers of the Japanese species Meliosma tenuis in a temperate forest. Flowers bloomed in June and were nectariferous and protandrous. Explosive pollen release was triggered by slight tactile stimuli to anther filaments or staminodes in male-stage flowers. Because pollen cannot come into contact with the pistils enclosed by staminodes, M. tenuis is functionally protandrous. Artificial pollination treatments revealed that M. tenuis is allogamous. The dominant flower visitors were nectar-seeking drones of the bumblebee species Bombus ardens (Apidae). The drones' behaviour, pollen attachment on their bodies and fruit set of visit-restricted flowers suggest that they are the only agent triggering the explosive pollen release mechanism, and are the main pollinator of M. tenuis. The finding that bumblebee workers rarely visit these flowers suggests that the explosive pollen release has another function, namely to discourage pollen-harvesting bumblebee workers.

Flowers of four species of Sabia are investigated using scanning electron and light microscopy to understand the complex floral system of Sabiaceae and to contribute to the understanding of the systematic position of the family among early diverging eudicots. The structure of the mature flower and the floral anatomy are here described and compared with that of the sister genus Meliosma. The floral structure is relatively uniform with the greatest variability in the shape of the nectary and the differentiation of the style. Flowers share a similar pollen release mechanism, as pollen is extruded from the monosporangiate thecae through an inward-out dehiscence process leading to seemingly extrorse anthers occasionally accompanied by the curving of the upper part of the filaments. The bicarpellate ovary is divided in a synascidiate zone and a symplicate zone of similar size with two superposed unitegmic ovules per carpel. The floral Bauplan of Sabia can be interpreted as precursory to a further evolution of the monosymmetric flower of Meliosma, as both genera share numerous characters. The isolated position of Sabiaceae in the early diverging eudicots is highlighted by their unique floral morphology, although several features point to a link with Ranunculales, such as Menispermaceae. These probably reflect the existence of apomorphic tendencies shared by members of the early diverging eudicots.

Phakopsora meliosmae, a macrocyclic autoecious rust fungus, is reported to occur on several Meliosma species widely distributed in Asia. Despite the apparent broad host range, a recent molecular phylogenetic study indicated that two rust populations on Meliosma myriantha and Meliosma tenuis respectively in Japan were biologically distinct. To clarify the biological and taxonomic relationships of these populations, cross inoculations and comparative morphological examinations were carried out. Cross inoculations using basidiospores and aeciospores confirmed the macrocyclic, autoecious nature of the life cycle in both rust populations and showed that the two populations were distinct in their host specificity. Furthermore, they were found to be distinct in the structure of the aecial peridium surface, the size and wall thickness of uredinial paraphyses, and the urediniospore size and shape. Consequently, the fungal population on M. tenuis is taxonomically separated from P. meliosmae originally proposed for the fungus on M. myriantha. A new name, Phakopsora orientalis, is proposed for the fungus on M. tenuis.

Universidade Estadual Paulista Depto. de Botânica Instituto de Biociencias, Av. 24-A 1515, 13506-900, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo

A new species of Meliosma (Sabiaceae), M. longepedicellata, from southeastern Ecuador, in the Amotape-Huancabamba zone, is described and illustrated. The new species mainly differs from the Venezuelan M. tachirensis in having inflorescences with longer pedicels (3.0–6.0 vs. 0.5–3.0 mm), flower buds globose before anthesis (vs. flower buds oblong), shorter outer petals (2.0–2.5 vs. 3.0–3.5 mm), and staminodes of subsquare shape (vs. staminodes lanceolate). Relationships with other morphologically related species are also discussed.

Meliosma chartacea Lombardi (Sabiaceae), a new species from southeastern Brazil, is described from Minas Gerais and Espirito Santo. It is characterized by its entire internal petals, very short petiole (generally less than 1 cm), brochidodromous venation, and entire leaf margin. A key to determine the species from southeastern Brazil is presented. Lectotypes and new synonyms are proposed for formerly described Brazilian species: M. sellowii Urban and M. itatiaiae Urban.

Four new species of Meliosma (Sabiaceae) are herein described and illustrated. Three are from Ecuador: M. condorensis, M. gracilis, and M. palaciosii; and the fourth is from Bolivia, M. caballeroensis.

The structure and anatomy of mature flowers of four species of Meliosma is investigated using scanning electron and light microscopy. The vasculature of the flower, including the structure of the gynoecium, is described in detail. The mechanism of stamen maturation and pollen release is illustrated and discussed. The existence of an explosive pollination mechanism is questioned for at least part of the species. Flowers are proterandrous and fertile stamens are kept spatially separate from the style by a ring of large staminodes. Anthers are disporangiate by the loss of the adaxial pollen sacs. During maturation the filament bends progressively outwards and releases the pollen on the extension of the connective that acts as a secondary pollen presentation system. The nectary has five appendages topped with stomata secreting abundant nectar. The relationships of Sabiaceae are discussed relative to other early diverging eudicots. The significance of Sabiaceae as an isolated clade is highlighted, although some features point to a link with Menispermaceae.

Flower developmental studies are a complement to molecular phylogenetics and a tool to understand the evolution of the angiosperm flower. Buds and mature flowers of Meliosma veitchiorum, M. cuneifolia, and M. dilleniifolia (Sabiaceae) were investigated using scanning electron microscopy to clarify flower developmental patterns and morphology, to understand the origin of the perianth merism, and to discuss the two taxonomic positions proposed for Sabiaceae, among rosids or in the basal grade of eudicots. Flowers in Meliosma appear pentamerous with two of the five sepals and petals strongly reduced, three staminodes alternating with two fertile stamens opposite the small petals, and a two-carpellate gynoecium. The flower development in Meliosma is spiral without distinction between bracteoles and sepals. Because of this development, sepals, petals, and stamens are almost opposite and not alternating as expected in cyclical pentamerous flowers. In four-sepal flowers the direction of petal initiation is reversed. The symmetry of the flower appears to be transversally zygomorphic, although this is hidden by the almost equal size of the larger petals. Evidence points to a unique pentamerous origin of flowers in Meliosma, and not to a trimerous origin, as earlier suggested, and adds support to multiple origins of pentamery in the eudicots.

Se describe como especie nueva a Meliosma mexicana (Sabiaceae). Es endémica de la Sierra Madre Oriental de México en los estados de Querétaro y Tamaulipas. Crece desde los 800 hasta los 1900 m de altitud en el bosque mesófilo de montaña y el bosque de pino-encino húmedo. Pertenece al subg. Meliosma sect. Lorenzanea y es morfológicamente parecida a M. dentata, a la cual aparentemente remplaza en el noreste de México. Meliosma mexicana se distingue de M. dentata por tener hojas esencialmente enteras, glándulas estipitadas que varían de color rojizo a negruzco, y frutos subglobosos de 0.6 a 0.7(0.8) cm de largo.

Endoapertures, the inner openings of compound apertures in pollen grains, are common in eudicots, but occur infrequently in early-divergent eudicot lineages, in which they are restricted to three families: Menispermaceae, Sabiaceae and Buxaceae. Pollen of Sabiaceae was examined using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The endoapertures are large and lalongate, and intine onci are associated with their development. Optimisation of endoapertures onto an existing angiosperm phylogeny indicates that endoapertures have evolved at least three times independently: in Menispermaceae, in Sabiaceae plus Buxaceae (or possibly separately in these two families), and in the core eudicot clade. Sabiaceae are unusual among early-divergent eudicots in that they possess some characters that are more common in core eudicots, including pollen with endoapertures and pentamerous flowers. This indicates either that they are more closely related to core eudicots than is indicated by current molecular evidence, or that these characters are homoplastic. The latter would suggest a high degree of experimentation prior to evolutionary canalisation of some key morphological features in eudicots. The evolution of endoapertures in early-divergent eudicots is probably associated with possession of endexine sculpture (endosculpture) such as endocracks; endoapertures may have been retained in eudicots as a harmomegathic mechanism.

Based on analyses of combined data sets of three genes (18S rDNA, rbcL, and atpB), phylogenetic relationships among the early-diverging eudicot lineages (Ranunculales, Proteales, Trochodendraceae, Sabiaceae, and Buxaceae) remain unclear, as are relationships within Ranunculales, especially the placement of Eupteleaceae. To clarify relationships among these early-diverging eudicot lineages, we added entire sequences of 26S rDNA to the existing three-gene data set. In the combined analyses of four genes based on parsimony, ML, and Bayesian analysis, Ranunculales are strongly supported as a clade and are sister to other eudicots. Proteales appear as sister to the remaining eudicots, which are weakly (59%) supported as a clade. Relationships among Trochodendraceae, Buxaceae (including Didymeles), Sabiaceae, and Proteales remain unclear. Within Ranunculales, Eupteleaceae are sister to all other Ranunculales, with bootstrap support of 70% in parsimony analysis and with posterior probability of 1.00 in Bayesian analysis. Our character reconstructions indicate that the woody habit is ancestral, not only for the basal angiosperms, but also for the eudicots. Furthermore, Ranunculales may not be ancestrally herbaceous, as long maintained. The woody habit appears to have been ancestral for several major clades of eudicots, including Caryophyllales, and asterids.

International audience; Seven triterpenoid glycosides, named meliosmosides A-G, were isolated from the leaves of Meliosma henryi Diels (Sabiaceae). Their structures were elucidated by different spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR experiments as well as HRESIMS analysis. Isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against KB cell line.

Gynoecium and ovule structure was compared in representatives of the basal eudicots, including Ranunculales (Berberidaceae, Circaeasteraceae, Eupteleaceae, Lardizabalaceae, Menispermaceae, Papaveraceae, Ranunculaceae), Proteales (Nelumbonaceae, Platanaceae, Proteaceae), some families of the former «lower» hamamelids that have been moved to Saxifragales (Altingiaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, Daphniphyllaceae, Hamamelidaceae), and some families of uncertain position (Gunneraceae, Myrothamnaceae, Buxaceae, Sabiaceae, Trochodendraceae). In all representatives studied, the carpels (or syncarpous gynoecia) are closed at anthesis. This closure is attained in different ways: (1) by secretion without postgenital fusion (Berberidaceae, Papaveraceae, Nelumbonaceae, probably Circaeaster); (2) by a combination of postgenital fusion and secretion; (2a) with a complete secretory canal and partly postgenitally fused periphery (Lardizabalaceae, Menispermaceae, some Ranunculaceae, Sabiaceae); (2b) with an incomplete secretory canal and completely fused periphery (Trochodendron); (3) by complete postgenital fusion without a secretory canal (most Ranunculaceae, Eupteleaceae, Platanaceae, Proteaceae, all families of Saxifragales and incertae sedis studied here). Stigmas are double-crested and decurrent in most of the non-ranunculalian taxa; unicellular-papillate in most taxa, but with multicellular protuberances in Daphniphyllaceae and Hamamelidaceae. Carpels predominantly have three vascular bundles, but five in Proteales (without Nelumbonaceae), Myrothamnaceae and Trochodendraceae. The latter two also share «oil» cells in the carpels. Stomata on the outer carpel surface are present in the majority of Ranunculales and Proteales, but tend to be lacking in the saxifragalian families. In basal eudicots, especially in the non-ranunculalian families there is a trend to form more than one ovule per carpel but to develop only one seed, likewise there is a trend to have immature ovules at anthesis. Ovule number per carpel is predominantly one or two. Proteales (without Nelumbonales) mainly have orthotropous ovules, the other groups have anatropous (or hemitropous or campylotropous) ovules. The outer integument is annular in the groups with orthotropous or hemitropous ovules, and also in a number of saxifragalian families with anatropous ovules. In Proteales the integuments are predominantly lobed but there is no distinct pattern in this feature among the other groups. Among Ranunculales two pairs of families (Lardizabalaceae/Menispermaceae and Berberidaceae/Papaveraceae) due to similarities in gynoecium structure can be recognized, which are not apparent in molecular analyses. The close relationship of Platanaceae and Proteaceae is supported by gynoecium structure but gynoecial features do not support their affinity to Nelumbonaceae. The alliance of Daphniphyllaceae with Hamamelidaceae s.l. is also supported.

Meliosma stellata Cornejo & Bonifaz, a new species of Sabiaceae from the Andean montane forests of southwestern Ecuador, is described and illustrated. The new species resembles the Colombian species M. violacea Cuatrecasas & Idrobo but differs by having smaller fruits, ca. 1.5 cm (vs. 2.6 cm) long, without its characteristic purple sap, and mainly by having highly distinctive sclerotic 4-branched stellate trichomes. This last feature is a significant character previously not recorded for species within this genus.

The article provides information on type specimens of 150 taxa of vascular plants from Korea, kept in the Herbarium of the Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. For all specimens, type category is indicated. Lectotypes for the names of Clematis brachyura Maxim., C. spectabilis Palib., Corydalis wilfordii Regel, Poa viridula Palib., Polygonum marretii H. Lv., P. sagittatum L. var. hallaisanense H. Lv., P. taquetii H. Lv. and P. thunbergii Sieb. et Zucc. var. coreana H. Lv. were designated. Type specimens examined in this article belong to the taxa described by Russian botanists V.L. Komarov, K.J. Maximovicz and I.V. Palibin, French botanist A.A.H. Lveill (some with co-author E. Vaniot) and others.

Se presenta una lista preliminar de 650 géneros de plantas vasculares que contienen al menos una especie ligada en forma exclusiva o preferencial con el bosque mesófilo de montaña de México. Del análisis de tal inventario se desprende que: a) En esta comunidad vegetal la forma biológica mejor representada corresponde a las epífitas y la familia numéricamente prevaleciente es la de las Orchidaceae, que supera más de dos veces a Compositae y cerca de cuatro veces a Leguminosae. b) 13 familias de la flora vascular de México (Brunelliaceae, Chloranthaceae, Cunoniaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Illiciaceae, Nyssaceae, Podocarpaceae, Proteaceae, Sabiaceae, Schisandraceae, Tovariaceae, Tropaeolaceae y Winteraceae) son exclusivas o casi exclusivas de este tipo de vegetación y la mayoría de los componentes de otras 33 entidades del mismo nivel prospera preferente o mayoritariamente en el bosque mesófilo de montaña. c) A nivel de géneros predominan ampliamente los de afinidad geográfica meridional sobre los boreales; solamente 2% restringe su distribución a los límites del país, aunque ese porcentaje se eleva a 12 si se toma como referencia a México y Centroamérica. d) El registro fósil indica que el bosque mesófilo de montaña existe en México desde el Terciario y en tal contexto se postula que este tipo de vegetación evolucionó integrando elementos de afinidades ecológicas apropiadas de la antigua flora del sur de Laurasia, de la flora llegada de Sudamérica y de la flora originada en México y Centroamérica, sin menoscabo de la muy probable incorporación de algunas plantas provenientes de otros tipos de vegetación.

Silicified wood collected from the Lower Miocene Nawamata Formation at two localities, Nakaya and Nigoriike, Monzen-machi, Noto Peninsula, central Japan, were identified. Among the 58 specimens there are two species of conifers and eleven species of dicotyledons:Taxodioxylon cunninghamioides (Watari) Watari andT. sequoianum (Merckl.) Gothan (both Taxodiaceae),Carya protojaponica Watari (Juglandaceae),Pterocarya rhoifolia Siebold et Zucc. (Juglandaceae),Ostrya monzenensis sp. nov. (Betulaceae),Quercus anataiensis (Watari) Watari (Fagaceae),Liquidambar hisauchii comb. nov. (Hamamelidaceae),Prunus iwatense (Watari) Takahashi et Suzuki (Rosaceae),Gleditsia paleojaponica comb. nov. (Leguminosae),Acer watarianum Takahashi et Suzuki (Aceraceae),Meliosma mio-oldhami sp. nov. (Sabiaceae),Reevesia miocenica Watari (Sterculiaceae), andFraxinus notoensis sp. nov. (Oleaceae). The fossil wood floras at the two localities are compared to the Daijima Flora, and warm-and/or cool-temperate mesic forests are suggested to occur in the Early Miocene of Monzen.

Four taxa, Dryopteris kwewichowicola (Dryopteridaceae), Gastrochilus nanus (Orchidaceae), Rubus fanjingshanensis (Rosaceae), and Sabia swinhoei var. parvifolia (Sabiaceae), are described as new. Deinostema adenocaulon is reported for the first time from China

Sabia uropetala Gagnep. & Vidal is reduced to Sabia swinhoei Hemsl. as a synonym, and the identity of Embelia bonii Gagnep., cited in Flora of Vietnam, is clarified.

IAWA (International Asso ciation of Wood Anato mists) publishes a high quality journal in four parts, comprising about 500 pages a year. Every so often they publish supplements that are much longer and more comprehensive than traditional scientific papers. The first two were Bibliography of systematic wood anatomy of dicotyledons (265 pages) by Mary Gregory (1994) and Wood anatomy of Sapindaceae (214 pages) by Rene Klaasen (1999). This third supplement is on a fossil flora which has many well‐preserved woods that have now been studied in detail. The only minor criticism I have is that the title of this supplement is as shown above on the front cover, but the inner pages are all more specific: ‘Woods of the Middle Eocene . . .’. The cover shows a beautifully pre served transverse section of Alangium oregonensis, and whets the appetite to dig deeper. This is a very thorough and detailed account of the fossil woods found in the Middle Eocene Clarno formation, which was deposited around 44 million years ago. The authors have examined 600 silicified wood samples, and assigned them to 66 genera and 76 species. This comprises the most diverse fossil wood assemblage from a single locality, and is of great scientific value, because there are also many co‐occurring fruits and seeds, which have been assigned to 145 genera and 173 species, and leaf fossils also occur. These fossils are from a time when the warm equable climate of the early Eocene was changing to the cooler more seasonal climates that we know today. Many of the woods have indistinct growth rings, suggesting that the climate was only weakly seasonal, and probably warm temperate to subtropical. Modern tropical lowland trees often have a few wide vessels, but none of the Clarno woods show this. Twenty‐two per cent of the woods have scalariform perforation plates, and 29 % are semi‐ring porous. All the wood genera described that still exist now occur in eastern Asia, 50 % are shared with eastern North America and 50 % with Malesia. Only 5 % of the woods were identified as lianas, whereas 43 % of the fruits and seeds have been. Discrepancies between the fossil woods and seeds and fruits are discussed thoroughly, with suggestions on why this should be. The introductory chapters provide a wealth of information. The materials and methods section provides a good description of the locality and occurrence of the fossils, how the collections were made and where they are now kept. The woods were silicified, often abraded and jumbled, and clearly not fossilized in situ. The method of preparation for microscopy and the process of identification are described. The philosophy of how names were applied is explained. The authors have divided the woods into five groups according to their relationship to extant plants. These are (1) extant genera, where the anatomy is the same as that in a present‐day genus; (2) extinct genera, where the fossil can be identified as belonging to an existing family, but has a combination of anatomical features not occurring in today’s genera; (3) stereotype genera, which cannot be assigned to an extant genus because the same combination of features occurs in more than one genus; (3a) ordinal genera, which have features that occur in more than one family, but these families belong to the same monophyletic clade (i.e. order); and (4) form genera or xylotypes, which cannot be assigned to a family or order. The last group could include genera that still exist, but have not been examined or recognized from reference material. The bulk of this work comprises detailed descriptions and photomicrographs of the woods. Considering the age of these fossils, their preservation and the quality of the photographs is remarkable. The sections are often as good as those of modern woods. The authors have taken a cautious approach with their identifications and ordering of descriptions. These begin with dicotyledon woods identified to family (Aceraceae, Alangiaceae, Anacardiaceae, Annon aceae, Araliaceae, Betulaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, Fagaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Juglandaceae, Lauraceae, Leguminosae, Magnoliaceae, Malvaceae, Platanaceae, Rosaceae, Sabiaceae, Sapindaceae, Ulmaceae, Vitaceae), followed by those referable to orders (Malpighiales, Sapindales, Urticales), then those with uncertain affinity, which are divided into ‘xylotypes’ (three groups). The xylotypes have been divided into woods with exclusively scalariform perforation plates (further subdivided into those with solitary vessels and wide rays over 10 cells wide, those with vessels in radial multiples and solitary with rays over 10 cells wide, and those with narrower rays), woods with both scalariform and simple perforation plates, and those with exclusively simple perforations (subdivided into vines with or without interxylary phloem, semi‐ring to ring porous woods, and diffuse porous woods). For each taxon or group account there are headings for comments. These include characters which would have been needed to aid an identification, but were absent because of poor preservation, and similarities to extant woods. This part of each account is very helpful, because it gives an insight into the process of coming to an identification, and provides a great deal of information on the anatomy of extant woods as well as the fossils. The remainder of the taxon accounts are palms and gymnosperms (Pinaceae, Taxodiaceae, Ginkgoaceae, conifers of unknown affinities). The publication of so many descriptions and good photographs, even of unidentified material, means that future researchers on Clarno woods will have most of what they need in this single volume. The authors have provided a detailed, beautifully illustrated and well‐designed book. It will be an essential reference for those working on Eocene and Tertiary floras, and is a sobering reminder to those of us who work on modern woods how difficult fossil woods are to prepare and identify. The book will be a permanent record of a fossil wood flora, and will be the standard reference for many years to come. I thoroughly recommend it to anyone interested in the evolution of flowering plants and/or wood anatomy.

The names of two widespread tree species from tropical Asia, Radermachera pinnata (Blanco) Seemann (1870: 147) (Bignoniaceae) and Meliosma pinnata (Roxb.) Maximowicz (1867: 64) (Sabiaceae), are based on the orthographically identical binomial Millingtonia pinnata . The earlier of the two basionyms is Millingtonia pinnata Roxburgh (1820: 103), making Millingtonia pinnata Blanco (1837: 501) an illegitimate later homonym. Radermachera pinnata must therefore be considered an avowed substitute with priority dating from 1870 (ICBN Art. 58.1; McNeill et al . 2006). However, there are several names with priority over Radermachera pinnata (see synonymy in van Steenis 1976). The earliest of these is Millingtonia quadripinnata Blanco (1837: 501). Merrill (1908) was the first to equate Blanco’s two species of Millingtonia , and he reduced M. quadripinnata to a synonym of M. pinnata . Merrill’s interpretation of the identity of M. quadripinnata was followed by van Steenis (1928, 1976, 1977), but the application of the name remains unfixed in the absence of a type. There are no extant Blanco specimens (Veldkamp 1989, Nicolson & Veldkamp 2003), so neotypification is required. This is done here to secure the accepted application of the name. The correct name for Radermachera pinnata therefore becomes R. quadripinnata . A new combination is required for a widely recognised subspecies. This is made below.

Recent cladistic analyses of angiosperms based on both morphological and molecular sequence data recognize a major clade of dicotyledons defined by triaperturate or triaperturate-derived pollen (non-magnoliids/eudicots). Evidence from morphology, as well as the atpB and rbcL genes (cpDNA), indicates that extant Ranunculidae (e.g., Papaverales, Lardizabalaceae, Berberidaceae, Menispermaceae, Ranunculaceae) as well as “lower” Hamamelididae [e.g., Eupteleaceae (allied to Ranunculidae), Hamamelidaceae, Myrothamnaceae, Platanaceae, Trochodendraceae] and several other families (e.g., Gunneraceae, Nelumbonaceae, Proteaceae, Sabiaceae) are basal in this group. The earliest records of diagnostic eudicot pollen are of mid-late Barremian age (c. 126myr BP) and by around the latest Albian (c. 97 myr BP) several basal eudicot groups (e.g., Trochodendrales, Platanaceae, Buxaceae, and perhaps Circaeasteraceae, Myrothamnaceae, and Nelumbonaceae) are recognizable in the fossil record. Possible Hamamelidaceae and perhaps Proteaceae are present by the Turonian (c. 90 myr BP). Among basal eudicots, flowers are generally bisexual although unisexual flowers are also common. In some groups (e.g., Myrothamnaceae, Buxaceae, certain Berberidaceae), delimitation of the flower is not always clear and there is a more or less gradual transition between tepals and inflorescence bracts. Plasticity in floral form at this level of angiosperm evolution is predominantly encompassed by dimerous and trimerous cyclic floral organization and transitions from one to the other are common. Spiral floral phyllotaxis of numerous stamens and carpels is more or less restricted to the Ranunculaceae. The basic condition of the perianth in eudicots appears to lack differentiation into sepals and petals, and petals appear to have arisen independently numerous times from stamens. Based on the generality of its systematic distribution, cyclic floral architecture is probably basic for eudicots as a whole, and at this level of angiosperm evolution flowers with numerous, helically-arranged stamens and/or carpels (e.g., many Ranunculaceae) almost certainly reflect processes of secondary multiplication that have occurred independently many times.

Se estudia e ilustra la morfología de polen de los siguientes componentes de la flora del Valle de México: familia Aceraceae representada por Acer negundo L., A. negundo var. mexicanum (DC.) Standl. & Steyerm.; familia Aquifoliaceae por Ilex tolucana Hemsl.; familia Geraniaceae con 2 géneros y 11 especies, a mencionar: Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hérit., E. moschatum (L.) L’Hérit., Geranium aristisepalum Moore, G. bellum Rose, G. cruceroense Knuth, G. latum Small, G. lilacinum Knuth, G. lozani Rose, G. potentillaefolium DC., G. schiedeanum Schl. y G. seemanii Peyr. En las Geraniaceae es posible diferenciar por medios palinológicos los taxa a nivel genérico, pero a nivel específico es difícil. En Erodium no se puede separar las dos especies y en Geranium se encuentran dos grupos polínicos con diferencia en la ornamentación: G. lozani, G. potentillaefolium, G. seemannii, G. shiedeanum, G. bellum, G. cruceroense y G. lilacinum presentan granos de polen con báculos de tamaño uniforme y en G. aristisepalum y G. latum se observan báculos de dos tamaños. El trabajo también se ocupa de la morfología polínica de las familias Resedaceae, representada por Reseda luteola L.; Sabiaceae, por Meliosma dentata (Liebm.) Urban; y Saxifragaceae por Heuchera orizabensis Hemsl., Philadelphus mexicanus Schl., Ribes affine K.B.K., R. ciliatum H.B.K. y R. microphyllum H.B.K.; en esta última familia se pudo observar que el polen de Heuchera y Philadelphus es muy semejante entre sí, a diferencia del de Ribes que muestra poca afinidad con los otros géneros. Las observaciones de los granos de polen se realizaron con el microscopio de luz y microscopio electrónico de barrido.

Sabia lanceolata Colebr. of Sabiaceae is reported as a new record to China. The species is different from other Chinese species in its amplexicaul leaves and cordate leaf-base. It is related to S. parviflora Wall., but differs in its leaf blades elliptic-oblong to lanceolate, base cordate, cymes 10-30-flowered, drupelets obovoid to oblong-obovoid or pyriform, 7-10 mm in diam. Key words Sabiaceae, Sabia, Sabia lanceolata Colebr., new record, China. The genus Sabia Colebr. consists of about twenty-five species. It is distributed in S. E. Asia and Malesian region (Chen, 1943; van de Water, 1980; Law & Wu, 1982; Wu, 1985; Deng, 2001). In the course of revising the genus Sabia in Chinese herbaria, some specimens collected from Xizang were found different from those species reported from China in their leaves amplexicaul and leaf-base cordate (Chen, 1943; van de Water, 1980; Law & Wu, 1982; Wu, 1985; Chen, 1986). Further studies showed that it represents a species, Sabia lanceolata Colebr., which has not yet been reported from China. Sabia lanceolata Colebr. in Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 12: 355, t. 14, 181. Type: Bangladesh. Silhet, Colebrooke s.n. (holotype, K!). Sabia kachinica Chen in Sargentia 3: 63, fig. 8. 1943. Type: Myanmar (Burma). Kachin Hills, alt. 600-900 m, 1930-03-12, F. K. Ward 9018 (holotype, A; isotype, BM!). 狭叶清风藤 新拟 An evergreen woody climber or scandent shrub. Twigs glabrous. Leaves elliptic-oblong to lanceolate, 5-22×1.5-8 cm, herbaceous to pergamentaeous, glabrous, base cordate, amplexicaule, margin entire, apex acute or acuminate, lateral veins 6-12 pairs, obvious, straight or sometimes curved; petioles 0-1.2 cm, glabrous. Cymes solitary, axillary, or arranged in an axillary thyrse, 1.5-7 cm long, 10-30-flowered, glabrous; pedicels up to 1.3 cm; bracteoles ovate to oblong-ovate, up to 1.2 mm, often near calyx, glabrous, ciliolate or not. Flowers green to white. Sepals broadly ovate to ovate, 0.7-1.3(-2)×0.7-1(-1.5) mm, acute to obtuse, glabrous, ciliolate or not. Petals oblong-ovate to oblong, 3.5-5.5×1.5-2 mm, acute or narrowly obtuse, veins ca. 6, but often obscure by many "granules" forming dotted lines. Stamens 1.5-2 mm; filaments flattened, 1-2 mm long, 0.3-0.5 mm wide; anthers globular or ellipsoid, 0.2-0.3 mm long, inflexed. Disk crown-shaped; lobes short, but often with distinctly disciform apices; ribs often faint or absent. Pistil 1.2-1.7 mm; style cylindrical to slightly conical, 0.6-1 mm, much shorter than the adjacent side of the drupelet; ovary broadly transverse-ellipsoid, 0.6-0.7×0.7-1 mm, glabrous. Drupelets distinctly obovoid to oblong-obovoid or pyriform, somewhat compressed, 12-15×7-10 mm, probably blue when fresh, with or without persistent petals and stamens at the base; reticulate pattern faint or

Ophiocaryon barnebyanum from the Serra da Neblina (Venezuelan-Brazilian border) and O. neillii from southern Ecuador are described and illustrated, and their morphological relationships with allied species are discussed. Ophiocaryon barnebyanum is morphologically similar to O. duckei, but it differs by its larger leaves, leaflets, petioles, petiolules, and inflorescences, the higher number of secondary veins, and the ciliate sepals. Ophiocaryon neillii is a small tree related to O. klugii but differs by its smaller leaflets, petiolules and inflorescences, fewer secondary veins, lanceolate-acuminate sepals, and orbicular staminodes. An updated key to the species of Ophiocaryon is provided.

Wood anatomy is described in detail for the single-species families Akaniaceae and Bretschneideraceae, placed close together in most phylogenetic systems. Both families have simple perfora- tion plates with occasional scalariform plates, alternate lateral wall pitting, helical sculpturing on vessel walls, septate fibers with pits simple or nearly so, scanty vasicentric axial parenchyma, and wide tall multiseriate rays composed mostly of procumbent cells. Differences between the genera are relatively few and minor compared with resemblances; close relationship is indicated. Wood anatomy of the two families resembles that of Sabiaceae and, to a lesser extent, that of other Sapindales. The wood is distinctive within Capparales whether that order is defined traditionally or in the light of molecular studies. Wood data are compatible with an interpretation that Akaniaceae and Bretschneideraceae diverged from near the base of Sapindales.

Four new species of Meliosma are de- scribed from the Peruvian Andes as M. pumila, M. simiarum, M. sirensis, and M. youngii. Meliosma is emblematic of Peruvian cloud forest plants in its tendency to local endemism and in the incompleteness of taxonomic knowledge about it. Not a single species of Sabiaceae was known from Peru when Macbride (1956) treated related families in the Flora of Peru, but at least 17 Meliosma species (and three of lowland Ophiocaryon) are now known from the country (Gentry, 1986, in press). Four of the most distinctive of these are described here, all from the Peruvian Andes. These four spe- cies are all shrubs or small trees or treelets and are the smallest in stature of any neotropical Meliosma. Three of them are also among the smallest-leaved species of the genus; the fourth is a large-leaved pachycaul treelet.

1. The cyathia of Euphorbia and Pedilanthus represent different degrees of adaptation and fusion in a single type of compound lateral inflorescence. Such an inflorescence was probably intercalary in its origin. 2. A tendency toward the reduction of floral parts involving apetaly and asexuality appears in the Malvaceae and becomes dominant in the Sterculiaceae and the Euphorbiaceae. 3. The glands and processes on the epicarp of Codiaeum, Ptychopyxis, and Ricinus are apparently relics from the androecium that became intimately fused with the carpels. Glands of the same nature probably appear also in other families (Sabiaceae).

Meliosma hartshornii A. Gentry, from Costa Rica; M. corymbosa A. Gentry and M. nanarum A. Gentry, from Nicaragua; M. peytonii A. Gentry and M. vasquezii A. Gentry from Peru; and M. solomonii A. Gentry from Bolivia are described. A number of undescribed species of Meliosma have been encountered in the process of preparing the familial treatments of Sabiaceae for the Floras of Nicaragua and Peru and in the course of general identification. Meliosma is a largely warm-temperate to montane-tropical genus with at least 15 Asian and ca. 40 neotropical species. A characteristic but rather nondescript element of many Latin American cloud forests, it is very poorly collected and as a result is poorly known taxonomically. Indeed this paper presents the first report of the genus for Peru. Each of the new species proposed here is represented by several collections, making possible an assessment of patterns of intraspecific variability. In addition to these six species, there are many unidentified Meliosma collections, especially from Peru, that seem to fit none of the described taxa and may belong to as many as ten or more additional new species. Alternatively these additional collections might represent many fewer relatively polymorphic taxa. I have refrained from describing further presumably new taxa in hopes that future collections will provide clearer understanding of specific delimitations. Meliosma hartshornii A. Gentry, sp. nov. TYPE: Costa Rica. Heredia: road to Volcan Barba, 2 km N of Sacramento, 2,750 m. alt, 29 Dec. 1974, G. Hartshorn 1608 (holotype, MO). Arbor usque 15 m alta. Folia oblanceolata vel anguste elliptica, usque 1 1 cm longa et 4 cm lata, domatiis axillaribus pubescentibus. Inflorescentia sparsim adpresso-puberula, pedicellis 1-2 mm longis, forum sepalis 1.5 mm longis, petalis ca. 2 mm longis. Fructus globosus, 0.8-1.0 cm diametro. Tree to 50 cm dbh and 15 m tall; branchlets somewhat angled, glabrous or with a few minute and inconspicuous reddish trichomes, the bark finely longitudinally ridged, with scattered raised lenticels. Leaves alternate to irregularly clustered, oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 2-1 1 cm long, 1-4 cm wide, acute to apiculate at apex, cuneate and often somewhat marginally inrolled at base, coriaceous, the 2? and 3? venation subprominulous above and below, the surface minutely and densely punctate above and lepidote-punctate below, glabrous above and below except for conspicuous tufts of simple trichomes in the axils of the lateral nerves below, drying grayish-olive above, olive or brownish-olive with tan main veins below; petiole 0.2-1 cm long. Inflorescence pyramidal-paniculate with a welldeveloped central axis, 8-17 cm long, usually opposed to a subterminal leaf or short branch, appearing more or less terminal, glandular-papillose and also sparsely appressed-puberulous, the thick pedicels 1-2 mm long. Sepals 5, ovate, ca. 1.5 mm long, glandular-papillose, the margin strongly ciliate; petals mostly caducous and missing on type, ca. 2 mm long; stamens with slender 2 mm long filament, the bottom half fused with the bottom half of the narrow inner petal, the anthers subglobose, ca. 0.6 mm long, subtended by the thickened connective; ovary ovoid, ca. 1 mm long, densely puberulous, the style linear, 1 mm long. Fruit red when fresh, globose, 0.8-1.0 cm in diameter, not stipitate, sparsely puberulous with flexuous trichomes when young, essentially glabrate, 1-seeded, 0.8-1.0 cm in diameter. Apparently endemic to the cloud forests of Volcan Barba between 2,700 and 2,800 m. Additional collection examined. COSTA RICA. HEREDIA: road to Volcan Barba, 1.5 km N of Sacramento, 2,700 m; tree 50 cm dbh, 15 m tall, fruit red, 27 Jul. 1975, Hartshorn 1759 (MO). I The field work that resulted in discovery of several of the new species described here was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (DEB-75-20325; DEB-8006253) and USAID (DAN-5542-G-SS-108600). 2 Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166. ANN. MissouRI BOT. GARD. 73: 820-824. 1986. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.156 on Sat, 10 Sep 2016 06:11:40 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 1986] GENTRY-MELIOSMA 821 This species is distinctive in the genus in its small leaves and smallish fruits. It is closely related to M. irazuensis Standl., known only from the type from Volca'n Irazui. The main difference is in the larger, pedicellate flowers of M. hartshornii as opposed to the tiny (< 1 mm long) sessile flowers of M. irazuensis. The inflorescence of M. irazuensis differs in being narrower, having simple lateral branches with more crowded sessile flowers, and, especially in the very different, much denser pubescence of erect reddish trichomes. Vegetatively that species apparently can be distinguished from M. hartshornii by its narrower oblanceolate leaves and pubescent young branches. Another small-fruited, usually smallleaved relative of M. hartshornii is M. idiopoda Blake, common at somewhat lower elevations in Costa Rica and Chiriqui. The material of M. hartshornii was originally identified as a variant of M. idiopoda, but its much thicker inflorescence branches and pedicels, larger flowers, thicker more coriaceous leaves, and consistently larger fruits distinguish it from that species. Meliosma corymbosa A. Gentry, sp. nov. TYPE: Nicaragua. Matagalpa: Cordillera Darienense near Aranjuez, 15 km N of Matagalpa, 1,400 m alt., lower montane moist forest; tree 20 m, 12 Aug. 1977, Neill 2342 (holotype, MO; isotypes, HNMN, to be distributed). Arbor usque 20 m alta. Folia oblanceolata vel anguste elliptica, 5-13 cm longa, 1.4-4 cm lata, glabra. Inflorescentia terminalis, corymboso-paniculata, puberula, florum sepalis minus quam 1 mm longis. Fructus asymmetrice subglobosus, 1.6-1.8 cm longus, 1.51.6 cm latus. Tree 20 m tall, the branchlets somewhat angled, glabrous, the bark very finely longitudinally ridged. Leaves irregularly arranged, in part opposite or subopposite, always in part clearly alternate, oblanceolate to very narrowly elliptic, 5-13 cm long, 1.4-4 cm wide, acute at apex, narrowly cuneate at base, coriaceous, entire, drying dark above, olive brown below, the lateral veins plane and inconspicuous above, prominulous below, completely glabrous except for a very few scattered and inconspicuous lepidote or stellate-lepidote trichomes below; petiole slender, indistinctly demarcated from the tapering leaf base, ca. 0.5-2 cm long, glabrous except for a very few minute and inconspicuous scales. Inflorescence terminal, corymbose-paniculate, flattopped and greatly exceeding the uppermost leaves, dense, puberulous with tiny suberect, reddish trichomes, ca. 10 cm long and 15 cm accross, the flowers ultimately on short pedicels, mostly ca. 1-2 mm long. Sepals 5, ovate, minute, less than 1 mm long, glandular-lepidote, the margin minutely ciliate; outer petals broadly ovate, ca. 2 mm long but the rounded apex inrolled, ca. 1.5 mm wide, the inner ones narrow, ca. 2 mm long; fertile stamens 2, the anther thecae thick and suborbicular, ca. 0.5 mm long, subtended by the broad connective; staminodes 3, ca. 1 mm long; ovary ovoid, ca. 1 mm long, merging with the short style. Fruit asymmetrically subglobose, 1.6-1.8 cm long and 1.5-1.6 cm wide, shortstipitate, minutely glandular-papillose, otherwise glabrous, 1-seeded. Apparently endemic to the montane forests of north central Nicaragua in Matagalpa and Jino