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Genetic structure and genetic distance of Rapana venosa populations from remote regions of the Black Sea (Odessa Bay and eastern Crimea, Ukraine) were defined. Despite the significant difference in morphometric parameters, the investigated samples of mollusks are genetically very similar, and the distance between them is at the level of local populations. Common features of observed groups of Rapana in the northern part of the Black Sea are the unequal occurrence of some alleles and genotypes, a high level of heterozygosity and nonequilibrium in the Hardy-Weinberg equation. The gene flow is the most significant of the evolutionary factors that form the genetic structure of Rapana venosa populations.

The Studies on changes in biochemical attributes during growth and development of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) fruit cv. (Narendra Ber Selection-2) was conducted during growing season of 2019-20. The fruits on tagged current season shoot were harvested at 21, 36, 51, 66, 81, 96, 111, 126, 141, 156, 171 and 186 days after fruit set. Samples were collected from Main Experiment Station, Horticulture and transported to the post graduate laboratory of Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture and Forestry, ANDUA&T, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh. The objective was to probe the pattern of biochemical changes in developing ber fruits. The outcomes reveal that total soluble solids increased from 1.04% to 17.94% during 186 days of fruit growth and development whereas acidity content continuously decreased and recorded 0.39% on 21th day and 0.14% on 186th day of growth and development. Ascorbic acid content increased from 3.29 mg/100g to 90.26 mg /100g of fruit. Reducing, Non-reducing and total sugar content significantly increased from 0.22% to 4.76%, 0.11% to 5.77% and 0.35% to 10.87%, respectively. Moisture content showed decreasing trend and was maximum 71.12% on 21st day and minimum 65.79% on 186th day of observation. An abrupt decrease in chlorophyll content was recorded with growth and development of the fruit.

Biological data is a new era with new growth in numerical and memory retention capacity, many microbial and eukaryotic genomes encapsulate the human genome's pure structure, followed by raising the prospect of higher viral control. The goal is as high as the development of drug development based on the study of the structures and functions of target molecules (rational drug) and antimicrobial agents, the growth is simple to manage drugs, protein biomarkers that develop different bacterial infections and healthier considerate of protein(host)-protein(bacteria) interactions to avert bacterial disease. In addition to many bioinformatics processes and cross-reference, databases have made easy the understanding of these goals. The current study is divided into (I) genomics - sequencing and gene-related studies to determine the genetic function and genetic engineering, (II) proteomics - classification of associated properties of protein and rebuilding of the metabolic and regulatory pathway, (III) growth of drug and antimicrobial agents' application. Our center of attention on genomics and proteomics strategies and their restrictions in the current chapter. Bioinformatics study can be grouped under several main criteria: (1) research-based on existing wet-lab testing data, (2) new data obtained from the use of mathematical modelling and (3) an incorporated method that combines exploration procedure with a mathematical model. The main implications of bioinformatics examined area have automated genetic sequence, robotic expansion of integrated data of genomics and proteomics, computer-assisted comparison to find genome utility, the automatic origin of a metabolic pathway, gene expression analysis which was derived from the regulatory pathway, clustering techniques and strategies of data mining to identify the interaction of protein-protein and protein-DNA and silico modelling of three-dimensional protein arrangement and docking between proteins and biological chemicals for rational drug design, investigation of differences among infectious and non-infectious species to recognise genes drugs and antimicrobial agents and all genome comparisons to be aware of the development of microorganisms. Advanced bioinformatics has the potential to help (i) cause disease detection, (ii) develop new drugs and (iii) improve cost-effective bioremediation agents. Recent research is a part of the lack of genetic functionality found in wet laboratories information, the absence of computer algorithms to test large amounts of information on unidentified function and the continuous discovery of protein-to-protein, protein-to-DNA and Protein to RNA interaction.

Hyptis suaveolens is considered one of the most potent invaders in the eastern part of Uttar Pradesh, India. Climate change especially precipitation variability along with invasion has enormous consequences. To understand how an invasive plant (H. suaveolens) performs and interacts with precipitation variability, particularly in tropical monsoon climate, is vital. To assess the above, three rainout shelters with simulated rainfall of 1600 mm (60% more rainfall than ambient), 1100 mm (average rainfall) and 800 mm (20% less rainfall than ambient) along with one unsheltered plot (open C) were established. Three invaded grassland (IG) and three uninvaded grasslands (NIG) patches of 1 × 1 m2 size were established randomly in each sheltered and unsheltered plot. Among the studied physiological properties and growth measurements, photosynthetic rate, height, diameter and biomass varied significantly with precipitation, in general, the maximum value of these in plots receiving maximum precipitation. Also, the aboveground biomass of H. suaveolens was found to be more sensitive towards precipitation treatment than belowground biomass. H. suaveolens biomass was linearly related to soil moisture (R2 = 0.73), and a linear combination of SM and soil pH increased the R2 value by 19%. The results indicate that H. suaveolens mediates certain soil properties especially related to N-mineralisation, to maintain a constant supply of nutrient, for faster growth under the favourable condition of enhanced precipitation. These findings suggest that the population of H. suaveolens has not evolved drought tolerance, so it is likely that H. suaveolens will not spread in the part of the world which is drier either naturally or due to climate change.

The objective of this research was to compare selected ecophysiological parameters for a wheat crop found in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India and its five dominant weeds. The dominant and regionally ubiquitous weeds in the wheat field that was selected for the study were Anagallis arvensis, Chenopodium album, Melilotus albus, Phalaris minor and Rumex dentatus. Taller weeds, such as C. album and P. minor, constituted one group along with the crop, with a low photosynthetic rate, specific leaf area, leaf nitrogen mass basis, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency and leaf area ratio, in comparison to shorter weeds, such as A. arvensis, M. albus and R. dentatus, which formed another group with a high photosynthetic rate, specific leaf area, leaf nitrogen mass basis, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency and leaf area ratio. Interspecific variations in the photosynthetic rate were driven mainly by variability in the specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen content. The taller weeds and the crop had a low specific leaf area later in the season, whereas the smaller weeds had a relatively high specific leaf area, which might be an adaptation to the shaded environment below the canopy. The result indicates that any weed management in the wheat fields of the Indo-Gangetic Plains will need two different approaches because of the different strategies followed by the two weed groups that were identified in the present study.

A replacement series study was conducted to evaluate the interference interactions between the weeds Phalaris minor or Rumex dentatus and wheat at two nutrient levels to test for changes in the competitive relationships of the weeds with varying nutrient availability. Plants were established in a mixture with proportions of 4:0, 3:1, 2:2, 1:3 and 0:4 (wheat: weed) plants per pot. The weeds exhibited clear differences in growth attributes and competition indices from wheat. Rumex dentatus showed significantly higher values for all growth attributes, relative yield, aggressivity and biomass. Both weeds performed better than wheat at high nutrient levels. Nutrient stress changed the intensity of competition between weeds and wheat, but did not change the weeds’ positions in the hierarchy. Therefore, although the competitiveness of P. minor and R. dentatus appears to be lower under poor nutrient conditions, they outcompete wheat irrespective of nutrient availability. Overall, the findings of the study suggest...

To understand the reason for the success of weeds, we investigated the energetic cost of leaf construction, and certain ecophysiological traits of rice and its dominant weeds. On physiological basis among all weeds, Caesulia axillaris Roxburgh was found to be the most serious, followed by Echinochloa cruss-galli L. Beauv and Echinochloa colonum L. Link, while Fimbristylis miliaceae L. Vahl and Cyperus iria L. were moderate weeds of the rice fields. C. axillaris had the lowest leaf construction cost (LCC) both on a mass basis (1.15 g/g) and on a unit area basis (22.93 g/m2). Comparatively higher specific leaf area, photosynthetic rate, photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency, leaf area ratio and leaf area index provided C. axillaris with further competitive advantage. Low LCC suggests that weeds utilize carbon resource more efficiently than the crop and potentially spend the saved energy on other competitive strategies viz. seed production, biomass production and high relative growth rate, which results in low crop yield and increase in weed seed bank.

Morphological (easily measureable) and physiological (hard to measure) traits of two closely related invasive alien congeners-Ageratum conyzoides L. and Ageratum houstonianum Mill. were studied with a perspective that which species will be potentially be more successful as an invader in the Indo-Gangetic plains of India. Leaf construction cost (LCC) is considered as a quantifiable measure of energy demand for biomass production and is related to energy use efficiency as it include component of both morphological and physiological traits. We hypothesised that a low LCC would give the invaders growth advantage by utilizing energy efficiently. Low LCC of A. houstonianum on mass basis (0.54 g glucose g( -1)) and area basis (20.48 g m( -2)) gives insight into the success of this invasive weed over A. conyzoides. The present study gives evidence that how the morphological traits are linked to physiological traits that could directly affect invasive attributes of the invader, which in turn would be crucial to prioritize species for ecosystem management.

Exceptionally well-preserved organic remains of thecamoebians (testate amoebae) were preserved in marine sediments that straddle the greatest extinction event in the Phanerozoic: the Permian-Triassic Boundary. Outcrops from the Late Permian Zewan Formation and the Early Triassic Khunamuh Formation are represented by a complete sedimentary sequence at the Guryul Ravine Section in Kashmir, India, which is an archetypal Permian-Triassic boundary sequence [1]. Previous biostratigraphic analysis provides chronological control for the section, and a perspective of faunal turnover in the brachiopods, ammonoids, bivalves, conodonts, gastropods and foraminifera. Thecamoebians were concentrated from bulk sediments using palynological procedures, which isolated the organic constituents of preserved thecamoebian tests. The recovered individuals demonstrate exceptional similarity to the modern thecamoebian families Centropyxidae, Arcellidae, Hyalospheniidae and Trigonopyxidae, however, the vast majority belong to the Centropyxidae. This study further confirms the morphologic stability of the thecamoebian lineages through the Phanerozoic, and most importantly, their apparent little response to an infamous biological crisis in Earth’s history.