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Cage plants (Canavalia virosa) are classified as nuts. This study aims to prove the flowers of the cage plants as acid-base indicators and determine the type of acid-base titration that is suitable for indicators of cage plants. The flowers of the cage plants were macerated with ethanol. Extras were tested as indicators in acid-base solutions, buffer solutions, and compared with phenolphthalein and methyl orange for acid-base titration, namely: strong acid with a strong base, a weak acid with a strong base, and weak base with strong acid. The results obtained in this study, namely: flower extracts of cage plants in strong red acid, in weak acid pink, in strong green bases, and weak bases in light green. In a buffer solution of pH 1 to pH 11, the flower extract of the cage plants gives 4 color groups, namely: a buffer solution with pH 1 colored red, pH 3 colored pink, pH 5 to pH 9 being light green, and pH 11 being dark blue. Cage plant flower extract can be used as an indicator of acid-base, cage plant flower extract can be used on strong-base strong acid titration, strong weak-acid base, and weak-strong base acid titration.

The city of Tarakan, Indonesia, benefits economically from abundant marine biological resources, one of which is the layur fish, known commercially as ribbonfish. The purpose of this study was to analyze the growth character of the layur fish (Lepturacanthus savala) obtained from the juata waters of Tarakan City. The method of this quantitative and descriptive study was to analyze the growth of layur fish Lepturacanthus savala in the Juata waters off the coast from the city of Tarakan. Body shape, length, weight, and ratio sex data were collected from sites selected by the purposive sampling method based on trawl fishing catch. Secondary data, collected from interviews of fishing personnel, included the number of catches using trawling gear and trawl fishing location. The length ranges of male from 20,4 to 54,0 cm with an average length of 37,2±16.8 cm (n = 255) and the length ranges of female from 20,5 to 68 cm with an average length of 44,25±23.75 cm (n = 275). The results showed that maximum length of male layur fish was smaller than the maximum length of female fish, which were 59.352 cm at 267 d and 72.638 cm at 315 d, respectively. The result shows a negative allometric growth pattern male and female layur fish was found to be the same and sex ratio of male to female has a ratio of 1,0: 1,8 with a percentage of males at 48.11% and females at 51.89%. The majority of male and female fish exhibited a thin body shape (51,4% of male and 52% of female).

The red onion of Palu valley variety is a plant that is widely found in Palu area and regarded as a leading commodity in Central Sulawesi. The purpose of this study was to examine the secondary metabolite compounds contained in red onion (Allium ascolinicum L.) of Palu valley variety and its antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity test in this study used DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-Pikrilhidrazil) as a source of free radical, and vitamin C as the comparison. The antioxidant activity of red onion extract was analyzed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The red onion tuber powder was extracted by maceration using ethanol solvent. Qualitative test of onion powder showed positive results on alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannin compounds. The samples and vitamin C were tested for antioxidant activity in various extract concentrations of 10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 ppm. The results showed that red onion extract of Palu valley variety presented an IC50 value of 38.548 ppm, and vitamin C presented an IC50 value of 22.646 ppm. Based on these values, the red onion (Allium ascolinicum L.) extract is categorized as a very strong class of antioxidant which can be used as a source of natural antioxidant.

According to observation and interview that undertaken in Panga District Aceh Jaya Regency that there are 3 species of sea turtle with coastal line is 9.3. km. The third of such sea turtle including Olive ridley sea turtle(Lepidochelys olivacea), hawkbill sea turtle (Eremochelys imbricate), leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea). The target of community that involved in socialization of sea turtle are student of junior high school. Earlier education to young generation regarding the important of sea turtle conservation educated-based is the effort for keeping sea turtle in natural with undertook the socialization to young generation in order to grow a caring and loving to sea turtle sustainablity. Coastal community still undertook to hunting sea turtle’s eggs for trading in the traditional market dan restaurants. It is caused by lack of understanding and awareness regarding sea turtle that threaten scarce. In this activity, the researcher will undertake persuasive approaach and solutive in changing a mindset of young generation gradually that inhabit in near nesting site. In this activity including suvey activity prior to socialization that near the nesting site, socialization activity in the SMPN 1 Panga that selected as target school in the socialization of Sea Turtle Conservation, conducting the retelling story games, and conducting hatchlings release programme to the sea with community elements.

The coastal Area of Kuala Bubon subdistrict, Samatiga District, West Aceh regency, Aceh Province have several mangrove species including Rhizoporastylosa, RhizoporaapiculataBI andNypa fruticans. Aceh is popular with epithet “ Serambi Mekkah” that is the only province in Indonesia that stipulated sharia to the Aceh community. The local goverment regulation was designed according to islamic sharia. Dependent rule in Aceh Area is named Qanun Aceh. Therefore, it is neccessary to undertaken a approach to change gradually their mindset for keeping mangrove ecosystem through dakwah media and real action. The main problem in Kuala Bubon’s community are lack of awareness and wide understanding regarding management of mangrove forest sustainable. Otherwise, the involvement and socialization of mangrove conservation with periodically with coastal community is still poor that undertaken by stakeholder. The purpose of this program is to give undertanding and knowledge regarding forest mangrove conservation that involved cleric and community figure. These programs that is conducted including seedings from natural. Subsequently, we involved local community in da’wah that is conducted in Ramadhan Month. Forincreasing the knowledge about mangrove conservation, we conducted extension activity that attended by local government and coastal community. According to deliberation, we conducted the planting of mangrove seeds in nearby Nurul Iman mosque as green belt. Otherwise, we also give them sedekah to Nurul Iman organizer for development of Nurul Iman Mosque as da’wah media for Kuala Bubon’s community.

Microplastic known to contaminate all ecosystem in the ocean , including seagrass bed. Leaf is one of the important parts of seagrass. The presence of ephibiont that attached to the surface of the seagrass leaves, causes the leaves’ surface texture becoming rough, enabling microplastic entrapped in it. To assess the extent of microplastic accumulation, seagrass samples were collected from Barrang Caddi Island. Of the 15 seagrass blades harvestedin Barrang Caddi Island, there are 23 total items of microplastic observed, comprises91% of microfibers and 9% were microfragments.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) pengaruh antara konflik peran terhadap kepuasan kerja pegawai SMP Negeri 2 Medan; (2) pengaruh antara kelelahan emosional terhadap kepuasan kerja pegawai SMP Negeri 2 Medan; (3) pengaruh antara budaya organisasi terhadap kepuasan kerja pegawai SMP Negeri 2 Medan; (4) pengaruh antara konflik peran terhadap komitmen organisasional pegawai SMP Negeri 2 Medan; (5) pengaruh antara kelelahan emosional terhadap komitmen organisasional pegawai SMP Negeri 2 Medan; (6) pengaruh antara budaya organisasi terhadap komitmen organisasional pegawai SMP Negeri 2 Medan; (7) pengaruh antara kepuasan kerja terhadap komitmen organisasional pegawai SMP Negeri 2 Medan. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 40 orang. Metode analisis data dengan path analysis (analisis jalur). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) konflik peran berpengaruh tidak signifikan terhadap kepuasan kerja Pegawai ; (2) kelelahan emosional berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kepuasan kerja pegawai ; (3) budaya organisasi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kepuasan kerja pegawai; (4) konflik peran berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap komitmen organisasional pegawai ; (5) budaya organisasi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap komitmen organisasional pegawai ; (6) kepuasan kerja berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap komitmen organisasional pegawai .Kata kunci : Konflik Peran, Kelelahan Emosional, Budaya Organisasi, Kepuasan Kerja, Komitmen Organisasional.

Trematode worms have been found in various types of frogs which cause disease in frogs or toads can be a reservoir for these worms. Lombok Island has many rice fields which are habitat for frogs. Frogs that live in this environment allow direct contact with various types of Trematodes. The purpose of this study was to determine the type and distribution of Trematoda worms found in the digestive tract of frogs in the rice fields of East Lombok Regency. A cross-sectional survey study using purposive sampling methods on frogs in three rice fields in East Lombok Regency was carried out in February 2020. Worms were collected from the digestive tract of frogs and fixed with 70% warm alcohol, cleaned with alcohol, and examined under a microscope. A total of 64 frog samples were taken in three rice fields, East Lombok Regency. A sample examination was carried out at the Equin Clinical Center Skill laboratory Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Mandalika University of Education. The results showed that Mesocoelium spp was distributed among frogs in three rice fields in East Lombok Regency, with a prevalence of 45% in Pringgabaya Village, 50% in Suele Village, and 53.57% in Tanjung Teros Village.

Nematoda worms are one of the helminth groups that have wide distribution in ruminants. Various types of nematoda worms are known as cattle parasites and have affected their health. The aim of this research was to determine the species of gastrointestinal nematoda worms in cattle that were farmed in Taman Ayu Village, Gerung Subdistrict, West Lombok District. A total of 115 stool samples were collected by random sampling from February to August 2018 in 3 sub-village that have high cattle population in Taman Ayu Village. Sampling was carried out by random sampling method in dairy cattle. Fecal samples were examined using native and standard flotation technique to determine the number of species of gastrointestinal nematoda worms. Flotation method was depeloved by employing sugar absolut solution. The results of the examination of the samples have shown 8 species of nematoda parasite worms such as Strongyloides papillosus, Trychosrtongylus sp., Haemonchus contortus, Toxocara vitulorum, Trichuris spp, Nematodirus spp., Capillaria spp., Oesophagostomum spp. and larvae. Strongyloides papillosus is the species with the highestnumber of infection due to it can be transmitted by autoinfection in the same individual. The farmers limited knowledge about good dairy systems and bad sanitation of cattle farm contribute to high numbers of nematoda worms in fecal samples. It is necessary for farmers to maintain best management dairy systems. Furthermore, routine treatment by anthelmintic will help farmers to protect cattles from the infection.

Indonesian nutmeg export is constrained due to aflatoxin content that exceeds the minimum limit. This study was aimed at examining the effectiveness of three drying types of nutmeg to diminish aflatoxin contamination. The three drying types tested were (a) the rack type house with a source of solar energy heat combined with a kerosene stove fire, (b) the drying bases one meter above the ground with or without a black cloth cover, and (c) the floor drying 5 cm above the ground with or without black cloth cover. Unpeeled nutmegs were dried in the drying racks until they dried (sound when shaken by hand). After that they were. peeled and redried in the same type of dryer. Observation parameters included temperature, humidity, drying time, moisture content, oil content, oleoresin, myristicin, and aflatoxin content. The results showed that the drying time in the house-type drying rack was 51.5 hours, longer than the para-para and drying floor (30 hours). The temperature during drying in the drying house was 35.6-37.31 0 C lower than the other two types of dryers. However, its humidity was the highest (40.71-49.33%). The moisture content of shelled nutmegs and peeled nutmegs from all drying types fulfill the requirements (< 10%). The total aflatoxin contamination in shelled nutmegs and peeled nutmegs was < 3.28 µg/kg, while B1 aflatoxin was < 1.06 µg/kg, so that they fulfilled SNI standard. All three drying types can be recommended to be tested further in field scale. Keywords : Nutmeg, Myristica fragrans, drying technology, seed quality.

Potency of antagonist bacteria in inhibiting the bacterial wilt disease progress gingerBacterial wilt disease caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum is an important disease in ginger plant (Zingiber oicinale Rose.) in Indonesia. The objective of this research was to study the effectiveness of biological agents in inhibiting the progess of bacterial wilt on ginger. The research was conducted at the geenhouse of Research Institute for Spice and Medicinal Crops in 1997-1998 then was followed with a ield experiment at Sukamulya Experimental Garden in 1998/1999. At the greenhouse experiment seven kinds of antagonists bacteria were formulated either individually or combination. Pseudomonas fluorescens (PF), P. cepacia (PC) and Bacillus sp. (BC), mixtue of PF + PC, mixtue of PC + BC, mixture of PF + BC, and mixtue of PF + PC + BC were tested in the geenhouse on ginger plant cultivars putih besar grown in the pot containing soil formerly used for growing P. solanacearum infected tomato. I he results of this experiment indicated that the combination of PF+PC+BC significantly suppressed the progress of bacterial wilt disease compaed to control and other tested combination. In the ield experiment carried out at the bacterial wilt disease endemic area the combinations of PF+PC+BC, Trichoderma harzianum (Bit-1) and combination of PF+PC+BC+BII-I were tested with two levels of application, i.e. two applications with two months interval and 4 application with one month interval. The results showed that the application of antagonists bacteria inhibited Ihe bacterial wilt disease progress and signiicantly increased ginger rhizome yield. The yield of the rhizome from the plants teated with different intervals were not different. However, the application of the antagonist bacteria were not able to eradicate ginger infection by Pseudomonas solanacearum thoroughly.

Pestalotiopsis desseminata on cashew: its biology and interaction with Helopeltis antoniiPestalotiopsis desseminata is one of pathogens causing leaf spots. die-back of shoots and inflorescence of cashew plant. It is assumed there is an interaction between the attack of Helopeltis antonii and the fungus in Ihe ield so that the damage becomes more devastating. The objectives of (his research were to investigate several aspects of fungal biology (pathogenicity, mycelial growth, acervuli production, sensitivity to fungicides) and its interaction with //. antonii. The esearch was carried out from April 1999 to March 2000 at the laboratory and green house of Pest and Disease Department Research Institute for Spice and Medicinal Crops, Bogor. /' desseminata was diectly isolated from cashew leaves. Pathogenicity test of P. desseminata isolate was conducted on cashew seedlings. The fungal growth and fungicide effects were carried out in vitro on agar medium. The interaction between P. desseminata and H. antonii was examined by inoculating the fungus and insect, either individually or in combination, on cashew seedlings. The results showed that P. desseminata isolate fomis black spherical acervuli containing oblongs conidia with 5 cells, and the outermost cell has 3 flagellate. Acervuli could only be produced on the cultue illuminated continuously by 600 lux translucent lamp. Pathogenicity test of several isolates of /' desseminata on cashew seedlings caused spherical leaf spot symptom, individually or coalesced as bigger leaf spots. In vitro fungal mycelia growth could be suppressed by several fungicides, including bcnomyl 50% (I ppm) and Uiiopanate-mcthyl 70% (10 ppm) Combining inoculation between P. desseminata and //. antonii resulted in moe severe (devastating) die-back compared with individually inoculated.

The successful development of agriculture depends on the success in optimizing the utilization of natural resources owned. Potential sources of forage availability based on land resources is possible in each area there will be a difference, this difference is very important to be in the know as it will determine the further development model farm. From the results of the identification of problems in dryland farm development include (1) The availability of food in the dry season is very less; (2) Distance birth (calving interval) long; (3) low soil fertility and limited manpower. Fermented corn husk and rice straw fermentation can increase the protein content and improve digestibility. Provision of forage with corn planting pattern thinning meeting four times to get forage 22.5 tonnes / ha and corn dry as much as 4.2 tons / ha. Improvements pattern plants can guarantee the availability of forage throughout the year. Hermada grass planting in dry soil can produce forage 35.56 tonnes / ha or can accommodate 3.3 livestock units / year. Increased production of rice straw IP 300 and IP 400 can increase the production of rice straw up to 30%. Feed quality improvements at the farm level by fermenting corn husks with curing for 14 days plus 2% urea may contain crude protein ranged from 4.8% to 8.4%. Fermented rice straw by addition of 1 kg of probiotics and 2 kg of urea to 500 kg of dry rice straw can produce quality hay-scented and soft textured.

The aim of this research was to identify the species of migratory birds in the ecosystem of salt water lake of Gili Meno and their specific characteristics of habitat. Data collection for birds, mangrove and fish species has been carried out in September and October 2013. In this study, a Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index and Importance Value Index (IVI) of mangrove vegetation were calculated to identify carrying capacity of mangrove population in the form of specific habitat in salt water lake of Gili Meno. This research has identified 17 species of birds which are divided into 5 families: Scolopacidae, Charadriidae, Ardeidae, Meropidae and Alcedinidae. Moreover, 3 species of mangrove were discovered that are A. marina, A. lanata and E. Agallocha, as well as one species of fish (Mujair fish/O. mossambicus). N. Nycticorax and B. Striatus were well-known to have higher population than other bird species. The Diversity Index showed that mangrove vegetation in the ecosystem of salt water lake of Gili Meno has a low species diversity (0.565). This is due to higher dominance of one species than the others. What is more, the IVI of A. marina demonstrated a fairly significant value compared to that of other species (189,01). Mangrove vegetation which surrounds the ecosystem of salt water lake of Gili Meno has formed a unique habitat and and an ideal stopover site for migratory birds. The ecosystem not only provides shelters from predators but also supplies for various abundant feeding sources. The lake it self is rather shallow and muddy around the shore which gives advantages for the migratory birds to obtain plenty small fish from the lake.

Amirta R, Mukhdlor A, Mujiasih D, Septia E, Supriadi, Susanto D. 2016. Suitability and availability analysis of tropical forest wood species for ethanol production: a case study in East Kalimantan. Biodiversitas 17: 544-552. Fifteen species of woody biomass from tropical forest of East Kalimantan, Indonesia and identified as Acacia mangium, Aleurites moluccana, Alstonia scholaris, Anthocephalus cadamba, Artocarpus altilis, Artocarpus elasticus, Cananga odorata, Gmelina arborea, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Leucaena leucocephala, Macaranga gigantea, Macaranga tanarius, Paraserianthes falcataria, Shorea leprosula and Swietenia macrophylla were characterized and studied to find out and discover their potential utilization as suitable feedstocks for biofuel (ethanol) production. Characterization was done by evaluation of lignin, holocellulose and cellulose contents of woody biomass including the yield of reducing sugar (saccharification) after pretreated with alkaline (NaOH) at moderate temperature. Among 15 species of tropical forest wood biomass evaluated, our findings showed that M. gigantea was gave the highest yield of saccharified sugar (42.22%, weight of original wood dry basis) and also yield of theoretical ethanol (± 273 L/ton). We also found growth of M. giganteawas very fast to produce approximately 26,119 kg ha-1 dry biomass within 3 years. In general, the tropical wood biomass such as M. gigantea, A. moluccana, G. arborea, A. cadamba, and P. falcataria are suitable and potentially to be used as feedstocks for ethanol production due to their fast growing ability, availability and attractive chemical composition to produce high saccharified sugar and yield of ethanol.

Pratylenchus brachyurus is an important parasitic nematode which significantly decreases quality and quantity of patchouli oil. One potential measure for controlling the nematode is by using endophytic bacteria. These bacteria also induce plant growth. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of endo-phytic bacteria to control P. brachyurus. The experiments were carried out in the Bacteriological Laboratory of the Plant Protection Department, Bogor Agricultural University, and the Laboratory and Greenhouse of the Indonesian Spice and Medicinal Crops Research Institute from April to December 2007. Endophytic bacteria were isolated from the roots of patchouli plants sampled from various locations in West Java. Antagonistic activity of the isolates were selected against P. brachyurus and their abilities to induce plant growth of patch-ouli plants. Isolates having ability to control P. brachyurus and promote plant growth were identified by molecular techniques using 16S rRNA universal primers. The results showed that a total of 257 isolates of endophytic bacteria were obtained from patchouli roots and their population density varied from 2.3 x 102 to 6.0 x 105 cfu g-1 fresh root. As many as 60 isolates (23.34%) were antagonistic against P. brachyurus causing 70-100% mortality of the namatode, 72 isolates (28.01%) stimu-lated plant growth, 32 isolates (12.47%) inhibited plant growth, and 93 isolates (36.18%) were neutral. Based on their antago-nistic and plant growth enhancer characters, five isolates of the bacteria, namely Achromobacter xylosoxidans TT2, Alcaligenes faecalis NJ16, Pseudomonas putida EH11, Bacillus cereus MSK, and Bacillus subtilis NJ57 suppressed 74.0-81.6% nema-tode population and increased 46.97-86.79% plant growth. The study implies that the endophytic bacteria isolated from patchouly roots are good candidates for controlling P. brachyurus on patchouly plants. Bahasa IndonesiaPratylenchus brachyurus adalah nematoda parasit pada tana-man nilam yang dapat menurunkan hasil dan kualitas minyak nilam. Salah satu cara pengendalian yang potensial terhadap nematoda tersebut adalah menggunakan bakteri endofit. Selain dapat membunuh nematoda, bakteri endofit juga dapat meng-induksi pertumbuhan tanaman. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi potensi bakteri endofit yang berasal dari tanaman nilam untuk mengendalikan namatoda parasit P. brachyurus. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Bakteriologi, Departemen Proteksi Tanaman, Institut Pertanian Bogor, serta di laboratorium dan rumah kaca Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat, pada bulan April sampai Desember 2007. Bakteri endofit diisolasi dari sampel akar tanaman nilam dari beberapa lokasi di Jawa Barat. Isolat-isolat bakteri endofit diseleksi kemampuannya untuk membunuh P. brachyurus dan menginduksi pertumbuhan tanam-an nilam. Isolat bakteri endofit yang potensial selanjutnya diidentifikasi secara molekuler menggunakan primer universal 16S rRNA. Penelitian memperoleh 257 isolat bakteri endofit dengan kerapatan populasi 2,3 x 102 sampai 6,0 x 105 cfu g-1 berat basah akar. Enam puluh isolat (23,34%) di antaranya bersifat antagonis terhadap P. brachyurus dengan mortalitas 70-100%, 72 isolat (28,01%) dapat memacu pertumbuhan tanaman nilam, 93 isolat (36,18%) bersifat netral, dan 32 isolat (12,47%) dapat menghambat pertumbuhan tanaman. Berdasarkan hasil peng-ujian antagonis dan pemacu pertumbuhan tanaman, lima isolat bakteri, yaitu Achromobacter xylosoxidans TT2, Alcaligenes faecalis NJ16, Pseudomonas putida EH11, Bacillus cereus MSK, dan Bacillus subtilis NJ57 dapat menekan populasi nematoda 74,0-81,6% dan meningkatkan pertumbuhan nilam 46,97-86,79%. Penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa bakteri endofit dari tanaman nilam berpotensi mengendalikan P. brachyurus pada tanaman nilam.

Plant seeds can be seeds, shoots, cuttings, tendrils, or tubers. Seedtreatment is the earliest, safest, and environmentally friendly strategy in controlling plant pests and pathogens. The seed treatment can be physical, chemical, and biological, such as soaking in hot water (45oC), treatments with chemical and botanical pesticides, as well as biological agents. Chemical pesticides that are specifically recommended for the treatment of spice and medicinal plants (SMPs) seeds are very limited or even not yet in Indonesia, even though the problems in seed productionare very large, especially in the form of cuttings and rhizomes. Thetypes of infectious pests of SMPs are quite numerous and harmful.Several innovations have been pioneered domestically, such as themethod of deeping and coating of seeds, but are still limited to pepper and ginger seeds. The effectiveness of seed treatment for bulky vegetative seeds, such as rhizomes, is hampered due to its limitation in the absorption of active ingredients into the seed tissue so that its effect on pests and pathogens alre ady present in the seed is less successful. Existing methods of seed treatments need to be improved, such as by seed priming, i.e. soaking the seeds in active ingredients until the seeds imbibed so that more active ingredients are absorbed. The seed priming method is suitable for treating seeds with active ingredients in the form of biological agents, such as endophytic microbes. In its development, this method can combine several types of biological agents and carriers, such as fillers, binders, adhesives, and surfactants to improve the stability offormulas during storage and their effectiveness in the field. Keywords: seed treatment, pests, pathogents, medicinal and spice plants.Keywords: seed treatment, pests and pathogents, medicinal and spice crops. AbstrakBenih tanaman dapat berupa biji, pucuk, setek, sulur, atau umbi. Perlakuan benih merupakan strategi dalam pengendalian hama dan patogen (OPT) paling dini, aman, dan ramah lingkungan. Perlakuan benih tanaman rempah dan obat dapat dilakukan secara fisik, kimia, dan biologi, seperti perendaman dalam air panas (45oC), perlakuan pestisida kimia dan nabati, serta agens hayati. Pestisida kimia yang khusus direkomendasikan untuk perlakuan benih tanaman rempah dan obat sangat terbatas atau bahkan belum ada di Indonesia, padahal permasalahan dalam produksi benih sangat besar, terutama berupa setek dan rimpang. Jenis OPT tular benih tanaman rempah dan obat cukup banyak dan merugikan. Beberapa inovasi perlakuan benih tanaman rempah dan obat sudah dirintis di dalam negeri, seperti metode pencelupan dan pelapisan, tetapi masih terbatas pada benih lada dan jahe. Keefektifan perlakuan benih vegetatif yang massanya cukup besar, seperti rimpang-rimpangan, adalah terbatasnya penyerapan bahan aktif ke dalam jaringan benih sehingga pengaruhnya terhadap OPT yang sudah ada dalam benih kurang berhasil. Inovasi yang sudah ada perlu diperbaiki untuk menghasilkan perlindungan yang lebih optimal, antara lain denganmetode “seed priming”, yaitu merendam benih di dalam larutan bahan aktif sampai benih mengembang sehingga bahan aktif akan lebih banyak diserap oleh benih. Metode “seed priming” cocok untuk perlakuan benih dengan bahan aktif berupa agens hayati, seperti mikroba endofit. Dalam pengembangannya, metode ini dapat mengombinasikan beberapa jenis agens hayati dan bahan pembawa, seperti bahan pengisi, pengikat, perekat, dan surfaktan untuk meningkatkan stabilitas formula selama penyimpanan dan keefektifannya di lapangan.Kata kunci: Perlakuan benih, hama, patogen, tanaman rempah danobat.

Improper of usage and storage of cooking oil can increase the water content on cooking oil. It can decrease of cooking oil quality and fried food that resulted from this cooking oil which then can cause health problems. This study aimed to determine of the waste cooking oil quality after it was adsorbed with charcoal from eggshell palm oil (Elaeis gunieensis). The quality was determined based on the free fatty acids, the peroxide value, and the water content of the waste cooking oil before and after adsorption. Determination of free fatty acids was used titration method while determination of water content was used gravimetric method. The result showed that the cooking oil quality contained 0.014% of free fatty acids, 1 meq.O2/kg of peroxide value, and 0.0003% of water content. The waste cooking oil quality without adsorption process was 0.042% of free fatty acids, 26 meq.O2/kg of peroxide value, and 0.0011% of water content. After adsorption process with 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 gram of charcoal from eggshell palm oil into 100 mL of waste cooking oil, it was found that 15 gram of eggshell weight was the best adsorbent. In was condition, the free fatty acid was 0.0006%, the peroxide value was 2 meq.O2/kg, and the water content 0.0005%. It showed that the waste cooking oil quality become better after adding of charcoal of eggshell palm oil as the adsorbent.

Rosella is one of the plants that has many benefits as well as nutrients used potentially as food ingredients such as jelly candy. Jelly candy was made by mixing rosella flower extracts with a gelling agent. This study aimed to determine the effect of the addition of gelatin from milkfish bones toward the production of jelly from rosella flowers and to determine the addition concentration of gelatin from milkfish bones to obtain a good quality of jelly candy. The gelling agent used was gelatin derived from milkfish bones. Gelatin from milkfish bones was made through several stages i.e. degreasing, demineralization, extraction, and drying then applied to produce jelly candy. Rosella flower was extracted using the infusion method at a temperature of 70 oC. The addition concentration of gelatin varied of 10, 12, 14, 16 18, and 20%. Parameters used were water content and organoleptic test covering of color, aroma, flavor, and texture. Results showed that addition of gelatin from milkfish bones influenced strongly on the moisture content, color, aroma, flavor, and texture of the jelly candy. The good quality of rosella jelly candy was obtained by addition concentration of gelatin of 18% with a water content of 8.76%, and the elasticity was preferred by the panelists.

Snack food security need to considered because it plays an important role in the growth and development of children of school. The food often becomes the source of poisoning was snacks and desserts. The goal to analyze levels of artificial sweeteners saccharin as food additive in ice syrup.Type of research using survey method. Population is ice syrup sold in the canteen elementary school. Sample is 44 kind of ice syrup sold in canteen elementary school. Primary data was obtained through interviews with the seller of ice syrup and examination the Laboratory Academy health Analysis Jambi. Secondary data obtained from Department of Education and Culture of Jambi city related to number of elementary schools in district Kota Baru. The result show that out of 44 samples checked all contain saccharin and 13 samples exceeds standards. Number of traders selling drinks containing saccharinbecause the low level education, lack of information relating to food additives and the absence security of the health service or BPOM Jambi.Keywords : saccharin, ice syrup

This study aimed to determine the optimum pH and the optimum weight of charcoal and activated charcoal from water hyacinth in adsorbing the lead (Pb) metals. Determination of adsorbed metal content in the charcoal and the activated charcoal was measured using a spectrophotometer spectrodirect. Activated water hyacinth charcoal was prepared by carbonization in a furnace at a temperature of 300 oC in low oxygen levels. Then the carbon was activated by adding ZnCl2 10%, soaked for 24 hours, filtered and placed in the oven at a temperature of 105 0C for 1 hour. The optimum pH was determined by mixing Pb2+ with water hyacinth (eichhornia crassipes) charcoal at various pH of 3-8. The results indicated the optimum pH of charcoal and activated charcoal to adsorb metals was 5 with the percentages of lead absorbed were 90.34% and 98.67%, respectively, while the weight of charcoal varied by 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 mg, the optimum weight of activated charcoal was 100 mg with lead absorbed by 98.44%. The results showed that the water hyacinth charcoal and activated charcoal performed excellent ability to adsorb lead metal.

This study aimed to identify bioactive compounds of moringa (moringa oleifera) extracts and determine the effective concentration on lowering blood cholesterol levels of mice. The animals used were 15 male mice induced by propylthiouracil and fat food diet. The mice were divided randomly into 5 groups with different treatment groups. The first, the second, and the third treatments were given moringa extracts each with a concentration of 10, 20% and 40%. The fourth treatment group was given food fat diet and propiltiorasil as a positive control, and the fifth treatment was given standard food and distilled water as a negative control. Data were analyzed using a statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) test followed by Duncan test. The results showed that moringa fruit extract contains alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, and tannins. Moringa fruit extract can lower blood cholesterol levels of mice with the most effective concentration of 10%.

Moringa seed (moringa oleifera L.) is a kind foodstuffs that contains calcium. Calcium is a mineral that is needed by our bodies in all ages, for the infants to the elderly. Calcium is useful in the formation and maintenance of bones and teeth. The aim of this study is to determine the concentration calcium (Ca) in moringa seed (moringa oleifera L.) and its utilization as the fabrication of toothpaste. The method used in this study was a laboratory experiment using a flame photometer. The results showed that the concentration of calcium in moringa seeds with three repetitions was 131.67 ± 12.58 mg/100g. The appropriate composition of materials to make toothpaste from moringa seeds including the roughness tests of toothpaste and based on the fondness of panelists was 25:5 (morinanga seed:NaHCO3). Furthermore, the test of freshness, aroma, and colour with comparison of glycerin, mint leaves, betel leaves and food coloring 7.5: 5: 5: 2.

Lamtoro gung (leucaena leucocephala) is one of the food materials containing high enough protein which allow to be used as raw material for producing tempeh through fermentation. This study aimed to determine the effect of fermentation time to the protein levels of lamtoro gung seeds tempeh with variation fermentation times of 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 hours. Steps in this study were sample preparation, producing lamtoro gung seeds tempeh,and protein levels analysis. The protein level was determined by Kjeldahl method. The results showed that there was an effect of fermentation time to the protein levels. The longer the fermentation time took effect to the lower the levels of protein produced. The highest protein level was obtained at 24 hours of fermentation time that was equal to 7.943%, while the protein level on fermentation time of 36 hours was equal to 7.725%, 48 hours fermentation time was equal to 7.195%, 60 hours fermentation time was equal to 7.197%, and 72 hours fermentation time was equal to 5.733%.

Avian influenza (AI) is highly pathogenic desease in local chicken. Avian influenza (AI)vaccine is one of choice to prevent AI desease. The purpose of these study was to determine the effectiveness of AI vaccine in local chicken at the enclosure cage system in Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta. A total of 110 local chicken consist of 100 hen and 10 cock were used in these study. The chicken was stored in cage of bamboo that have a measurement of 5 x 4 m2 include 10 hen and 1 cock in cage respectively. The vaccine used in these study was 2 kinds of commercial AI vaccine (A) and local AI vaccine (B). Vaccine with 0.5 ml dose was administrated by intramuscular (i.m) in 55 local chicken respectively. Re-vaccination was administrated after 2 month first vaccination. Examination of antibody titer AI was performed at month 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 with chicken blood sampling collection via the brachial vein in the wing. Avian influenza vaccine commercial A and local B were protective in local chicken with enclosure cage system after 2 month vaccination and followed by booster.Key words: Avian influenza (AI), vaccine, local chicken

Brown root rot disease is a major constraint on cashew plantation in Pekat District, West Nusa Tenggara. Its causal agent has not been characterized. This paper describes efforts to study the pathogen, distribution and loss. Field study was conducted in Pekat District in 2003. Laboratory experiments to isolate and test the causal agent were conducted in the Indonesian Spices and Medicinal Crops Research Institute, Bogor. Research results showed that the disease was found widespread in several villages in Pekat District, such as Pekat, Beringin Jaya, Sorinomo, and Nangamiro. Total number of died cashew trees was 1,075 equals to 5,106 kg kernel yield lost, worth Rp20.5 million. Infected trees showed leaf yellowing and defoliation leading to die. The lateral and taproots near collar were encrusted with gravel, earth, and brown mycelia sleeves. The fungus produced arthrospores and brown pigmentation on agar medium containing 0.05% gallic acid. An isolate of the fungus induced typical disease symptoms following inoculation on 5 month-old cashew seedlings. These results indicated that the causal agent of mass decline of cashew in Pekat District is Phellinus noxius. In field, the fungus also infects a barrier tree (Lannea coromandelica [Houtt.] Merr.) (Anacardiaceae), locally known as kedondong pagar or kayu bantenan.

The application of intensive keramba in rivers could affect the presence of parasite organisms throughout the river downstream. The aims of this research are to find out the diversity of parasite species and the effect of intensive aquaculture method developed by the community on the presence of various parasitic organisms, particularly in the downstream area. A total of 65 Tilapia fish samples (O. niloticus) that was collected from 3 areas ( 15 samples from upstream, 25 samples in keramba and 25 samples from downstream areas) have been examined in the laboratory of Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, University of Mataram. Methods employed to identify parasites that infected fish samples are native method and flotation method. This research has identified 7 species of parasites which were divided into 2 groups: ectoparasites (Trichodina sp., Amylodinium sp., Oogonium sp., Dactylogirus sp., Trematode) and endoparasites (Entamoeba sp. dan Camallanus sp.). Diversity index calculation indicated that parasite organisms in upstream area were lower in number than that in the downstream and intensive karamba area (H’= (0,825; 1,596 dan 1.324 respectively). These data has showed there was a difference in species diversity and evenness index of parasite organisms in the upstream, downstream and intensive keramba area. In conclusion, there was significant influence of the application of intensive keramba on the appearance of various parasite organisms that could affect the sustainability of fish aquaculture.

Pratylenchus brachyurus is a major parasitic nematode on patchouli that reduces plant production up to 85%. The use of endophytic bacteria is promising for controlling nematode and promoting plant growth through production of phytohormones and enhancing the availability of soil nutrients. The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of endophytic bacteria to control P. brachyurus on patchouli plant and its influence on plant productions (plant fresh weight and patchouli oil). The study was conducted at Cimanggu Experimental Garden and Laboratory of the Indonesian Spice and Medicinal Crops Research Institute (ISMECRI), Bogor, West Java. The experi-ment was designed in a randomized block with seven treatments and eight replications; each replication consisted of 10 plants. The treatments evaluated were five isolates of endophytic bacteria (Achromobacter xylosoxidans TT2, Alcaligenes faecalis NJ16, Pseudomonas putida EH11, Bacillus cereus MSK and Bacillus subtilis NJ57), synthetic nematicide as a reference, and non-treated plant as a control. Four-week old patchouli plants of cv. Sidikalang were treated by soaking the roots in suspension of endophytic bacteria (109 cfu ml-1) for one hour before trans-planting to the field. At one month after planting, the plants were drenched with the bacterial suspension as much as 100 ml per plant. The results showed that applications of the endophytic bacteria could suppress the nematode populations (52.8-80%) and increased plant weight (23.62-57.48%) compared to the control. The isolate of endophytic bacterium Achromobacter xylosoxidans TT2 was the best and comparable with carbofuran.