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The conservation of plant species in situ is a complex and multifaceted procedure which involves both the maintenance and management of protected areas and actions targeted at the species and population level. Most effort has been aimed so far at the occurrence and persistence of species in protected areas as a measure of conservation. However, species-level actions such as conservation or recovery plans have been undertaken for only a small percentage of threatened plant species, mostly by a few countries. The reasons for this are complex and involve scientific, social and political considerations. The planning of targets for biodiversity conservation in situ by the Convention on Biological Diversity suffers from a failure to coordinate area-based and species-based actions leading to overlap and confusion. A set of recommendations is given to help remedy the neglect of targeted species conservation.

Ethnopharmacological relevance It is becoming increasingly clear that ethnopharmacology cannot be disassociated from food production, human nutrition and the conservation of the biodiversity that constitutes its resource base. Aim of the study This paper aims to provide a perspective of ethnopharmacology that explicitly extends the range of disciplines it covers so as to embrace food and nutrition and the biodiversity basis, both wild and agricultural, and also places it in the context of the dramatic changes to our planet that we are experiencing during a period of rapid global change and the impacts that these changes are having on human health and nutrition and on its resource base. Materials and methods A review is made of recent initiatives and developments that show linkages between ethnopharmacology, agriculture, food production, nutrition and biodiversity conservation. Results Ethnopharmacology, biodiversity, agriculture, food and nutrition are inextricably linked but suffer from compartmentalization and a lack of communication which have to be overcome if progress is to be made. Fortunately, a convergence of interest between the agricultural biodiversity and the biodiversity conservation sectors has emerged in recent years and there is an increased appreciation of the need to adopt a wider approach to human nutrition than the conventional agricultural model allows; there is also a greater awareness of the important role played by diversity of crops, especially local species, and consumption of wild species in achieving balanced nutrition. An increased recognition of the key role of local communities in managing agricultural biodiversity is evident. While ethnopharmacologists have expressed concern at the relentless loss of biodiversity, there has been little direct involvement but it is perhaps now time to consider a more proactive role. Attention is also drawn to the need to assess the implications of global change for ethnopharmacology. Conclusions Ethnopharmacologists need to take much more cognizance of the fate of the resource base – the plants, animals and microorganisms – and of the actions being undertaken under the auspices of treaties, such as the Conservation on Biological Diversity and its Global Strategy for Plant Conservation, and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, to counter its degradation and loss. In addition, they should play a more active role in determining the actions needed to assess, monitor and conserve the resource base. Although it has been suggested that the ‘golden days’ of ethnopharmacology may be over, it is proposed that by embracing the challenges of broadening the remit so as to include the health aspects of wild biodiversity employed in nutrition, a new ‘golden age’ beckons. The paper concludes with some suggestions for action.

One of the consequences of global change, especially demographic and climatic, will be a demand for novel plant germplasm of all kinds suited to the new ecoclimatic conditions predicted and plant introduction will assume a new importance. As a consequence, botanic gardens will face an unprecedented opportunity to regain their role as introduction centres and become major actors in the assessment of new germplasm, both of ornamentals as well as other economically important plants. Plant introduction has remained largely unchanged over the past 400 years and is as often ad hoc, poorly organized and insufficiently collaborative, but if it is to meet the needs of today’s situation it needs to be overhauled. In particular: (1) the basis of plant introduction needs to be broadened; (2) closer cooperation with agricultural genebanks should be established; (3) agreement should be reached between botanic gardens and the agricultural sector on their respective responsibilities (4) the quality and sampling of the accessions should be more strictly controlled; (5) proper evaluation of the introductions before they are disseminated; (6) information on the accessions of introduced plants and their fate needs to be more effectively maintained and disseminated; and (7) full cognizance should be taken of policies to protect against invasive species and care should be taken to evaluate the risks that new introductions might represent. Finally, consideration should be given to preparing a set of guidelines or even a code of conduct for plant introductions by botanic gardens in association with other agencies.

While only about 1-200 species are used intensively in commercial floriculture (e.g. carnations, chrysanthemums, gerbera, narcissus, orchids, tulips, lilies, roses, pansies and violas, saintpaulias, etc.) and 4-500 as house plants, several thousand species of herbs, shrubs and trees are traded commercially by nurseries and garden centres as ornamentals or amenity species. Most of these have been introduced from the wild with little selection or breeding. In Europe alone, 12 000 species are found in cultivation in general garden collections (i.e. excluding specialist collections and botanic gardens). In addition, specialist collections (often very large) of many other species and/or cultivars of groups such as orchids, bromeliads, cacti and succulents, primulas, rhododendrons, conifers and cycads are maintained in several centres such as botanic gardens and specialist nurseries, as are 'national collections' of cultivated species and cultivars in some countries. Specialist growers, both professional and amateur, also maintain collections of plants for cultivation, including, increasingly, native plants. The trade in ornamental and amenity horticulture cannot be fully estimated but runs into many billions of dollars annually and there is considerable potential for further development and the introduction of many new species into the trade. Despite this, most of the collections are ad hoc and no co-ordinated efforts have been made to ensure that adequate germplasm samples of these species are maintained for conservation purposes and few of them are represented at all adequately in seed banks. Few countries have paid much attention to germplasm needs of ornamentals and the Ornamental Plant Germplasm Center in conjunction with the USDA National Plant Germplasm System at The Ohio State University is an exception. Generally there is a serious gap in national and international germplasm strategies, which have tended to focus primarily on food plants and some forage and industrial crops. Adequate arrangements need to be put in place to ensure the long- and medium-term conservation of representative samples of the genetic diversity of ornamental species. The problems of achieving this will be discussed. In addition, a policy for the conservation of old cultivars or 'heritage' varieties of ornamentals needs to be formulated. The considerable potential for introduction of new ornamental species needs to be assessed. Consideration needs to be given to setting up a co-ordinating structure with overall responsibility for the conservation of germplasm of ornamental and amenity plants.

Florida largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides floridanus were tagged and placed into an indoor raceway to document time of spawning, duration of spawning episodes, number of fish contributing to spawns, number of fish spawning multiple times, and percent of fish that spawned. In 8 d of observation, 16 spawns were initiated from 1500 to 1850 hours (lights on at 0700 hours, off at 1900 hours), and 3 spawns occurred during the night. Spawning episodes lasted from 110 to more than 240 min. Two spawns included participation by more than one male or female, but in both cases, activity of the third fish was brief and did not appear to contribute gametes. Five males (25%) and three females (15%) spawned more than once, and multiple-spawning males always used the same nest. Fifty percent of the males and 65% of the females spawned at 10 mat locations during observations. Six mat locations were used after observations ceased, which added to the 10 confirmed locations and 2 mat sites from night spawns, indi...

Field research was conducted in Tennessee at Jack- son in 1991 and at Milan in 1992 to compare the effect of MSMA and pyrithiobac on cotton development, yield, and quality. In separate treatments to different plots, pyrithiobac at 0.14 kg ai ha-' did not affect development, yield, and quality of cotton. MSMA at 2.24 kg ai ha-' decreased cotton plant internode length 10 to 15% and height by 15% 5 wk after late treatment both years. MSMA applied to 50 cm cotton reduced subsequent plant height in 1992, but other plant characteristics were not affected. In 1991, MSMA in- creased squares and decreased blooms and bolls for monopo- dia and sympodia position one and two, which suggested a delay in plant development. In 1991, mechanical harvest lint yields were decreased by MSMA at first harvest while in- creasing second harvest lint yields. However, in 1991 only MSMA applied late decreased total harvest lint yield 20%. Plant mapping data determined that the yield decrease was a result of decreased yields at sympodia positions one and two. Cotton seed arsenic analysis indicated that MSMA-late increased arsenic levels by =1 ppmw in 1991 for sympodia at position one and two compared to the untreated check, while position two contained the highest level of 1.8 ppmw. Nomenclature: MSMA, monosodium salt of methylarsenic acid; pyrithiobac, (sodium salt of 2-chloro-6-((4,5-di- methoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)thio)benzoic acid); cotton, Gossy

In this treatment, the genera Coincya (synonym: Hutera) and Rhynchosinapis are regarded as one genus under the name Coincya which has nomenclatural priority. This study is based on data from morphology, population studies, cytology, ecology and reproductive biology reinforced by breeding experiments.Coincya is a west European genus comprising 14 taxa (including six species, five subspecies and three varieties).Eight new combinations are proposed and two species are excluded; R.nivalis is referable to the genus Brassica and R. Leplocarpa is probably referable to Erucastrum. The chromosome number is either 2n= 24 or 2n= 48, which confirmed previous counts; C. Transtagana has not been counted. Breeding experiments were carried out with C. Longirostra, C.rupestris, C.monensis subsp.monensis, diploid and tetraploid races of subsp.recurvata var.recurvata, var.johnslonii, var.setigera, var.granatensis, subsp.hispida and subsp.puberula. All taxa tested are outbreeding with a genetic self-incompatibility mechanism and are cross-compatible, suggesting that there has been no cytological differentiation between the diploid species in this study. The tetraploids formed semi-sterile triploids when crossed with diploids and although the chromosomes only formed bivalents and trivalents at meiosis it was postulated that the tetraploid was an autotetraploid of polytopic origin. The evolution and differentiation of the genus and species are discussed.

Summary - An overview of man's current efforts to preserve plant diversity, both through in situ and ex situ conservation, is presented. Several approaches are reviewed, such as the IUCN Biodiversity Conservation Strategy, IUCN Protected Areas Program, Botanic Gardens Conservation Secretariat, the Centers for Plant Diversity and the Rapid Assessment Program.

Nearly all cultures, from ancient times to today, have used plants as a source of medicine. In many developing countries, traditional medicine is still the mainstay of health care and most of the drugs and cures used come from plants. In developed countries many people are turning to herbal remedies. With this widespread use has come the assumption that plants identified as having medicinal qualities will be available on a continuing basis. However no concerted effort has been made to ensure this and in the face of the threats of increasing demand, a vastly increasing human population and extensive forest destruction, there can be no guarantee that we will continue to benefit indefinitely from this valuable resource. In light of this situation the World Health Organisation held a meeting in 1988. This book is the outcome of that meeting, detailing in a series of papers by leading experts the problems of which need to be addressed, the existing experiences from a range of countries and the future direction which must be taken to ensure the conservation of the world's medicinal plants.

The flavonoids, both external aglycones and vacuolar flavonoid glycosides, have been identified in the aerial parts of endemic North African Sideritis species. The flavonoids produced by these African species are very similar to those produced by Spanish species, being mainly 7-allosylglucosides of 8-hydroxyflavones. Two new flavonoid glycosides, apigenin and luteolin 7-allosylglucosides, have been identified in these plants. Species of the section Sideritis are characterized by the accumulation of the 7-glycosides of 8-hydroxyflavones (isoscutellarein, hypolaetin and their methyl ethers) whereas those of section Hesiodia accumulate 7-glycosides of the common flavones (apigenin, luteolin and chrysoeriol).

Yellow flavonols have been identified in flowers of Coleostephus myconis, Glossopappus macrotus, Lepidophorum repandum and Leucanthemopsis flaveola . In addition to quercetagetin, gossypetin, patuletin and quercetagetin 3′-methyl ether previously reported in other species of the tribe Anthemideae of the Compositae, spinacetin, the 6,3′-dimethyl ether of quercetagetin, has been found for the first time as a flower pigment. It occurs as the 7-glucoside in flowers of Lepidophorum repandum , the leaves of which contain patuletin 3-rhamnoside. The presence of spinacetin and the 3′-methyl ether of quercetagetin in Lepidophorum fits in with the results of recent taxonomic studies which place this genus closer to Chrysanthemum than to Anthemis . Similarly, the occurrence of quercetagetin and gossypetin in Leucanthemopsis confirms its recently proposed separation from Tanacetum . The chemical data indicate that there is an evolutionary trend in yellow flower pigmentation, with Leucanthemopsis and Chrysanthemum segetum as the two least specialized species and Lepidophorum as the most advanced.

Circadian and ultradian rhythms of plasma TSH, T3 and T4 were investigated in rats from which serial blood samples were obtained every 4 h for 3 days (low frequency) or every 15 min for 2–3 h (high frequency). Eleven male adult Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 400–600 g, were maintained in individual cages at 28 C with artificial lighting from 0630–1830 h. Whole blood samples were drawn remotely via indwelling intraatrial catheters from unanesthetized animals enjoying normal activity, and the plasma concentrations of TSH, T3, and T4 were measured in triplicate by RIAs. Plasma corticosterone was also measured in the eight rats sampled at low frequency. Circadian periodicity was evident for plasma TSH, the mean concentration ranging from 138 ± 9 to 50 ± 4 (SE) μU/ml (n = 25). Eighteen of 25 diurnal cycles (eight different rats) had TSH peaks at 1100 or 1500 h; 16 had nadirs from 2300–0700 h. Circadian variation of plasma corticosterone was also seen in most rats, with the average peak amplitude 4–8 h in advanc...

From 1974 through 1976, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 5 isolated 25 strain of tick-borne virus in infant mice from 410 pools containing over 6,000 ticks, and one strain from a bird and one strain from a rodent collected in central and southern Ethiopia. Of these, 17 were identified as known viruses previously found in West Central and East Africa. There were 8 strains of Jos virus from Amblyomma ticks; 7 strains of Dugbe virus from a bird, a rodent and from ticks; 1 strains of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and 1 strain of Thogoto virus from ticks.

The pathways of biosynthesis of alanine, serine, glycine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid in Penicillium digitntum have been studied by means of tracer techniques, using glucose-2-C14and glucose-6-C11as carbon sources. Alanine appears to be derived directly from pyruvate formed in the glycolytic degradation of glucose. Serine is synthesized from glycine, which is in turn derived mainly from a C2fragment that originates in the C2–C3cleavage of pentose, a product of phosphogluconate decarboxylation. The biosynthesis of aspartic acid in this organism may involve several pathways. Glutamic acid appears to be synthesized from glucose intermediates via the conventional reactions of the TCA cycle.

THE presence of Salmonella organisms has been reported in hen, turkey, duck, goose, and pigeon eggsYLess information is available in the literature concerning the occurrence of Salmonella in hens' egg products. Bornstein, et al.7 reported the isolation of S. senftenberg from a sample of Chinese egg powder. Gibbons and Moore 8 isolated S. bareilly, S. oranienburg, S. typhimurium, S. thompson, S. minnesota, S. pullorum, S. newport, S. manhattan, and S. potsdam from samples of Canadian whole egg powder. Other isolations from egg powder have been reported.9' 10 Pasteurization affords an effective means of destroying microorganisms in. liquid egg.11-14 It would seem to be the most logical method of destroying Salmonella in liquid egg, i.e., if possible to do so without affecting the desirable

Seeds of 100 species from fifty genera of the Umbelliferae were surveyed for the psychotropic aromatic ether myristicin. It was found for the first time in the tribe Caucalideae, in Daucus glochidiatus, Pseudorlaya pumila and P. minuscula. Its presence in the tribes Peucedaneae (three genera) and Apieae (eight genera) was confirmed. Variation within species was noted in that it occurred in seed of both the cultivated parsnip Pastinaca sativa and the cultivated fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) but was absent from wild collections of these species. The only genus where it occurred regularly was Oenanthe (in all of five species examined). It could not be detected in any other of the Umbelliferae tribes nor in the related family, Araliaceae, and thus appears to be rare as a seed constituent.

In addition to carnitine and 2,2-dimethylaminoethanol, γ-butyrobetaine and O -acetylcarnitine are shown to be effective replacements for choline in the diet of P. regina , an organism which shows a choline requirement when grown on a chemically defined diet under sterile conditions. dl -Carnitine is shown to be approximately equivalent to choline in the diet on a molar basis and slightly more effective than γ-butyrobetaine. The choline inhibitor 2-amino-2-methylpropanol is shown to be effective in P. regina , and its effects can be reversed by those compounds which are able to replace choline in the diet as well as by choline itself. The order of effectiveness is choline > 2,2-dimethylaminoethanol > γ-butyrobetaine > carnitine. Phospholipides containing serine, ethanolamine, and choline are shown to be normal constituents of the third instar larvae. Formate although apparently not being used in the biosynthesis of methyl groups for choline synthesis is shown to be metabolized to CO 2 both by the whole organism and by larval homogenates. The biosynthesis of choline from ethanolamine is shown either not to occur or to be unimportant in P. regina .

Kerwar, Suresh S. (Oregon State University, Corvallis), Vernon, H. Cheldelin, and L. W. Parks . Valine-isoleucine metabolism in Acetobacter suboxydans and the inhibition of growth by valine. J. Bacteriol. 88: 179–186. 1964.—Extracts of Acetobacter suboxydans can synthesize valine and isoleucine via acetolactate and acetohydroxybutyrate, respectively. The amounts of these amino acids synthesized from different intermediates were determined. The pathways appear to be identical to those described for yeast, Neurospora , and Escherichia coli . When exogenous valine was added to a synthetic growth medium inoculated with A. suboxydans , no growth of the culture was observed. The inhibitory effect of valine was reversed by the addition of isoleucine. The site and mechanism of valine inhibition were investigated. Threonine deaminase was inhibited by valine and isoleucine but not by leucine. Repression of the deaminase by isoleucine but not by valine was indicated. The data reported in this paper suggest that valine prevented growth of the organism through false feedback inhibition of threonine deaminase, thereby limiting isoleucine biosynthesis.

1. 1. Cell-free extracts have been prepared from A. suboxydans , which are capable of catalyzing the following reactions: 1.1. ethanol → acetaldehyde 1.2. glycerol → dihydroxyacetone → a new carbonyl-type compound and other unknown products 1.3. glucose → unknown products 1.4. pyruvate → acetaldehyde 1.5. acetaldehyde → acetate 2. 2. Ethanol dehydrogenase has been prepared in highly purified form (14,000 Racker units per mg). It is DPN-dependent. 3. 3. The cell-free extracts (as well as intact resting cells) were unable to appreciably dissimilate acetate or intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Glycolysis intermediates were also inert, and it is concluded that neither glycolysis nor the TCA cyclic oxidation pathway is operative to any significant degree in this organism. 4. 4. A non-enzymatic interaction between dihydroxyacetone and DPN is described. The product shows the sam absorption behavior as reduced DPN, although it cannot be reoxidized by acetaldehyde.