1. A complex interplay between balancing selection and introgression maintains a genus-wide alternative life history strategy
- Author
-
Ward B. Watt, Alyssa Woronik, Arnaud Martin, Kalle Tunström, Anton Chichvarkhin, Joseph J. Hanly, Andrew D. Warren, Akito Y. Kawahara, Adam H. Porter, Pasi Rastas, Sean D. Schoville, Christopher W. Wheat, and Vincent Ficarrotta
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0303 health sciences ,Phylogenetic tree ,Introgression ,Context (language use) ,Biology ,Balancing selection ,biology.organism_classification ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Life history theory ,03 medical and health sciences ,Colias ,Evolutionary biology ,Genus ,Allele ,030304 developmental biology - Abstract
Alternative life-history strategies (ALHS) are genetic polymorphisms generating phenotypes differing in life histories that generally arise due to metabolic resource allocation tradeoffs. Althouigh ALHS are often be limited to a single sex or populations of a species, they can, in rare cases, be found among several species across a genus. In the butterfly genus Colias, at least a third of the species have a female limited ALHS called Alba. While many females develop brightly pigmented wings, Alba females reallocate nitrogen resources used in pigment synthesis to reproductive development, producing white-winged, more fecund females. Whether this ALHS evolved once or many times, and whether it has moved among species via introgression or been maintained via long-term balancing selection, has not been established. Answering these questions presents an opportunity to investigate the genetic basis and evolutionary forces acting upon ALHS, which have rarely been studied at a genus level. Here we identify the genetic locus of Alba in a second Colias species, allowing us to compare this with previous results in a larger phylogenetic context. Our findings suggest Alba has a singular origin and has been maintained in Colias through a combination of balancing selection and introgression for nearly one million years and at least as many generations. Finally, using CRISPR/Cas9 deletions in the cis-regulatory region of the Alba allele, we demonstrate that the Alba allele is a modular enhancer for the BarH1 gene and is necessary for the induction of the ALHS, which potentially facilitates its long-term persistence in the genus.
- Published
- 2021