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Hyaloperonospora brassicae causes downy mildew, a major disease of Brassicaceae species. We sequenced the genomes of two H. brassicae isolates of high (Sample B) and low (Sample C) virulence. Sequencing reads were first assembled de novo with software's SOAPdenovo2, ABySS V2.1 and Velvet V1.1 and later combined to create meta-assemblies with genome sizes of 72.762 and 76.950Mb and predicted gene densities of 1628 and 1644 /Mb, respectively. We could annotate 12.255 and 13,030 genes with high proportions (91-92%) of complete BUSCOs for Sample B and C, respectively. Comparative analysis revealed conserved and varied molecular machinery underlying the physiological specialisation and infection capabilities. BLAST analysis against PHI gene database suggested a relatively higher loss of genes for virulence and pathogenicity in Sample C compared to Sample B, reflecting pathogen evolution through differential rates of mutation and selection. These studies will enable identification and monitoring of H. brassicae virulence factors prevailing in-field.

Among the insect pests that affect crucifer crops in Mexico are Delia planipalpis (Meigen) and D. platura (Stein). They are a threat to the production of these vegetables since the damage they cause directly and indirectly affects yield, quality, and commercialization of these crops. Nevertheless, the existence of natural enemies of these dipterans is still unknown. It is fundamental to determine which parasitoids or predators can be considered possible biological control agents in an integrated pest management program. The sampling sites were located in Guanajuato, Puebla, and the State of Mexico, where plants of Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenk and capitata L., B. napus L., and Raphanus sativus L. infested with Delia spp. were selected. The symptoms observed were wilting, yellowish, flaccid leaves and individuals less developed than the rest of the crop. These plants were extracted with their root and the surrounding soil. Also, wild crucifers were collected, such as Raphanus raphanistrum L., Brassica campestris L., and Sisymbrium irio L. The first records of Aphaereta pallipes Say (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), Trybliographa rapae (Westwood) (Hymenoptera, Figitidae), and Aleochara bimaculata Gravenhorst (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) are reported parasitizing the puparia of these anthomyiid flies on cultivated and wild crucifers. This represents only a starting point for the continuous study of these parasitoids, which is needed to consider them useful for the biological control of D. planipalpis and D. platura.

In addition to true cereals (Poaceae) and legumes (Fabaceae), which are most commonly used as cover crops, plant species from the mustard family (Brassicaceae) are increasingly used due to their biological and agronomic characteristics. Crucifers grow fast, develop high biomass, achieve great land coverage ( gt 80%) and possess high nutrient uptake. These are the reasons that their use as cover crops has a beneficial effect on soil fertility, erosion prevention, weed suppression and groundwater quality protection. Majority of crucifers contain glucosinolates, the enzymatic conversion of which releases biologically active compounds into the soil, which are toxic to soil pathogens, nematodes and some weeds. In this way, crucifers act as soil biofumigants, and this effect is used in the control of harmful organisms within the cover crops technology. Due to different production systems and agroecological conditions, the release of these compounds in the soil is not constant, so the efficiency is not always the same. In this regard, biofumigation as a biological measure should be seen as a part of an integrated pest management strategy. With its flowers, crucifers attract a large number of insects: pollinators, predators and parasitoids, thus positively affecting the biodiversity of beneficial insects and the biocontrol of harmful ones. The most commonly used multipurpose cover crops are: rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), white mustard (Sinapis alba L.), brown mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.), charcoal turnip (Brassica rapa rapifera), fodder radish (Raphanus sativus L.), oil radish (Raphanus sativus var. oleifera) and others. Osim pravih žita (Poaceae) i leptirnjača (Fabaceae) koje se najčešće koriste u pokrovnim usevima, zbog svojih bioloških i agronomskih osobina sve više se koriste biljne vrste iz porodice kupusnjača (Brassicaceae). Kupusnjače brzo rastu, imaju veliku produkciju biomase, ostvaruju veliku pokrivenost zemljišta (>80%), a usvajanju i velike količine hranljivih materija. Zbog svega toga, primenom u pokrovnim usevima, povoljno utiču na plodnost zemljišta, sprečavaju njegovu eroziju, guše korove i štite kvalitet podzemnih voda. Većina kupusnjača sadrži glukozinolate, čijom enzimskom konverzijom se u zemljištu oslobađaju biološki aktivna jedinjenja, koja su toksična za zemljišne patogene, nematode i neke korove. Time kupusnjače u zemljištu deluju kao biofumiganti, a ovaj efekat u okviru tehnologije pokrovnih useva koristi se u kontroli štetnih organizama. Zbog različitih sistema proizvodnje i agroekoloških uslova, oslobađanje tih jedinjenja u zemljištu nije konstantno, pa efikasnost nije uvek ista. U tom smislu biofumigaciju kao biološku meru, treba posmatrati kao deo integrisanog pristupa kontrole štetnih organizama. Svojim cvetovima biljne vrste kupusnjača privlače veliki broj insekata: polinatora, predatora i parazitoida, pa tako pozitivno utičući na biodiverzitet korisnih insekata i biokontrolu štetnih. U pokrovnim usevima za različite namene najčešće se koriste: uljana repica (Brassica napus L.), bela slačica (Sinapis alba L.), smeđa slačica (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.), repa ugarnjača (Brassica rapa rapifera), stočna rotkva (Raphanus sativus L.), uljana rotkva (Raphanus sativus var. oleifera) i druge.

This paper reviews the most important cases of trap crops and insectary plants in the order Brassicales. Most trap crops in the order Brassicales target insects that are specialist in plants belonging to this order, such as the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), flea beetles, Phyllotreta spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and the pollen beetle, Meligethes aeneus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). In most cases, the mode of action of these trap crops is the preferential attraction of the insect pest for the trap crop located next to the main crop. With one exception, these trap crops in the order Brassicales have been used with brassicaceous crops. Insectary plants in the order Brassicales attract a wide variety of natural enemies, but most studies report on their effect on aphidofagous hoverflies and parasitoids. The parasitoids benefiting from insectary plants in the order Brassicales target insects pests ranging from specialists, such as P. xylostella to highly polyfagous, such as the stink bugs Euschistus conspersus Uhler and Thyanta pallidovirens Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). The three most common trap crops in the order Brassicales are Indian mustard, Brassica juncea (L.) Czern, Chinese cabbage, Brassica rapa L., and yellow rocket, Barbarea vulgaris R. Br., while the three most common insectary plants are sweet alyssum, Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv., white mustard, Sinapis alba L, and B. vulgaris. Except for Tropaeolum majus L. (Tropaeolaceae), and Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew. (Capparaceae), the tested trap crops and insectary plants in the order Brassicales belong to the family Brassicaceae.

Brassica vegetables, which include broccoli, kale, cauliflower, and Brussel sprouts, are known for their high glucosinolate content. Glucosinolates and their derived forms namely isothiocyanates are of special interest in the pharmaceutical and food industries due to their antimicrobial, neuroprotective, and anticarcinogenic properties. These compounds are water soluble and heat-sensitive and have been proved to be heavily lost during thermal processing. In addition, previous studies suggested that novel non-thermal technologies such as high pressure processing, pulsed electric fields, or ultraviolet irradiation can affect the glucosinolate content of cruciferous vegetables. The objective of this paper was to review current knowledge about the effects of both thermal and non-thermal processing technologies on the content of glucosinolates and their derived forms in brassica vegetables. This paper also highlights the importance of the incorporation of brassica vegetables into our diet for their health-promoting properties beyond their anticarcinogenic activities. This work was supported by the CERCA Programme and the Secretaria d’Universitats i Recerca del Departament d’Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya (FI-DGR-2015-0004). T. Lafarga is in receipt of a Juan de la Cierva contract awarded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness (FJCI-2016-29541). I. Aguiló-Aguayo thanks the National Programme for the Promotion of Talent and its Employability of the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and to the European Social Fund for the Postdoctoral Senior Grant Ramon y Cajal (RYC-2016-19949).

In the arms race between plants, herbivores, and their natural enemies, specialized herbivores may use plant defenses for their own benefit, and variation in plant traits may affect the benefits that herbivores derive from these defenses. Pieris brassicae is a specialist herbivore of plants containing glucosinolates, a specific class of defensive secondary metabolites. Caterpillars of P. brassicae are known to actively spit on attacking natural enemies, including their main parasitoid, the braconid wasp Cotesia glomerata. Here, we tested the hypothesis that variation in the secondary metabolites of host plants affects the efficacy of caterpillar regurgitant as an anti‐predator defense. Using a total of 10 host plants with different glucosinolate profiles, we first studied natural regurgitation events of caterpillars on parasitoids. We then studied manual applications of water or regurgitant on parasitoids during parasitization events. Results from natural regurgitation events revealed that parasitoids spent more time grooming after attack when foraging on radish and nasturtium than on Brassica spp., and when the regurgitant came in contact with the wings rather than any other body part. Results from manual applications of regurgitant showed that all parameters of parasitoid behavior (initial attack duration, attack interruption, grooming time, and likelihood of a second attack) were more affected when regurgitant was applied rather than water. The proportion of parasitoids re‐attacking a caterpillar within 15 min was the lowest when regurgitant originated from radish‐fed caterpillars. However, we found no correlation between glucosinolate content and regurgitant effects, and parasitoid behavior was equally affected when regurgitant originated from a glucosinolate‐deficient Arabidopsis thaliana mutant line. In conclusion, host plant affects to a certain extent the efficacy of spit from P. brassicae caterpillars as a defense against parasitoids, but this is not due to glucosinolate content. The nature of the defensive compounds present in the spit remains to be determined, and the ecological relevance of this anti‐predator defense needs to be further evaluated in the field.

Tolerance to herbivory is an adaptation that promotes regrowth and maintains fitness in plants after herbivore damage. Here, we hypothesized that the effect of competition on tolerance can be different for different genotypes within a species and we tested how tolerance is affected by competitive regime and damage type. We inflicted apical or leaf damage in siblings of 29 families of an annual plant Raphanus raphanistrum (Brassicaceae) grown at high or low competition. There was a negative correlation of family tolerance levels between competition treatments: plant families with high tolerance to apical damage in the low competition treatment had low tolerance to apical damage in the high competition treatment and vice versa. We found no costs of tolerance, in terms of a trade‐off between tolerance to apical and leaf damage or between tolerance and competitive ability, or an allocation cost in terms of reduced fitness of highly tolerant families in the undamaged state. High tolerance bound to a specific competitive regime may entail a cost in terms of low tolerance if competitive regime changes. This could act as a factor maintaining genetic variation for tolerance.

NEREIS 10 [Marzo 2018], 69-78, ISSN: 1888-8550Nereis. Revista Iberoamericana Interdisciplinar de Métodos, Modelización y Simulación1069-78Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente MártirValencia (España)ISSN 1888-8550Estudio de la bioactividad in vitro e in vivo de brotes de brócoli ricos en glucosinolatos/isotiocianatos Study of the in vitro and in vivo bioactivity of glucosinolates/isothiocyanates-rich broccoli sprouts Fecha de recepción y aceptación: 28 de agosto de 2017, 1 de diciembre de 2017N. Baenas1, D. A. Moreno1 y C. García-Viguera1*1 Laboratorio de Fitoquímica y Alimentos Saludables. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, CEBAS-CSIC. * Correspondencia: Laboratorio de Fitoquímica y Alimentos Saludables. Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, CEBAS-CSIC. Campus Universitario de Espinardo. Edificio 25. 30100 (Espinardo) Murcia. España. E-mail: cgviguera@cebas.csic.esRESUMEN Los brotes de brócoli son alimentos de gran interés debido a su mayor contenido en nutrientes y compuestos bioactivos en comparación con el vegetal adulto. Poseen alto contenido en glucosi-nolatos, destacando la glucorafanina, que se encuentra en mayor concentración, cuyo producto de hidrólisis, el isotiocianato sulforafano, ha demostrado poseer distintas actividades biológicas, como son la antiinflamatoria, antioxidante y un efecto antiproliferativo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar el efecto antiproliferativo de estos brotes como matriz vegetal, así como sus compues-tos bioactivos puros, la glucorafanina y el sulforafano, demostrando una mayor bioactividad del vegetal como alimento completo. Por otro lado, se demostró el efecto antinociceptivo (analgésico) de estos brotes en modelos de roedores in vivo, abriendo una línea de investigación interesante para el estudio de los mecanismos de acción de estos compuestos naturales como fitoterapéuticos. Broccoli sprouts are very interesting plant foods due to their potential source of nutrients and bioactive compounds. These sprouts have a higher content in glucosinolates than adult plants, being glucoraphanin the one presented in higher amount. Its hydrolysis product, the isothiocy-anate sulforaphane, has shown different biological activities in previous studies, such as anti-inflamatory, antioxidant and antiproliferative effect. The aim of this work was to explore the antiproliferative effect of pure glucoraphanin and pure sulforaphane against cell lines of human cancer in vitro, compared to the complete broccoli sprouts. Results showed that the whole plant is more active. On the other hand, also the antinociceptive effect of broccoli sprouts was studied in rodent models in vivo, providing an interesting research line for the study of the action path-ways of these natural products as phytotherapeutics. Ciencias Experimentales

Determinants of the host ranges of insect herbivores are important from an evolutionary perspective and also have implications for applications such as biological control. Although insect herbivore host ranges typically are phylogenetically constrained, herbivore preference and performance ultimately are determined by plant traits, including plant secondary metabolites. Where such traits are phylogenetically labile, insect hervivore host ranges are expected to be phylogenetically disjunct, reflecting phenotypic similarities rather than genetic relatedness among potential hosts. We tested this hypothesis in the laboratory with a Brassicaceae-specialized weevil, Ceutorhynchus cardariae Korotyaev (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), on 13 test plant species differing in their suitability as hosts for the weevil. We compared the associations between feeding by C. cardariae and either phenotypic similarity (secondary chemistry—glucosinolate profile) or genetic similarity (sequence of the chloroplast gene ndhF) using two methods—simple correlations or strengths of association between feeding by each species, and dendrograms based on either glucosinolates or ndhF sequence (i.e., a phylogram). For comparison, we performed a similar test with the oligophagous Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) using the same plant species. We found using either method that phenotypic similarity was more strongly associated with feeding intensity by C. cardariae than genetic similarity. In contrast, neither genetic nor phenotypic similarity was significantly associated with feeding intensity on the test species by P. xylostella. The result indicates that phenotypic traits can be more reliable indicators of the feeding preference of a specialist than phylogenetic relatedness of its potential hosts. This has implications for the evolution and maintenance of host ranges and host specialization in phytophagous insects. It also has implications for identifying plant species at risk of nontarget attack by potential weed biological control agents and hence the approach to prerelease testing.

Alternaria species are common pathogens of fruit and vegetables able to produce secondary metabolites potentially affecting human health. Twenty-nine isolates obtained from cabbage, cauliflower, wild and cultivated rocket were characterized and identified based on sporulation pattern and virulence; the phylogenetic analysis was based on the β-tubulin gene. Isolates were identified as A. alternata, A. tenuissima, A. arborescens, A. brassicicola and A. japonica. Pathogenicity was evaluated on plants under greenhouse conditions. Two isolates showed low level of virulence on cultivated rocket while the other isolates showed medium or high level of virulence. Isolates were also characterized for their mycotoxin production on a modified Czapek-Dox medium. Production of the five Alternaria toxins, tenuazonic acid, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene and tentoxin were evaluated. Under these conditions, about 80% of the isolates showed the ability to produce at least one mycotoxin.

Summary Glucosinolates (GSL) of cruciferous plants comprise a major group of structurally diverse secondary compounds, which act as deterrents against aphids and microbial pathogens and have high commercial and ecological impacts. While the transcriptional regulation governing the biosynthesis and modification of GSL has become relatively well understood, post-translational regulatory components that specifically determine the structural variation of indole glucosinolates have not been reported. We show that a cytoplasmic protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B’γ (PP2A-B’γ) physically interacts with INDOLE GLUCOSINOLATE METHYLTRANSFERASEs (IGMTs) and controls the methoxylation of indole glucosinolates and formation of 4-methoxy-indol-3-yl-methyl glucosinolate (4MO-I3M) in Arabidopsis leaves. By taking advantage of proteomic approaches and metabolic analysis we further demonstrate that PP2A-B’γ is required to control the abundance of oligomeric protein complexes functionally linked with the activated methyl cycle and the transmethylation capacity of leaf cells. These findings highlight the key regulatory role of PP2A-B’γ in methionine metabolism and provide a previously unrecognized perspective for metabolic engineering of glucosinolate metabolism in cruciferous plants. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Indole phytoalexins from crucifers have been shown to exhibit significant anti-cancer, chemopreventive, and antiproliferative activity. Phytoalexins are natural low molecular antimicrobial compounds that are synthesized and accumulated in plants after their exposure to pathogenic microorganisms. Most interestingly, crucifers appear to be the only plant family producing sulfur-containing indole phytoalexins. The mechanisms underlying its anti-cancer properties are unknown. Isolation from cruciferous plants does not provide sufficient quantities of indole phytoalexins and, for biological screening, they are usually obtainable through synthesis. Understanding the molecular mechanism of the action of these substances and their structure-activity relationships is quite important in the development of new analogs with a more favorable profile of biological activities. In this review, we present the key features of indole phytoalexins, mainly their antiproliferative ativities.

The effects of glucosinolates (GLs) (sinigrin, gluconapin, progoitrin, epi-progoitrin, sinalbin, glucotropaeolin, glucoerucin, glucocheirolin, and glucoraphenin) and their enzymatic hydrolysis-derived products (EHDPs) have been studied in controlling the proliferation of cancer cell lines. The results of this study indicate the following: (i) neither myrosinase nor intact GLs have any effect on tumor cell growth when used up to 36 U/mL and 500 μM, respectively; (ii) all EHDPs show a clear inhibition of human erythroleukemic K562 cell proliferative growth, which is particularly evident for EHDPs from sinigrin, glucotropaeolin, glucoerucin, and glucocheirolin (IC50 < 20 μM); (iii) the EHDP production by in situ or pre-mix procedures gives rather similar antiproliferative effects; and finally, (iv) the EHDPs from glucoraphenin are active toward several other tumor cells, viz. FL (murine erythroleukemic cells), Jurkat (human T-lymphoid cells), HeLa (human cervix carcinoma cells), H9 (human T-lymphoid cells),...

The well supported gene dosage hypothesis predicts that genes encoding proteins engaged in dose-sensitive interactions cannot be reduced back to single copies once all interacting partners are simultaneously duplicated in a whole genome duplication. The genomes of extant flowering plants are the result of many sequential rounds of whole genome duplication, yet the fraction of genomes devoted to encoding complex molecular machines does not increase as fast as expected through multiple rounds of whole genome duplications. Using parallel interspecies genomic comparisons in the grasses and crucifers, we demonstrate that genes retained as duplicates following a whole genome duplication have only a 50% chance of being retained as duplicates in a second whole genome duplication. Genes which fractionated to a single copy following a second whole genome duplication tend to be the member of a gene pair with less complex promoters, lower levels of expression, and to be under lower levels of purifying selection. We suggest the copy with lower levels of expression and less purifying selection contributes less to effective gene-product dosage and therefore is under less dosage constraint in future whole genome duplications, providing an explanation for why flowering plant genomes are not overrun with subunits of large dose-sensitive protein complexes.

8 pages, 4 figures, 1 table., “Rocket” is a collective name used to term some species within the Eruca and Diplotaxis genera, whose leaves are characterized by a more or less pungent taste. Different approaches have been carried out to differentiate both genera that have similar leaf morphologies. Following our research in flavonoid profiling of the Brassicaceae family using high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet−diode array detection/electrospray ionization mass spectroemtry, we have investigated Eruca vesicaria and Diplotaxis tenuifolia leaf samples as new ingredients of fresh salads. The MS/MS study allowed the identification of new naturally occurring quercetin mono- and diacyl-tri-O-glucosides and the elucidation of the flavonoid glycosylation and acylation patterns. Important differences between flavonoid profiles of E. vesicaria and D. tenuifolia were observed. E. vesicaria contained kaempferol derivatives as principal compounds whereas D. tenuifolia instead accumulated quercetin derivatives. The exhaustive study of the profiling of these species could help further studies concerning the bioavailability of these flavonoids for epidemiological or clinical intervention studies because these species have considerable potential as healthy leafy salads because of the bioactive phytochemicals., We are grateful to Spanish CICYT (Comisio´n Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología) project AGL2004-03060 for financial support. A.M.S. is the holder of a grant FPU from Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (Spain) reference AP2003-3990.

Publication Inra prise en compte dans l'analyse bibliométrique des publications scientifiques mondiales sur les Fruits, les Légumes et la Pomme de terre. Période 2000-2012. http://prodinra.inra.fr/record/256699; The species Xanthomonas campestris (Vauterin) groups bacteria associated with cruciferous plants. In order to clarify and refine the pathovar and race structures within X. campestris, 47 representative strains of six pathovars were characterized for their pathogenicity on a large host range of Brassicaceae, including all original hosts. Three diseases were observed on tested plants: (i) black rot disease on cruciferous plants; it was proposed that all strains causing black rot on at least one cruciferous plant be grouped in the single pathovar X. c. pv. campestris; (ii) leaf spot disease caused by X. c. pv. raphani on hosts belonging to the Brassicaceae and Solanaceae; the sequenced strain 756C identified as X. c. pv. armoraciae was included in this pathovar and the existence of another leaf spot disease caused by X. c. pv. armoraciae was not supported; and (iii) bacterial blight of garden stocks caused by X. c. pv. incanae. No plants susceptible to X. c. pv. barbareae were ! found. Strains that did not induce any symptom on cruciferous plants tested, including their original hosts, were removed from the pathovar scheme and were named X. campestris only. Three new races were described in addition to the six races previously described within X. c. pv. campestris. The sequenced strains ATCC 33913 (CFBP 5241) and Xcc 8004 (CFBP 6650) belonged to race 3 and to race 9 (one of the new races described), respectively

Twelve polymorphic microsatellite markers were isolated from the phytopathogenic fungus Alternaria brassicicola, the causal agent of black spot of crucifers. An enrichment protocol was used to isolate microsatellite loci, which were then analysed in a collection of 46 isolates sampled from seven different countries. The number of alleles detected in 12 loci ranged from two to 10 (mean 3.5). Investigation of cross-species amplifications showed that the designed primers were specific to A. brassicicola.

Türkiye' de yetişen Arabis L cinsine bağlı taksonların eksik betimleri, kullanışsız teşhis anahtarı ve yetersiz yayılış bilgileri nedeniyle çeşitli sistematik sorunları vardı r.Sistematik sorunların çözümünde taksonların morfolojisi başta olmak üzere palinolojik, bazı anatomik ve sitolojik veriler değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma sonuçları elektron ve ışık mikroskobu resimleri ile desteklenmiştir. Cinsin fenetik yapısı konusunda nümerik metotlar kullanılarak bir yorum getirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Seksiyon, tür ve tür altı taksonları ayırt edebilmek için daha kullanışlı anahtarlar hazırlanmıştır. Tür tanımları genişletilmiş, coğrafik yayılışları, fitocoğrafik bölgeleri ve tehlike kategorileri yeniden düzenlenmiştir. Doğal ortamlarında renkli fotoğrafları çekilmiştir. Türkiye Florası' ndaki Turritis L cinsi Arabis L.' nin sinonimi olarak değerlendirilmiştir. A. mollis Steven türünün Türkiye için yeni bir kayıt olduğu bulunmuştur. A. graellsiiformis Hedge türünün A. mollis türünün sinonimi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. A. deflexa Boiss. türünün sadece ülkemizde yayılışa sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Arabis L. cinsi' nin Türkiye' de 23 tür ve 1 alttür ile temsil edildiği ortaya konmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkiye Florası, revizyon, Brassicaceae, Arabis Danışman: Prof. Dr. Sadık ERİK, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Biyoloji Bölümü, Botanik Anabilim Dalı. Eş Danışman: Prof. Dr. Musa DOĞAN, ODTÜ, Biyoloji Bölümü. The taxa belonging to the genus Arabis L growing in Turkey have taxonomic problems due to inadequate descriptions, non-workable keys and inadequate knowledge of geographic distribution. In this study, an interdisciplinary approach including morphology, anatomy, palynology and cytology has been applied in order to solve the systematics problems. Results of this research were supported with photograps of electron and light microscopy. At this time, numerical metodology has been applied in order to phylogeny of the genus. More workable keys were constructed to distinguish the section, species or lower categories. Description, distribution, phytogeographic region and endangered category of the species were newly reconstructed. Plant pictures were taken photograph in habitat. Turritis L. on the Flora of Turkey have been reduce to synonym of Arabis L genus. A. mollis Steven were found to be a new record for the Flora of Turkey. A. graellsiiformis Hedge were found to be synonym of A. mollis Steven Distribution of A. deflexa has been determined to only Turkey. Results of this study, 23 species and 24 taxa in the Arabis L. genus in Turkey have been defined. Keywords: Flora of Türkiye, revision, Brassicaceae, Arabis Advisor: Prof. Dr. Sadık ERİK, Hacettepe Universty, Department of Biology, Botany Section Co-advisor. Prof. Dr. Musa DO?AN, ODTÜ, Department of Biological Science. 361

Comparison of closely related species can elucidate adaptive differences in species characteristics. The present study compares the effect of experience on the host-finding behaviour of two Cotesia (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitoid species that differ in their degree of specialization. After multiple experiences with host larvae, females of the generalist parasitoid Cotesia glomerata showed a clear preference for volatiles from Pieris brassicae-infested Brussels sprouts leaves over P. rapae-infested Brussels sprouts leaves in two-choice tests (preference learning at herbivore level). A single experience with a host did not lead to such preferences. Experience of adult C. glomerata with different P. brassicae-infested cabbage varieties or nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.) led to preferences for the experienced plant-host complex in most cases (preference learning at plant level). No effect of rearing plant (early adult learning) on plant preference was found. In contrast to the generalist C. glomerata, females of the specialist C. rubecula did not show preference learning at the herbivore level. At the plant level, experience with different P. rapae-infested cabbage varieties in no case resulted in a difference in preference between treatments. The results support the hypothesis that learning plays a more important role in searching in generalists than in specialist parasitoids. The behaviour of the generalist C. glomerata was more easily changed by experience than that of the specialist C. rubecula.

Plants that are infested by herbivores emit volatile cues that can be used by the natural enemies of the herbivores in their search for hosts. Based on results from behavioral studies, we investigated to what extent intact and herbivore-infested plant species and varieties from the food plant range of Pieris herbivore species differ in the composition of the volatile blends. Parasitoids of Pieris species, Cotesia glomerata and C. rubecula, show differential responses towards various herbivore-infested food plants, whereas differences in responses to plants infested by other herbivore species were less clear. Chemical analysis of the headspace samples of red cabbage, white cabbage, and nasturtium plants that were infested by P. brassicae or P. rapae larvae, or that were intact, yielded 88 compounds including alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, esters, nitriles, terpenoids, sulfides, (iso)thiocyanates, carboxylic acids, and others. The analysis revealed that herbivore-infested plants emit the largest number of compounds in the highest amounts. The plant species affected the volatile blend more than did the herbivore species, and differences between plant varieties were less pronounced than differences between plant species. Differences in headspace composition between plants infested by P. brassicae or P. rapae were mainly of a quantitative nature. Herbivore-infested nasturtium differed considerably from the cabbage varieties in a qualitative way. Headspace compositions of red and white cabbage varieties were comparable to that of the food plant Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea gemmifera cv. Titurel) as determined in earlier studies in our laboratory. With respect to plant response to herbivory, nasturtium differed considerably from the cabbage varieties analyzed so far and shows resemblance with Lima bean, cucumber, and corn. These plant species produce a greater quantity and variety of volatiles under herbivore attack than intact plants. The results of this study are discussed in relation to behavioral observations on C. glomerata and C. rubecula.

Ill ÖZET BAZI TÜRPGÎL BÎTKÎ ÖZÜTLERÎ ÎLE TİYOSİYANAT İYONLARIMIN TOHUM ÇİMLENMESİ VE FİDE BÜYÜMESİ ÜZERİNE ALLELOPATİK ETKİLERİ Süleyman TOPAL. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Biyoloji Bölümü Danışman : Doç. Dr. İsmail KOCAÇAL ISKAN Haziran-1996 Bu çalışmada. bazı turpgil bitkilerin ( turp, Raphanus sativus ev Radicula ve şalgam, Brassica rapa ev Rapa)kök özütleri ile tiyoeiyanat iyonlarının 13 farklı bitki tohumunun çimlenme ve çimlenme sonrası fide büyümesi üzerine olan allelopatik etkileri araşt ırılmışt ir. Tohumlar 25 °C de petri kutularında çimlendirilmlştir. özütler homoj enizasyon ve santrifüj leme ile elde edilmiştir. Tiyosiyanat m iki konsan trasyonu( 0. 1 ve 2.5 mM KSCN) hazırlanmıştır.Tohumların çimlenme oranları 5 gün boyunca kaydedilmiş ve fidelerin uzunlukları ile ağırlıkları ise 5. günde belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada ototoksik etki görülmemiştir. özütler ve tiyosiyanat iyonları, genelde çimlenme üzerinde önemli bir etki göstermemişlerdir. Fakat bazı türlerde fide büyümesi önemli olarak etkilenmiştir. Mesela, arpa ve domateste hem kök hem de gövde büyümesi engellenmiştir. Buna mukabil buğdayda özellikle gövde büyümesi özütler ve tiyosiyanat iyonları tarafından önemli derecede artırılmıştır. Bu çalışmada kullanılan diğer tohumlarda ise uygulamalar tarafından ya kök ya da gövde büyümesi engellenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Allelopati, tiyosiyanat, çimlenme turpgiller IV SUMMARY AIXELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF SOME CRUCIFEROUS PLANT EXSTRACTS AND TH IOC YAN ATE IONS ON SEED GERM t NATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH TOPAL. Sü 1 oyman Master thesis.Department of Biology Supervisor: Doç.Dr. İsmail KOCAÇALIŞKAN June, 1996 In this study, the allelopathic effects of thio- cyanate ions and root extracts of some cruciferous plants (radish, Raphanus sativus cv Radicula and tur nip, Brassica rapa cv Rapa) on germination and post- germination seedling growth of 13 different plant seeds have been researched. The seeds were germi nated by homogenization and centri f ugation. Two con centrations of thiocyanate (0.1 and 2.5 mM KSCN ) were prepared. The germination rates of the seeds were re corded during five days and lengths and weigths of the seedlings were determined at fifth day. In the study autotoxic effect was not seen. The extracts and thiocyanate ions, in general didn't show an important effect on germination, but in some species, seedling growth was effected significantly. For example, both root and shoot growth of barley and tomato were inhibited. Contrarily, especially shoot growth of wheat seedlings was increased significantly by the extracts and thiocyanate ions. In other seeds used in the study, either root or shoot growth were inhibited by the treatments. Key Words: Allelopathy, thiocyanate, germination. Cruciferaea 41