Search

God Andjety in Coffin Texts Abstract Andjety was the ancient Egyptian deity of the ninth Nome, centered at Andjet, which was known as Busiris to the Greeks. He was also known by the names Anezti or Andjety and is considered one of the earliest Egyptian gods, possibly with roots in prehistoric times. Andjety is thought to have been a precursor of Osiris. Andjety he is depicted holding the crook and flail and has part of the Atef crown (the two feathers). Pharaoh Sneferu of the Fourth Dynasty, builder of the first true pyramid, is shown wearing the crown of Andjety. In the Pyramid texts the deceased pharaoh is identified with Andjety. In the temple of Seti I, the pharaoh is shown offering incense to Osiris-Andjety who is accompanied by Isis. He also is shown to have fertility aspects, being known by the epithet of "bull of vultures". His name is sometimes written with a stylized uterus in place of the feathers in the hieroglyphs. There are many cities associated with the name of Osiris which causes some problems, In early texts Osiris was related to more than one site, the most important among these being Busiris, a city in the delta whose Greek name PER WSJR , means "House of Osiris ". Osiris is called "Lord of Busiris, and the epithet even precedes "Lord of Abydos" it has therefore been assumed that Osiris' original home was in the Delta, especially since the god of the Busirite region, Andjety

The epithet “alpina” has been recurrently used in the genus Deschampsia to name plants located in northern regions of Europe, Asia and North America, as a species (Deschampsia alpina (L.) Roem. & Schult.), but also in infraspecific categories (Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. alpina Tzvel. and Deschampsia cespitosa var. alpina Schur.). The morphological and molecular available evidence suggests the existence of a single species, Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P. Beauv., in which individuals belonging to the same morphological gradient have received different names in different taxonomic categories throughout its wide distribution range. An evaluation of the available names indicates that all uses of the epithet “alpina” are illegitimate. A new combination is proposed at the infraspecific level as Deschampsia cespitosa subsp. neoalpina Chiapella, Xue & Greimler.

The myth of Osiris was an important myth in Ancient Egypt since antiquity, this is proved by its presence in the Pyramid Texts. According to the myth, Seth dismembered his brother Osiris into fourteen parts, that were buried later at fourteen different Egyptian sites in Upper and Lower Egypt. Most of these burial places became cult centers for the god. Two specific centers were more important and received actual and symbolic visits, namely AbDw, capital of the 8th Nome of upper Egypt, where Osiris’ head was thought to be buried and Ddw, capital of the 9th Nome of lower Egypt, where Osiris’ vertebral column was thought to be buried. These two cult centers were mentioned in religious books, they had fixed annual festivals and were linked to god Osiris’ epithets and titles. The research aims at analyzing these two cult centers, their historical background before and during being a cult center of the god Osiris. The paper also aims at comparing between the two cult centers in regards to festivals and ceremonies, their existence in religious contexts and the timing when they flourished. The paper ends with a main conclusion.

The name of the genusLyciumoriginates from the Greek namelykionfor a thorny shrub, derived fromLycia, the name of an ancient country in Asia Minor where a similar spiny shrub was found. The specific epithetferocissimumcomes from the Latinferox,meaning “bold” or “fearless,” referring to the very spiny nature of the shrub (Green 1994; Parsons and Cuthbertson 2001).

The article deals with controversial fragments of the Satrap Stela. The examination of the sign in line 9 suggests that its phonetic value was sbj . This led to the grammatical reassessment of the translation in lines 8–9 as “... before (=the Marshland Wadjet) passed into the possession of the rebel Xerxes”. Furthermore, the double meaning of Horus’ epithet HA.t/HA.t(.j) nTr.w xpr Hr-sA in line 11 was suggested. On the one hand, this phrase highlights Horus as the primeval god of creation in Buto. On the other hand, he was considered to be the son of Isis and Osiris, one who came into being later than the other gods, but became the supreme god. Moreover, controversial signs were regarded as the phrase (@r.w... Hr) wd nf sbj(.w). If so, the translation of line 11 may be “(Horus)... overthrew those rebels (namely) Xerxes in his palace and his elder son”.

The typification of the names Mesembryanthemum purpurocroceum and M. insititium are discussed. A neotype (illustration by Duncanson) and a lectotype (a specimen at B in Willdenow’s Herbarium) are designated. Epitypes (deposited at BOL) are also selected for both names. Nomenclatural issues about the specific epithet “purpurocroceum” are discussed. The two names are accepted here in Malephora as heterotypic synonyms, with M. purpurocroceum having nomenclatural priority.

Hamilcar and Hannibal Barca embody a colossal father-son military legacy. Yet their family – the so-called ‘Barcid’ dynasty – has a murky history. Modern scholars have presumed that Hamilcar, the first notable historical figure to bear the name Barkas, received it as a ‘nickname’ meaning ‘lightning’. The rationale is that the name derives from the Phoenician word brq and is thus the equivalent to the Greek epithet Keraunos. There is, however, no evidence in our classical sources, to which exclusively we owe our knowledge of events, supporting this. Furthermore, the name Barca was passed on to Hamilcar’s sons, something suggestive of an inherited family surname. This article submits an alternative to the widely endorsed ‘lightning’ theory. This new perspective explores the possibility that the Barcid dynasty had roots in the city of Barce in Cyrenaica and was a relatively new addition to the Carthaginian aristocracy in the third century BC. Using textual evidence from Polybius, Diodorus and others, this fresh take clarifies other aspects of the Barcid dynasty’s tumultuous history, such as their animosity towards the Carthaginian Council of Elders and their departure to Spain in the 220s.

The species concept used in virology is based on the logic of the Linnaean hierarchy, which views a species class as the lowest abstract category that is included in all the higher categories in the classification, such as genera and families. As a result of this class inclusion, the members of a species class are always less numerous than the members of higher classes, which become more numerous as one moves up in the hierarchy. Because species classes always have fewer members than any of the higher classes, logic requires that they need more qualifications for establishing membership than any of the higher classes. This invalidates the claim that a species could be defined by a single property present in all its members. Species were only accepted in virus classification in 1991, because virologists assumed that it would lead to the use of Latin species names, which they rejected. Anglicized binomial species names have been used by virologists for more the 40 years and are popular because they consist of a virus name followed by a genus name that most virologists are familiar with. The ICTV has proposed to introduce a new Latinized virus species binomial nomenclature using the genus name followed by a hard-to-remember Latinized species epithet that bears little resemblance to the name of the virus itself. However, the proposal did not clarify what the advantage is of having to learn hundreds of new unfamiliar virus species names. In 2013, the ICTV changed the definition of a virus species as an abstract class and defined it as a group of physical objects, which induced virologists to believe that a virus species could be defined by a few characteristics of the viral genome. In recent years, thousands of viral sequences have been discovered in metagenomic databases, and the ICTV has suggested that it should be possible to incorporate these sequences in the current ICTV virus classification. Unfortunately, the relational properties of these hypothetical viruses that result from their biological interactions with hosts and vectors remain in the vast majority of cases totally unknown. The absence of this information makes it in fact impossible to incorporate these metagenomic sequences in the current classification of virus species.

The genus nomen Larifuga Loman, 1898 was originally published without stated grammatical gender. No possible indications of gender are provided by the specific epithets, as all of them are nouns in the genitive. This genus nomen has consistently been treated as feminine in the literature. However, as shown here, it is a masculine classical Latin word. Accordingly, several matches are herein made to comply with Latin grammar and the Code. The nomen Larifuga mantoni Lawrence, 1934 was subject to an unjustified emendation by Staręga as mantonae, and the original form is re-established here. This correction raised another issue concerning previous unjustified emendations of some nomina in Opiliones formed from personal names in the genitive case.

In the context of making a Catalog of World Opiliones accessible online, five vexing cases of incorrect authorship, dating and presumption of misidentification are herein treated, all in the suborder Laniatores. Pachylicus gracilis comb. nov. is proposed for Cerroa gracilis Roewer, 1928.

Orthographic errors in the specific epithets of Porella cranfordi Steph. and Temnoma townrowii R.M.Schust. are corrected. The orthography of the specific epithet of Pyrrhobryum paramattense (Müll.Hal.) Manuel is discussed, and the original spelling is retained. The collector of the type of Pyrrhobryum paramattense was most likely Franz Wilhelm Sieber, not Charles von Hügel.

Giovanni Casaretto published Eugenia rotundifolia Casaretto (1842: 40) using material that he collected in Restinga vegetation between Copacabana and Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Berg (1857: 287) treated E. rotundifolia Casaretto as a distinct species, and recognized two varieties. However, the binomial E. rotundifolia (Walker-Arnott 1836: 335) Wight (1841: 17) was previously published for a taxon occurring in Sri Lanka. Therefore, Casaretto’s name is a later superfluous homonym and illegitimate. In a recent article on the typification of plant names published by Casaretto, Delprete et al. (2019) proposed E. casarettoana Delprete (2019: 25) as a substitute name for E. rotundifolia Casaretto. However, Delprete and his collaborators overlooked that the name E. casarettoana O. Berg (1857: 520) was previously published using material collected by Martius near the town of Coari, state of Amazonas, Brazil, and belongs to a distinct species occurring in the Brazilian Amazon. Also, Berg (1857) spelled the specific epithet “casaretteana” without explaining to whom he dedicated the epithet. It is obvious that it was dedicated to Casaretto, as no other botanist or plant collector has a similar last name. Therefore, according to Recommendation 60C of the ICN (Turland et al. 2018), the spelling of this epithet should be corrected to casarettoana, as it has been done for this and other specific epithets dedicated to Casaretto (Delprete 2016).

New Zealand mycologist G.H. Cunningham (1892–1962) frequently used the indigenous language of New Zealand, te reo Māori, when creating epithets for new species and replacement names. All of these epithets are listed, and nomenclatural treatments (including etymologies) of the taxa are presented. In addition, tables cite all te reo Māori and te reo-derived generic names and epithets published by mycological authors. Guidelines are discussed for the appropriate orthography for names and epithets derived from te reo Māori and other non-latinate vernacular languages.

Studies of Neotropical Celastraceae have revealed the identity of Maytenus calzadae (Lundell) J. S. Ma, first described as Euonymus calzadae Lundell. Analyses of the protologue and types identify M. calzadae as a species of Haydenoxylon M. P. Simmons and as conspecific with H. haberianum (Hammel) M. P. Simmons. Because the epithet of E. calzadae has priority, a new combination is necessary. Haydenoxylon calzadae (Lundell) Biral is published here.

As the taxonomic report of Phyllanthus is about to be published for Flora of Brazil online 2020, we wish to formalize lectotypification for one species of Phyllanthus and make amendment to the epithet.

De nombreuses sources antiques indiquent que l’epiclese d’Apollon Smintheus, divinite honoree en Troade, provient du terme dialectal σμίνθος, qui designe la souris. Des auteurs anciens ajoutent que des souris considerees comme sacrees sont elevees dans le sanctuaire. Or une nouvelle analyse de ces sources suggere qu’elles ne sont pas anterieures a l’epoque hellenistique. Dans cet article sera proposee l’hypothese d’une reinvention du culte du dieu a la suite de la decouverte de l’etymologie supposee de l’epiclese a cette epoque. Dans un second temps seront analyses les mythes permettant d’expliquer l’association d’Apollon et des souris. Il sera suggere que le premier mythe a ete cree par l’auteur d’une œuvre dediee a l’histoire de la Troade et que son evolution reflete les preoccupations du sanctuaire et des deux cites auxquelles appartient successivement le lieu de culte. Enfin, une nouvelle interpretation de l’epiclese du dieu sera proposee. According to several ancient sources, the cult epithet of Apollo Smintheus, a deity worshipped in the Troad, comes from the dialectal word σμίνθος, the mouse. Ancient authors add that mice which are considered sacred are raised in the sanctuary. Yet a new analysis of these sources suggests that they are not older than the Hellenistic period. This article first puts forward the hypothesis of a reinvention of the cult after the discovery of the supposed etymology of the cult epithet in this period. Second, the myths explaining the association of Apollo and mice are analysed. It is argued that the first version of the myth was created by the author of a work dedicated to the history of the Troad and that its evolution reflects the concerns of the sanctuary and of the two cities to which the cult place successively belonged. Finally, a new interpretation of the cult epithet will be proposed.

This paper examines one of the epithets throughout the texts of Edfu where adominating Horus of Behdety interacts with the forces of chaos as a lion bytrampling, retreating, smiting and devouring. The textual sources containlexical expressions of this epithet and provide the visual metaphors asdramatic scenes of the god's domination. Also they show Horus as theupholder of the legitimacy of the kingship and the defeater lion over anytransgressors. Furthermore he played a beneficent role toward the two landsof Egypt, his sacred mound, his chapel, his divine character and Osiris withIsis.

Bu makalede 26 Ağustos - 1 Eylül 2019 tarihleri arasında Gölyazı / Bursa’da düzenlenen I. Uluslararası Apollonia Mozaik Çalıştayı hakkında bilgi verilmekte, ayrıca çalıştaya katılan sanatçılar ve eserleri tanıtılmaktadır. Çalıştayın konusu olarak, Apollonia antik kentinin isim kaynağı olan Apollon’un “phoibos” epitheti seçilmiş ve sanatçıların ışık temasını ön plana çıkartacakları eserler üretmeleri beklenmiştir. Çalıştaya yurtiçinden ve yurtdışından mozaik sanatçıları Fatma Akay, Sibel Akkaba, İlknur Altıntaş Yağmur, Dafna Birger, Gvira Caspi-Hacham, Hayati Çetin, Gamze Er, Daniel Georgiev Ivanov, Bahriye Martı Güler, Velina Staleva ve Gözde Tolan katılarak mozaik eserlerini üretmişlerdir.

Leading zoologist and taxonomist Ernest Marcus (1893-1968) and his school described numerous new invertebrate taxa, including planarians, or triclads (Platyhelminthes). These authors rarely provided the etymology of names for the new taxa. In this paper, the etymology of 149 names of genera and specific epithets of planarians lacking etymology (or honoring people) is investigated. The etymology of most names was retrieved from original descriptive papers and from Eudóxia Maria Froehlich’s recollections, a fellow of Marcus’ school. It was discovered that the names were usually freely derived from words of the language spoken in the country where the species was found. Some names were motivated by an aspect of the biology of the species. Other names honored people or are arbitrary. The etymology of 19 names could not be retrieved and are only suggested. The origin of another 19 names could not be discovered, nor even their meaning. Knowing the etymology makes it easier to memorize a name and it is a way to preserve the historical and emotional aspects of the authors. Through the retrieved etymologies, the personality of Marcus can also be glimpsed.

The article was submitted on 20.05.2020. Чиновные отличия служилых людей и шляхетства интересуют историков с XVIII в., еще Г. Ф. Миллер размышлял о мотивах двух царских подданных, просивших старые чины у Петра I при появлении новых. Советские историки обнаружили в архивных документах еще несколько известий о пожалованиях начала XVIII в., которые трактовались как исключения или как проявление инерции старых практик. При обращении к массо- вым историческим источникам примеры таких пожалований умножаются, а контексты награждений оказываются различными. Петру I приписывается высмеивание старинных чинов – якобы он награждал ими только своих шутов. Современные исследования доказывают более сложную природу феномена нововведений. Красочные сравнения и определения «московское – императорское», «боярство – дворянство», «традиция – реформы» оказываются упрощенными и отражают дидактические установки историков и бытописателей. До 1726 г. производились награждения традиционными чинами. Царем принижался не статус думных чинов, а надежды знати на возобновление думных пожалований после награждения двух сановников 1709–1710 гг. Поэтому в качестве контрмеры царь пожаловал думным чином нескольких одиозных царедворцев и шутов, но одновременно удовлетворил и прошения о «популярных» чинах за заслуги. «Табель о рангах» не отменила чины «царедворцев» (московских чинов), впервые названных шляхетством в 1712 г. Петр I ввел несколько новаций в традиционную служилую иерархию. Перед самым началом Северной войны сотни стольников цариц и дворовых служащих были переведены в московские чины, затем несколько лет пополнялся «жилецкий список». Коллизию обострил возросший статус чинов регулярной армии, которые «московский список» не учитывал. Тем не менее, статус традиционных чинов вне армии сохранялся. Как показывают массовые исторические источники, на протяжении всего царствования Петра I продолжались учет и рекрутирование традиционных чинов Московского государства. Московские чины, стоявшие в традиционной иерархии ниже думных, оказались более стабильны. Они не были включены в «Табель о рангах», потому что единственным чином массовых назначений к началу 1720-х гг. оказались только назначения в дьяки. The ranks and awards of Russian service elites and nobility have been a historiographical issue since the eighteenth century. G. F. Miller reflected on the psychology of the Tsar’s subjects, who asked Peter the Great to keep some of the old ranks during the introduction of new ones and described two such cases. Soviet historians of the 1980s discovered several appointments to the old ranks made in the early eighteenth century and registered in archival documents. These curious cases were interpreted by researchers as isolated exceptions or the result of the inertia of old practices. The study of mass historical sources has since led to the discovery of more than 1100 cases of this kind and provided different contexts in which these awards were granted. It was previously thought that Tsar Peter ridiculed the old ranks, giving them only to his jesters. Modern research on Peter’s innovations leads to a different view. For example, the introduction of the Hungarian dress and beard shaving was carried out in several steps, with backtracking. There has also been some oversimplification of the comparative pairs of epithets, such as “Muscovite-Imperial”, “old-new”, “ and “boyars-nobility”, which reflects nothing but the didactic attitudes of historians themselves. This article demonstrates that there was no dearth of official awards or withdrawal of the Duma ranks until the 1710s, at least. The introduction of The Table of Ranks did not abolish the ranks of “courtiers” (tsaredvortsy), as the earlier Muscovite ranks were called, which became the basis of the nobility. Peter I introduced several innovations to the traditional service hierarchy. Before the beginning of the Great Northern War, hundreds of the Tsarina’s stol’niki and court servitors were transferred to the Muscovite ranks, following which the Zhiletsky List continued being replenished for some years afterwards. The drama of ranks was aggravated by the enhanced status of the regular army ranks, which were outside the Moskovsky Spisok (the hierarchy of traditional ranks). The course of events was accelerated by the Tsar’s intention to implement European analogues of court and civil titles. Nevertheless, the popularity of the traditional ranks outside the army remained high. According to many sources, the traditional ranks of Muscovy were kept in check and re-registered throughout Peter’s reign. The Tsar’s decrees raised the status of military service. He sometimes approved petitions for the Duma ranks by several of his subjects and had his unique way of indicating the prospects for advancement to other petitioners. The low-level Muscovite ranks within the traditional hierarchy proved to be more stable than previously assumed. Muscovite ranks were not included in The Table of Ranks because the only rank of mass appointments by the early 1720s was that of a d’iak. This study was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project 20–09–42073.

The correct name for the New Zealand plant, kanono (Rubiaceae), is Coprosma autumnalis Colenso, which name is lectotypified here. A drawing made of the species by John Buchanan in the late 1860s is reproduced. The phenology of the plant, marked in the specific epithet, is examined.

Taxon names are at the core of communication related to biodiversity. Thus, systems that regulate such names should prevent unnecessary changes. Unfortunately, the current regulatory codes have some articles that produce confusion or, even, generate name instability. To promote nomenclatural stability, while maintaining a system that effectively conveys information about biological diversity and its evolution, we argue in favor of emendations to the current International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). We propose that taxon names should be created within an evolutionary framework; ideally, this would mean including a phylogenetic tree or, at the very least, formulating a hypothesis in words based on explicit arguments (homologous traits) for the evolutionary relatedness of taxa, avoiding subjective perceptions. Additionally, we consider that some relatively minor changes of the ICZN would greatly increase name stability; the most relevant modifications that would facilitate long-term stability are: (i) immutability of the species epithet of species names, (ii) intercalation of unranked taxa between formal Linnaean ranks, (iii) elimination of homonyms in taxon names at the genus-group level, and (iv) inclusion of flexible phylogenetic definitions when supraspecific taxa are named.

We propose emending section A(1)(b) of Appendix 9 of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes with further guidelines for the formation of compound specific or subspecific epithets based on localities and epithets based on binomial names of plants or animals.

Scholars heatedly debate the existence of coregency in the Middle Kingdom, and especially contentious is that between Senwosret III and Amenemhet III. Despite a lack of double-dated monuments, there are numerous stelae and small finds that juxtapose the names of these kings, suggesting co-rule. Furthermore, recent evidence from their funerary complexes, including a control note likely dated to Year 39 of Senwosret III, suggests a roughly 20-year coregency. The stela of Ameny (Cairo CG 20691) is one of three private stelae from Abydos that preserves the names of both kings. Some have argued that these stelae indicate co-rule, while others propose that they merely commemorate the owner’s service under each king. This article explores the implications of a new interpretation of CG 20691 in light of a pair of statues from the mortuary temple of Senwosret III at South Abydos. While one statue links Senwosret III with Osiris-Khentiamentiu, the other connects him with Wepwawet, indicating that the two were conceived of as a pair, representing the two most important deities of Abydos. The stela of Ameny uses similar epithets, relating Senwosret III with Wepwawet and Amenemhet III with Osiris. These associations suggest that the two kings were viewed as a complementary pair, much the same as the two gods. If the text were recorded after the death of Senwosret III, one would expect it to have linked him with Osiris, not Amenemhet III. While this inscription is not an explicit statement of coregency, it is possible that the epithets infer co-rule. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5913/jarce.54.2018.a007

In the course of polyphasic taxonomic work in the dinophytes, we became aware of a fundamental misapplication of the name Glenodinium triquetrum (now represented conceptually by a species of Kryptoperidinium), when Stein assigned it to Heterocapsa. Possible solutions involve a conflict between retaining Ehrenberg’s epithet in its correct application in the interest of priority and preserving current usage of Heterocapsa. However, we do not achieve a consensus on how to disentangle this Gordian knot, underlining that this is not a regular case of taxonomic confusion. We intend to stimulate a more general discussion about best practices in such cases, balancing between the interest of nomenclatural practicability and the respectful acknowledgement of scientific work, even if it was conducted many years ago.

This study is aim to know the meaning of king’s a posthumous epithet(國王諡號) between Korea and China in early 14th century. The period from late Goryeo to early Joseon was the period of changing in east asia. Goryeo and Joseon had to prepare for the new world powers, Yuan(元) and Ming(明) dynasty and the new period in the same time. So they quickly took action to the changes of international situation. The king’s a posthumous epithet appeared in the relation between Korea and China in 14th century was a result of this quick action. Goryeo strengthened their royal authority. As a result they emphasized the relationship with the emperor of Ming dynasty by King’s a Posthumous Epithet. But Goryeo didn"t requested for it regularly because it was according on the political situation. Joseon used king’s a posthumous epithet as the tool to materialize their ideals. Especially Joseon emphasized The peaceful international order through mutual coexistence based on Confucian thought(事大字小) at relationship with Ming dynasty. Ming dynasty also sought the same international order with Joseon. Joseon tried to build the trust with Ming dynasty by show them the image of feudal lord they wanted. For Joseon the king"s a posthumous epithet was important point with showing their trust to Ming dynasty. In this reason Joseon modified and maintained this formality, even though it was different with other east asian countries in the same period. even without considering the relation with Ming dynasty, king’s a posthumous epithet was an important formality for Joseon. It’s because Joseon was a country sought the ideal society of confucian. For Joseon the grant of king’s a posthumous epithet, which is symbolizing feudal lord of the emperor of Ming dynasty was important tool to strengthen their legitimacy. In this reason, unlike Goryeo, Joseon asked for king’s a posthumous epithet to China whenever the king died. The king’s a posthumous epithet symbolized that Goryeo and Joseon was the vassal status of Yuan or Ming dynasty. But there were also purposes like existence the nation and confucian ideological intention. There was no pluralistic order in this period, but they had to maintain the country and prepare for the new era. It’s the reason we can see the worries of Goryeo and Joseon from the king’s a posthumous epithet.

This study analyzes shells of marine gastropods of a zoological museum and the Latin epithets expressing perceptual and connotative attributes that they have received in the standard, Linnaean nomenclature. Making use of the Osgood semantic differential, we presented the subjects with digital 3-D reproductions of the shell specimens to be subjectively evaluated according to 17 pairs of attributes. The results show that, overall, the subjective evaluations given by the subjects are consistent, which suggests that an intersubjective characterization of the shells as wholes according to their qualitative and morphological traits is possible and scientifically explicable. This may apply to other biological items as well. The results also show that the epithets given to the shells by taxonomists do not always reflect the perceptual evaluation of the general population, being a product of the well-known ambiguity in taxonomic categorization and naming.

The paper deals with the features and functions of Hera in the Homeric Hymns. The corpus preserves a very short and trivial hymn to her (h.Hom. 12), two nearly identical references to her sleep during the birth of Hermes in the two Hymns devoted to him (h.Merc. 8 and h.Hom. 18. 8) and other minimal allusions (h.Ap. 95 and 99, h.Ven. 40). Especially interesting is the leading role played by Hera in two mythical episodes narrated in the Hymns: the binding and subsequent liberation of the goddess by Hephaistos in the the fragmentary Hymn to Dionysos (number 1 of the corpus) and the birth of Typhoeus, which was conceived as an act of revenge against Zeus for giving birth Athena (h.Ap. 305ss.). On the other hand, the myth of the Hymn to Apollo (305–338) is revisited attending to some striking Hittite parallels concerning the relationship between the oath by Heaven and Earth and the birth of a monstrous rival of the king of gods.

The epigraphic expression of plural female divinities, represented sometimes in triads, is a feature of Romano-Celtic realms. This is the case of the Matres and Matronae, as well as the Fortunae, with epithets expressing the local identity of the divine personality – or of their cult group – in an increasingly globalized world such as the Roman Empire. In this context, my aim is to focus on the Iunones. We have about 70 inscriptions dedicated to these deities, sometimes appearing with the epitet Augustae, others as Matronae, Montanae, Domesticae, Suleviae, associated with other deities such as IOM, Hercules, Genius Loci or the Augustorum Numina, or assimilated to the Gabiae. The sacred geography of the Iunones includes Italy (with a higher density in Venetia and Histria, but with manifestations in Transpadana, Umbria, Aemilia, Latium and Campania), but they are also testamented in diverse provinces of Celtic tradition, such as Germania Inferior, Noricum, Belgium, Aquitania, Lugdunensis or Narbonensis. The...

The epithet “god Neos Philopatôr” was used for the prince Ptolemy “Memphitês”, killed in 130 BC by his father Ptolemy VIII Euergetês II during the conflict against his mother Cleopatra II, but then introduced in the Ptolemaic dynastic cult before the amnesty decrees of 118 BC, as a sign of reconciliation. This Greek title led to different translations in Demotic, which depended on the geographical origin of the scribes.

The nomenclatural history of the Australian epiphytic orchid Plectorrhiza purpurata (Rupp) M.A.M.Renner is reviewed. The first name published for this species, Cleisostoma gemmatum Rupp, is illegitimate, and Rupp proposed a replacement name, Cleisostoma purpuratum Rupp, shortly thereafter. Though the replacement was somewhat obliquely worded, Rupp fulfilled the requirements of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, such that Cleisostoma purpuratum was available to serve as the basionym for the name generally used for this orchid since 1967, i.e. Schistotylus purpuratus (Rupp) Dockrill. The transfer of this taxon to Plectorrhiza under the new name Plectorrhiza gemmata M.A.Clem., D.L.Jones & D.P.Banks resulted in the publication of a superfluous name, because the earliest legitimate epithet purpurata is available in Plectorrhiza and ought to have been adopted. The required new combination is made.

White et al. (2019) described a new species of whaler shark represented by only three specimens from South-east Asia, all collected prior to 1934. They proposed the nomen Carcharhinus obsolerus with the justification of: “The specific name is Latin for ‘extinct’ (obsolerus) in allusion to the fact that the species has not been recorded in many decades.” Dubois & Séret (2019) stated that the epithet obsolerus was “doubtless” an incorrect spelling which must be corrected to obsoletus. However, the Dubois & Séret (2019) publication becomes confusing in its discussion around the wording of the related Articles in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (32.2, 33.2 and 32.5) and lacks a clear conclusion.

Rule 24b of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes regulates the priority of names that are considered to be heterotypic synonyms. However, the rule is imperfect because it caters only for names that compete for priority that were only included on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names or for names that were only validly published in the International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology or the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, either in an original article or via the Validation Lists. Although this should be self-explanatory, Rule 24b does not cater for what happens when one or more names considered to be heterotypic synonyms have appeared on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names while other names also considered to be heterotypic synonyms were validly published in the International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology or the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, either in an original article or via the Validation Lists. Formal changes to the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes are required.

The only available specimen of Iniocyphus iheringi Raffray, 1912, type species of the type genus of the tribe Iniocyphini Inyocyphus Raffray, 1912, is redescribed and illustrated in detail. The original spelling of the species epithet iheringi is reinstated over jheringi, which was an incorrect subsequent spelling. The specimen examined is designate as the lectotype.

Didelphis marsupialis, type species of the genus Didelphis, is a widely distributed and commonly studied American marsupial. Unfortunately, the previously noncontroversial application of the epithet marsupialisLinnaeus, 1758, has recently been called into question, and the lectotype is no longer extant. To preserve long-standing binomial usage for this species and other congeneric taxa, we designate a specimen from Surinam in the Royal Ontario Museum as neotype.

The norms regarding validity and formulation of specific epithets in Zoology are ruled by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999), a published convention of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, that operates under a vast array of underlying nomenclatural principles. One of its components is Article 31, which rules upon the formation of specific or subspecific epithets for personal names, by the use of nomina (sensu Dubois 2007) under genitive case. As discussed by Dubois (2007), this has erroneously led several authors to assume that the aforementioned nomina should exclusively end in “-i” if dedicated to a man (or -orum, for plural), and in “-ae” if dedicated to a woman (or -arum, for plural) (being also important to state that this provision is sensitive on whether the chosen nomina is a modern personal name (Art. 31.1.2) or not (Art. 31.1.1)), leading to several independent proposed emendations to these names, which authors have considered as “wrong”, under the Code; the author then, proceeds to conduce a careful and extensive literature review on matter, proposing an amendment to the Code, correcting several unjustified emends, and highlighting that “[...] the stem of such a nomen is determined by the action of the original author when forming the genitive, and should be preserved by subsequent authors. Any subsequent demonstrably intentional change in the stem or ending of this nomen, other than correction of an inadvertent spelling error, must be considered an unjustified emendation [...]” (Dubois 2007: 64).

A new tree species of Hymenaea L. (Detarioideae, Leguminosae) from Costa Rica, named H. osanigraseminae, was validly published by Aguilar Fernández, Poveda Álvarez & Santamaría-Aguilar (2018) on March 28, 2018. The intention of the authors was to include in the specific epithet a mention of the type locality as well as the color of the seeds. Nevertheless, their final choice (“osanigraseminae”) was wrong, since this epithet does not follow the grammatical Latin rules. Consequently, an orthographical correction is required in accordance with the articles 23.5, 32.2, and 60.1 of the International code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Turland et al. 2018).

Excavations in Field 49 at Sardis in the summer of 2015 recovered a bronze triangle inscribed with three images of the goddess Hekate, Greek epithets, and magical symbols (Gr. χαρακτῆρες). The Sardis triangle is the third example of this design known from Roman Anatolia, the other two having been recovered from Pergamon and Apamea. This article aims to situate the new find within its archaeological and historical contexts and, through comparisons with the Pergamon and Apamea finds, to refine our interpretations of the forms and functions of these objects.Field 49 at Sardis is a flat plateau just north of the acropolis. Supported by a series of monumental limestone terrace walls, this part of the city was inhabited almost continuously from the Lydian period through late antiquity.

The correct orthography of the specific epithet commemorating Hermann Sello in the genus Furcraea Vent. is discussed and clarified. It is shown that the epithet to be used is ‘selloana’, not ‘selloa’, nor ‘selloi’, yielding the species name Furcraea selloana K.Koch for this horticulturally popular New World member of the Asparagaceae subfam. Agavoideae / Agavaceae.

Charles Dickens's novels only occasionally feature images of prehistoric creatures. There is, of course, the famous “elephantine lizard. . .waddling. . .up Holborn Hill” in the opening scenes of Bleak House (1852–53), which, as is brilliantly captured in Tom Gauld's recent cartoon “Fragments of Dickens's Lost Novel ‘A Megalosaur's Progress’” (2011), has become a kind of icon of Dickens's entire fictional oeuvre (Figure 1). But beyond Bleak House’s iconic megalosaurus “forty feet long or so,” Dickens's panoramic representations of urban landscapes, which Adelene Buckland has shown to abound with quasi-geological ruins, are usually populated only by their more diminutive modern inhabitants (1; ch. 1). Even when the changing cityscape of “carcases. . .and fragments” of “giant forms” seems, as in Dombey and Son (1847–48), to suggest the presence of colossal fossilized skeletons thrown up by a “great earthquake,” they remain lifeless and merely augment the pervading atmosphere of urban upheaval (46; ch. 6). Animate extinct animals instead appear more commonly in novels by contemporaries such as William Makepeace Thackeray or, later in the century, Henry James. In their fiction, creatures such as the megatherium, a large edentate from the Pliocene epoch, not only afford apposite metaphors for gargantuan manifestations of industrial modernity, as in the former's Mrs. Perkins's Ball (1846) and the latter's The Bostonians (1885–86). More significantly, they also provide a model for the complex structures of serialized novels, whether commendatory, as in Thackeray's The Newcomes (1853–55), or otherwise, as in the famous epithet “large loose baggy monsters” that James coined in the preface to the New York edition of The Tragic Muse (1908) (1:x).

For optimal communication, each taxonomic name ideally has one proper spelling. The specific epithet of Bartram’s Ixia has usually been spelled as coelestina, which is incorrect and contrary to the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants. In the protologue, Bartram originally spelled it as caelestina, which is an acceptable Latin form that ought to be adopted. The ae variant has been utilized and accepted for names of several other taxa since Bartram. The proper spelling of the basionym of Bartram’s Ixia is Ixia caelestina.

The primary type of Rodolia iceryae Janson in Ormerod, 1887, a species commonly found in the Afrotropical region, is lost. In an effort to stabilize the specific epithet and to fix the taxonomic status and type locality of this economically important species, a neotype is here designated. A species diagnosis, illustrations of the male terminalia, and photographs of the neotype specimen and labels are provided.

Part A of Appendix 9 - Orthography of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes regulates the formation of compound generic names and specific epithets derived by combining two or more words or word elements of Latin and/or Greek origin, using the word stems and connecting vowels (-o- or -i-) following word elements derived from Greek and Latin, respectively. The rules given and the exceptions listed are suitable for substantives (nouns) and adjectives used as word elements, but not for prepositions and prefixes. Therefore, we propose a non-retroactive modification of Appendix 9 so that the guidelines given in Part A apply only to compound names that include a noun or an adjective in a non-final position. We also propose guidelines for the proper use of Greek and Latin prepositions, prefixes and adverbs in compound names in which the following word element starts with a vowel. published

Appendix 9, the orthography appendix of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes, provides guidelines for the correct formation of generic names and specific epithets to honour famous microbiologists and other persons connected with natural science. However, no guidelines are given for the correct formation of compound generic names in which the first word element is derived from a personal name. Currently there are 16 such names validly published under the Rules of the Code, but the ways they were formed are inconsistent. We therefore propose an emendation of Appendix 9 to provide uniform guidelines for the formation of such names in the future.

The millipede Craspedosoma raulinsii (Craspedosomatidae) is widespread in Central Europe from Belarus and southern Scandinavia west to Britain and Ireland. Although the species is often not common and rarely encountered (Blower 1985, Hoffman 1999, Lee 2006), Kime (2004) reports C. raulinsii as the third most widespread millipede in Belgium. Shelley (1990) reported C. raulinsii (as C. rawlinsii) for the first time from North America (from Gatineau Park, Quebec, Canada) and noted the occurrence is the first introduction of a representative of the order Chordeumatida in the New World. Here we report new records that suggest widespread occurrence of this introduced millipede in eastern Canada and comment on the commonly-applied spelling of the specific epithet of the species. Vouchers have been deposited in the collections of the New Brunswick Museum (NBM).

An interesting nomenclatural case of Hemionitis atreyu Christenhusz (in Christenhusz et al . 2018: 10) was recently considered and discussed in an earlier issue of Phytotaxa (Mosyakin 2018). That species-rank name was originally proposed as a replacement name (not as a new combination with the earliest available species epithet “ acrostica ”) because of the existence of a supposedly earlier name, “ Hemionitis acrosticha ” Noronha (1790: 18; 1827: 78). However, the latter name has never been validly published (see Mosyakin 2018), and thus, if the species earlier known mainly as Cheilanthes acrostica (Balbis 1801: 98) Todaro (1866: 215) or Pteris acrostica Balbis (1801: 98) is placed in Hemionitis Linnaeus (1753: 1077), not a replacement name but a new combination was required. That combination has been validated as Hemionitis acrostica (Balb.) Mosyakin (2018: 165).