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The present study was focused on the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils (EsO) obtained from five Lamiaceae representatives grown in the south of Ukraine. Among them are Salvia sclarea L., Monarda didyma (cultivar ‘Cambridge Scarlet’), Thymus pulegioides (cultivar ‘2/6-07’), Thymus vulgaris (cultivar ‘Jalos’), and Thymus serpyllum L. The component analysis of the EsO was carried out by gas chromatography method coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The antimicrobial properties of the EsO were determined using the agar diffusion test against widespread pathogenic bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenes) and opportunistic yeast Candida albicans. The EsO of Thymus serpyllum and Thymus vulgaris (cultivar ‘Jalos’) displayed noteworthy antibacterial properties against a wide spectrum of the microorganisms. These antimicrobial properties could be attributed to the high content of aromatic monoterpenoid thymol (52.56% and 47.33%, respectively). The EsO of Salvia sclarea with the dominance of linalyl acetate (45.51%) and linalool (38.98%) as well as Thymus pulegioides (cultivar ‘2/6-07’) containing α-citral (27.10%) and β-citral (17.11%) demonstrated the strongest antimicrobial effects on typical and clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus with the inhibition zones in the range of 24.0–31.0 mm. The Salvia sclarea EsO demonstrated the most significant effect against clinical strains of Candida albicans. In conclusion, the present study revealed the chemical composition of five Lamiaceae species and cultivars grown in the south of Ukraine and considerable antimicrobial activity of the tested EsO, especially against the typical and clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. The obtained results could be perspective for applying in the pharmaceutical industry and for the conservation of food and cosmetic products.

To evaluate the antimicrobial effect of high-frequency electric plasma on a cotton textile article containing planktonic cells and biofilm formation of a standard strain and a multi-resistant clinical strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC), and to evaluate the integrity of the post textile fiber treatment, suggesting an alternative method to control this bacterium in hospital fabrics. Based on the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists – 100 methodology, inoculants of the standard strain of K. pneumoniae ATCC 4352 and a clinical strain of KPC isolated from hospital infection were prepared. These were used to contaminate 100% cotton fabric samples, and the antibacterial effect of electric plasma was evaluated at 2, 3, 4, and 5 min in planktonic cells and 4, 6, 8, and 10 min in a 48-h biofilm, assessing the antimicrobial effect by colony-forming units per milliliter count and the cell viability by MTT assay, respectively. The results were statistically analyzed using the GraphPad Prism 5 program, considering P

Although fluoride has been widely used as a preventive agent for dental caries, the effects of fluoride on the activities of biofilms in different stages of cariogenic biofilm formation are less studied. This study was designed to investigate the antibiofilm activity of sodium fluoride during the early and mature stages of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilm formation. S. mutans biofilms were formed on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite disks. In the early (0–46 h) and mature (46–94 h) biofilm stages, the biofilms were treated with different concentrations of fluoride (250, 500, 1000, 2000 ppm; 5 times in total, 1 min/treatment). Acidogenicity, dry weight, colony-forming units (CFUs), water-soluble/insoluble extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs), and intracellular polysaccharides were analysed, and confocal laser scanning microscopy images were obtained of the two stages of biofilms to determine antibiofilm activities of fluoride at varying concentrations during the formation of early and mature biofilms. In the early stages of cariogenic biofilm formation, test groups with all fluoride concentrations significantly inhibited the growth of S. mutans biofilms. The antibiofilm and anti-EPS formation activities of the brief fluoride treatments increased with a concentration-dependent pattern. At the mature biofilm stage, only the 2000 ppm fluoride treatment group significantly inhibited biofilm accumulation, activity, and intracellular/extracellular polysaccharide content compared with those of the control and other fluoride treatment groups. The antimicrobial effect of fluoride treatment on the growth of S. mutans biofilms was linked with the stage of cariogenic biofilm formation. The inhibition of S. mutans biofilm growth by fluoride treatment was easier in the early formation stage than in the mature stage. Fluoride treatment in the early stage of cariogenic biofilm formation may be an effective approach to controlling cariogenic biofilm development and preventing dental caries.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can be produced through an easy and safe process called green synthesis and have been considered an efficient antimicrobial agent. The antimicrobial effect of silver nanoparticles green synthesized with E. tirucalli (aveloz) can be a promising technique for preserving stored strawberries. The objective of this work was to perform a green synthesis of AgNPs with aveloz extract (Av) and evaluate its effect on the physiology and preservation of stored strawberries. Silver nitrate was reduced with Av to produce Av-AgNPs. The Av-AgNPs were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry, and laser diffraction. The in vitro antifungal activity of Av-AgNPs was evaluated against Botrytis cinerea and Rhizopus stolonifer. Strawberries were treated with Av-AgNPs and stored (5 °C) for 12 days. Respiratory rate, decay, fresh mass loss, firmness, total phenolics and antioxidant activity of the strawberries were evaluated. According to the results, Av-AgNPs synthesis was performed, and it presented sizes between 40 and 90 nm. Av-AgNPs inhibited B. cinerea but was less effective for R. stolonifer. Total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, fresh mass loss and firmness of strawberries were not influenced by Av-AgNPs. Treated strawberries had a lower respiratory rate than the control and showed no symptoms of microbiological deterioration until 9 days of storage, while in the control the deterioration symptoms started after 3 days. This study showed that the green synthesis of AgNPs with Av produced nanoparticles smaller than 100 nm, and that they were effective against strawberries decay during storage, indicating to be a promising protection technique against decay.

In this study, antibacterial activity of Nannochloropsis oculata which were grown in proper culture condition was searched with their extracts that obtain by using different solvent (methanol, ethanol, chloroform). The antibacterial effects of algal extracts were evaluated by using disc diffusion method against L. garvieae, F. psychrophilum and Y. ruckeri. As the results of the study, it was found that the chloroform extracts of N. oculata showed strong antibacterial activities, F. psychrophilum was the high resistant strain against to antibacterial effects of the extracts, L. garvieae and Y. ruckeri were the two most susceptible bacteria strains. The results confirm the possible use of N. oculata as a source of antimicrobial compounds or as a health-promoting food for aquaculture.

With the increasing attention to the health promoting activities of the bioactive compounds from some plants, many researchers are focusing on the biological potential and mechanisms of certain cultivated plant species. In this review, we survey the olive and almond based extracts specific phytoconstituents and their associated health promoting effects that have been evaluated in experimental and clinical studies.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microbial effect of dried sage (Salvia officinalis L.) on the traditional Hungarian sausage. We added 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 w/w% of sage to the sausages and tested them on the 0th, 7th and 14th day. The added dried sage had no effect on the tested microorganisms, but the sage extract inhibited Salmonella, Enterococcus faecium and Staphylococcus aureus.

Objectives This article aimed to study the effects of the​ roselle-capped​ silver​ nanochip​ ​(SNP-Ro​ chip)​ against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and the toxicity of this film on fibroblast cells to develop this SNP-Ro chip into a local chemical for the treatment of periodontitis in the future. Materials and Methods Using a microwave-assisted synthesis method, silver​ nanoparticles (SNPs) were prepared from a silver nitrate solution and roselle extract as a reducing and capping agent. Then, SNP-Ro chips were fabricated by mixing a solution of SNP-Ro with alginate gel. The antimicrobial effect of the synthesized SNP-Ro chips was performed by the disc diffusion technique and time kill assay. The cytotoxic effect was also determined by the MTS assay. Statistical Analysis One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe’s method were used to analyze the data for this experiment. Results All three ratios of the SNP-Ro chip produced inhibition zones ranging between 18.75 ± 2.08 and 19.03 ± 2.25 mm. In studying the killing time, the three groups of the SNP-Ro chips completely eradicated A. actinomycetemcomitans within 180 minutes. The percentage of the viable SNP-Ro chip-treated human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) were significantly increased when compared with the alginate chip-treated cells (p < 0.05). Conclusion This study developed a new method for the deposition of SNPs in alginate gel to make a thin small chip for the sustained release of the SNPs in a periodontal lesion. Therefore, the SNP-Ro chip has the potential to be developed as an adjunctive locally delivered antimicrobial agent in periodontal therapy.

Introduction:Helicobacter pylori is considered a major agent causing gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. Unfortunately, the occurrence of increasing drug resistance to this bacterium would result in some difficulties in its treatment. Therefore, the application of nanotechnology has been suggested to resolve such problems. Nanoparticles usage in medical research has been expanded in recent years. Among nanometals, gold nanoparticles have exclusive features that can be used in such applications. Using nanotechnology in medical science could help mankind to solve this problem in the future. Aim: Our aim in this research was to investigate the antimicrobial effect of gold nanoparticles on H. pylori strains. Materials and methods: Gold nanoparticles were synthesized by the Turkevich method. Then, their size and dispersion were investigated using spectrophotometry, DLS, and TEM microscopy. Subsequently, the combination of metronidazole and gold nanoparticles was obtained by mixing method, and then the anti-helicobacter effects of the two were evaluated according to CLSI. Results: The highest size of gold nanoparticles was between 12 and 9 nm, and the maximum absorbance was 522 nm; however, in conjugated state, the maximum absorbance was 540 nm, which indicated the accumulation of drug-conjugated nanoparticles in the conjugate state. Some changes indicated the binding of metronidazole to gold nanoparticles. Antimicrobial testing of gold nanoparticles and metronidazole did not affect the Helicobacter pylori. Therefore, the combination of gold nanoparticles and metronidazole had a 17-mm growth inhibition zone. Conclusions: The anti-helicobacter effects of metronidazole significantly increased in conjugation with gold nanoparticles.

Different types of peptides are produced by cyanobacteria of the genus Nostoc, which are unique in structure and have a wide spectrum of biological activities. The objective of the study to explore different habitats of organism and study antimicrobial activities to improve their pharmaceutical application and drug like properties by structure modification. A cyclic peptide nostophycin was isolated from Nostoc calcicola (MK506349) through freeze dried lyophilization method. Its structure has been elucidated with FT-IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and LC-MS. Glycine, d-glutamine, l-phenylamine, d-isoleucine, l-proline and a novel amino acid Ahoa are constituents of nostophycin. 1HNMR, 13CNMR spectroscopy confirmed the number of protons and carbons, and characteristics peak determined the structure and fragmentation pattern through LCMS. Nostophycin possess Ahoa instead of Adha which makes it different from microcystin. Nostophycin exhibits antimicrobial activity against E.coli, S. aureus, C. albicens and A. niger. A good antifungal activity (9-52 μg/mL) and moderate antimicrobial activity (concentration 18-52 μg/mL) were found for nostophycin. In case of already known peptides, these molecules may be further exploited to improve pharmaceutical application and future drug development.

Endophytic fungi produce a plethora of secondary metabolites, which may open new avenues to study their applicability in pharmaceuticals. Therefore, the present study focuses on the fungal endophytic community of Artemisia asiatica. During our work, fungal endophytes were isolated from a medicinal plant, A. asiatica. The culturable endophytic fungi were identified using molecular techniques and biodiversity, richness and tissue specificity were examined. As these microorganisms have been generally identified as an abundant reservoir of novel antimicrobial compounds, the antimicrobial (i.e. antibacterial and antifungal) activities of the metabolites produced by the isolated fungi were studied. Numerous extracts containing the endophytic metabolites proved to be active against the applied test microorganisms including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as yeasts and filamentous fungi, which can be examined in detail in the future and, based on the the chemical nature of these active metabolites, allow to discover novel bioactive metabolites.

Aim: To assess the antimicrobial effect of diode laser in deep carious lesions after step wise excavation of the tooth using bacteriological assessment method. Methodology: Thirty permanent molar in fifteen participants with deep occlusal carious lesions were randomly assigned into two groups (15 teeth each) group 1: Ca2OH stepwise excavation, group 2: laser disinfection. After cavity preparation, dentin samples were collected at baseline, after immediate disinfection with diode laser device and after six months follow up. Another dentin samples were collected from both Ca2 OH stepwise excavation and laser disinfection groups. These samples were subjected to microbiological evaluation, Streptococcus mutans on mitis salivarius (MS) agar, and Lactobacilli (LB) on Lactobacillus MRS Agar. Results: The results showed that diode laser had a significant difference from Ca2OH stepwise excavation group as it had a significant reduction on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus counts in the laser disinfection group. Conclusions: The antibacterial effect of diode laser in the deep occlusal cavities was significantly different from Ca2OH excavation group. Diode laser disinfection method demonstrated successful clinical measurements when accompanied with step wise technique.

The betel (Piper betle) leaves have been using for traditional medicine in several tropical countries, like Indonesia. The betel leaves have the antimicrobial property for inhibiting the growth of microbes. In this study, cotton fabric was treated with the betel leaves extract 1, 5 and 10 g/l. The peper betel leaves are extracted by using boiling water up to half. The betel leaf extract was imparted onto the cotton fabrics for underclothes apparel using a pad-dry-cure. The antimicrobial activity property of treat cotton fabrics was assessed (Escherchia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Candida albicans AATCC 100-2004). The piper betle extract more effective to inhibit the growth of Candida Albicans than Escherchia coli, Staphylococcus aureus. Lactobacillus acidophilus as a good bacteria around the vagina, can still grow. From the result of this study, betel leaf is an antiseptic, then can be used in preventing vaginal discharge. The durability of the betel leaf extract on the cotton fabric did not decrease significantly after washing 15 times using Lounder O’meter machine washing. The excellent performance of antimicrobial on the fabrics can keep clean and can help the vaginal area keep clean, odorless, and is expected to prevent vaginal discharge.

Due to health concerns associated with the increase of antimicrobial resistance in foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella, plant extracts have become important natural alternatives to known antimicrobials. The eradication effect of the water-soluble stinging nettle extracts with 2 mg/mL, 4 mg/mL, 6 mg/mL, 8 mg/mL, 12 mg/mL, 16 mg/mL, and 20 mg/mL concentrations, on pre-formed biofilms and swimming motility of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovars, including Newport, Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Virchow, Othmarschen and Mikawasima, was investigated in vitro. Degradation of biofilm formation on spinach inoculated with each serovar was ascertained within different exposure time of 40 mg/mL concentrated extract as well. Moreover, major genes responsible for biofilm formation (i.e., rpoS, mlrA, ycfR, fimA, spiA and csgA) were screened in these isolates. The extract significantly decreased swimming motilities of Mikawasima and Virchow serovars. The highest reductions were found as 0.88 Log CFU/mL and 2.00 Log CFU/cm2 in vitro and on spinach, respectively.

Background Specific probiotic bacteria may have inhibitory effects against oral pathogens. Lactobacillus spp. have been researched worldwide and are used in probiotics, but due to difficulties with laboratory cultivation of and experimentation on oral microorganisms, there are few reports of Lactobacillus spp. being isolated from the oral cavity and tested against oral pathogens. This research aimed to determine the safety and inhibitory impacts of L. gasseri HHuMIN D as a potential oral probiotic with biotherapeutic capabilities against oral pathogens. Results The microbial and genetic characteristics of L. gasseri HHuMIN D were evaluated in this research. A 5% dilution of L. gasseri HHuMIN D culture supernatant exhibited 88.8% inhibition against halitosis-producing anaerobic microorganisms and L. gasseri HHuMIN D exhibited powerful inhibitory effects on the growth of every harmful oral bacterium tested. Unfortunately, other oral bacteria affected the growth of L. gasseri HHuMIN D, suggesting a poor proliferative response to most co-cultures. Hydrogen peroxide production by L. gasseri HHuMIN D reached 802 µmol/L after 12 hours and gradually diminished until 24 hours. It efficiently aggregated with P. catoniae and S. sanguinis, and completely supressed S. mutans-manufactured artificial dental plaque. L. gasseri HHuMIN D’s KB cell adhesion capacity was 4.41 cells per cell, and the cell adhesion of F. nucleatum and S. mutans diminished strongly in protection and displacement assays. L. gasseri HHuMIN D was evaluated for safety using ammonia and biogenic amine development, hemolytic property and mucin degradation testing, antibiotic susceptibility, and whole genome sequencing (WGS). Conclusion Our results suggest that L. gasseri HHuMIN D may be a safe, bioactive, lactobacterial food ingredient, starter culture, and/or probiotic microorganism for human oral health.

Background/Aim: Helicobacter pylori (HP) is a gram-negative bacillus, with a prevalence of 50% throughout the world. HP infection is considered the strongest etiological factor for gastric cancer (GC). Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment of HP can be considered as the primary prevention strategy for the development of GC. This study aimed to reveal the antimicrobial effect of commonly used local anesthetics (LAs) on HP. The literature review in English has revealed no study on this subject. Methods: This in vitro laboratory study was conducted in a University laboratory between 25 October 2019 and 1 November 2019. In the study, antimicrobial effect of 1 mL sterile saline, 20 mg/mL lidocaine, 1 mg/mL adrenaline, 10 mg/mL prilocaine, 50 mg/mL bupivacaine, and 20 mg+0.0125 mg/mL lidocaine plus adrenaline against H. pylori strain NCTC 11637 obtained from National Collection of Type Cultures (NCTC) were tested in vitro. The groups were designated as follows: Group C (Control), Group B (Bupivacaine), Group L (Lidocaine), Group A (Adrenaline), Group P (Prilocaine), and Group LA (Lidocaine plus adrenaline). HP strain NCTC 11637 was cultured in Mueller Hinton agar (Oxoid, UK) supplemented with 5% sheep blood plates at 37°C under microaerophilic conditions (5% oxygen, 10% carbon dioxide, and 85% nitrogen gas combination) for 72 hours. Results: Antimicrobial activity was observed in Group L and Group LA. No antimicrobial action against HP was observed in other groups. The comparison of groups in terms of inhibition zone diameters showed that there was a statistically significant inhibiting effect in Group L and Group LA compared to Group C (P=0.002 and P

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a superbug which is infamous for causing wound infections. Unfortunately it is developing resistance quickly against commonly used antibiotics. Antimicrobial drugs effective against methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus are too expensive to afford by impoverish population in our country. However, herbal medicines are seen to be equally effective with less severe adverse effects. There is need to explore alternative medicines of botanical origin to cure dangerous bacteria. Oenothera biennis contains phytochemicals which have antimicrobial activity against some gram negative and gram positive microorganisms. Objectives: To evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration of Oenothera biennis seed extract against staphylococcus aureus by using different concentrations. Study Design: In Vitro antibacterial study. Settings: The study was conducted in microbiology laboratory of Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex, Lahore. Duration: One year. Methodology: Oenothera biennis extract was prepared in 95% Ethanol in biochemistry laboratory of Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Lahore. Staphylococcus aureus isolates were procured from microbiology laboratory and American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) strains used as quality control for MSSA & MRSA, were purchased from musaji adam and sons Karachi (imports@science-ware.com). The antibacterial activity of oenothera biennis seed extract against staphylococcus aureus was tested by deep well broth microdilution and disc diffusion method. Different concentrations of stock solutions (100μg/10μl to 500μg/10μl of DMSO) were used to test antimicrobial effect to establish dose response relationship. Results: Results were measured and compared according to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Oenothera biennis seed extract inhibited growth of methicillin sensitive and methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus isolate from laboratory as well as ATCC strains with minimum inhibitory concentration 530μg/10μl solvent. Whereas other concentrations 50 μg/10μl ,100 μg/10μl ,150 μg/10μl ,200 μg/10μl ,250 μg/10μl ,300 μg/10μl ,350 μg/10μl ,400 μg/10μl ,450 μg/10μl and 500 μg/10μl had no effect at all. Conclusion: Oenothera biennis extract inhibits growth of staphylococcus aureus at concentration of 530μg remarkably. This can inhibit both MSSA & MRSA already proved in our study. This could be beneficial as an alternate medicine. However, further research is needed to be conducted for animal study. Key words: Oenothera biennis, ethanolic extract, Methicillin sensitive, Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MSSA, MRSA.

Due to the increasing microbial tolerance to commonly used food preservatives, as well as growing consumer awareness of their adverse impact on human health, alternative methods of pathogens reduction in food are widely investigated. The aim of this research was to examine the antimicrobial activity of red raspberry pomace and seed preparations against enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Enteritidis, Listeria monocytogenes , and probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain. The combined action of LAB (lactic acid bacteria) and raspberry preparations on the pathogenic species was also evaluated. The results of our study showed no or weak antibacterial effect of raspberry preparations on the pathogenic bacteria tested. Regardless of preparation concentration (1.0 or 2.0 mg/mL), the bacteria number after 48-h incubation was usually higher than in the culture at the initial stage and varied from 10 5 to 10 7 cfu/mL. On the other hand, probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain caused a significant reduction in the enteric pathogen count after 24-h co-culture with LAB. The concentrations of both Salmonella serotypes were below the detection limit of the analytical methods applied. Moreover, the combined use of LAB and raspberry preparations resulted in the total elimination of Salmonella strains and the reduction in L. monocytogenes number from 10 5 to 10 2 -10 4 cfu/mL after 24-h co-culture. EHEC revealed the highest resistance to the mixed culture effect. The synergic antimicrobial effect suggests the possibility of applying probiotic bacteria and berry preparations as natural antimicrobial agents in the food industry.

The aim of this study was to evaluate 3 different irrigation protocols using ozone on monoculture biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis. Fifty disto-buccal roots of maxillary first molars were instrumented up to the size 25.08, sterilized and then incubated with Enterococcus faecalis for 21 days for biofilm maturation in the root canal walls. After contamination, the initial collection (S1) was performed and the 50 samples were divided in 3 experimental groups (n = 15) and 1 positive control group (n = 5) as follows: Group1: Ozonated water (40 µg/ml); Group2: gaseous ozone (40 µg/ml); Group3: Ozonated water (40 µg/ml) under continuous ultrasonic irrigation (CUI) and, Group 4: 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (positive control). The final collection (S2) was performed using hedstroem files # 25 by scraping the root canal wall and absorbed paper cone. The collected samples were analyzed by CFU/ml count and qPCR. To compare the effect of irrigation methods and to investigate E. faecalis count data, Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon nonparametric tests were used at p

To determine and compare the antimicrobial effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx extracts, six types of commercial mouthwashes, and chlorhexidine on Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, Cap...

Patchouli (“Guanghuoxiang”) or scientifically known as Pogostemon cablin Benth, belonging to the family Lamiaceae, has been used in traditional Chinse medicine (TCM) since the time of the Eastern Han dynasty. In TCM theory, patchouli can treat colds, nausea, fever, headache, and diarrhea. Various bioactive compounds have been identified in patchouli, including terpenoids, phytosterols, flavonoids, organic acids, lignins, glycosides, alcohols, pyrone, and aldehydes. Among the numerous compounds, patchouli alcohol, β-patchoulene, patchoulene epoxide, pogostone, and pachypodol are of great importance. The pharmacological impacts of these compounds include anti-peptic ulcer effect, antimicrobial effect, anti-oxidative effect, anti-inflammatory effect, effect on ischemia/reperfusion injury, analgesic effect, antitumor effect, antidiabetic effect, anti-hypertensive effect, immunoregulatory effect, and others.For this review, we examined publications from the previous five years collected from PubMed, Web of Science, Springer, and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. This review summarizes the recent progress in phytochemistry, pharmacology, and mechanisms of action and provides a reference for future studies focused on clinical applications of this important plant extract.

The preservative efficacy test is an important method for assessing the antimicrobial effect of cosmetic products. In this study, the optimum conditions for the efficient microbial enumeration of Aspergillus brasiliensis were investigated. Cosmetic products, inoculated with A. brasiliensis spore suspensions, were cultivated at 22.5°C, 32.5°C, or 40°C and the detection rate and the number of colonies were determined using the pour culture method. There was no difference in the viable counts of visible colonies among different temperature conditions. However, the viable counts after 3 days of culture were significantly greater for the cultures maintained at 32.5°C or 40°C compared with those maintained at 22.5°C. This effect was attenuated in products containing fatty acids, which could inhibit fungal growth. Overall, these results demonstrate that cultivating A. brasiliensis at 32.5°C reduces the time required for enumeration in the preservative efficacy test. Thus, the results of this study are expected to help improve and expedite microbiological quality control in the cosmetic industry.

The safety of plant-based food of plant origin is a priority for producers and consumers. The biological value of food products enriched with herbal ingredients is getting more popular among consumers. The present study was aimed to evaluate microbiological quality of grape juice enriched with medicinal plants. There were two varieties of grapes -Welschriesling and Cabernet Sauvignon and six species of medicinal plants used for the experiment: Calendula officinalis L., Ginkgo biloba, Thymus serpyllum, Matricaria recutita, Salvia officinalis L., and Mentha aquatica var. citrata. A total of 14 samples of juice were prepared and two of them were used as controls and 12 samples were treated with medicinal plants. Total microbial count, coliforms, lactic acid bacteria and yeasts and microscopic fungi for testing the microbiological quality were detected. All the samples were negative for lactic acid bacteria. There were neither coliform bacteria nor yeast and fibrous microscopic fungi present in some of the treated samples apart from the control samples. Coliform bacteria of 1 log cfu/mL were detected during the first testing and identified Proteus vulgaris in the control sample of grape juice of the variety Welschriesling. The yeast of the genus Candida was present in 2 log cfu/mL and it was detected during first and second testing in the control sample of Cabernet Sauvignon, unlike the other samples. The sample of grape juice with the addition of sage had the most significant inhibitory effect on total count of bacteria. The most common microorganisms in all samples were Bacillus cereus and Acinetobacter johnsonii, however, those microorganisms were absent during second testing due to the action of naturally occurring antimicrobials in the grapes.

Background: Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), due to their impressive benefits, have recently been considered in different areas. Besides, NLC loaded with essential oils is attractive for finding more effective antimicrobial products, especially against common bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis). Objective: This study aims to prepare and characterize NLCs encapsulated with Punica granatum (P. granatum) seed oil (PGS oil-loaded NLCs) and examine the antimicrobial effect of this combination against S. epidermidis. Methods: PGS oil-loaded NLCs were prepared using a hot melt homogenization method. Later, they were characterized by determining particle size distribution (particle size analyzer), morphology (scanning electron microscopy (SEM)), and zeta potential (surface charge of NLCs). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of PGS oil-loaded NLCs were assessed and compared with seed oil emulsion of P. granatum against S. epidermidis. Results: PGS oil-loaded NLCs were spherical shaped nanoparticles, with a mean size of 102.10 nm and narrow size distribution (PDI = 0.26). The antibacterial assay showed PGS oil-loaded NLCs to have a higher in vitro antimicrobial activity than seed oil emulsion of P. granatum. Conclusion: To conclude, NLCs may be a favorable carrier to develop new antimicrobial agents. Lay Summary: The lipid nanoparticles such as nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) appeared as products first on the cosmetic market. Their advantages help them to be used in different healthcare and cosmetic products. With regard to previous studies, Punica granatum (P. granatum) extract shows antimicrobial and antioxidant properties that could be a valuable natural source against the wide ranges of bacteria. Then, P. granatum seed oil (PGS oil-loaded NLCs) prepared in this study can be used in dental and skin-related materials as a new natural antimicrobial product.

Cronobacter sakazakii y Salmonella enterica son considerados patógenos capaces de causar sepsis y meningitis en lactantes. Se han descrito casos de infección por estos patógenos asociados al consumo de preparados para lactantes contaminados. La inclusión de probióticos en los preparados, además de su papel en la modulación de la microbiota intestinal, podría ser útil para contrarrestar la contaminación de microorganismos patógenos de estos productos una vez reconstituidos y, por lo tanto, reducir el riesgo de infección. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto antimicrobiano de una mezcla de probióticos (Lactobacillus rhamnosus y Bifidobacterium infantis) frente a Cronobacter sakazakii y Salmonella enterica en preparados reconstituidos para lactantes. Las muestras (con o sin probióticos) se inocularon con C. sakazakii o S. enterica y se incubaron a 30 o 40ºC durante 72 horas. Los resultados muestran que la presencia de probióticos en los preparados lácteos no tiene un marcado efecto en el crecimiento de los patógenos. Sin embargo sí se ve potenciado su efecto inhibitorio frente a C. sakazakii por la interacción entre la temperatura de incubación y los probióticos. Los probióticos empleados fueron viables durante todo el período de incubación, por lo que el agotamiento de los nutrientes se descartó como posible mecanismo de inhibición. La disminución del pH en los preparados lácteos inoculados no explica de manera satisfactoria un comportamiento tan diferente entre ambos patógenos. Por lo tanto, se sugiere como posible mecanismo inhibidor la liberación de bacteriocinas específicas con acción contra C. sakazakii pero sin efecto contra Salmonella. Se deben realizar estudios adicionales para probar esta hipótesis. Cronobacter sakazakii and Salmonella enterica have been implicated in outbreaks causing sepsis and meningitis in infants. Several infection cases have been associated with the consumption of contaminated powdered infant formulae. Besides its role in modulating gut microbiota, the inclusion of probiotics in infant formulae may be useful to counteract pathogen contamination in these products and thus to reduce the risk of infection. The aim of this research was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of a mixture of the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium infantis against Cronobacter sakazakii and Salmonella enterica in reconstituted follow-on formulae. For that, infant formulae (with or without probiotics) were inoculated with either C. sakazakii or S. enterica and incubated at 30 or 40ºC for 72 hours. Overall, the results showed the presence of probiotics inhibiting the growth of C. sakazakii together with incubation temperature (interaction between both factors). Probiotics were viable throughout the incubation period so that nutrient exhaustion could be ruled out as the mechanism of C. sakazakii inhibition. Thus, the acidification of media observed during the study was hypothesized to be responsible for pathogen growth inhibition. However, since in the case of formulae inoculated with Salmonella the behavior of probiotics and pH values was similar to C. sakazakii, the decrease of pH does not satisfactorily explain such a different behavior. So, it is suggested that the production of specific bacteriocins by probiotics against C. sakazakii but not against Salmonellla could be the underlying inhibitory mechanism. Further studies should be carried out to test this hypothesis.

Introduction: The experiment was aimed to investigate (i) the comparative efficacy of papaya leaves suspension (PLS) and doxycycline on bacterial load and blood constituents on E. coli inoculated Japanese quail, (ii) the effect of PLS on live body weight, egg production and egg quality (Egg weight, egg shape index, shell plus membrane weight, shell plus membrane thickness, haugh unit, albumen index and yolk index) of Japanese quail. Materials and Methods: 120 female Japanese quails ten days old were randomly assigned into four groups with three replications and grouped as control group (T0), E. coli treated group (T1), E. coli plus PLS (0.25%) treated group (T2) and E. coli plus doxacil-vet powder (1g/2lit) treated group (T3) for the aim (i). Ten days old 60 female Japanese quails were randomly assigned into two groups named T0 (control diet) and T1 (0.25% PLS) with three replications to fulfill the aim (ii). Result: (i) microbial load significantly (P2 & T3 group where significantly (P0 and T1 group. TEC, Hb, PCV & ESR in different treatment groups were almost similar and the differences were statistically non-significant (P>0.05) except TLC which was statistically significant (P2 group. (ii) The body weight of T0 and T1 at 65th day were 164.95 and 182.32 g respectively which was statistically significant (P0 and T1 group respectively which statistically significant (P0.05). Conclusion: It may concluded that papaya leaf (Carica papaya) suspension have antimicrobial effect and effect on blood constituents, growth performance and egg production of Japanese quail. Keywords: Coturnix japonica, Carica papaya, E. coli, Hematology, Body weight and egg production.

Background: Algeria, by its vast terrestrial extent and its climatic variation, has an abundant, rich and varied flora in which it was counted many aromatic and medicinal species that provide bioactive compounds characterized by their broad biological activities. In this context, this work is based on the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of Quercus robur L. leaves extracts (Family of Fagaceae). Methods: Firstly, the collected plant material was defatted; then, the extraction of tannins and saponins was carried out according to a standard protocol where the extracts obtained were tested on some uropathogenic microbial strains by disk diffusion method with the determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) by broth macro-dilution method. Results: The extraction yield of the selective extracts was 7.93 and 16.94% for tannins and saponins, respectively. The antibiotic resistance profile of the tested strains showed a resistance relatively important to several antibiotics, namely amoxicillin +clavulanic acid and ampicillin for Escherichia coli, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed resistance to amoxicillin+clavulanic acid, amikacin, cefotaxime and ceftazidime. However, Staphylococcus aureus was susceptible to penicillin, gentamicin, ofloxacin and chloramphenicol. Antifungal susceptibility testing has been shown that Candida albicans was susceptible to amphotericin B, econazole and it was clinically categorized as intermediate to miconazole drug. For antimicrobial tests, the tannins and saponins extracts exhibited a low to strong inhibitory effect at tested concentrations lower than 30 mg/mL (ranged from no inhibition to an inhibition zone diameter of 17.5 mm), depending on dose levels and tested microbial strains. Conclusion: This activity is proportional to the tested concentrations, knowing that tannins extract was more active compared to saponins extract. For this, Q. robur could constitute an important source for drug discovery.

Currently, aluminum phosphide tablets have been extensively used as fumigant for grain storage because they could release phosphine that shows highly efficient anti-microorganism. However, phosphine is highly toxic and flammable which usually causes production accidents. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a novel fumigant based on cinnamaldehyde and study its antimicrobial efficacy for grain storage. The novel fumigant tablet was composed of cinnamaldehyde, silica, citric acid and sodium bicarbonate. Results showed that mesoporous silica with ultra-high specific surface area (1036.5 m2/g) served as carrier for cinnamaldehyde. The mixture of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate reacted with moisture to generate carbon dioxide which was helpful to release cinnamaldehyde. As expected, the fumigant tablet displayed a sustained release effect. The in vitro culture experiments showed that cinnamaldehyde had high antimicrobial effect against five fungi including Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium and Penicillium. In the accelerated mildew simulation experiment (temperature: 35 °C, humidity: 98%), the blank group without mildew preventive began to go mouldy after five days, the control group with only cinnamaldehyde became mildew one week later, whereas there was no visible mildew growth in the experimental group with the fumigant tablet after one week. The number of fungal colonies in the blank group and the control group after one week was 8.3 × 104 and 6.5 × 103 CFU/g, respectively, while there were no fungi detected in the experimental group. This cinnamaldehyde-based fumigant tablet is a green and safe mildew preventive, which provides an alternative solution to aluminum phosphide tablet for grain storage.

Microbes like viruses, bacteria, and fungi have all been reported in the brain of Alzheimer's postmortem patients and/or AD mouse model; however, the relationship between brain microbes and Aβ plaque deposition remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we first analyzed bacteria populations in the brain of 4-, 5-, and 6-month-old APP/PS1 mice and then examined the Aβ-positive loads of APP/PS1 mouse at 9 months old to identify bacteria in the brain by 16S rDNA sequencing. Finally, blood-brain barrier permeability was measured by injecting dextrans through the tail vein. Surprisingly, the diversity of microbial community gradually decreased in APP/PS1 mouse while wild-type mouse showed no obvious regularity. Moreover, Aβ-positive deposits in the brain showed a significantly higher relative abundance of microbiota than Aβ-negative tissues and age-matched wild-type mouse brain tissues. In addition, an increase in blood-brain barrier permeability was also observed in APP/PS1 mouse. The present study revealed the exact location of microbes within the Aβ plaques in the brain and suggested the potential antimicrobial effect of the Aβ peptide. We strongly recommend that future research on microbiota-related AD pathology should focus on the migration route of microbiota into the brain and how the microbiota enhance AD progression.

Aims: This study tested the antimicrobial effect of Arrabidaea chica (Ac) polyphenolic extract in different concentrations incorporated into an aqueous solution or into a primer of an adhesive system used for cavities pre-treatment against Streptococcus mutans (Sm) and Lactobacillus casei (Lc). Study Design: In vitro experimental study design to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of different solutions containing Ac against Sm and Lc. Methodology: Aqueous solution and primer (from a self-etching adhesive system - Clearfil SE Bond/Kuraray) were prepared containing Ac extract in six different concentrations: 0.0% (null); 0.25%; 0.5%; 1.0%; 1.5%; 2.0%; 2.5%. To determine the MIC, tubes with the inoculates of Sm and Lc were added with the solutions described above. Serial dilutions were inoculated in plates with culture medium (n=3). The colony forming unit count (CFU/mL) was carried out after 48 hours. Negative controls (aqueous or primer solutions without Ac incorporation) were used in both tests. Results: Regression model showed that all Ac concentrations inhibited Sm growth (p>0.05) in aqueous solution. Negligible or no Sm growth was observed in the presence of primer in Ac concentrations above 0.25% (p0.05). All concentrations of Ac tested here maintained the acidic characteristics of the solutions. Conclusion: Arrabidaea chica extract into an aqueous solution shows antimicrobial effect against Sm and Lc in all concentrations tested. When incorporated into the primer, the antimicrobial activity is observed in concentrations above 1%.

This study aimed to compare the antibacterial effect of ozonated water and ozonated gas at different concentrations and exposure times. Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis were exposed ...

In the present study, the effect of B. subtilis (107cfu/gm) supplemented to the basal diet of two groups of New Zealand rabbit of 28 days (n=15/group) on the count of commensal microflora ( Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli spp.) and some opportunistic pathogens (E. coli and C. perfringens type A) in the rabbit caeci was investigated. Results indicated that the count of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli spp. are significantly increased at all intervals (7, 14, 28 and 40 days post supplementation) in the supplemented group compared with non-supplemented group with P< 0.001. On the other hand, there is a significant decrease in the count of E. coli and C. perfringens specially at 40 days post supplementation from (5.8 log 10 cfu ±0.06) to (3.1 log 10 cfu ±0.07) and from (4.8 log 10 cfu ±0.09) to (2.3 log 10 cfu ±0.09) respectively with P< 0.001. B. subtilis proved to be tolerant to the simulated gastric and intestinal juice for one hour (100% tolerance). However, after two hours, the tolerance to the gastric juice decreased to 70%, with no effect of the artificial intestinal juice on the viability of the organism. In vitro, the antimicrobial effect of B. subtilis on C. perfringens type A by well diffusion method showed an inhibition zone of 10 mm. Results of in vitro effect of B. subtilis on C. perfringens count showed that at 103 dilutions of C. perfringens, its count was reduced 2.1×105 to 3×104 after adding B. subtilis, while at dilution of 102, the count was reduced from 2.4×105 to 7×103cfu/ml after adding B. subtilis. It could be concluded that B. subtilis can be used as a probiotic in rabbits ration due to its ability to increase the commensal microflora count beside its antibacterial effect against some opportunistic pathogens.

The oligodynamic hold of gold and silver is extant and extremely relevant as a proactive measure against infections. The antimicrobial effect of gold and silver jewelries was determined on skin bacteria by introducing them into culture plates already inoculated with bacterial isolates; Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the wrist, neck and ear regions of the skin. Samples were collected by swab sampling and isolates were identified by their cultural morphology and biochemical characterization. Results showed that both precious metals were able to inhibit all three bacteria with silver jewelries giving wider zones of inhibition measuring between 3 mm to 7 mm while gold jewelries gave zones of inhibition between 1 mm to 4 mm. The culture plates containing Pseudomonas aeruginosa recorded the highest zone of inhibition while the least was observed in the culture plates that contained Staphylococcus epidermidis. No zone of inhibition was observed with ordinary golden-coloured and silver-coloured jewelries which served as negative control. This study showed that gold and silver are oligodynamic with silver having a higher oligodynamic efficacy on the skin bacteria tested Key Words: Precious metals, Oligodynamic efficacy, Skin bacteria

The existence of tick toxins is an old enigma that has intrigued scientists for a long time. The adaptive value of using deadly toxins for predatory animals is obvious: they try to kill the prey in the most effective way or protect themselves from their natural enemies. Ticks, however, are blood‐sucking parasites, and it seems paradoxical that they have toxins similar to spiders, scorpions and snakes. Based on published data, here we examine the potential adaptive function of different types of toxins produced by soft and hard ticks. We hypothesize that there are diverse evolutionary roles behind (a) to attack and reduce the tick‐transmitted pathogens inside the vertebrate host systemically to protect the tick, (b) to paralyse the host to stop grooming, (c) to speed up host heartbeat to improve blood supply and (d) to inhibit the process of necroptosis to prevent the rejection of hard ticks. We will provide published evidence that supports the above‐mentioned hypotheses, and we will give an outlook how these new scientific results might be applied in modern pharmacology and medicine.

The aim of this work is to determine the chemical composition of the essential oil of Origanum compactum, from the region of Meknes (Morocco), and their antimicrobial effect, and on the other hand, to carry out a comparison between the chemical composition of this essential oil with the six regions of Morocco: Larache, Chefchaouen, Al Hoceïma, Tetouan, Taounate and Rabat. The essential oils of Origanum compactum thus obtained were analyzed and identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). To determine the similarities and dissimilarities between the chemical compositions of the essential oil of Origanum compactum from the Meknes region with the other six regions of Morocco, we performed the principal component analysis (ACP). Regarding antimicrobial activity, the essential oils of Origanum compactum have shown significant inhibitory activity against the bacteria and molds studied.

Polianthes tuberosa L. (Amaryllidaceae) is an ornamental and medicinal plant. Its flowers and bulbs are used traditionally as a diuretic, emetic, against rashes and gonorrhea. The aim of this work was, to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of bulbs and bulbils alkaloid extracts of P. tuberosa. Antiradical effect was assessed against DPPH radical. However, antimicrobial activity was measured through the disc diffusion method against Escherichae coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Staphylococcus aureus resistant to Methicillin (MRSA) and Candida albicans ATCC 90028. The scavenging effect against DPPH showed that the bulbs and bulbils alkaloids extracts exhibited an antiradical effect with IC50 = 0.231±0.017 mg/mL and 0.233±0.093 mg/mL respectively, less than the effect of vitamin C with IC50 = 0.0194±0.0002 mg/mL. Antimicrobial activity results reveal that both alkaloid bulbs extracts at 50 mg/mL did not have any inhibitory effect against the studied strains using the disc diffusion method. According to this work, bulbs and bulbils alkaloid extracts show a moderate antioxidant effect; that could be recommended as a natural antioxidant. Although tuberose bulbs were used traditionally as a soap substitute; bulbs alkaloid extract has no antimicrobial effect. Keywords: Polianthes tuberosa L., bulbs, bulbils, alkaloids, antiradical activity, antimicrobial activity.

Background: Oral pathogens can affect a large population and the general health of individuals. Based on the evidence, the grape seed extract (GSE) contains herbal compounds that have the ability tosuppress oral pathogens associated with caries and fungal diseases. In this regard, the current studyaimed at evaluating the effect of GSE on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Methods: The grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seed was used in this in-vitro experimental study. After thepreparation of methanolic GSE, its effect on S. mutans and C. albicans was assessed at 0.25-256 mg/mL concentrations. Then, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidalconcentration (MBC) were determined by macro broth dilution methods. Finally, data were analyzedby SPSS, version 20. Results: The results showed that GSE inhibits the growth of S. mutans and C. albicans. In addition, theMIC and MBC of the extract against S. mutans and C. albicans were 2 and 8 mg/mL, as well as 32 and64 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: In general, GSE had a significant antimicrobial effect on S. mutans, while it only affected C. albicans at high concentrations.

Objective: Zataria is one of the native plants of Iran which is widely used for the treatment of diseases among Iranians. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial effects of Zataria essential oil on the skin bacteria in rats. Methods: Bacterial strains were isolated from the skin of 6 wistar rats and the antimicrobial effects of Zataria essential oil were evaluated by disk diffusion and microbroth dilution methods. In-vivo tests were performed to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of the essential oil by microbial culture as well as allergy tests on the skin of experimental rats compared to controls. Results: Three bacterial strains were isolated from the skin of rats identified as Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Minimum Growth Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for the two strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Corynebacterium were obtained 0.39 and 0.78 mg/ml, while for Staphylococcus epidermidis, they were 0.195 and 0.39 mg/ml, respectively. In-vivo test results showed the antibacterial effect of the essential oil on the skin bacteria and no inflammatory effects were observed under the allergy test. Conclusion: Zataria essential oil has antimicrobial effects on the skin infections in lower concentrations. The use of this essential oil as an antiseptic and preservative in cosmetics is recommended instead of chemical preservatives that generally have skin side effects.

Kefir; laktik asit bakterileri, asetik asit bakterileri ve mayalar gibi çok çeşitli mikroorganizmaları barındıran granüller tarafından üretilen, pek çok ülkede geleneksel olarak tüketilen fermente bir süt içeceğidir. Granülleri çevreleyen ve ağırlıklı olarak kefiran molekülünden oluşan polisakkarit yapının sağlığı teşvik edici birçok etkisinin yanında çeşitli patojenlere karşı antimikrobiyal etkiye sahip olduğu bildirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, biri ticari olarak satılan, diğeri yerel bir satıcıdan temin edilen granüller kullanılarak 24 saatlik fermantasyonla kefir üretimi yapılmıştır. Olgunlaşan kefir tanelerinden kefiran ekstraktı eldesi ve saflaştırılması etanol presipitasyon yötemi ile 80°C, 90°C ve 100°C olmak üzere üç farklı sıcaklıkta gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca elde edilen ekstrakt solüsyonlarının protein içerikleri Bradford yöntemiyle ile belirlenmiştir. Denemelerde kullanılan ekstrakt solüsyonlarının protein içeriği 0,001 g/mL olarak ölçülmüştür. Oluşturulan stok solüsyonlarından, 0,05, 0,1, 1 ve 2 mg ekstrakt içeren uygulamaların Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, Erwinia ve Clavibacter cinslerine ait bazı bitki patojeni bakterilere karşı antibakteriyel etkisi in vitro koşullarda ilk defa incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla disk difüzyon metodu ve yayma yöntemi olmak üzere iki metot kullanılmıştır. Denemelerde pozitif kontrol olarak kullanılan AN kefir süpernatantı izolatlar üzerinde ortalama 13-17 mm inhibisyon zonu gösterirken, SD süpernatantı 10-14 mm zon üretmiş ancak kefiran ekstralarının antibakteriyel etkisi gözlemlenmemiştir.

Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto antimicrobiano del extracto etanólico de la cascara – baya del Caesalpinia spinosa “tara”, sobre las cepas de Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 comparado con la eritromicina en un estudio in vitro. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un diseño experimental con repeticiones múltiples post prueba, mediante la observación del crecimiento de los microorganismos en placas Petri. El extracto etanólico fue obtenido a través del método por maceración y filtración y para la prueba de sensibilidad antimicrobiana se usó el método de disco de difusión Kirby-Bauer. El extracto etanólico de la cascara-baya del Caesalpinia spinosa “tara” fue diluido a concentraciones de 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, 100 %. Se estableció la eritromicina (500 mg), como control positivo y alcohol como control negativo. La incubación se hizo a una temperatura de 37° C y las lecturas en un periodo de 24 horas. Resultados: Según la prueba Post ANOVA de Tukey el mayor efecto lo proporcionó la eritromicina (21,32 mm) seguido de la dilución de 100 % (13,5 mm) siendo el tercero más eficaz la dilución de 25 % mientras que las de 50 % y 75% fueron iguales en términos de eficacia (ANOVA, p = 0,000). Conclusión: El tratamiento con eritromicina demostró ser más eficaz mientras que con el extracto etanólico de Caesalpinia spinosa la eficacia fue menor.

Background The aim of the study was to observe the antimicrobial activity of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola as well as the effect on reducing volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs). Materials and methods After P. gingivalis and T. denticola were cultured with or without Streptococcus salivarius K12 and M18, VSCs were measured by Oral Chroma. In order to analyze the mechanism for malodor control, the antimicrobial activity of S. salivarius K12 and M18 against P. gingivalis and T. denticola was assessed. SPSS 21.0 was used for data analysis with the Kruskal–Wallis and Jonckheere–Terpstra tests. Mann–Whitney test was applied for post hoc analysis. Results P. gingivalis and T. denticola VSC levels were reduced by high concentrations of S. salivarius K12 and M18 during coculture. The concentrations were lower than those of single culture (p < .05). An antimicrobial effect was detected on P. gingivalis, and T. denticola by 50% S. salivarius K12 and M18. The spent culture medium and whole bacteria of S. salivarius K12 and M18 reduced the levels of VSCs below the amount in a single culture of P. gingivalis and T. denticola (p < .05). Conclusion S. salivarius K12 and M18 decreased the levels of VSCs originating from P. gingivalis and T. denticola.

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Thyme extract mouth rinse against Chlorhexidine mouthwash on salivary Streptococcus mutans count in a group of Egyptian children. Materials and Methods: A total of 70 Egyptian children were included in this study. Children ages ranged from 5 to 10 years old in a good physical condition. Children were randomly distributed into two groups A & B each of 35 children. In children of group A (using Thyme extract) each participant was instructed to rinse with 10ml of thyme extract for one minute. In group B (control group using Chlorhexidine mouthwash 0.2%) each participant was instructed to rinse with 10ml of CHX for one minute. Results: There was a significant reduction in Streptococcus mutans count in both groups. Conclusion: Thyme extract mouthwash was successful as an antimicrobial agent. It significantly reduced the total bacterial count in the saliva of children when compared to a potent antiseptic like Chlorhexidine.