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Natural colors for textile products are becoming a trend today as an alternative to reducing the usage of synthetic dyes. Jengkol pod waste is a useless resource and is disposed as waste as well as gambier liquid waste which is produced from the pressing process of the gambier leaves. Both of resources contain tannins, which can function as dyes. The use of these two resources as natural dyes is an effort that can increase added value. The research was aimed at color and see the quality of the colored cotton material using a combination of jengkol pod waste and gambier liquid waste. The research was conducted by extracting the dye of the jengkol pod waste and gambier liquid waste, and testing the application of the dye on cotton fabrics. Three types of mordants, namely Al2(SO4)3, CaO, and FeSO4 were used in the coloring process. A treatment without mordant (control) was carried out as a comparison. Cotton fabrics that had been dyed were tested for the quality of their coloring by testing the color coordinate, color strength, and colorfastness. The results indicated that each mordant gave a different color coordinate with brown color in the use of mordant CaO and mordant Al2(SO4)3, and greenish-grey color with mordant FeSO4. The highest color strength was obtained in the use of mordant FeSO4 with K/S value of 11.678. Treatment with mordant CaO was the best treatment for colorfastness of washing, acidic and alkaline perspiration, light, and rubbing with values of 4 to 5, 4 to 5, 3, 4, 4 to 5 respectively.

A study is reported in which the damage caused by micro-organisms to 100% cotton material under different conditions and the level of this damage when different finishing materials were used were investigated. The damage caused by Aspergillus niger, used as the experimental organism for 100% cotton material, was seen as a decrease in the tensile strength with time; the temperature, pH, and change in conditions of the medium are shown to affect the decrease in the tensile strength. The microbial growths were differentially inhibited by seven finishing materials which were imparted, but most of them were removed by washing.

Can. Ent. 98: 1112-1113 (1966) A lightweight and inexpensive cylindrical-sleeve insect cage is described. The cage was constructed of plastic screening and cotton fabric closed by an open-ended zipper. The cage was successfully used to collect insects from rust cankers on the stems and branches of pine trees. Most cylindrical-sleeve insect cages employ metal or wooden frames with wire or other types of screening (Peterson 1959), and they are bulky, heavy and often require extra support. This paper describes a light, inexpensive cage that was developed to assist in the collection of insects from Cronartium rust cankers and galls on the stems or branches of pine trees. The cage (Fig. 1) was constructed from 32-mesh plastic "lumite" screening,* cotton fabric and an open-ended heavy duty zipper. The screening was translucent, lightweight but durable, and retained its shape without additional frame supports. Screening 10 inches long x 1 2 inches wide was used in our cages, but other sizes could be readily constructed. A strip of white cotton fabric (12 inches long X 3 inches wide) was sewed to each end of the screening. At each open end the fabric was folded and sewed into a casing to accommodate a drawstring. This ensured a tight fit around the stem or branch. A 14-inch rustproof zipper was attached to the full length of the cage to facilitate placement and access. The drawstring held the cage in position when the zipper was opened for removal of insects. White 32-mesh nylon screening was substituted for the lumite screening in a few cages, but it proved to be less durable and was subject to damage from the claws of small mammals. Insects within the cage were easily observed, and most could be captured and placed in small vials without removing the cage from the tree. But to ensure that all insects were collected, the cage was removed and all folds of the cotton material examined. The environment around the canker appeared to he little modified by the cage. Sunlight and precipitation were excluded to some extent. Plastic screening permits more light to penetrate than wire screening of the same mesh, because of the translucent character of the strands. Small mammals occasionally chewed the drawstrings, but this might be prevented by soaking the strings in a repellent. A series of twelve cages were employed satisfactorily during the summer of 1965, and seven of these were left on trees for the winter, protected by 1/2-inch wire mesh. A wide range of mites and insects, including thrips, flies, beetles, moths and larvae, were collected from the cages. It is believed that this type of cage could be employed for a variety of entomological studies. Resume Est decrite une cage a insectes, en forme de manchon cylindrique, legere et peu dispendieuse. Faitc de coton et de tissu a moustiquaire en plastique, on la ferme au moyen d'une fermeture-eclair separable. On s'en servit pour recolter, sur le tronc et les branches de pins, des insectes qui avaient envahi les chancres de rouille et les rouilles-tumours. Reference Peterson, A. 1959. Entomological techniques. How to work with insects. 9th Ed. Edwards (Received 15 April 1966) Bros. Inc , Ann Arbor, Michigan. "Lumite", industrial fabric, No. 1032 (natural), manufactured by Chicopee Mills Inc., 47 Worth St., Fig. 1. A cage that shows the essential features for collecting insects from tree stems and branches, installed on a small pine tree.

In tests conducted in the laboratory of the Honolulu Fruit Fly Investigations from 1966-67 with the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel; the melon fly, D. cucurbilae Coquillett; and the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), newly emerged flies were placed on 7 different regimens that included sugar, dry hydrolyzed protein, or water, or combinations of these. Results showed that only sugar was critical for survival and that flies could survive several days in cages without water. From these findings, it may be possible to control fruit flies in a large-scale program in which sexually sterilized flies are released by using holding containers that are furnished with sugar cubes instead of the usual cotton material saturated with a solution of sugar and water. Newly emerged sterilized flies survived as well as nonsterilized flies on each deprivation regimen.