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Hepatic fibrosis, characterized by persistent deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, occurs in most types of chronic liver disease. The prevention of liver damage using extract of Dendropanax morbifera has been widely studied, but its molecular mechanism on the therapeutic efficacy of hepatic fibrosis is unclear. The aim of this study was to assess whether aquatic extract (DM) of D. morbifera ameliorates thioacetamide (TAA)-induced hepatic fibrosis. Hepatic fibrosis was induced by an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection (150 mg/kg, twice per week) of TAA for 6 weeks. DM (50 mg/kg/day) or silymarin (50 mg/kg/day) was administered daily for 6 weeks. DM markedly reduced serum AST, ALT, ALP, and r-GTP in TAA-treated rats. DM significantly ameliorated the total glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activity in TAA-treated rats. In particular, DM significantly reduced expression of α-SMA, type I collagen, vimentin, TGF-β1 and p-Smad2/3 in hepatic fibrosis rats. The protective effects of DM on progression of hepatic fibrosis were clearly shown by detecting 4-hydroxyproline concentration and histopathological examination in the liver. Therefore, our data suggest that DM dramatically prevented hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting oxidative stress and the TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathways.

This study aimed to compare the anti-inflammatory activity of 10-year-old Dendropanax morbifera LEV (DM) leaf extracts. The leaves were collected during different seasons (May, August, and November), and the extracts were prepared using different methods (hot water, 30% ethanol, or 60% ethanol). Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells were treated with these extracts for 12 h. The anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated by measuring the production of nitrite, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1&beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in addition to the mRNA expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 and activation of the nuclear factor &kappa, B (NF-&kappa, B)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. The amyrin and polyphenol compositions of the extracts were analyzed using a triple time-of-flight mass spectrometer and high-performance liquid chromatography. The 30% ethanol extract harvested in May and 60% ethanol extracts collected in August and November displayed the highest inhibitions of nitrite, PGE2, and inflammatory cytokines. The 60% ethanol extract harvested in August suppressed activation of the NF-&kappa, B and MAPK signaling pathways. The contents of amyrin and polyphenol compounds were highly dependent on the ethanol concentration used during each season. These results suggest that ethanol extracts of DM leaves may have the potential to regulate inflammatory responses.

This study evaluated the protective effects of Dendropanax morbifera leaf (DML) extracts in the liver due to excessive ethanol consumption. Our results showed that the ethanol extract had better antioxidant activity than the water extract, likely due to the higher levels of total flavonoid and phenolic compounds in the former. We found that the main phenolic acid was chlorogenic acid and the major flavonoid was rutin. Results from the animal model experiment showed concentration-dependent liver protection with the distilled water extract showing better liver protection than the ethanol extract. Gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by alcohol consumption was significantly shifted by DML extracts through increasing mainly Bacteroides and Allobaculum. Moreover, predicted metabolic activities of biosynthesis of beneficial monounsaturated fatty acids such as oleate and palmitoleate were enhanced. Our results suggest that these hepatoprotective effects are likely due to the increased activities of antioxidant enzymes and partially promoted by intestinal microbiota shifts.

The present study investigates and evaluates the antioxidant and antithrombotic effects of Dendropanax morbifera Leveille (Araliaceae) extracts (DME) and its ferment (FDME). Antioxidant activities were improved by FDME treatment, especially 66.74% of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was observed at 100 μg of FDME treatment. In vitro antithrombotic activity was also improved by accelerated fibrinolysis and blood clot degradation as well as prolonged prothrombin time. Similar to those results, in vivo experiment also showed that the formation of thrombus was alleviated and paralysis or death due to thromboembolism was also prevented to some extent. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: A bioprocessing technology, fermentation is known to enhance nutritional qualities which has beneficial effects on health by improving antioxidant activity, lipid levels, and antithrombotic activities. DME, healthy food source has been known to have a potential for improving blood circulation improvement. The present study provides beneficial information on the potential and excellence of the antithrombotic efficacy of DME and FDME. The present results elucidate the antithrombotic activities of DME and FDME, which is useful in the development of new food materials for cardiovascular health and new antithrombotic agents for clinical application.

목적: 본 연구는 황칠나무(Dendropanax morbifera) 잎에서 메탄올-초음파 추출법으로 유효성분을 추출하여 약물요법을 대체 할 수 있는 기능성 화장품 및 육모제 소재 개발에 자료를 제공하고자 하는 목적으로 수행하였다. 방법: 황칠나무 잎 메탄올-초음파 추출물의 총 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량을 측정하였고, 항산화능과 아질산염 소거능을 측정하였으며, 항균활성과 최소성장저해농도(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)를 측정하였다. HFDPC세포에 대하여 10, 100, 500 μg/mL 농도별로 처리하여 MTT assay를 통하여 세포독성을 평가하였으며, western blotting을 통한 성장인자 발현촉진 및 억제 효과를 측정하였다. 결과: 황칠나무 잎 메탄올-초음파 추출물의 총 폴리페놀 함량은 74.082±7.180 mg/g, 총 플라보노이드 함량은 97.360±2.235 mg/g로 나타났다. DPPH 소거능은 92.440±1.023%로 높은 효과를 보였으며, 아질산염 소거능은 52.6±2.4%를 보였다. Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), Pityrosporum ovale (P. ovale), Malassezia furfur (M. furfur) 균주에 대하여 항균활성이 나타났으며, 최소성장저해농도(MIC)는 P. acnes에서는 17.3%, P. ovale는 21.6%, M. furfur 에서는15.7% 농도로 나타났다. 인간모유두세포에 황칠나무 추출물을 10, 100, 500 μg/mL의 처리농도 범위 내에서세포독성은 관찰되지 않았으며, 농도가 증가할수록 세포생육도가 높았다. Western blotting을 통한 성장인자 단백질의 발현및 억제 효과는 대조군 대비 IGF는 156±8%로 발현촉진 효과가, TGFβ2는78.3±10%로 억제효과가 나타났다. 결론: 황칠나무 잎 메탄올-초음파 추출물은 항산화능을 가진 기능성 화장품 및 육모제의 소재로 활용가능성이 있는 것으로 사료된다.

Dendropanax morbifera (D. morbifera), known as Dendro, means 'omnipotent drug' (Panax), and has been called the panacea tree. Various studies on D. morbifera are currently ongoing, aiming to determine its medicinal uses. The present study investigated the anti‑inflammatory effects and underlying mechanism of a natural extract of D. morbifera leaves (DPL) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. In the present study, the following assays and models were used: MTT assay, nitric oxide (NO) assay, western blotting, ELISA and mouse models of atopic dermatitis. DPL extract markedly reduced the production of NO, inducible NO synthase and interleukin‑6, as well as the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB). Additionally, the LPS‑induced activation of extracellular signal‑regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), P38 and c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase (JNK) was suppressed by DPL extract. Taken together, these results indicate that NF‑κB, ERK1/2, P38 and JNK may be potential molecular targets of DPL extract in the LPS‑induced inflammatory response. Subsequently, the present study investigated the effects of DPL extract in a 2,4‑dinitrochlorobenzene‑induced atopic dermatitis mouse model. Ear thickness, serum immunoglobulin E levels and histological analysis revealed that the DPL extract was effective in attenuating the inflammatory response. These results indicate that DPL extract has anti‑inflammatory potential and may be developed as a botanical drug to treat atopic dermatitis.

황칠나무는 한국의 남부 해안 및 제주도 등에서 자생하는 식물이다. 본 연구에서는 황칠나무 잎 추출물의 미백 활성의 원인을 규명하고자 연구를 수행하였다. ${\alpha}$ -MSH로 자극된 B16 melanoma 세포에 대한 추출물의 멜라닌 생합성 저해 활성을 측정하였다. 추출물은 25 및 $50{\mu}g/mL$ 농도에서 유의적으로 멜라닌 함량을 감소시켰으며, 세포 내의 tyrosinase 활성뿐만 아니라 tyrosinase와 TRP-2의 단백질 발현도 상당히 저해하였다. 결과적으로, 황칠나무 잎 추출물은 세포 내의 tyrosinase활성과 멜라닌 생합성에 직접적으로 관련된 효소의 발현을 저해함으로써 미백효과를 나타내었다. 본 연구 결과는 황칠나무 잎 추출물이 새로운 미백 화장품의 원료로써 이용 가능함을 시사한다. 【Dendropanax morbifera (D. morbifera) grows in the southern coastal areas and on Jeju Island in Korea. In this study, D. morbifera leaf extract was investigated to determine the mechanism of its whitening effect. The inhibitory activities of the extract on melanogenesis were tested in B16 melanoma cells treated with the ${\alpha}$ -melanocyte stimulating hormone ( ${\alpha}$ -MSH). D. morbifera leaf extracts remarkably decreased the melanin content at 25 and $50{\mu}g/mL$ . The extracts significantly inhibited the intracellular tyrosinase activity and protein expression of tyrosinase and tyrosinase related protein-2 (TRP-2). In conclusion, D. morbifera leaf extracts would show a whitening effect by inhibiting intracellular tyrosinase activities and the expression of enzymes directly involved in the melanin biosynthesis. The results indicate that fractions of D. morbifera leaf extracts show potential for application as a whitening agent in the new whitening cosmetics.】

Dendropanax morbifera Léveille, an endemic species in Korea, is best known as a tree that produces a resinous sap. Although D. morbifera is used in folk medicine, its biological activities are poorly understood. In this study, the methanolic extracts of D. morbifera branches, debarked stems, bark, and two different stages of leaves were evaluated for anti-oxidant activity and anti-cancer potential. The debarked stem extract exhibited strong 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and reducing power compared with other samples. In addition, the cytotoxic activities of these extracts were investigated in human tumour cell lines. The results suggested that the extracts of debarked stems, green leaves, and yellow leaves were the potent source of anti-cancer compounds, particularly in Huh-7 cells. Furthermore, treatment with the extracts of debarked stems, green leaves, and yellow leaves caused an increase of apoptotic or senescent cells in Huh-7 cells. Twenty-four hour treatment with debarked stems extract resulted in the strong induction of p53 and p16, whereas both leaf extracts inhibited the activation of ERK. The debarked stems and green leaf extracts reduced Akt levels in Huh-7 cells, indicating that D. morbifera extracts caused the activation of p16 and p53 pathways. This, together with the inhibition of Akt or ERK signalling, resulted in suppression of Huh-7 cell proliferation. These results suggest that methanolic leaf and debarked stems extracts are a source of anti-oxidant and anti-cancer compounds, and could be developed as a botanical drug.

The plant habitat is moved by change of growth environment due to global warming. And it have to need seed germination and successful settlement of seedling in new habitat. This study aims to supply basic data for predicting change of habitat of Dendropanax morbifera Lev., warm temperate tree in Korea, by global warming. Characteristics of seed germination of D. morbifera was studied in different temperature and light conditions. Firstly, fruit and non-fleshed seed were saw without cold treatment. Second, each fruit and non-f leshed seed were treated in wet cold and dry cold conditions at 4°C for 3 months, and it were saw in 10, 15, 20, 25, 30°C conditions. After cold treatment at 4°C, non-fleshed seed shows high germination ratio of 87%, 53%, 77%, 63%, 23% in 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, and 30°C, respectively. Also, in filed test, non-fleshed seed was high in 69.2% and in non-light condition. However, it did not shown germinated seed in light condition. In conclusion, germination of D. morbifera mainly controlled by non-light condition in temperature after cold treatment for about 3 months on 4°C.

Leaf spot and blight disease was observed on two-year-old seedlings of Dendropanax morbifera (Korean name: Hwangchil tree) during July of 2008 in Jindo Island, Korea. Symptoms included yellow-brown to dark brown irregularly enlarged spots frequently located along the veins of leaves. The lesions were often surrounded by chlorotic haloes. Severe leaf blight and subsequent defoliation occurred when conditions favored disease outbreak. The causal organism of the disease was identified as Alternaria panax based on morphological characteristics and sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA. A. panax isolates induced leaf spots and blight symptoms not only on D. morbifera but also on the other members of Araliaceae tested. This is the first report of foliar blight caused by A. panax on D. morbifera.

Dendropanax morbifera Leveille (Araliaceae) has been used in traditional oriental remedies for cancer, inflammation, diabetes, and thrombosis. However, a validated analytical method, standardization, and optimization of extraction conditions with respect to biological activity have not been reported. In this study, a simple and validated HPLC method for identifying and quantifying active substances in D. morbifera was developed. Hot water and ethanolic D. morbifera leaf extracts from different production regions were prepared and evaluated with regard to their chemical compositions and biological activities. The contents of active compounds such as rutin and chlorogenic acid were determined in four samples collected from different regions. The 80% ethanolic extract showed the best antioxidant activity, phenolic content, reducing power, and xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity. The validated HPLC method confirmed the presence of chlorogenic acid and rutin in D. morbifera leaf extracts. The antioxidant and XO inhibitory activity of D. morbifera extract could be attributed to the marker compounds. Collectively, these results suggest that D. morbifera leaves could be beneficial for the treatment or prevention of hyperuricemia-related disease, and the validated HPLC method could be a useful tool for the quality control of food or drug formulations containing D. morbifera.

Essential oils obtained from the flowers of Dendropanax morbifera were extracted and the chemical composition and larvicidal effects were studied. The analyses were conducted by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) revealed that the essential oil of D. morbifera contained 27 compounds. The major chemical components identified were γ -elemene (18.59%), tetramethyltricyclohydrocarbon (10.82%), β -selinene (10.41%), α -zingibirene (10.52%), 2-isopropyl-5-methylbicylodecen (4.2%), β -cubebene (4.19), and 2,6-bis(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-4-phenol (4.01%). The essential oil had a significant toxic effect against early fourth-stage larvae of Aedes aegypti L. with an LC 50 value of 62.32 ppm and an LC 90 value of 131.21 ppm. The results could be useful in search for newer, safer, and more effective natural larvicidal agents against A. aegypti .

Dendropanax morbifera (Araliaceae) is an endemic species in Korea and distributed in the southern part of Korea. The roots and stems of this plant have been used for folk medicine for the treatment of migraine headache, dysmenorrheal, and remove wind dampness and for Vanishes production. Production of adventitious roots in D. morbifera by in vitro cultures could be used as alternatives materials. Leaf, stem, and root segments from D. morbifera seedling were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/L IBA and 30 g/L sucrose. After 4 weeks of culture, the highest induction of adventitious roots was obtained from the leaf segment. Frequency of adventitious root formation on medium with various kinds of auxins (IAA, NAA, 2,4-D, and IBA) and various concentrations of IBA (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mg/L) was tested. The maximum induction of adventitious root was obtained on medium with 1.0 mg/L IBA. In liquid culture, growth of root was best 1/2MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L IBA and 30 g/L sucrose. Adventitious roots were cultured in 5 L bioreactor containing 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L IBA and 30 g/L sucrose and mass-production of adventitious roots was successfully achieved. This study demonstrated for the first time to produce adventitious roots in D. morbifera.

This study was performed firstly to investigate the curing mechanism of Korean Dendropanax Lacquer made by both the acetone and wine spirit extraction methods, and secondly to determine the minimum curing conditions. The chemical, physical and thermal measurements obtained in this study showed that the Lacquer made by the wine spirit extraction method reacted faster at the same curing temperature. In addition, the Korean Dendropanax Lacquer made by the wine spirit extraction method can be effectively and economically cured at 100 °C for 150 min and 130 °C for 60 min.

The present study evaluated the anticomplement effect of polyacetylenes from Dendropanax morbifera (Araliaceae) in the classical pathway complement system. The leaves of D. morbifera were evaluated with regard to its anticomplement activity, and its active principles identified following activity-guided isolation. An aqueous CCl4 fraction of the leaves of D. morbifera exhibited significant anticomplement activity on the classical pathway complement system, which was expressed as total hemolytic activity. Three polyacetylenes isolated from the leaves of D. morbifera, namely (3S)-falcarinol (1), (3S,8S)-falcarindiol (2) and (3S)-diynene (3). Compounds 1, 2 and 3 showed inhibitory activity against complement system with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) values of 87.3 µm, 15.2 µm and 39.8 µm. Among the compounds tested, 2 showed the most potent anticomplement activity (IC50, 15.2 µm). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Age-related morphological and anatomical changes were investigated by light and electron microscopy with juvenile and adult leaves of Dendropanax morbifera. Most juvenile leaves were glossy and palmate with five deep and narrow lobes divided nearly to two-thirds of the leaf base. Adult leaves were thick and possessed three lobes divided nearly to half of the leaf base. Stomata were ovoid and found on the abaxial surface. The epicuticular waxes of the plant included platelets, angular rodlets and threads. Platelets were attached to the surface at various angles. Distinct angular rodlets could be found on either the adaxial or the abaxial surface. Platelets on surface undulations occurred exclusively on the abaxial surface of adult leaves. Juvenile leaves were ca. 150 μm thick and had few intercellular spaces. Adult leaves were nearly two times thicker than juvenile leaves, and showed highly vacuolated cells and large intercellular spaces. The cuticle proper was apparent on the epidermis and showed distinctly alternating lamellate structures in juvenile leaves. The epidermal cell wall of adult leaves was covered with a cuticle layer for which a lamellate structure was not found. These results suggest that the species is heteroblastic in leaf characteristics with increasing leaf age.