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Neem plant is rich in bioactive constituents, which make it massively discussed the treatment of various diseases. A study on the immunomodulatory activities of neem is given here. This current work aimed to investigate the effects of neem leaf extract on immunocompetent cells. In vivo experiment was carried out using mice (Mus musculus) Â induced with DMBA, comprising positive control, negative control, and treatments of neem leaf extracts (250, 500, and 1000 ppm). Data obtained from flow cytometric analysis were evaluated using BD Cellquest ProTM software, then statistically analyzed in SPSS version 21. Parametric analysis in one-way ANOVA was performed at a significance level of 5%. The significant difference was compared in the Duncan test. The results showed that administration of neem leaf extracts significantly affected the expression of CD4+, CD8+, CD25+, CD62L, IL-10, and IL-17 cells .Neem leaf extract has immunomodulatory activities by increasing pressure molecules and decreasing pro-inflammatory molecules

Highlight Research Milkfish silage oil fatty acid profile The quality of pure fish oil from milkfish silage ( Chanos chanos ) The effect of using bromelain and papain enzymes Abstract Milkfish has a high nutritional content, especially fat content. The processing of milkfish oil into pure oil has not been done much. Proper processing is needed so that the fatty acids contained in fish can be utilized optimally for pharmaceutical and medical needs. Enzyme extraction is known to extract fish oil with better quality than the heating method. The aim of this research was to study the effect of the enzymes bromelain and papain on the quality of pure fish oil from milkfish silage by treating different body parts used. The experiment was carried out with Factorial Complete Randomized Design with three replications involving two factors. The first factor was the type of enzyme using two types of enzymes, namely bromelain and papain with a concentration of 15%, the second factor used was the difference in body parts that was whole fish, flesh, and waste (head, viscera, and bones). The results showed that the type of enzyme had no significant effect on the quality of fish oil, but the different treatments of fish body parts had a significant effect on the quality of the fish oil produced. The best treatment was adapted from fish oil treated using the bromelain enzyme with the flesh. This treatment resulted in yield of 1.25%, density 0.903 g/mL, FFA content of 0.56%, and peroxide value of 7.64 meq/kg.

The purpose of this study is to determine the correlation between the explosive power of the leg muscles and the coordination of the ankles on the accuracy of shooting in soccer games in Sukasari Village club. The method used in this research is correlational quantitative method. The population in this study were 20 athletes in Sukasari Village, while the sample in this study were 20 athletes (all). The instruments in this study were the Standing Long Jump test, the Mitcel Soccer test, and the At The Ball shooting test. The data analysis requirements used were the Lillifors normality test and the homogeneity test. The data analysis used was the product moment correlation analysis with a significance level of 5%. Based on the results of the study, it was found that there was a significant relationship between the explosive power of the leg muscles and the coordination of the ankles (X) on the shooting accuracy as indicated by rx1x2y = 0.920 r (0.5) (20) = 0.444.

This article aims to describe cultural reservation in Banjarpanepen Banyumas which is positioned as a mode for the application of religious moderation. Field data were collected through interviews, observations and documentation and then analyzed qualitatively. The findings are (a) cultural reservation in Banjarpanepen classified in two forms, namely traditional culture such as takiran 1 sura and bathing rituals at Kali Cawang on the full moon night and arts culture such as the lumping horse (ebeg) and Banyumasan lengger; (b) the values of religious moderation that arise in the cultural reservation process in Banjarpanepen are the high level of togetherness in the community and cooperation in religious activities; and (c) the Banjarpanepen community viewed from the cultural reservation process carried out shows an inclusive religious attitude by not excluding tradition as something that is unlawful and prohibited.

Treatment using herbs is currently growing rapidly. Compounds in herbal plants can cure various degenerative diseases. The study aims to analyze the potency of nimbin, deacetylnimbin, salanin, and deacetylsalanin compounds in the neem leaves extract to inhibit target proteins namely PPARg and ERa. PPARg is the main regulator of the function of adipose tissue microvascular endothelial cells (aMVECs) while ERa is a protein that mediates all estrogen effects and it is important in the growth of prostate and breast cancer. Inhibition of ERa can prevent the proliferation and growth of breast cancer cells by affecting the performance of estrogen which binds to hormonal receptors and causes inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation. The results of in silico analysis show that deacetylnimbin can inhibit ERa protein. The docking analysis shows that deacetylnimbin has the potential to replace tamoxifen as a breast cancer drug. The other studies such in vitro and in vivo are needed to validate in silico study.

This study determines effects of raw material feed (derived from corn, bran, soybean pods, concentrates and Indigofera zollingeriana local to Magelang) on the performance of native chicks. Performance was measured by feed consumption, body weight gain, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), mortality, and morbidity. This experiment used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three different feed treatments, and each treatment consisted of 30 free-range female chicks as replicants, from 0-4 weeks old. Super native chick feed was formulated by trial and error by mixing all ingredients: corn, bran, soybean pods, Indigofera zollingeriana, and premix. After mixing, a proximate test determined the nutritional content of the feed. Feed was then administered to chicks. Quantity of feed was administered according to age. The results obtained in the study were analyzed descriptively and statistically using the Variance Test (ANOVA) for the variables of body weight gain, feed consumption, and FCR. The Kruskal Wallis test was used via SPSS 26 program for mortality and morbidity variables with three treatments (T1, T2, and T3) and three replications. Each treatment consisted of 30 research individuals. Results showed that the super native chicks on varied protein diets had a significant difference in performance (P0.05), with feed 3 performing the best feed 3 produced a feed consumption of 430.20 g/chick and body weight gain of 174.67 g/chick, along with 2.46 FCR, 0% mortality, and 3.33% morbidity. The conclusion this study is holistic feed made from local ingredients with the addition of Indigofera zolliengeriana had a significant effect on increasing average daily gain, increasing feed consumption, and reducing feed conversion ratio (FCR) in native super chick.

Coffee is one of the most important plantation crops in Indonesia. Coffee has high economic value, significantly increasing income, especially in West Lampung district, Lampung province. Coffee production in this area reaches 954 kg ha. Some subdistricts can produce more than 1,000 kg ha-1 year -1, and some have only reached 500 kg ha-1 year -1 This research was conducted from June to November 2020, to get the effect of shade plants and the effect of types of fertilizers on the productivity of robusta coffee and their interaction on robusta coffee production. The results showed that the amount of chlorophyll content of robusta coffee leaves was not influenced by shade and fertilization, and the interaction between fertilization and shade trees had an effect on leaf surface area.

Malaria is a disease which is transmitted through the bite of Anopheles mosquito. This study aimed to analyse the difference of type of Anopheles larva breeding places between low malaria case area, namely Mandor Village, and high malaria case area, namely North Amboyo Village, both in Landak Regency, West Kalimantan Province. The samples of Anopheles mosquito breeding places was acquired through accidental sampling from all Anopheles larva breeding places and spatial mapping of breeding place points. The data were analyzed using Chi-square test and Mann-whitney test. This study found 70 breeding place points which consisted of 8 types of place, namely dig well, drilled well, Illegal Gold Mining (PETI) well, puddle, fish pond, sewer, swamp, and rice field. The lowest larva density in Mandor Village was at PETI well (0.48/dip) and the highest was at dig well (0.75/dip). In North Amboyo Village, the lowest density was at number 3 dig well (0.2/dip) and the highest was at rice field (2.3/dip). It can be concluded that there was a significant difference of Anopheles breeding places between low and high malaria case areas.

Ploidization level estimation can be conducted in several methods, through morphological, growth response, anatomy, cytology, and molecular markers. The simplest and easiest methods are morphological marker and growth response. The study aimed to develop early detection method of polyploidy occurrence in in vitro Tectona grandis after treated by antimitotic agent colchicine. Nodal segments were immersed at 0, 15, and 30 μM colchicines for 5 days, then cultured for 8 weeks. Observations on plantlet height, number of leaves and morphology were performed at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after planting. Colchicine had high significant effect on the height and significant effect on leaves number. High concentration colchicine inhibited shoot elongation and leaves growth, however it increased morphological changes. The planlets height of 0, 15, and 30 μM of colchicine treatment was 4.14; 3.82; 3.12 cm; while the number of leaves as much as 8.72; 8.4, and 7.5. Colchicine led to increase in morphological changes at the levels 0, 15, 30 μM were 26,60%; 46.66%; and 93.33%. Changes caused by polyploidy differ from media. Changes in polyploidy decreased the height, number of leaves, and induced morphological changes, whereas planting media resulted in vitrification. Response to colchicines in culture of T. grandis plantlet allows the growth and morphology to be a marker for early detection of polyploidization. Key words: Colchicine, polyploidy detection, tectona grandis ABSTRAK Pendugaan tingkat ploidi dapat dilakukan dengan beberapa metode, antara lain: penanda morfologi, respon pertumbuhan, anatomi, sitologi, dan molekuler. Metode yang paling sederhana dan mudah dilakukan, terutama untuk deteksi dini yaitu dengan penanda morfologi dan respon pertumbuhan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengamati deteksi dini terjadinya poliploidisasi Tectona grandis akibat pemberian kolkisin pada kultur in vitro. Ruas nodus eksplan jati direndam dalam 3 konsentrasi kolsikin (0, 15, dan 30 μM) selama 5 hari, untuk selanjutnya dilakukan kultur in vitro selama 8 minggu. Pengamatan terhadap tinggi daun, jumlah daun dan morfologi daun dilakukan pada minggu ke-2, ke-4, dan ke-6 setelah tanam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pemberian kolsikin berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap tinggi dan berpengaruh nyata terhadap jumlah daun. Pertumbuhan tinggi daun dan jumlah daun mengalami penurunan seiring dengan bertambahnya konsentrasi kolkisin. Tinggi planlet akibat perlakuan perendaman 0, 15, dan 30 μM kolkisin adalah 4,14; 3,82; dan 3,12 cm; sedangkan jumlah daun sebanyak 8,72; 8,4; dan 7,5. Peningkatan konsentrasi kolkisin menyebabkan peningkatan perubahan morfologi. Perubahan morfologi perlakuan kontrol, 15 dan 30 μM kolkisin sebesar 26,60%, 46,66%, dan 93,33%. Perubahan karena poliploidi berbeda dengan perubahan karena media. Perubahan akibat poliploidi menyebabkan perubahan pada tinggi planlet, jumlah daun, serta morfologi; sedangkan perubahan media tanam menyebabkan vitrifikasi. Adanya respon pemberian kolkisin pada kultur in vitro T. grandis memungkinkan pertumbuhan dan morfologi sebagai penanda untuk deteksi dini terjadinya poliploidi. Kata kunci: Deteksi poliploidi, kolkisin, Tectona grandis

Aminah A, Supriyanto, Suryani A, Siregar IZ. 2017. Genetic diversity of Pongamia pinnata (Millettia pinnata, aka. malapari) populations in Java Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18: 677-681. One of the promising tree species to be utilized as biodiesel legume in Indonesia is malapari (Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre). The tree grows naturally along the North and South Coasts of Java Island. Malapari is now subjected to an initial breeding program, but its population diversity in Indonesia is not known yet. The objective of this study was to estimate genetic diversity in Java Island, namely populations of Carita, Batukaras, Kebumen, Alas Purwo National Park and Baluran National Park. RAPD markers were used to study the genetic diversity using the following DNA primers: OPL-11, OPAH-15, OPAO-01, OPAB-14 and OPAH-13. Results showed that DNA fragment lengths ranged from 250 to 1000 bp with a variable number of polymorphic bands, ranging between 13-24. Based on these RAPD markers, the population in Baluran was considered as a potential diversity center of malapari in Java, whereas the population in Kebumen was found to have the lowest genetic diversity. In general, the average genetic diversity within an population was lower than that among the populations. Cluster analysis of genetic similarity in five malapari population resulted in separation into two main clusters, the first group consisted of four populations (i.e., Carita, Batukaras, Kebumen and Alas Purwo). The other cluster was only one population only, namely Baluran.

Cauliflower is one of the vegetables that have the ability to adapt to coastal sandy land. Cauliflower production can be increased by extensification efforts using coastal sandy land. The research aimed to determine the type of liquid organic fertilizer, the fertilization interval of liquid organic fertilizer, and the appropriate dose of nitrogen fertilizer for the growth and productivity of cauliflower plant on coastal sandy land. The research was conducted in Jetis sandy beach, Banjarsari Village, Nusawungu Sub-district, Cilacap Regency. The study was conducted from August 2017 to November 2017. The experiment was arranged in a Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Data were analyzed by F test followed by DMRT 5%. The results showed that (1) type of artificial liquid organic fertilizer gave best result on the dry root weight and chlorophyll b. (2) The 9-day-interval of liquid organic fertilizer application interval gave the best result on the fresh root weight and fresh plant weight, while the 4-day-interval of liquid organic fertilizer application gave the best result on dry flower weight. (3) The doses of N fertilizer significantly affected leaf area, root volume, fresh root weight, fresh leaf weight, dry leaf weight, fresh plant weight, dry plant weight, fresh stem weight, dry stick weight, fresh flower weight, flower weight dry, and flower diameter.

Malaria, caused by the climate of the subtropical area and the forest with many rivers and immovable water, is a contagious disease that still becomes a health problem in West Kalimantan. Simpur is a plant that is used by the locals to cure malaria. Therefore, this research aims to study the antimalarial activity in vivo and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the water extract of Simpur leaves (Dillenia indica L) against Plasmodium berghei. This research used Peter Test method that used 7 test groups based on the test solution namely positive control group that was given dihydroartemisinin+piperaquine (DHP), negative control that was given aquabidestilata and the test group that was given the water extract of Simpur leaves with various doses of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/Kg BB of mice, which each group was given the test solution for 3 days. The result shows that the water extract of Simpur leaves could lower the parasitemia count with IC50 19,22 mg/kg BB.

Helminthiasis adalah suatu penyakit disebabkan oleh infeksi/peradangan cacing di badan sapi, yang menyebabkan suatu penurunan produktivitas lembu, salah satu helminthiasis yang menyebabkan kerugian adalah cacing gastrointestinal nematode infeksi/peradangan. Pencegahan dan program kendali helminthiasis adalah dengan memberi antelmintika. Tujuan Studi ini untuk menentukan tingkatan kejadian nematodiasis dan efek antelmintics pada [atas] penurunan banyaknya cacing nematode bidang pencernaan pada [atas] lembu daging sapi di (dalam) Tegalrejo Daerah, Magelang Kabupaten. Bangku mengumpulkan dari dubur kemudian adalah yang dilaksanakan dengan pengapungan test untuk menentukan ketidakhadiran atau kehadiran nematode telor cacing [itu], dari 138 contoh ada 86 contoh atau 62.31% contoh positif, dengan hasil identifikasi / cacing nematode cacing adalah Oesophagostomum Sp., Bunostomum Sp., Strongylus sp., Strongyloides sp., Cooperia Ejaan Dan Tricuris ejaan Kemudian menguji EPG Mc. Tuan untuk mengkalkulasi banyaknya telor cacing saban gram tinja, tentang 86 contoh positif dengan bidang telor cacing 300-400 butir saban gram tinja, banyaknya telor cacing digolongkan sebagai infeksi/peradangan lembut.Delapan puluh enam contoh positif, kemudian 70 contoh ( kelompok [yang] aku) telah diperlakukan dengan albendazole dan 16 contoh ( kelompok II) tidaklah diberi albendazole [sebagai/ketika] mengendalikan. Hasil studi menunjukkan suatu 100% penurunan banyaknya telor cacing di (dalam) suatu contoh memberi albendazole pada [atas] hari 10 setelah administrasi. Kesimpulan nematode cacing menemukan Oesophagostomum Sp., Bunostomum Sp., Strongylus sp., Strongyloides sp., Cooperia Ejaan Dan Tricuris sp., Dan albendazole dapat perlakukan kejadian helminthiasis di (dalam) sapi Daging sapi.

Microbial activities in cocoa pulp decomposition is key in cocoa beans fermentation. Ragi tape is widely used as a source of microbes (starters). The study aimed to investigate the pattern of changes in the number of microbes, substrate degradation activities and primary metabolites production during fermentation with the addition of ragi tape. The study was conducted at the laboratories within the Faculty of Agriculture Technology and Integrated Laboratory of Experiment and Research, UGM from March to October 2018 . Fermentation experiment used 2 kg of fresh cacao beans stored in a plastic box per batch, its temperature was set daily. The amount of microbes was enumerated using total plate count (TPC), whereas substrate degradation and primary metabolites were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC). Temperature, pulp and seed pH, and fermentation index were observed. The results showed that adding ragi tape for fermentation generated a maximum amount of yeast, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and acetic acid bacteria (AAB) of 9.03+0.85; 9.05+0.17; and 9.15+0.89 log cfu/g of cocoa pulp respectively, with substrate degradation in the form of sucrose reduced by 97%, glucose 98.6%, fructose 97%, and citric acid 71% on the third day. Maximum production of primary metabolites of ethanol is 27.84+21.85 mg/g of cocoa pulp, lactic acid 4.18+3.16 mg/g of cocoa pulp and acetic acid 3.38+5.43 mg/g of cocoa pulp. Fermentation with the addition of ragi tape accelerates the process to three days with a fermentation index value of 1.05+0.06 and seed pH of 5.97+0.20.

Probiotics are living microorganism which give health benefit when consumed. Probiotic needs a ‘vehicle’ for their specialized actions in gastrointestinal tract. In this research, tape ketan was used as ‘vehicle’. The objective of this research was to produce probiotic tape ketan powder as an ingredient of functional beverage. Tape ketan used in this research was made by fermentation of glutinous rice with ragi and supplemented with Lactobacillus plantarum Dad 13 (10 7 CFU/g glutinous rice). Probiotic powder was obtained using spray dryer with inlet temperature of 90 o C with the addition of 35% maltodextrin. The powder was reconstituted into water with addition of pectin and sucrose. The results showed that viability of lactic acid bacteria and L. plantarum decreased after drying (0.82 and 0.90 log cycle respectively) with viable count from 1.29x10 10 CFU to 1.96x10 9 CFU for lactic acid bacteria and from 1.04x10 10 CFU to 1.32x10 9 CFU for L. plantarum. To obtain probiotic tape ketan beverage, 20% tape ketan powder (w/v), 0.5% pectin (w/v) and 4% sucrose (w/v) were reconstituted. Tape ketan powder which was supplemented with probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum Dad 13 is potential as an ingredient of functional beverage (from the viability after drying).

The wound is a form of tissue damage due to contact with sharp objects, heat, chemicals or radiation. The effects of Awar-Awar leaf extract (Ficus septica Burm.F) have been performed on topical curing of cow skin skins in order to determine the epithelial capability of Awar-Awar leaf extract (Ficus septica, Burm.F) in cattle. A total of 9 cows were injured divided into 3 groups. Three (3) treatment groups given Awar-Awar leaf extract with concentrations of 50%, 75% and 100% were topically 2 times daily. Wound Observations were performed on 3rd, 7th, 11th, 14th and 15th days. Wound evaluation was done by observing the duration of wound healing with the wound diameter reduction indicator. The results showed that Awar-Awar leaf extract at concentration 50%, 75% and 100% mean percentage (%) decrease 24,99%, 24,64% and 24% respectively. The statistical test obtained from Awar-Awar leaf extract has epitelisasi capability in cow and at concentration 50%, 75% and 100% not significantly different, the concentration 50% as the drug has better wound disposal ability.

Most cocoa beans produced by Indonesian farmers are non-fermented dry cocoa whose quality can be improved by the fermentation. However, it requires the optimization for fermentation process. This study was conducted to determine the effect of giving a pure culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus lactis and Acetobacter aceti bacteria in fermented dry cocoa beans. Dry beans obtained by drying the wet (fresh) cocoa beans in the cabinet dryer, and subsequently their levels of reduction sugar were determined. The experiments of the fermentation of dry cocoa beans were conducted in a box (p = 120 cm, l = 80 cm, t = 40 cm) with aeration hole (diameter of 1 cm) and the distance between holes was 10 cm. Cocoa beans were incubated for 6 days and without inverted during fermentation. The studied treatments were A1 (without the addition of inoculum (control)), A2 (inocolum was added at the beginning of the incubation), A3 (inoculum was added at the beginning of fermentation (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). After 24 hours of experiment, Lactobacillus lactis was added while Acetobacter aceti was added after 48 hours. Each treatment was repeated three times and observed every two days. The levels of reducing sugars, etanol, acidity, yeasts and acetic acid bacteria population in the fermentation pulp/liquid were observed during the fermentation process. In order to determine the quality of dry beans, several aspects have been measured such as: pH, fermentation index and split test on dry beans after fermentation.ABSTRAKSebagian besar biji kakao yang dihasilkan petani Indonesia merupakan kakao kering non-fermentasi yang kualitasnya masih dapat ditingkatkan dengan metode fermentasi, tetapi dibutuhkan optimasi agar fermentasi dapat berjalan dengan baik. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari pemberian biakan murni murni Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus lactis dan Acetobacter aceti pada fermentasi biji kakao kering jemur. Biji kakao kering jemur diperoleh dengan mengeringkan biji kakao basah (segar) dalam kabinet dryer, dan ditentukan kadar gula reduksinya. Percobaan fermentasi biji kakao kering jemur dilakukan dalam kotak fermentasi (p = 120 cm, l = 80 cm, t = 40 cm) yang diberi lubang aerasi berdiameter 1 cm dan jarak antar lubang 10 cm. Biji kakao difermentasi selama 6 hari dan tanpa dibalik selama fermentasi. Perlakuan dalam penelitian ini adalah A1 (tanpa penambahan biakan murni murni (kontrol)), A2 (pemberian biakan murni murni diawal fermenatasi), A3 (pemberian biakan murni murni secara bertahap selama fermentasi (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), setelah jam ke 24 diberikan Lactobacillus lactis dan setelah jam ke 48 diberikan Acetobacter aceti. Setiap perlakuan diulangi tiga kali dan diamati tiap dua hari sekali. Kadar gula reduksi, kadar etanol, kadar asam tertitrasi, populasi khamir, dan bakteri asam asetat dalam pulp/cairan fermentasi diamati selama proses fermentasi. Untuk mengetahui kualitas biji kakao kering jemur dilakukan pengukuran pH, indeks fermentasi dan uji belah pada biji kakao kering jemur setelah fermentasi.

Selection high resin candidate P.merkusii is a series of breeding activities to get high resin production trait of pine trees. In selection process of candidate tress, genetic diversity plays very important role because higher genetic diversity will give higher opportunity to get source of genes for improved trait. Selection activities of high resin yielder candidates were started  in 2006 through a series of survey activity and morphological identification of candidate trees with high resin production. Specific information about traits genetically related to resin production in Cijambu Seedling Seed Orchard is still not determined yet , although based on resin distribution trend this SSO has the highest mean of resin production.  In this study, progenies planted in 1978 -1983 were evaluated to determine the effectiveness of previous selection, as well as the value of heritability and phenotypic traits that allegedly related with resin production. The results showed high value of coefficient genetic variation (CVG:16.08%), narrow sense heritability values for resin production trait (0.65) and resemble with previous research. This indicates that genetic factor was  dominant for resin production and selection activities has been done for 30 years was effective to get high yielder superior candidate. Bark thickness, crown length and stem diameter trait was positively significant correlated to resin production, whereas level of pests and diseases was negatively significant correlated to resin production, it is possible that  the trait related with lighting conditions that supporting photosynthesis process and number of resin duct in the wood.  Key words: Selection, high resin yielder, P. merkusii, variation, heritability,phenotypic

The effectiveness of six species of ectomycorrhizal fungi (Scleroderma columnare, S.dictyosporum, Laccaria toccata, Rhizopogon luteolus, Amanita umbronata and Descomyces sp.) in alginate beads in promoting the growth of four species of dipterocarp seedlings (Shorea pinanga, S.leprosula, S.ovalis and Hopea odorata) were studied. Different sodium alginate concentrations of 5 g, 10 g, 15 g and 20 g/L were tested to find out the best bead's elasticity and spore germination. Seedling height, Relative Field Mycorrhizal Dependency, percentage of mycorrhizal colonization, nutrient absorption, and the formation of Hartig's net and mantle structure of dipterocarp seedlings were observed 4 months after inoculation. The best elasticity of alginate beads was found in the concentration of sodium alginate of 15 g/L. The best growth increment was found in Hopea odorata inoculated with Amanita umbronata (126.60 %) followed by Shorea pinanga inoculated with Descomyces sp. (27.10%), Shorea ovalis inoculated with Amanita umbronata (26.90 %) and Shorea leprosula inoculated with Descomyces sp. (24.20 %) over the control. The highest Relative Field Mycorrhizal Dependency was found in Hopea odorata followed by Shorea ovalis, S. pinanga and S. leprosula. The highest mycorrhizal colonization was obtained in Shorea pinanga inoculated with Descomyces sp. (75%), while inoculation with Amanita umbronata on S.leprosula, S.ovalis and Hopea odorata increased mycorrhizal colonization i.e. 64.5 %, 52.5%, and 46.2 %, respectively. Hartig's net and mantle structures were well formed in Shorea leprosula as well as S.ovalis seedlings with all mycorrhizal fungi tested, while in S.pinanga seedlings these structures were only well formed with Descomyces sp. There is no clear difference in P levels in the leaves following inoculation as compared to the controls. Key words: Mycorrhizas/Alginate beads/Scleroderma columnare/Scleroderma dictyosporumlLaccaria laccatalRhizopogon luteoluslAmanita umbronatalDescomyces sp./Growth/Dipterocarpace- ae/Seedlings.

The objective of this research was to investigate the influences of generative stage on crude protein, crude fiber, ash, and crude fat contents as well as in-vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibilities of M-10 BMR sorghum mutant lines. This research was arranged into a randomized block design with 2 factors. The first factor was M-10 BMR sorghum mutant lines (Patir 3.1, Patir 3.2 and Patir 3.7) and the second factor was generative stages (flowering, soft dough and hard dough phase). The observed variables were proximate contents of stem, leaves and panicle of sorghum plant and in-vitro digestibility of whole plant. The results showed that leaves crude protein (CP) was more influenced by M-10 BMR sorghum mutant lines. Stems and panicles CP were influenced by the interaction between M-10 BMR sorghum mutant lines and generative stages. Further generative stage reduced stems CP but increased panicles CP. Crude fiber (CF), ash, and ether extract (EE) in leaves were not influenced by generative stages. Stems CF was influenced by M-10 BMR sorghum mutant lines and generative stages, while stems EE was more influenced by generative stages. Stems ash content was influenced by the interaction between M-10 BMR sorghum mutant lines and generative stages while panicles ash content was more influenced by generative stages. M-10 BMR sorghum mutant lines and hard dough phase increased in-vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibilities. Based on those findings, it can be concluded that the increased maturity reduces CP and CF contents so it increases in-vitro digestibilities.