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As antimicrobial resistance poses a globally rising health problem, the identification of alternative antimicrobial agents is urgently required. The short chain fatty acid propionate which is physiologically produced by the gut microbiota constitutes a promising molecule given that it has been widely used as a cosmetics and food preservative due to its antimicrobial effects. This literature survey aims to determine the most recent state of knowledge about the antimicrobial and immune-modulatory properties of propionate. Both in vitro and in vivo studies published between 2011 and 2020 confirmed the ability of propionate to inhibit the growth of several cellular pathogens, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative multi-drug resistant bacteria and fungi. In addition, heterogenous immune-modulatory and in particular, anti-inflammatory effects of propionate could be assessed involving a diverse signaling network that needs further comprehension. In conclusion, our literature survey provides evidence that propionate displays a plethora of health-beneficial including antimicrobial and immune-modulatory effects. Future research is required to further unravel the underlying molecular mechanisms and to set the basis for in vivo infection and clinical studies to broaden the path of propionate as a promising adjunct antibiotics-independent option in the combat of infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria.

The excessive prescription of antibiotics has led to an increasing number of antimicrobial resistances, posing a major public health concern. Therefore, the pharmacological research has shifted its focus to the identification of natural compounds that exhibit anti-pathogenic properties without triggering antibiotic resistance. Butyrate has received increasing attention as a promising candidate for the treatment of bacterial infections in the gastrointestinal tract, particularly when antibiotic treatment is contraindicated. This literature survey summarizes recently investigated antibacterial and immune-modulatory effects of butyrate. This survey revealed that butyrate exerts direct antimicrobial effects against distinct strains of Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus species. In addition, in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed indirect antimicrobial effects of butyrate, which were exhibited via induction of host defensin production as well as by activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Finally, the synergistic action of butyrate in combination with other antimicrobial compounds results in a striking clearance of bacterial pathogens. In conclusion, butyrate and its derivatives might be considered as promising antibacterial and immune-modulatory agents in order to tackle bacterial infections without antibiotics.

During the study, we determined the antimicrobial activity of different selected essential oils (thyme, lemongrass, juniper, oregano, sage, fennel, rosemary, mint, rosehips, dill) on some pathogenic and spoilage bacteria isolated from the surface of various fresh vegetables. At the same time, in the case of some volatile oil combinations we followed the phenomena of synergism and antagonism. The identification of the isolated bacterial strains was made using 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. The most resistant isolates appeared to be Curtobacterium herbarum, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, and Enterobacter ludwigii, while Pseudomonas hibiscicola was the most sensitive. Of the chosen plant essential oils, the most pronounced antimicrobial effect was detected in the case of oregano. The essential oils of thyme and mint also showed elevated antimicrobial activity. A synergistic effect was observed in case of five combinations of essential oil. Based on the results, we find that some individual essential oils and mixture compositions (due to synergic effect) could be good candidates for the preservation of fresh vegetables. These preliminary findings suggest that essential oils from locally grown spices could contribute to decreasing the health risk and also to the suppression of emergence of antibiotic resistance., Is very useful to know the pathogenic strains occurrence in different geographic regions, to prevent disease occurrence in population and among the tourists, how are more susceptible to foodborne pathogens. The main goal was the detection of active antimicrobial essential oil compositions that will be used as ingredients in active packaging materials for fresh vegetables and fruits, for decreasing the health risk and increasing the product shelf‐life.

Background: Antibacterial proteins are widely expressed in snake venoms. Previously, we have isolated two immunodominant proteins with molecular weights of 14 and 65 kD from the snake venom of Naja naja oxiana (N. oxiana). It was demonstrated that they had potent inhibitory effects against gram-positive bacteria, S. aureus and B. subtilis but were less effective against gram-negative bacteria, such as E. coli and P. aeruginosa. This study aimed at investigating the potential antibacterial effects of the two proteins against Bacillus anthracis and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Methods: The proteins were identified by SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis, and isolated by Gel Electrophoresis (Electro-elution). The antibacterial effects were tested against the strains of Bacillus anthracis and Streptococcus pneumoniae, using broth microdilution and disc-diffusion assays. For comparison, the antibacterial effects of standard antibiotics, such as Gentamicin, Ampicillin, Penicillin, Amoxicillin and Ciprofloxacin were also tested on the same B. anthracis and S. pneumoniae batches under identical laboratory conditions. Results: The two proteins showed high immunogenicity and strongly inhibited the growth of gram-positive bacteria, B. anthracis, and to a lesser extent S. pneumoniae. Conclusion: The isolated proteins demonstrated strong antibacterial effects against Gram-positive bacteria, B. anthracis and S. pneumoniae, in addition to their previously known effects against S. aureus and B. subtilis.

Gymnema sylvestre is a commonly used herb in Ayurvedic medicine. The demand for its extracts in the commercial and pharmaceutical fields has been steadily increasing in recent years. Its extracts are used to treat various ailments as well as for their antimicrobial properties. This study has evaluated the antimicrobial effects of different G. sylvestre extracts and of eight triterpenes isolated from the most active extract on six bacterial poultry pathogens i.e. Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter aerogenes. In particular, it has been evaluated the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of all extracts and isolated triterpenes. Finally, the cytotoxicity activity of triterpenes was evaluated by MTT assay and their antioxidant activity in basal and oxidant conditions by DCFH-DA assay.

The bacterial genus Streptomyces is an important source of antibiotics, and genome mining is a valuable tool to explore the potential of microbial biosynthesis in members of this genus. This study reports an actinomycete strain 135, which was isolated from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China and displayed broad antimicrobial activity. The fermentation broth of strain 135 displayed strong antifungal activity (>70%) against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea, Valsa mali, Phytophthora capsici, Glomerella cingulata, Magnaporthe grisea, Bipolaris maydis, Exserohilum turcicum in vitro, meanwhile possessed significant preventive and curative efficacy against S. sclerotiorum, Gaeumannomyces graminis, and P. capsici on rape leaves (54.04 and 74.18%), wheat (90.66 and 67.99%), and pepper plants (79.33 and 66.67%). X-14952B showed the greatest antifungal activity against S. sclerotiorum and Fusarium graminearum which the 50% inhibition concentration (EC50) were up to 0.049 and 0.04 μg/mL, respectively. Characterization of strain 135 using a polyphasic approach revealed that the strain displayed typical features of the genus Streptomyces. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the isolate was most closely related to and formed a clade with Streptomyces huasconensis HST28T (98.96% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). Average nucleotide identity (ANI) and DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) values in strain 135 and related type strains were both below the threshold of species determination (91.39 and 56.5%, respectively). OrthoANI values between strain 135 and related type strains are under the cutoff of determining species (

Emblica officinalis Gaertn. or Phyllanthus emblica Linn., popularly called as Indian gooseberry or Amla, is among main herbal plant in Indian traditional medicine. Different parts of E. officinalis are beneficial for curing various ailments but the fruits especially show tremendous pharmacological and medicinal applications. Phytochemical analysis revealed important bioactive chemical compounds such as tannins, alkaloids, polyphenols, gallic acid, ellagic acid, emblicanin A and B, phyllembein, quercetin, ascorbic acids, vitamins and minerals. Different extracts of amla possess potent antimicrobial activities to counter different bacterial pathogens. Amla phytochemicals also possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, immunomodulatory, hypolipedemic, memory enhancing, anticancer, antidiabetic, antidepressant, anti-ulcerogenic, insecticidal, larvicidal, and wound healing activities. All of these well-established activities can have broad applications in managing most of the diseases affecting human and animal patients. It can either replace the conventional therapeutic agents due to its superior efficacy and lack of side effects or can act an adjunct therapeutic agent thereby enhancing the total efficacy of conventional agents. The biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles from E. officinalis is getting popularity due to the low cost factor along with the enhanced antimicrobial activity of the nanoparticles produced. The current review emphasizes on the phytochemical constituents, mechanisms behind the antimicrobial activity and also briefly summarizes other medicinal and therapeutic usefulness of the E. officinalis.

Background: The aqueous extract of some plants has an antibacterial effect on pathogenic bacteria for humans. Objective: This study designed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract of some plants on some food-borne pathogenic bacteria in a laboratory setting has done. Method: In an experimental study, plants collected from of Tehran city and aqueous extract of them, extracted. To determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) with two ways of visual and turbidity (OD), serially different concentrations (1.25-80 mg/ml) on different cultures was prepared. Disc diffusion (DD) test in concentrations of 10, 20 and 40 mg/ml to determine the average diameter of inhibition for some bactria, done. Results: The results showed that the inhibitory and fungicidal aqueous extract of Solanum americanum on various bacteria was more than any other aqueous extracts (Staphylococcus aureus MIC = 10 mg/ml) and also Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium were the most sensitive and most resistant bacteria to aqueous extract, respectively. Conclusion: According to the results, we can be hopeful the extract of Solanum americanum in the treatment of pathogenic bacteria such as S. aureus, can be help and it can used in the food industry as a food protection. Recommended by extracting the active ingredients of the extract of this plant and other plants, more research done on the composition of extract.

Antimicrobial multidrug-resistance (MDR) constitutes an emerging threat to global health and makes the effective prevention and treatment of many, particularly severe infections challenging, if not impossible. Many antibiotic classes have lost antimicrobial efficacy against a plethora of infectious agents including bacterial species due to microbial acquisition of distinct resistance genes. Hence, the development of novel anti-infectious intervention strategies including antibiotic-independent approaches is urgently needed. Vitamins such as vitamin D and vitamin D derivates might be such promising molecular candidates to combat infections caused by bacteria including MDR strains. Using the Pubmed database, we therefore performed an in-depth literature survey, searching for publications on the antimicrobial effect of vitamin D directed against bacteria including MDR strains. In vitro and clinical studies between 2009 and 2019 revealed that vitamin D does, in fact, possess antimicrobial properties against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species, whereas conflicting results could be obtained from in vivo studies. Taken together, the potential anti-infectious effects for the antibiotic-independent application of vitamin D and/or an adjunct therapy in combination with antibiotic compounds directed against infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, H. pylori infections, or skin diseases, for instance, should be considered and further investigated in more detail.

The discovery and development of active compounds to eliminate drug resistance and side effects is a crucial process. In this study, the leaf infusion of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss as a novel green alternative is used to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Drac‐AgNPs). Antibacterial, cytotoxicity effects, hemocompatibility, and the catalytic properties of these nanoparticles are evaluated. The synthesis of Drac‐AgNPs is confirmed by UV–vis spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, where Drac‐AgNPs are spherical, with a size range of 5–63 nm. Their IC50 values against H1299 and MCF‐7 cell lines are above 50 and 100 μg mL−1, respectively. Drac‐AgNPs are effective against an inclusive range of the gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria, that is, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and a low hemolytic effect makes them an exceptional AgNP with a great hemocompatibility. They show a moderate catalytic‐effect in terms of removing methylene blue, with 67% degradation. Altogether, Drac‐AgNP, as a multi‐tasker material, shows potential for the prevention and treatment of infections and photothermal/chemotherapy of cancers., In this study, the biological effects of green synthesized silver nanoparticles (19.41 nm) using a leaf infusion of Dracocephalum kotschyi (Drac‐AgNPs) are evaluated. Hemocompatible Drac‐AgNPs with a low hemolytic effect are effective against H1299 and MCF‐7cancer cell lines and bacterial strains of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. They have a moderate catalytic effect on removing methylene blue.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of fermented Maillard reaction products made by milk proteins (FMRPs) on Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens), and to elucidate antimicrobial modes of FMRPs on the bacteria, using physiological and morphological analyses.Methods: Antimicrobial effects of FMRPs (whey protein plus galactose fermented by Lactobacillus rhamnosus [L. rhamnosus] 4B15 [Gal-4B15] or Lactobacillus gasseri 4M13 [Gal-4M13], and whey protein plus glucose fermented by L. rhamnosus 4B15 [Glc-4B15] or L. gasseri 4M13 [Glc-4M13]) on C. perfringens were tested by examining growth responses of the pathogen. Iron chelation activity analysis, propidium iodide uptake assay, and morphological analysis with field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) were conducted to elucidate the modes of antimicrobial activities of FMRPs.Results: When C. perfringens were exposed to the FMRPs, C. perfringens cell counts were decreased (p

Background and objectives: Today, due to the increasing antibiotic resistance of bacteria, the use of medicinal plants as a suitable alternative to antibiotics has increased significantly; therefore, in this study, the antibacterial effects of methanolic extracts of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli were evaluated. Methods: In this laboratory research, after collecting plants and confirming its scientific name, extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Root was prepared by Soxhlet extractor method at concentrations of 20 mg / ml to 400 mg / ml. Then the antimicrobial effects of this extract were investigated using Agar well diffusion and Dilution test methods. Results: The results showed that the methanolic extracts of G.glabra L. in both Agar well diffusion and Dilution test methods had antibacterial effects on the tested bacteria. The highest effect was observed on S.aureus and the lowest effect was observed in P.aeruginosa. Conclusion: According to the above results, it can be expected that the G.glabra L. extract can be used to treat bacterial infections and is a suitable alternative to commonly used chemical treatments for the treatment of infections.

Background: Probiotics are live microorganisms which are beneficial bacteria that are normal flora of the digestive system which, in determined amounts, show beneficial effects on host health, and can balance gastrointestinal microflora. Digestive tract diseases such as diarrhea are one of the major causes of child mortality in developing countries. Different pathotypes of Escherichia coli cause diarrhea that affects children, therefore reduction of these colonization strains in humans or animals can decline gastrointestinal disorders such as diarrhea. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial effect of probiotic bacterial strains isolated from different natural sources against 4 pathotypes of pathogenic E. coli using disk and well diffusion methods. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2013 to July 2014 on Martyr Chamran University in Ahwaz city. A total of 13 probiotic colonies isolated from 20 samples of traditional dairy products including yogurt, cheese and milk, and 20 samples of vegetables including carrots and cabbages (red and white), of which 5 isolates were selected to determine the antimicrobial effect against 4 Escherichia coli pathotypes, randomly. The antimicrobial effect was evaluated using two methods: disk diffusion and well diffusion tests and measuring growth inhibition zones of probiotics against 4 pathotypes of pathogenic E. coli. Results: Obtained results showed growth inhibition effects of all 5 probiotic strains against Escherichia coli pathotypes in both used methods. But in comparison Lactobacillus plantarum had higher growth inhibitory effects in both methods. Conclusion: results of this study demonstrated high antimicrobial effect of probiotic bacteria against pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. It indicated a positive and beneficial role of probiotics in human health and prevention of illness.

Combining different preservative treatments for improving quality and safety of fishery products increasingly receives global research attention. Consistent with this pursuit, the current research was undertaken to determine the effects of different ozonized slurry‐ice treatments and superchilling (−1°C) storage on microbial spoilage of European anchovy (Eugraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus), which are two commercially important pelagic fish species. After the catch (within

The progressive rise in multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains poses serious problems in the treatment of infectious diseases. While the number of newly developed antimicrobial compounds has greatly fallen, the resistance of pathogens against commonly prescribed drugs is further increasing. This rise in resistance illustrates the need for developing novel therapeutic and preventive antimicrobial options. The medicinal herb Nigella sativa and its derivatives constitute promising candidates. In a comprehensive literature survey (using the PubMed data base), we searched for publications on the antimicrobial effects of N. sativa particularly directed against MDR bacterial strains. In vitro studies published between 2000 and 2015 revealed that N. sativa exerted potent antibacterial effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative species including resistant strains. For instance, N. sativa inhibited the growth of bacteria causing significant gastrointestinal morbidity such as Salmonella, Helicobacter pylori, and Escherichia coli. However, Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa displayed resistance against black cumin seed extracts. In conclusion, our literature survey revealed potent antimicrobial properties of N. sativa against MDR strains in vitro that should be further investigated in order to develop novel therapeutic perspectives for combating infectious diseases particularly caused by MDR strains.

Olive trees (Olea europaea) and their processed products, such as olive oil, play a major role in the Mediterranean way of life. Their positive impact on human health is being intensely investigated. One research topic is the identification of new application areas of olive mill wastewater (OMWW). OMWW is characterized by the high content of polyphenols possessing many positive health effects. Thus, the phenol-enriched OMWW extract offers the potential for the treatment of skin disorders and for cosmetic application. The aim of the present study was to evaluate cell viability and proliferation, the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties of a phenol-enriched OMWW extract on an immortal keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT cells). Moreover, the influence on the growth of various microorganisms was investigated, furthermore, the effects on normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) and human melanoma cells (A375) were studied in a commercially available tumor invasion skin model. The phenol-enriched OMWW extract showed excellent antimicrobial activity. Moreover, a noticeable reduction in reactive oxygen species formation as well as Interleukin-8 release in HaCaT cells were observed. Finally, the inhibited growth of A375 melanoma nodules in the melanoma skin model could be shown. Our results indicate that the OMWW extract is a promising ingredient for dermal applications to improve skin health and skin protection as well as having a positive impact on skin ageing.

Garlic is used as a medicinal seasoning worldwide. The aim of this work was to compare four varieties of garlic: ‘Taicangbaipi’, ‘Ershuizao’, ‘Hongqixing’, and ‘Single-clove’; among them, ‘Ershuizao’ and ‘Hongqixing’ are unique to the Sichuan Province of China. Firstly, soluble sugar, starch, and the protein content of the garlic were analysed. There was more soluble sugar in ‘Single-clove’, total starch in ‘Hongqixing’, and protein content in ‘Ershuizao’ relative to the other three varieties, respectively. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis showed that ‘Ershuizao’ and ‘Hongqixing’ contained high levels of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, which has antitumor, antioxidant, and cytoprotective effects. Indeed, the extracts from these two types of garlic were more effective at inhibiting tumour growth than that from the others. Moreover, the sulphide content and antimicrobial effects of ‘Ershuizao’ and ‘Hongqixing’ garlic were also higher than those of the other two types of garlic. In addition, changes observed in the membrane permeability and protein leakage suggest that the antimicrobial activity of the ‘Ershuizao’ and ‘Hongqixing’ extracts may be due to the destruction of the structural integrity of the cell membranes, leading to cell death.

Artemisia herba-alba Asso. (Wormwood) is a wild aromatic herb that is popular for its healing and medicinal effects and has been used in conventional as well as modern medicine. This research aimed at the extraction, identification, and quantification of phenolic compounds in the aerial parts of wormwood using Soxhlet extraction, as well as characterizing their antimicrobial and anitoxidant effects. The phenolic compounds were identified in different extracts by column chromatography, thin layer chromatography (TLC), and high performance liquid chromatography. Five different fractions, two from ethyl acetate extraction and three from ethanolic extraction were obtained and evaluated further. The antimicrobial activity of each fractions was evaluated against two Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) and two Gram-negative microorganisms (Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris) using the disc-diffusion assay and direct TLC bioautography assay. Fraction I inhibited B. cereus and P. vulgaris, Fraction II inhibited B. cereus and E. coli, Fraction III inhibited all, except for P. vulgaris, while Fractions IV and V did not exhibit strong antimicrobial effects. Their antioxidant capabilities were also measured by calculating their ability to scavenge the free radical using DPPH method and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Ethanolic fractions III and V demonstrated excellent antioxidant properties with IC50 values less than 15.0 &mu, g/mL, while other fractions also had IC50 values less than 80.0 &mu, g/mL. These antioxidant effects were highly associated with the number of phenolic hydroxyl group on the phenolics they contained. These extracts demonstrated antimicrobial effects, suggesting the different phenolic compounds in these extracts had specific inhibitory effects on the growth of each bacteria. The results of this study suggested that the A. herba-alba can be a source of phenolic compounds with natural antimicrobial and antioxidant properties which can be used for potential pharmaceutical applications.

In the present study, the nutritional value, bioactive properties, and chemical composition of various cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) genotypes cultivated in central Greece were investigated. The results demonstrated that Cynara seeds are a good source of fat and protein, while they also contain considerable amounts of K, Mg, and Fe and low amount of Na. Sucrose, oxalic acid, and α-tocopherol were the only free sugar, organic acid, and tocopherol isoform respectively, found among the studied genotypes. The most abundant fatty acids were linoleic, oleic and palmitic acid, while PUFA was the most abundant fatty acid class. All the tested seeds contained only two phenolic compounds, namely 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid and 3,5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, while significant antioxidant activities and cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines and antimicrobial effects were also observed. In conclusion, cardoon seed extracts could be exploited in the food and pharmaceutical industries as alternative sources of natural compounds with bioactive properties. The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology ( FCT , Portugal) and FEDER under Programme PT2020 for financial support to CIMO ( UID/AGR/00690/2013 ), C. Pereira ( SFRH/BPD/122650/2016 ), A. Fernandes ( SFRH/BPD/114753/2016 ) grants and L. Barros contract. The authors are also grateful to the FEDER-Interreg España-Portugal programme for financial support through the project 0377_Iberphenol_6_E. The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia for Grant No. 173032 . info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This paper investigates the antimicrobial action of the extracts and essential oil of wildgrowing Tanacetum vulgare L on: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacilus subtilis, using the diffusion disc method. The essential oils but also the ethanolic extracts tested exhibited moderate action on Staphilococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis and low action on E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The moderate antimicrobial activity is related to the amount of some chemical components of the essential oil of T. vulgare flos. Thus, this paper presents also the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the essential oils of T. vulgare harvested from two different habitats. The essential oils obtained by steam-distillation were analysed by gas-cromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a kind of disease in kidneys that often caused by Escherichia coli bacteria, especially in women. Objectives: We studied the antibacterial effects of ZnO nanoparticles On patients with urinary tract infection that isolated from Alzahra hospital in Isfahan, Iran. It is hoped that by the research community's attention to this great problem of multi drug resistance E. coli treatment by ZnO NPs. Methods: In this experimental study, urine samples of multi drug resistance E. coli bacteria, Also colloidal ZnO nanoparticles prepared in size 20 nm, spherical shape and a concentration of 200 ppm were used .The methods of research were wells and disk agar diffusion in nutriant agar & LB medium and was evaluated antibacterial properties of the nanoparticles ,then incubated for 72 hours and the diameter of inhibitory zone of growth was measured, The data were analyzed by spss 16 version software. Results: The highest resistance of E. coli to antibiotics belongs to cefazolin and cefexime. The results showed that ZnO NPs in size 20 nm and spherical shape after 72 hours at 37°C can be used to treat Urinary infections caused by E. coli, it is recommended that further research considered the effects of different infections of Urinary tract infection in In vitro condition. Conclusions: Using ZnO nanoparticles with 20 nm diameters have acceptable antibacterial effect on Escherichia coli isolated from Urinary tract infection. The current study suggests that ZnO NPs could be a good candidate for an effective antibacterial agent against E. coli.

The objective of this study was to determine the in vitro antimicrobial activity of several organic acids and their derivatives against Gram-positive (G+) and Gram-negative (G&minus, ) bacteria. Butyric acid, valeric acid, monopropionin, monobutyrin, monovalerin, monolaurin, sodium formate, and ProPhorce&mdash, a mixture of sodium formate and formic acid (40:60 w/v)&mdash, were tested at 8 to 16 concentrations from 10 to 50,000 mg/L. The tested bacteria included G&minus, bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, and Campylobacter jejuni) and G+ bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium perfringens, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus suis). Antimicrobial activity was expressed as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tested compounds that prevented growth of tested bacteria in treated culture broth. The MICs of butyric acid, valeric acid, and ProPhorce varied among bacterial strains with the lowest MIC of 500&ndash, 1000 mg/L on two strains of Campylobacter. Sodium formate at highest tested concentrations (20,000 mg/L) did not inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Enterococcus faecalis, but sodium formate inhibited the growth of other tested bacteria with MIC values from 2000 to 18,800 mg/L. The MIC values of monovalerin, monolaurin, and monobutyrin ranged from 2500 to 15,000 mg/L in the majority of bacterial strains. Monopropionin did not inhibit the growth of all tested bacteria, with the exception that the MIC of monopropionin was 11,300 mg/L on Clostridia perfringens. Monolaurin strongly inhibited G+ bacteria, with the MIC value of 10 mg/L against Streptococcus pneumoniae. The MIC tests indicated that organic acids and their derivatives exhibit promising antimicrobial effects in vitro against G&minus, and G+ bacteria that are resistant to antimicrobial drugs. The acid forms had stronger in vitro antimicrobial activities than ester forms, except that the medium chain fatty acid ester monolaurin exhibited strong inhibitory effects on G+ bacteria.

Effective final irrigation regimen is an important step in order to achieve better disinfection and ensure residual antimicrobial effects after root canal preparation. The aim of this study was to compare the residual antimicrobial activity of 0.2% cetrimide, and 0.2% and 2% chlorhexidine in root canals infected with Enterococcus faecalis. Biofilms of E. faecalis were grown on uniradicular roots for 4 weeks. After root canal preparation, root canals were irrigated with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to remove the smear layer. The roots were randomly divided into three experimental groups (n=26) according to the final irrigating solution: Group I, 5 mL 0.2% cetrimide; Group II, 5 mL 0.2% chlorhexidine; and Group III, 5 mL 2% chlorhexidine. Samples were collected for 50 days to denote the presence of bacterial growth. The proportion of ungrown specimens over 50 days was evaluated using the nonparametric Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Differences among groups were tested using the log-rank test and the level of statistical significance was set at P

The essential oil from the leaves of Curcuma longa L. Kasur variety grown in Pakistan was extracted by hydro-distillation. Chemical constituents of the essential oil were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The chromatographic analysis of oil showed 25 constituents, out of which nine chemical constituents were identified. The eucalyptol (10.27%) was the major component of the essential oil. α-pinene (1.50%), β-phellandrene (2.49%), β-pinene (3.57%), limonene (2.73%), 1,3,8-p-menthatriene (1.76%), ascaridole epoxide (1.452%), 2-methylisoborneol (2.92%), 5-isopropyl-6-methyl-hepta-3, dien-2-ol (2.07%) were also present in considerable quantity. The antimicrobial properties of leaves of Curcuma longa were tested by disc diffusion method against various human pathogens, including eight fungal and five bacterial strains. Essential oil showed maximum resistance against Fusarium miniformes MAY 3629 followed by Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 whereas; it exhibited least resistance against Fusarium oxysporium ATCC 48122. The results of the antimicrobial assay revealed that essential oil showed significant inhibitory activity against the tested organisms.

Toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) upon oral exposure has been studied in animals using physiological changes, behavior, histology, and blood analysis for evaluation. The effects recorded include the combination of the action on cells of the exposed animal and the reaction of the microorganisms that populate the external and internal surfaces of the body. The importance of these microorganisms, collectively termed as microbiota, for the health of the host has been widely recognized. They may also influence toxicity of NPs but these effects are difficult to differentiate from toxicity on cells of the gastrointestinal tract. To estimate the likelihood of preferential damage of the microbiota by NPs the relative sensitivity of enterocytes and bacteria was compared. For this comparison NPs with antimicrobial action present in consumer products were chosen. The comparison of cytotoxicity with Escherichia coli as representative for intestinal bacteria and on gastrointestinal cells revealed that silver NPs damaged bacteria at lower concentrations than enterocytes, while the opposite was true for zinc oxide NPs. These results indicate that silver NPs may cause adverse effects by selectively affecting the gut microbiota. Fecal transplantation from NP-exposed animals to unexposed ones offers the possibility to verify this hypothesis.

Introduction: Antibiotic resistance in clinical aspect is a concern. The human amniotic membrane (AM) has antimicrobial effects mostly because of peptides such as alafin and HBDs. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial effects of AM on some standard strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, Salmonella enterica BAA-708, Escherichia coli ATCC25922, Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC7881, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC29212 and in vivo study on Pseudomonas keratitis. Materials and Methods: AM with and without antibiotic cocktail were prepared from Imam Khomeini hospital of Tehran and cut into 1.5×1.5 cm. The 0.5 McFarland suspension of strains was prepared and cultured on plate media and then both types of membranes were put on cultures. The effect of environmental factors (temperature, time and pH) was considered. In laboratory animal model, keratitis was made in 14 rabbits and they were divided into two control and AM groups. The membrane was bound to the control group. The infiltration wound diameter was measured. Results: The growth inhibition by cocktail membrane occurred in 5 strains, but membrane without cocktail could not inhibit the growth of K. pneumonia and E. faecalis in vitro. Time and pH conferred no antimicrobial effects, while temperature showed an effect on P. aeruginosa. The decrease in the infiltration in the membrane group was significant compared to the control group P

Objectives The surface of pure titanium (Ti) shows decreased histocompatibility over time; this phenomenon is known as biological ageing. UV irradiation enables the reversal of biological ageing through photofunctionalisation, a physicochemical alteration of the titanium surface. Ti implants are sterilised by UV irradiation in dental surgery. However, orthopaedic biomaterials are usually composed of the alloy Ti6Al4V, for which the antibacterial effects of UV irradiation are unconfirmed. Here we evaluated the bactericidal and antimicrobial effects of treating Ti and Ti6Al4V with UV irradiation of a lower and briefer dose than previously reported, for applications in implant surgery. Materials and Methods Ti and Ti6Al4V disks were prepared. To evaluate the bactericidal effect of UV irradiation, Staphylococcus aureus 834 suspension was seeded onto the disks, which were then exposed to UV light for 15 minutes at a dose of 9 J/cm2. To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of UV irradiation, bacterial suspensions were seeded onto the disks 0, 0.5, one, six, 24 and 48 hours, and three and seven days after UV irradiation as described above. In both experiments, the bacteria were then harvested, cultured, and the number of colonies were counted. Results No colonies were observed when UV irradiation was performed after the bacteria were added to the disks. When the bacteria were seeded after UV irradiation, the amount of surviving bacteria on the Ti and Ti6Al4V disks decreased at 0 hours and then gradually increased. However, the antimicrobial activity was maintained for seven days after UV irradiation. Conclusion Antimicrobial activity was induced for seven days after UV irradiation on both types of disk. Irradiated Ti6Al4V and Ti had similar antimicrobial properties. Cite this article: T. Itabashi, K. Narita, A. Ono, K. Wada, T. Tanaka, G. Kumagai, R. Yamauchi, A. Nakane, Y. Ishibashi. Bactericidal and antimicrobial effects of pure titanium and titanium alloy treated with short-term, low-energy UV irradiation. Bone Joint Res 2017;6:108–112. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.62.2000619.

The effect against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium of PEF treatment combined with cauliflower and mandarin by-product infusions at several concentrations (0, 1, 5, and 10% (w/v)) was evaluated at various incubation temperatures (10, 22, and 37 °C). The possible synergistic antimicrobial action of the combined process of Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) technology followed by exposure to the by-product infusions and the occurrence of sublethal cellular damage were also studied. Antimicrobial kinetics of by-product infusions alone or following PEF treatment were fitted to a Weibull model. Both mandarin and cauliflower by-product infusions showed a maximum antimicrobial effect against S. Typhimurium after 10 h at 37 °C when the microorganism was exposed to 10% of by-product infusion, achieving reductions of initial bacterial load up to undetectable levels. The effect of the PEF treatment (20 kV–900 μs) caused a reduction of 4 log cycles of the initial cell population (108 cfu/mL) of S. Typhimurium and 1 log cycle (90%) of cellular damage. Moreover, when the PEF pre-treated S. Typhimurium population was subjected to subsequent incubation in the presence of both by-product [10%] infusions, the microbial inactivation was faster, achieving a reduction of the initial bacterial load (4 log10 cycles) up to undetectable levels in 2 h. The kinetic values of the Weibull model were obtained. The higher the concentration of by-product infusion, temperature, and PEF treatment applied, the greater the kinetic parameter “b” values, which are related to the microbial inactivation rate. Therefore, the addition of cauliflower and mandarin by-product infusions could be a good additional control measure contributing to ensure bacterial counts below recommended limits in pasteurized PEF products during their storage at refrigeration temperatures., M. Sanz-Puig is grateful to the CSIC for providing a contract as a researcher working actively on project AGL 2013-48993-C2-2-R. The present research work was funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through project AGL 2013-48993-C2-2-R and with FEDER funds. We are also grateful to INDULLEIDA, S.A. and TRASA, S.L. for providing the by-products that we worked with. Authors acknowledge L. Santos-Carvalho Erasmus Placement scholarship, and L.M. Cunha acknowledges support from the European Union (FEDER funds) and National Funds (FCT/MEC, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and Ministerio da Educação e Ciência) under the Partnership Agreements PT2020 UID/QUI/50006/2013–POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007265 (LAQV) and UID/AGR/04033/2013–POCI/01/0145/FEDER/006958 (CITAB).

Berry fruits are rich sources of bioactive compounds, such as phenolics and organic acids, which have antimicrobial activities against human pathogens. Among different berries and berry phenolics, cranberry, cloudberry, raspberry, strawberry and bilberry especially possess clear antimicrobial effects against, e.g. Salmonella and Staphylococcus. Complex phenolic polymers, like ellagitannins, are strong antibacterial agents present in cloudberry and raspberry. Several mechanisms of action in the growth inhibition of bacteria are involved, such as destabilisation of cytoplasmic membrane, permeabilisation of plasma membrane, inhibition of extracellular microbial enzymes, direct actions on microbial metabolism and deprivation of the substrates required for microbial growth. Antimicrobial activity of berries may also be related to antiadherence of bacteria to epithelial cells, which is a prerequisite for colonisation and infection of many pathogens. Antimicrobial berry compounds may have important applications in the future as natural antimicrobial agents for food industry as well as for medicine. Some of the novel approaches are discussed.

Nepeta rtanjensis Diklić i Milojević, N. sibirica L. i N. nervosa Royle ex Bentham (fam. Lamiaceae) su endemične vrste roda Nepeta, koje su nedovoljno fitohemijski okarakterisane i slabo ispitane u pogledu biološke aktivnosti. Radi se o vrstama koje se odlikuju različitim kvalitativnim i kvantitativnim sadržajem nepetalaktona, zbog čega predstavljaju idealne objekte u istraživanjima biološke aktivnosti različitih izomera ovog monoterpenskog jedinjenja. S obzirom da se radi o retkim vrstama, a u slučaju N. rtanjensis i o krajnje ugroženoj vrsti, biljni materijal za potrebe eksperimenata je dobijen mikropropagacijom. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo fitohemijske analize sekundarnih metabolita tri vrste roda Nepeta gajenih in vitro, kao i analizu njihovih bioaktivnih svojstava kao što su antimikrobno, antioksidativno i alelopatsko dejstvo. Fitohemijska karakterizacija tri vrste roda Nepeta gajenih in vitro, omogućila je identifikaciju i kvantifikaciju glavnih grupa sekundarnih metabolita (terpenoida i fenolnih jedinjenja) koji se u ovim uslovima produkuju. Metode koje su korišćene u fitohemijskim analizama su: GC-MS, GC-FID, PTR-MS, Headspace GC-MS, HPLCUV, HPLC-MS, UHPLC/DAD/±HESI-MS/MS. Dominantno isparljivo jedinjenje iz grupe terpenoida je monoterpenski lakton - nepetalakton, pri čemu je kod vrste N. rtanjensis većinski prisutan tran,cis- izomer a kod N. sibirica cis,trans- izomer nepetalaktona. Kod vrste N. nervosa nepetalakton je detektovan samo u tragovima. Kod ispitivanih vrsta, ruzmarinska kiselina se javlja kao dominantno fenolno jedinjenje, dok su ostale fenolne kiseline (hlorogena, neohlorogena i kafeinska kiselina) prisutne u znatno nižoj koncentraciji. Metanolni ekstrakti N. rtanjensis, N. sibirica i naročito N. nervosa, pokazuju značajnu antioksidativnu aktivnost u ABTS i DPPH testovima, kao i visoki kapacitet za redukciju gvožđa u FRAP testu. Značajna antioksidativna aktivnost se pripisuje fenolnim jedinjenjima, na prvom mestu ruzmarinskoj kiselini... Nepeta rtanjnsis Diklić and Milojević, N. sibirica L. and N. nervosa Royle ex Bentham (fam. Lamiaceae) are endemic species of genus Nepeta that are insufficiently phytochemically characterized and poorly tested in a sense of their biological activity. These three species are characterized by different qualitative and quantitative nepetalactone content, what makes them ideal objects in investigating the biological activity of different stereoisomers of this compound. Considering that these species are rare, and extremely endangered in case of N. rtanjensis, plant material for the experiments was obtained by micropropagation. The research included phytochemical characterization of in vitro grown three Nepeta species , as well as analysis of their bioactivities such as antimicrobial, antioxidative activity and allelopathic potential. Phytochemical characterization of three Nepeta species grown in vitro, involving GC-MS, GC-FID, PTR-MS, Headspace GC-MS, HPLC-UV, HPLC-MS, and UHPLC/DAD/±HESI-MS/MS analyses, enabled identification and quantification of the main secondary metabolites (terpenes and phenolics). The dominant volatile compound from terpenes group is monoterpene lacton - nepetalactone, whereby its trans,cisisomer is mostly present in N. rtanjensis and its cis,trans- isomer in N. sibirica. In N. nervosa, nepetalactone has been detected only in traces. In all investigated species, rosmarinic acid is a dominant phenolic compound, while the other phenolic acids (chlorogenic, neochlorogenic and caffeic acids) are present in significantly lower concentrations. The results of ABTS and DPPH assays showed that methanol extracts of N. rtanjensis, N. sibirica and especially N. nervosa, possess considerable antioxidant activities, and the FRAP assay revealed high ferric reducing capacity for all the samples tested.. Significant antioxidant activity is attributed to phenolic acids, in the first place to rosmarinic acid.

YÖK Tez ID: 343927 Ülkemiz bitki çeşitliliği bakımından zengin bir ülkedir.Tüm dünya ülkelerinde olduğu gibi, Türkiye'de de yüzyıllardır birçok bitki türü tedavi amacıyla halk arasında yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır.CentaureaL. cinsine ait bazı türlerden elde edilen uçucu yağlarının, kimyasal içeriklerinin tespit edilmesi ve çeşitli patojen mikroorganizmalarına karşı antimikrobiyal etkilerinin incelenmesi amacıyla yapılan bu çalışmada, Doğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgelerimizden toplanan Centauera L. türleri kurutulduktan sonra hidrodistilasyon yöntemiyle uçucu yağları elde edilerek, GC-MS cihazıyla kimyasal analizleri belirlendi. Daha sonra MİK yöntemiyle test mikroorganizmalarına karşı antimikrobiyal etkileri incelendi. Sonuç olarak, bitkilerden elde edilen uçucu yağların test mikroorganizmaları üzerinde antimikrobiyal etkilerinin olduğu gözlemlendi. Turkey is a very rich country in plant diversity. As with all countries, in Turkey for centuries plant species are widely used among the people for treatment. Aim of this study is to determine the chemical contents essential oils obtained from some species Centaurea L., and to examine the antimicrobial effects against a variety of pathogenic microorganisms. Types of Centauera L. were collected in Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia. After drying process, essential oils were obtained by hidrodistillation method and chemical analysis was determined by GC-MS device. Then the antimicrobial effects against test microorganisms were examined with MIC method. As a result, it was observed that the essential oils obtained from plants have antimicrobial effects on test microorganisms.

The examinations covered numerous clinical and referent strain of both bacteria, as well as viruses and fungi. The paper presents only one part of the examinations in which referent strains of E. coli NTCC 8116, Proteus mirabilis ATCC 19086, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 511, Salmonella Choleraeuis ATCC 10653, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 6055 and Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 were used. The effect of Peral-S in concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% on the listed strain of bacteria was examined using the suspension method at exposition times of 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes. Examinations were also performed of the antiviral effects of Peral-S in concentrations of 0.1% to 1% and at exposure times from 30 seconds to 5 minutes on the viruses Aujeszky 257/II, P13, Newcastle virus, Coxackie B6 , Herpes simplex type I. The efficacy of the antiviral effects of Peral-S was checked on tissue cultures MDBK, AUBEK and HEP-2 using the floating technique method. Examinations also covered the fungicidal effect of Peral-S in concentrations of from 0.1% to 1%, and of 3%, 4%, and 5% at exposure times of 5, 15 and 60 minutes and cultures aged 1 to 14 days. The investigations covered fungi from the following genera: Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp. and Mucor spp. Peral-S showed a bactericidal effect on all the examined bacteria strains, in all the applied concentrations and at all exposure times. Peral-S in a concentration of 0.1% and at an exposure time of 30 seconds had a vurcidal effect on all examined viruses. How-ever, there was no fungicidal effect of Peral-S in concentrations of 0.1% to 1% at all expo-sure times on fungi cultures aged from one to 14 days. The preparation did exhibit a fungicidal effect in a concentration of 3% in all examined fungi cultures after 60 minutes of expo-sure, while it exhibited a fungicidal effect in a concentration of 4% after 5 minutes of expo-sure on all examined fungi cultures, regardless of their age. U ispitivanjima su korišćeni mnogobrojni klinički i referentni sojevi kako bakterija, tako i virusa i gljivica. U ovom radu prikazan je samo jedan deo ispitivanja u kome su korišćeni referentni sojevi E. coli NTCC 8116, Proteus mirabilis ATCC 19086, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 511, Salmonella Choleraesuis ATCC 10653, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 6055 i Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778. Delovanje na navedene sojeve bakterija Perala-S u koncentracijama od 0,25%, 0,5% i 1% ispitano je primenom suspenzione metode pri vremenu ekspozicije od 5, 10, 15 i 20 minuta. Takođe, obavljena su ispitivanja antivirusnog delovanja Perala-S u koncentracijama od 0,1% do 1% i u vremenima ekspozicije od 30 sekundi do 5 minuta na viruse: Aujeszky 257/II, PI3, Newcastle virus, Coxackie B6, Herpes simplex tip I. Efikasnost antivirusnog delovanja Perala-S proveravana je na kulturama tkiva MDBK, AU-BEK i HEP-2 metodom "ploveće" tehnike. Ispitano je i fungicidno delovanje Perala-S u koncentracijama od 0,1% do 1% kao i 3%, 4% i 5%u vremenima ekspozicije od 5, 15 i 60 minuta i starosti kultura od jednog do četrnaestog dana. Ispitivanjima su obuhvaćene plesni iz rodova: Penicillium spp, Aspergillus spp. i Mucor spp. Peral-S je ispoljio baktericidno delovanje na svim ispitivanim sojevima bakterija, u svim primenjenim koncentracijama i u svim vremenima ekspozicije. Peral-S u koncentraciji od 0,1% i u vremenu ekspozicije od 30 sekundi delovao je virucidno na sve ispitivane viruse. Međutim, Peral-S u koncentracijama od 0,1% do 1% u svim vremenima ekspozicije na kulturama plesni koje su bile stare od jednog do četrnaest dana, nije ispoljio fungicidno delovanje. Fungicidno delovanje preparat je ispoljio u koncentraciji od 3 posto na svim ispitivanim kulturama plesni nakon 60 minuta ekspozicije, dok je u koncentraciji od 4 posto ispoljio fungicidni efekat nakon 5 minuta ekspozicije na svim ispitivanim kulturama plesni, bez obzira na njihovu starost.

Zr 61 Al 7.5 Ni 10 Cu 17.5 Si 4 (ZrAlNiCuSi) thin film metallic glasses (TFMGs) can modify the surface of 304 stainless steel, and they are widely used in health care systems. We investigated modified surfaces with ZrAlNiCuSi TFMGs and their antimicrobial effects on those five microbes which are the most common nosocomial infection pathogens. The transformation of ZrAlNiCuSi bulk metallic glass into TFMG was achieved by sputtering onto stainless steel. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Candida albicans were then isolated. The microbes were sampled on ZrAlNiCuSi TFMGs, and this was compared with stainless steel plates. After microbe-material interaction under humidity at room temperature for 3 hours, the specimens were attached to a Mueller-Hinton agar plate (Gibco, Middleton, WI, USA) and incubated at 37.0°C for 24, 48 and 96 hours. The areas of microbe growth were recorded by serial subtraction photography and then assessed using Image-Pro Plus software (Media Cybernetics, Bethesda, MD, USA). ZrAlNiCuSi TFMGs presented an amorphous rough surface and exhibited hydrophobic properties. ZrAlNiCuSi TFMGs suppressed E. coli growth on Mueller-Hinton plates for 96 hours, and there was no E. coli growth on blood agar plate enriched media and eosin-methylene blue agar selective media after 96 hours of incubation. The five microbes tested on ZrAlNiCuSi TFMGs showed a decreased growth curve after 24 hours. After 24 hours, P. aeruginosa showed a slow growth curve and A. baumannii had a sharp growth curve with TFMG interaction. ZrAlNiCuSi TFMGs prolonged the lag phase of the microbes' growth curve in S. aureus and C. albicans for 48 hours. ZrAlNiCuSi TFMGs were able to modify the surface of stainless steel, which was very hard and was found to have scratch adhesion abilities and smooth surface effects against five different microbes for at least 24 hours. This is the first description of microbe interactions with zirconium-based TFMGs. Further studies to investigate the mechanism of antimicrobial effects on ZrAlNiCuSi TFMGs are now required.