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Ephyrae are produced through the strobilation of polyps in the general life cycle of Aurelia coerulea. However, it has been reported that planulae can also metamorphose directly into ephyrae, without passing through the polyp stage. There is a mixture of ephyrae developed from planulae (planula-strobilated ephyrae) and ephyrae developed from polyps (polyp-strobilated ephyrae) in the ephyra population. However, the effect of the planula-strobilated ephyrae on the ephyra population is yet to be determined, since their morphological characteristics have not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to determine the morphological characteristics to distinguish between planula-strobilated and polyp-strobilated ephyrae. The differences in body dimensions, such as total body diameter (TBD), central disc diameter (CDD), lappet stem length (LStL), rhopalial lappet length (RLL), and total marginal lappet length (TMLL) were compared between the two types of ephyra. Thus, we show that body proportions can be used to identify planula- and polyp-strobilated ephyrae. The ranges for identifying planula-strobilated ephyra were 35.0–38.3% for CDD/TBD, 56.7–64.9% for LStL/CDD, 84.7–99.5% for TMLL/CDD, and 31.0–37.5% for RLL/TMLL. This method could be an important basis for devising countermeasures for jellyfish blooms in areas where ephyrae deriving from planula strobilation occur.

This article deals with the evaluation of a thickness analysis on the vuts of beech wood using annual rings. The study was performed at the state enterprise Lesy SR, a branch plant in Smolenice on the territory of Forrest District Majdan. In order to perform a thickness analysis of the beech logs, it was necessary to know the number of annual rings on the butt end and the number of annual rings on the small end. Based on these two quantities, it was necessary to derive the number of annual rings in the middle of the trunk. All these characteristics were related to the length of the stem and the thickness of the stem. The data set contained 1000 logs. For a period of 3 years - i.e. from 2017 to 2019 in total for all types of intentional felling, starting with tending intentional felling up to 50 years, tendingt intentional felling over 50 years and ending with prescribed final felling, incidential felling was not included in the investigation. The aim of this publication was to determine the thickness characteristics of beech stem logs, which are characterized in the territory of branch Smolenice by a full-wood stem and to create input quantities for a model log of a beech stem. The results include the average width of annual rings depending on the length of the stem, the average number of annual rings per 1 meter of length, the average reduction in the number of annual rings depending on the length recalculated per 1 meter of length, the average height increment. The results showed interesting findings, the largest average width of annual rings was recorded in improvement intentional felling over 50 years, despite advanced age. Another interesting finding was the average height gain of 0.5 m. The average number of annual rings served to confirm the accuracy of the calculation of the stem thickness depending on the width of the annual ring. The average reduction in the number of annual rings showed the convergence of the stem in cm depending on the length of the cut.

CARACTERÍSTICAS ESTRUTURAIS E ACÚMULO DE FITOMASSA DO MILHETO SOB DIFERENTES REGIMES DE IRRIGAÇÃO COM ÁGUA RESIDUÁRIA E ADUBAÇÃO ORGÂNICA JOSÉ RALIUSON INÁCIO SILVA1; EDUARDO SOUZA1; MAURÍCIO LUIZ DE MELLO VIEIRA LEITE1; GENIVAL BARROS JUNIOR1; JOSE ROMUALDO DE SOUSA LIMA2 E ALDO TORRES SALES1 1Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Avenida Gregório Ferraz Nogueira, s/n, José Tomé de Souza Ramos – CEP: 56909-535, Serra Talhada –PE, Brasil, raliuson.silva@ufrpe.br, eduardo.ssouza@ufrpe.br, mauricio.leite@ufrpe.br, genival.barrosjunior@ufrpe.br, aldo.torres@ufpe.br 2Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco, Avenida Bom Pastor, s/n, Boa Vista – CEP:55292-270, Granhuns-PE, romualdo.lima@ufape.edu.br 1 RESUMO A utilização de água residuária pode aumentar a oferta hídrica e de alimentos em regiões semiáridas. Assim, objetivou-se estudar a dinâmica temporal das características estruturais e acúmulo de fitomassa do milheto irrigado com diferentes lâminas de água cinza, com e sem adubação orgânica. A pesquisa foi conduzida em ambiente protegido em esquema fatorial (4 x 2) + 1, com três repetições, sendo os fatores: níveis de água disponível do solo (25, 50, 75 e 100%) e doses de esterco (0 e 34 Mg ha-1), mais o tratamento controle (irrigação com água potável e sem adubação). Foram realizadas avaliações semanais das características estruturais: comprimento e diâmetro do colmo e número de perfilhos, folhas totais, folhas vivas e folhas mortas, sendo ajustados modelos matemáticos para descrever o comportamento dessas características ao longo do ciclo da cultura. Após 60 dias de aplicação dos tratamentos o milheto foi colhido e determinou-se o acúmulo de fitomassa e massa de raízes. O modelo sigmoidal é o que melhor explica a dinâmica da maioria das características estruturais. A irrigação com águas cinzas não afetou as características estruturais, massa de raízes e o acúmulo de fitomassa do milheto, sendo indicado adubação a fim de melhorar o seu desempenho. Palavras-chave: Pennisetum glaucum, águas cinzas, dinâmica do crescimento, manejo de irrigação SILVA, J. R. I.; SOUZA, E.; LEITE, M. L. M. V.; BARROS JUNIOR, G.; LIMA, J. R. S; SALES, A. T. STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PHYTOMASS ACCUMULATION OF MILLET UNDER DIFFERENT IRRIGATION REGIMES WITH WASTEWATER AND ORGANIC FERTILIZATION 2 ABSTRACT The use of wastewater can increase the water and food supply in semi-arid regions. Thus, the objective was to study the temporal dynamics of structural characteristics and the accumulation of phytomass in millet irrigated with different depths of greywater, with and without organic fertilization. The research was conducted under greenhouse conditions in a factorial scheme (4 x 2) + 1 with three replications, the factors being levels of water available from the soil (25, 50, 75 and 100%) and manure doses (0 and 34 Mg ha-1), plus control treatment (irrigation with drinking water and without fertilization). It was performed weekly evaluations of structural characteristics: stem length and diameter, and number of tillers, total leaves, live leaves and dead leaves. Mathematical models were adjusted to describe the behavior of these characteristics throughout the cycle. After 60 days of the application of the treatments, millet was harvested and the accumulation of phytomass and root mass was determined. The sigmoidal model best explains the dynamics of most structural features. The irrigation with greywaters did not affect the structural characteristics, root mass and phytomass accumulation of millet, and fertilization is indicated to improve its performance. Keywords: Pennisetum glaucum, greywaters, growth dynamics, irrigation management

The review is devoted to the description of allelic variants of Rht genes and their effect on the traits associated with the growth, development, and yield of wheat plants. The effect of Rht genes on the growth and development of wheat plants through DELLA proteins is considered. A new classification of wheat plants by the height (stem length) based on the presence/absence of strictly defined alleles of Rht genes determined by molecular genetic methods in their genotypes is proposed.

A Field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different micronutrients on growth and yield of cauliflower. The whole research experiment was carried out for two years (i.e., rabi season 2017-18 and 2018-19 at Research cum Instructional farm of Horticulture, Department of Vegetable Science, IGKV, Raipur. The experiment was laid down under randomized block design in three replication, and consisting of fifteen treatments. The important growth parameters and curd yield encompassed in the study were plant height (cm), number of leaves plant-1, width of leaves (cm), length of leaves (cm),length of root (cm), stem length (cm), stem diameter (cm), days to first curd initiation, days of 50% curd maturity and curd yield (q ha-1). The experimental findings revealed that almost all the treatments showed a positive effect on growth and yield, however treatment T5 (100% RDF + Borax @ 20 kg ha-1 + Ammonium molybdate @ 2 kg ha-1 + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha-1) exhibited most significant influence on all above mentioned parameters when compared to T1- Control (100% RDF). Therefore, on the basis of experimental it can be concluded that the application of micronutrients is an effective approach in cauliflower to enhance the growth, curd maturity and curd yield.

The study was conducted in March-May 2020 in greenhouse in Erzincan Horticultural Research Institute. Sahra F1 variety of watermelon (Citrulus lanatus) was used as plant material in the experiment. In this study, the effects of different doses (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 and 175 ppm) of Tebuconazole substance on the quality and development of watermelon seedlings were investigated. It was determined that different dose applications caused a significant change in seedling characteristics According to the data obtained, a average reduction of 38.45% and 17.81% was achieved in seedling length and stem length, respectively, compared to the control application. Also, the stem diameter increased in 3.03% after the applications. The all doses applications also provided an increase in leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD). In this study, applications of Tebuconazole at different doses were found to control the seedling height in watermelon and positively affected on specific quality characteristics of seedlings.

This experiment was conducted in (Zawita) area in Dohuk governorate / Iraq, and the morphological characteristics were studied by selecting four sites, four trees from each site, four sectors and, choosing twenty trees in each sector. Statistical analysis (RCBD) was done using the SPSS system. Through this study, it was found that Pinus brutia Ten. In Zawita, there is a clear effect on some morphological characteristics of the seedlings resulting from it. The first site was one of the best sites followed by the second site where he gave seedlings of good quality in terms of stem length with an average of 39.25 cm and the total weight of wet and dry seedlings with averages of 13.97 and 35.34 g respectively, and the third site was the lowest studied sites and gave seedlings of less quality than the rest of the sites where he scored Stem length averaged 23.06 cm while wet and dry weight was 7.68 and 22.17 g, respectively. As for the correlation between the variables, the relationship was positive and strong among all the variables except those between the length of the root and the rest of the variables except with the characteristic of the wet root weight. The highest correlation values were between total dry weight and total wet weight recording 0.960 and the lowest between the length of the root and the dry vegetative weight where the value was 0.070.

The current study was carried out to investigate Pre-Basic Seed Potato Production in soilless cultures under Egyptian conditions. Furthermore, the study investigated the possibility of plantlets direct acclimatization of three potato varieties in Aeroponic culture system comparing with substrate culture system (peat moss and vermiculite 3:1 v/v). Also, the growth and the yield of three cultivars (Diamant, Lady Rosetta and Spunta) were compared. Aeroponics showed better survival rate and promising method for acclimatization of potato plantlets ex vitro. Moreover, Varietal differences were noticed between the three tested varieties. The best response as survival rate, stem length and leaf area were observed by Spunta followed by Lady Rosette while Diamant came in the last place. However, Diamant produced the highest plant dry matter. Aeroponic system gave higher minituber number per plant while substrates gave higher average minituber weight. The obtained results recommend the use of Aeroponic culture system in acclimatization of in vitro potato plantlets and minitubers to be introduced in pre-basic seed programs in Egypt.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do sistema de cultivo no desenvolvimento das plantas e na qualidade das hastes florais de gladíolos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com dois cultivares: White Goddess e Red Beauty; duas datas de colheita: Dias das Mães (DM) e Dia dos namorados (DN); e dois sistemas de cultivo: convencional e mínimo. Nas plantas foram avaliadas o número de folhas, massa seca total, número de floretes, dias para emergência e ponto de colheita, comprimento e diâmetro da haste. Para Red Beauty cultivada para o DM, o cultivo mínimo proporcionou maior número de folhas, comprimento e diâmetro da haste; e para o DN, aumento da massa seca, do número de floretes e dias para emergência. Para White Goddess houve efeito do sistema de cultivo somente no DM, quando as plantas apresentaram, no cultivo mínimo, maior diâmetro e comprimento da haste e menor da massa seca. Para Red Beauty, 83,4% e 25% das hastes foram classificadas como extra no cultivo mínimo e convencional, respectivamente, enquanto a White Goddess apresentou 100% das hastes como extra em ambos os sistemas de cultivo.

Potato is a winter crop; the optimal temperature range is 20-25°C for haulm growth and 15–20 °C for tuberization. Recently climatic changes, provoked the importance of adaptability of varieties to high temperatures. For this reason, a study was conducted during 2018and2019 seasons at Vegetables Research Farm in Kaha, Qualiobia Governorate, totest the response of some potato varieties (Cara, Spunta, Barcelona and Valor) for cultivation during the summer months (first July, first August, first September and first October). Data were recorded to measure vegetative growth at 75 DAPS while yield parameters were recorded at harvesting time. Concerning differences between planting dates, the results showed that the planting in October gave the best results for vegetative growth and yield in all tested varieties, while September plantation came the second place. Planting during July and August caused dramatic effects on vegetative growth and yield. Furthermore, the cv. Cara gave higher significant growth measurements (stem length, weight of tubers plant, fresh and dry total weight, CGR and RGR). Also, Cara gave also the highest stem number, leaves number, tubers number and close to that obtained from cv. Valor in both seasons. Cara variety produced the highest tuber yield and its components followed by Barcelona, and then Valor and Spunta, in both seasons. Moreover, the interaction between the tested varieties and planting dates showed that the most tolerant cultivars during the high temperature months (July and August) was Cara in the first place, then Valor and Barcelona in the second rank, while Spunta cv. was the most sensitive cultivar. In general, it is recommended for early potato planting in summer months (July and August) under Egyptian conditions the choice of varieties which exhibit tolerance to stresses as Cara, Valor or Barcelona and avoid planting susceptible varieties as Spunta in these months.

The study was carried out in VNR Seeds Pvt. Ltd., in village Gomchi near Nandanvan of Raipur district in Chhattisgarh. Different substrates used are 100% cocopeat, 100% peatmoss, Mixture of 50% cocopeat and 50% peat moss and mixture of 60% cocopeat and 40% vermiculite. After 25 days of seed sowing growth of seedlings in tray with 100% cocopeat we found that the average stem width 3.33 mm, stem length 108 mm, leaf width 42.33 mm, and leaf length 56.66 mm. In cocopeat the sturdy plant development is found. In 100% peat moss the result found is average stem width 3 mm, stem length 91.33 mm, leaf width 33 mm and leaf length 53.33 mm and in mixture of 50% cocopeat and 50% peat moss, average stem width is 3.16 mm, stem length 100.33 mm, leaf width 42.33 mm and leaf length is 49.66 mm. In mixture of 60% cocopeat and 40% peatmoss, average stem width is 2 mm, stem length 64 mm, leaf width 35.66 mm and leaf length is 48 mm. These observation shows that growth of seedlings in tray with cocopeat is better in comparison to other substrates, therefore we considered as better growing substrate among all substrates we used.

This study aimed to estimate significance of heterosis, combining ability, genetic parameters and heritability for vegetative, flowering, yield and fruit quality traits using15 F1hybrids obtained from 6×6 half diallel mating system without reciprocals. The results indicated that analysis of variance exhibited highly significant for the mean squares of the genotypes for all traits, except for, parents which was significant for fruit diameter and parents vs. hybrids was insignificant for average fruit weight and fruit diameter, but it gave significant for fruit length. None of the F1 hybrids had the highest values for all traits.The maximum significant desirable heterosis values over mid-parent were -17.19, 61.36, 44.14, -5.46, 17.26, 308.83, 296.41, -23.58 and -12.79% for stem length, number of branches/plant, leaves/plant, days to opening the first female flower, average fruit weight, number of fruits/plant, yield/plant, fruit length and fruit diameter, respectively. Also, the heterosis over better parent were recorded the following values;-18.18, 32.47, 37.66, -6.97, 14.77, 205.54, 204.98, -20.43 and -14.48% for same traits listed before. The analysis of variance for both GCA and SCA revealed highly significant estimates for all traits. The GCA was higher than SCA for all the traits. The inbred lines P1, P3, P4, P5 and P6 were the good combiner for number of branches/plant , days to opening the first female flower and fruits/plant, average fruit weight, fruit length, number of leaves/plant and stem length, respectively.. The estimates of heritability in broad sense (h2b.s.%) were higher than their corresponding in narrow sense(h2n.s.%) for all traits.

The demand of oyster mushroom has increased. Hence the production should be improved as well. The purpose of research is to know the growth response and production of several varieties of oyster mushroom on the powder media of palm stem waste and sawdust. Research conducted in Sumatra mushroom oyster cultivation. The design used in this study is a Complete Random Design (CRD) factorial that is of 2 factors. The first factor is the composition of the planting media of palm oil and sawdust was conducted with 2 repeats. The Parameter of observation on the study is the percentage of baglogs covered by mycelium (%), the growth of mycelium on the substrate (cm), the age of the body of the fruit (DAI), Number of fruit body (fruit), diameter of the hood (cm2) The stem length of the fruit body (cm) and the wet Harvest weight (g). The results showed that the best treatment for the growth of mycelium and the age of fruit body in total saw dust amd and varieties jamur tiram 58.38 days formation of the first fruit body.

Agro-industrial by-products are potential environmental pollutants. Achieving sustainability leads us to think for handling them in an environmentally friendly way. The present framework was designed to investigate the potential of subsequent utilization of mushroom spent substrate (MSS) of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus var. columbinus) cultivation. Two consecutive trials (2018 and 2019) were conducted at Mushroom Laboratory, Sohag University, Egypt. Fresh rice straw (RS) was used along with mushroom spent substrate (MSS) as control treatments and compared with another three different mixtures of RS:MSS as follows: 1:2, 1:1, and 2:1. The agronomic parameters of the new growing cycle of oyster mushroom, as well as the chemical compounds of substrates were investigated. Data revealed that pure (RS) substrate gave the greatest fruiting bodies yield and number/500g substrate, average fruiting bodies weight, and both of the cap diameter and stem length. In contrast, sole (MSS) gave the least values in both trials. Employing RS and MSS substrate mixture at 2:1 ratio exceeded the other two formulations concerning the above-mentioned parameters. Relative to RS, the analyses of substrates nutritive compounds in MSS showed a significantly higher percentage of N, P, K, total carbohydrates and total ash after cultivation , but had a lower percent in total carbon, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. In conclusion, SMS alone can›t be considered a potent substrate for further mushroom production. However, it may be used as a filler material in combination with RS but at low ratio.

This research was conducted during the two consecutive seasons of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 to study the effect of Filter mud as organic manure and biofertilizers application, as well as, their interaction on growth and some chemical constituents of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) seedlings. Filter mud was applied at 0, 24, 48, and 72 g/bag. Biofertilizers were control, Active Yeast (AY), Minia Azotein (M.A.), Arbescular mycorrhizea fungi (AM), AY+ M.A., AY+AM, M.A.+AM and AY+M.A.+AM. The most obtained results were as follows: The addition of filter mud at all levels led to a significant increase in plant growth traits (stem length, stem diameter, leaves fresh and dry weights /plant and stem fresh and dry weights /plant, as well as, the elements of N, P and K % in the leaves), as compared to the check treatment. Utilizing the high level of filter mud (72 g/bag) registered the highest values of these parameters. In relation to biofertilizers treatments, all of them either separately or in combination, except for active yeast, in some cases, led to a significant augment in these previous traits. The application of triple inoculants (AY+ M.A. +AM) proved to be more effective in increasing these above mentioned parameters. In addition, for the interaction, it was significant effect on all examined characters, except for stem diameter. Clearly, most of combined treatments significantly increased all studied traits comparing to untreated ones. The most effective treatments were detected by using filter mud at the high level with the triple inoculants (AY+ M.A. +AM) in comparison with those obtained by other combination treatments.

Brazil is the largest producer and exporter of sugarcane in the world, and the sugar and ethanol sector has invested in the development of new technologies and methods of planting to meet the market demand. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of sugarcane at the acclimation phase and under field conditions, from pre-sprouted seedlings exposed to supplementary lighting, through light-emitting diode, in the period of acclimation in a greenhouse. The experiment was carried out in Carpina, PE, Brazil, from January to September 2017. The experimental plots were composed of pre-sprouted seedlings acclimated in greenhouse, exposed to the supplementary lighting systems, 90% Red + 10% Blue (R:B 90/10), 80% Red + 20% Blue (R:B 80/20), 70% Red + 30% Blue (R:B 70/30) and a control. The evaluation of seedling growth was performed through the measurement of biometric indicators: plant height (cm); stem length (cm); stem diameter (cm) and number of tillers. The biometric indicators showed no significant differences, but plants under lighting systems with a greater proportion of the red wavelength (R:B 80/20 and R:B 90/10) showed higher percentage of survival in the field. RESUMO O Brasil é o maior produtor e exportador de cana-de-açúcar do mundo e, o setor sucroenergético tem investido no desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias e métodos de plantio de cana-de-açúcar para atender à demanda do mercado. Dessa forma, objetivou-se com esta pesquisa, avaliar o desempenho de cana-açúcar no final da fase de aclimatação e em campo, proveniente de mudas pré-brotadas expostas à iluminação suplementar à base de diodo emissor de luz no período de aclimatação em ambiente protegido. O experimento foi realizado em Carpina, PE, de janeiro a setembro de 2017. As parcelas experimentais foram compostas por mudas pré-brotadas em ambiente protegido, expostas aos sistemas de iluminação suplementar, 90% vermelho + 10% azul (V:A 90/10), 80% vermelho + 20% azul (V:A 80/20), 70% vermelho + 30% azul (V:A 70/30) e o controle. A avaliação do crescimento das mudas foi realizada por meio de indicadores biométricos: altura da planta (cm); comprimento do colmo (cm); diâmetro do colmo (cm) e o número de perfilhos. As variáveis biométricas não apresentaram diferenças significativas, no entanto, as plantas submetidas aos sistemas de iluminação com maior proporção do comprimento de onda vermelho (V:A 80/20 e V:A 90/10), apresentaram maior percentual de sobrevivência no campo.

Background. Soybeans accessions from the VIR collection were tested in Primorsky Territory, Russia. These accessions had not been studied earlier in that area.Materials and methods. The testing was carried out at the Far East Experiment Station of VIR and involved 570 soybean accessions of various geographic origin. The work was performed according to VIR’s methodological guidelines.Results. The selected accessions were evaluated for their flowering and ripening schedule, seed yield, various seed characteristics (primary color of seed coat, seed hilum color, etc.), 1000 seed weight, plant height, the lower pod setting height, etc. The maximum seed yield (18.0–21.9 g) was registered for 4 accessions: ‘Primorskaya 1099’(k-9700), ‘Primorskaya 1102’ (k-9707) (Russia, Primorsky Territory); ‘Epps’(k-9308) and ‘Pioneer 3981’(k-9651) (USA). Their growing season lasted 121– 130 days. The earliest accessions ‘1337’ and ‘738-4’ (Sweden) had growing seasons of 81–90 days and low seed yields. The weight of 1000 seeds varied from 71 g to 250 g. Only one accession had 1000 seed weight higher than 300 g. The correlation between seed yield and growing season duration was medium (r = 0.57), and between seed yield and 1000 seed weight it was small (r = 0.13). Stem length varied from 15–30 to 111–130 cm. Accessions with the highest seed yield had stem lengths of 51–90 cm. The lower pod setting height ranged from a minimal level (< 6.1 cm) to 18.1–20.0 cm. Among the 92 accessions with high seed productivity (> 14.0 g) only 5 produced their lower pods at a height above 12 cm. Full-scale characterization of the material was published in Catalogue of the VIR Global Collection, Issue 905, 2019.Conclusion. The accomplished study helped to describe earlier untested accessions, grown under the environmental conditions important for soybean production. The accessions with the best economic characteristics can be used in breeding practice.

Cultivation of crops in urban environments might reduce the environmental impact of food production1-4. However, lack of available land in cities and a need for rapid crop cycling, to yield quickly and continuously, mean that so far only lettuce and related 'leafy green' vegetables are cultivated in urban farms5. New fruit varieties with architectures and yields suitable for urban farming have proven difficult to breed1,5. We identified a regulator of tomato stem length (SlER) and devised a trait-stacking strategy to combine mutations for condensed shoots, rapid flowering (SP5G) and precocious growth termination (SP). Application of our strategy using one-step CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing restructured vine-like tomato plants into compact, early yielding plants suitable for urban agriculture. Field data confirmed that yields were maintained, and we demonstrated cultivation in indoor farming systems. Targeting the same stem length regulator alone in groundcherry, another Solanaceae plant, also enabled engineering to a compact stature. Our approach can expand the repertoire of crops for urban agriculture.

Dentre as hortaliças folhosas, a alface é uma hortaliça folhosa bastante consumida no Brasil, sendo recomendado o uso de cultivares adaptadas às diferentes condições climáticas. Com isso, este trabalho teve como objetivo selecionar genótipos de alface de folhas lisas e tolerantes ao florescimento precoce. O experimento foi implantado no município de Itabaiana, Estado de Sergipe em blocos casualizados com três repetições, sendo testados 12 genótipos, os quais foram avaliados quanto à massa fresca e seca da parte aérea, massa fresca e seca da raiz, massa de folhas comerciais e não comerciais, número de folhas comerciais e não comerciais, diâmetro da cabeça e comprimento do caule. O genótipo AFX005B-121-02, que possui folhas lisas e é tolerante ao florescimento precoce, apresentou melhor desempenho comercial e agronômico, sendo promissor para plantio nas condições do Agreste.

Triadiati T, Sukarno N, Rahmah IS. 2021. Growth inhibition of Hydrilla verticillata by freshwater fungi. Biodiversitas 22: 2876-2882. The uncontrolled growth of hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle) in Mekarsari Fruit Garden, Bogor causes various losses. A Freshwater fungus is one of the alternatives to control hydrilla growth. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the damage and growth inhibition of hydrilla using freshwater fungi. Freshwater fungi were isolated from Lake Mekarsari Fruit Garden. Hydrilla growth characteristics observed were stem length, stem nodus number, number of healthy leaves, leaf number, leaf damage, wet and dry weight. The results showed that a total of seven isolates of freshwater fungi were obtained from Lake Mekarsari Fruit Garden. Two species, i.e. Myrothecium sp. and Stachybotrys sp. were selected to control hydrilla growth. Fungal treatment reduced the stem length and leaf number of hydrilla. The combination of both fungal isolates showed less leaf damage than Myrothecium sp. The damage of hydrilla leaves by Myrothecium sp. and Stachybotrys sp. were 98.07% and 78.71%, respectively.

In tropical areas, since the day length (DL) is shorter than the critical DL for chrysanthemum (Dendranthema x grandiflorum Kitam.), chrysanthemum flowers before reaching the required stem length (SL) for cut flower. Two experiments were conducted with the aim of determining critical DL for vegetative growth of chrysanthemum genotype; to attain a required SL and promote vegetative growth of chrysanthemum using night break (NB) with red light for spray type of chrysanthemum. In the first experiment, DL was extended by one, two, and three hours using white fluorescent light (WL) after sunset. In the second experiment, red light (RL) was applied at the middle of the night for 15, 30, or 45 minutes to break the night. The experiments were laid out in completely randomized design with four replications. The results indicated DL extension with WL and RL night breaks had significant effect on vegetative characters and biomass yield. Similarly, flower bud initiation, coloring and blooming were significantly affected. NB using RL had a significant effect on flower diameter. The three hours DL extension (12+3 hours) totally inhibited flowering of chrysanthemum genotype, which can be considered a critical DL for Hawa1. NB with RL for 15, 30, or 45 minutes effectively inhibited flowering of chrysanthemum. In conclusion, breaking the night with RL at the middle of the night for 15 minutes with small amount of intensity (9.42 µmolm-2s-1) is enough to inhibit flowering and promote stem elongation of chrysanthemum Hawa1. Resumo Em áreas tropicais, como o comprimento do dia (CD) é menor do que o CD crítico para o crisântemo (Dendranthema x grandiflorum Kitam.), o crisântemo floresce antes de atingir o tamanho de haste (TH) necessário para a flor de corte. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de determinar o CD crítico para que o crescimento vegetativo do crisântemo cultive ‘Hawa1’ do tipo spray e para atingir um TH necessário e promover o crescimento vegetativo do crisântemo usando quebra do nictoperíodo (QB) com luz vermelha. No primeiro experimento, o CD foi estendido em uma, duas e três horas usando luz fluorescente branca (LFB) após o pôr do sol. No segundo experimento, a luz vermelha (LV) foi aplicada no meio da noite por 15, 30 e45 minutos para quebrar a noite. Os experimentos foram dispostos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Os resultados indicaram que a extensão do CD com pausas noturnas LFB e LV teve efeito significativo sobre os caracteres vegetativos e produção de biomassa. Da mesma forma, a iniciação, coloração e florescimento do botão floral foram significativamente afetados. QB usando LV teve um efeito significativo no diâmetro da flor. A extensão de DL de três horas (12+3 horas) inibiu totalmente o florescimento do genótipo de crisântemo, o que pode ser considerado um CD crítico para ‘Hawa1’. QB com LV por 15, 30 e 45 minutos inibiu efetivamente o florescimento do crisântemo. Em conclusão, interromper a noite por 15 minutos com LV com pequena intensidade (9,42 µmolm-2s-1) é suficiente para inibir o florescimento e promover o alongamento do caule do crisântemo ‘Hawa1’.

Las elevadas concentraciones de plomo (Pb) en el suelo limitan el establecimiento de las plantas, por lo que es importante identificar especies tolerantes. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en determinar el efecto de PbCl2 y Pb(NO3)2 en la germinación y crecimiento temprano de Parkinsonia aculeata. En laboratorio se imbibieron las semillas en soluciones de PbCl2 y Pb(NO3)2 a concentraciones de 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 y 2.0 mM. Las semillas se pesaron al inicio y al final (48 h); posteriormente, se incubaron y regaron con sus respectivas soluciones (7 días). En invernadero, las semillas se sembraron en arena y se regaron (15 días) para determinar el porcentaje de germinación (laboratorio) y emergencia (invernadero); las variables consideradas fueron: longitud de vástago, radícula y peso seco (ambas condiciones). Bajo condiciones controladas, PbCl2 y Pb(NO3)2 no afectaron la imbibición, pero al aumentar sus concentraciones, redujeron significativamente la germinación en 18 y 26 %, respectivamente, así como el peso seco del vástago (40 y 49 %), y radícula (40 y 57 %). En invernadero, los compuestos de Pb no redujeron la emergencia, pero inhibieron el crecimiento de radícula; mientras que el Pb(NO3)2 inhibió en mayor proporción su peso seco. El efecto del Pb puede diferir en función del compuesto de Pb utilizado. El Pb(NO3)2 presenta una mayor toxicidad.

Variation in xylem conduit diameter traditionally has been explained by climate, whereas other evidence suggests that tree height is the main driver of conduit diameter. The effect of climate versus stem length on vessel diameter was tested in two tree species (Embothrium coccineum, Nothofagus antarctica) that both span an exceptionally wide precipitation gradient (2300-500 mm). To see whether, when taking stem length into account, plants in wetter areas had wider vessels, not only the scaling of vessel diameter at the stem base across individuals of different heights, but also the tip-to-base scaling along individuals of similar heights across sites were examined. Within each species, plants of similar heights had similar mean vessel diameters and similar tip-to-base widening of vessel diameter, regardless of climate, with the slopes and intercepts of the vessel diameter-stem length relationship remaining invariant within species across climates. This study focusing on within-species variation--thus, avoiding noise associated with the great morphological variation across species--showed unequivocally that plant size, not climate, is the main driver of variation in vessel diameter. Therefore, to the extent that climate selects for differing vessel diameters, it will inevitably also affect plant height.

Amaç: Bu çalışma, ülkemiz kesme çiçek sektörü için yeni bir tür olan protealarda yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, Gold Strike ve Safari Sunset protea çeşitlerinde uç alma ve yapraktan üre uygulamalarının bazı fenolojik, morfolojik ve verim özelliklerine etkileri incelenmiştir.Materyal ve Metot: Çalışmada Safari Sunset ve Gold Strike çeşitlerinde uç alma ve yapraktan üre uygulamaları üç yinelemeli ve her yinelemede beş bitki olacak şekilde toplam 15’şer bitkide yürütülmüştür. Uç alma uygulamalarında sürgün uzunluğu 15 cm (UA1), 20 cm (UA2) ve 25 cm (UA3) olduğunda 3’er cm’lik bir uç alma yapılmıştır. Yapraktan üre uygulamalarında %0.5 (Ü1) ve %1.0 (Ü2) dozları kullanılmıştır. Bu uygulamaların protea çeşitlerinin hasat tarihleri, çiçek sapı uzunluğu (cm) ve kalınlığı (mm), yaprak boyutlarına (eni, boyu ve alanı) ve verim özelliklerine olan etkileri incelenmiştir.Bulgular: Kırıkhan/Hatay ekolojisinde hasat tarihi Gold Strike çeşidinde 8 Aralık’ta gerçekleşirken, hasat tarihi Safari Sunset çeşidinde 22 Aralık’ta gerçekleşmiştir. Çiçek sapı uzunluğunun Safari Sunset çeşidinde (83.60 cm) Gold Strike çeşidinden (68.43 cm) daha fazla olduğu saptanmıştır. Uç alma uygulamalarının çiçek sapı uzunluğunu azalttığı, ancak üre uygulamalarının çiçek sapı uzunluğunu arttırdığı tespit edilmiştir. Pazarlanabilir verim ve dekara verim üzerine çeşit, uç alma ve üre uygulamalarının istatistiksel olarak önemli etkisi tespit edilmiştir. Gold Strike çeşidinde pazarlanabilir verim ve dekara verim değerleri (23.61 adet sürgün/bitki ve 51.648 adet sürgün/ da) Safari Sunset çeşidine göre (21.68 adet sürgün/bitki ve 48.171 adet sürgün/da) daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Uç alma uygulamalarının dekara verimi kontrole göre yaklaşık %30 oranında arttırdığı saptanmıştır. En yüksek pazarlanabilir verim ve dekara verim UA3xÜ2 uygulamasından (sırasıyla, 28.24 adet sürgün/bitki ve 62.753 adet sürgün/da) elde edilmiştir.Sonuç: Gold Strike ve Safari Sunset çeşitlerinde uç alma ve üre kombinasyonlarının verim üzerine olumlu etkileri olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

The use of saline water reduces the growth and productivity of crops, so the need for techniques that make possible the use of this resource such as the use of salinity tolerant genotypes and efficient selection methods are of great importance. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the tolerance of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) genotypes to salt stress, through the chlorophyll fluorescence analysis. The experiment was conducted in a protected environment at the Federal University of Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil, using a completely randomized design in a 2 x 10 factorial arrangement, with three replications, consisting of two levels of irrigation water salinity (0.6 and 5.1 dS m-1) and ten cowpea genotypes: (G1: MNCO1-649F-2-1, G2: MNCO3-736F-2, G3: PINGO DE OURO-1-2, G4: BRS GURGUÉIA, G5: BRS MARATAOÃ, G6: MNCO2-676F-3, G7: MNCO2-683F-1, G8: MNCO3-737F-5-4, G9: MNCO3-737F-5-9, and G10: BRS TUMUCUMAQUE). The stem length, stem diameter, SPAD index, and chlorophyll fluorescence transients were evaluated. The G2 and G4 genotypes had the lowest reductions in the growth, stem diameter, initial fluorescence, and primary and maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII, proving to be tolerant to salinity. Chlorophyll fluorescence is a tool that can be used in the selection of salinity-tolerant cowpea genotypes.

The increasing economic importance of triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm.) makes this synthetic hybrid cereal an interesting object of genetic studies. Genomic regions (QTL) of morphological winter triticale traits were determined using the mapping population of 89 doubled haploids lines (DHs) developed from F1 hybrid of cv. ‘Hewo’ and cv. ‘Magnat’ accompanied with the genetic map consisting of 20 linkage groups assigned to the A (7), B (7), and R (6) genomes (total of 3539 DArT, SNP-DArT and SSR markers, length of 4997.4 cM). Five independent experiments were performed in the field and greenhouse controlled conditions. A total of 12 major QTLs located on 2B, 5A, 5R, and 6B chromosomes connected to the stem length, the plant height, the spike length, the number of the productive spikelets per spike, the number of grains per spike, and the thousand kernel weight were identified by a composite interval mapping (CIM).

The paper presents the results of competitive testing of fiber flax hybrids in order to create an early ripening and productive variety with high quality fiber, resistant to lodging and diseases, and adapted to the conditions of Siberia. The studies were carried out on grey forest medium podzolic, medium-textured, medium-loamy soils of the sub-taiga zone in the Tomsk region. The predecessors were cereals. Climatic conditions were suitable for the cultivation of early- and mid-ripening varieties of fiber flax. In the competitive variety testing in 2012-2014, the promising hybrids H 4105 26 and H 4144 21 were bred, whose pedigree comprised a combination of a number of Tomsk selection varieties (Tomsky 9, Tomsky 10, Tomsky 16), two Russian varieties (Biryuza, Lazurnyiy), a Belarussian one (Orshan-sky 72) and a specimen of wild flax from Denmark. The assessment and selection of hybrid material was carried out using the pedigree method, based on the multiple individual selection and testing of chosen plants by progeny in hybrid generations. Competitive testing was carried out in comparison with the standard recognized variety Tomsky 16. Regarding the duration of the growing season, the studied hybrids H 4105 26 and H 4144 21 belong to the early maturing group, and the period of development from seeding to harvesting amounts to 63-86 days. The selected hybrids have a higher quality of fiber (the ratio between the stem length and diameter is 461-473), and are characterized by high productivity of straw (3.18-3.25 t/ha) and seeds (0.85-0.91 t/ha). According to the results of the competitive testing, hybrid H 4105 26 , stood out by the increased fiber content (35.8%), straw and seed yields during the years with different agrometeorological condition. Thus, it was acknowledged as a promising variety and was passed to the State variety testing as a new variety of fiber flax Tomich 2 for North-West, Central, Volga-Vyatsky and Western-Siberian regions of Russia from 2017.

This research was carried out to determine the effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) and benzyladenine (BA) application on yield and quality components (multiplication ratio, flower stem length, flower diameter, vase life, flower stem diameter,) of gerbera. Three different levels of GA3 (125, 250, 500 ppm) and BA (100, 200, 400 ppm) were applied by foliar spray. Compared to BA application, GA3 applications gave good results on yield and quality parameters. The maximum yield was obtained by 125 ppm of GA3 application. It was found that 500 ppm of GA3 application most effective on stem length and flower diameter. On the other hand, it's determined that 400 ppm BA application significantly increased stem diameter and multiplication ratio. Its concluded that, the GA3 and BA demonstration interference in growth characteristics of gerbera plant.

En Guanajuato, México, los productores propagan fresa por vía asexual mediante el uso de estolones. Este tipo de propagación es problemática debido a que se facilita la trasmisión de enfermedades directa e indirectamente a sus descendientes. Por esa causa, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el ambiente más favorable para la aclimatación de plántulas de fresa micropropagadas. Para la propagación in vitro dos medios de cultivo con diferentes combinaciones de reguladores de crecimiento fueron evaluados y para la aclimatación cuatro ambientes fueron probados bajo un diseño completamente al azar. El más alto porcentaje de tallos enraizados, número de raíces y longitud del tallo fue obtenido con LS + 0.2 mg L-1 BA. El mejor ambiente de aclimatación fue bajo 75% de sombreo el cual promovió la más alta supervivencia (91.9%), longitud del tallo (28.1), número de foliolos basales (7.7) y biomasa fresca total (50.1 g). Estos resultados podrían facilitar la producción a gran escala de plantas de fresa generadas en condiciones in vitro.

La densidad de plantas o tallos es una variable de manejo agronómico asociada a la productividad de hortalizas bajo condiciones protegidas. La investigación se realizó con el objetivo de conocer la influencia de la densidad de plantas y poda de tallos sobre el crecimiento de planta y rendimiento de frutos de pepino cultivado bajo condiciones de invernadero. Se usó el diseño de bloques completos al azar en arreglo factorial, con dos niveles cada factor: densidad de plantas (1.68 y 2.22 plantas/m2) y poda de tallos (uno y dos tallos/planta). Los tratamientos: T1) 1.68 plantas/m2 con poda a un tallo/planta, T2) 1.68 plantas/m2 con poda a dos tallos/planta, T3) 2.22 plantas/m2 con poda a un tallo/planta y T4) 2.22 plantas/m2 con poda a dos tallos/planta, se establecieron con cuatro repeticiones. Los resultados indicaron que la biomasa fresca de tallo/planta y seca de hojas/planta disminuyó al aumentar la densidad de plantas, pero aumentó en las plantas con poda a dos tallos/planta. La longitud de tallo, biomasa seca de tallo, hojas/planta, biomasa fresca de hojas/planta y producción de flores/planta también aumentaron con dos tallos/planta, mientras que el verdor foliar disminuyó, pero sin influencia en esas variables por la densidad de plantas. Ambos factores ocasionaron disminución en el diámetro de fruto. No obstante, los mejores rendimientos de pepino: total (112.8 t ha-1), selecto (22.4 t ha-1) y súper selecto (53.6 t ha-1), fueron positivamente influidos tanto por la densidad de plantas como por la poda de tallos.

Stellera chamaejasme L. is one of the dominant poisonous plant species and has caused considerable damage to the stability of grassland ecosystems and changed the structure and function of the grassland community, leading to grassland degeneration. To examine the response of morphological features of S. chamaejasme L. populations to environmental variations, leaf and stem traits were investigated in alpine grassland along the northern slope of the Qilian Mountains in northwestern China. Additionally, the relationships between stem length and stem number and between stem length and leaf number were also determined. The environmental gradients included south-facing and north-facing slopes. The results showed that the S. chamaejasme L. population had greater leaf area, leaf number, stem number and stem length on north-facing slopes than those in the population on south-facing slopes. Significant allometric relationships were found between leaf number and stem length and between stem number and stem length. The two standardized major axis regression (SMA) slopes deviated significantly from 1, with the variation of the environmental gradients. The results showed that the two characters of the plant in SMA slopes were both steeper on the south-facing slopes than those on the north-facing slopes. The definition excluded that at a given stem length, ratios of stem number to stem length and leaf number to stem length were larger on south-facing slopes ecologically than those on north-facing slopes. These results demonstrated that S. chamaejasme L. responded to the slope aspect variations via changing leaf and stem architecture, most likely due to the more significant heat exchange of leaves and greater transporting requirements of stems on south-facing slopes than those on north-facing slopes.

The purpose of the study is to discover the best length and the diameter of Moringa oleifera Lam. stem cuttings to produce high quality of seedlings. The study was conducted during March-May 2017 located in the nursery field at Dasan Agung, Mataram, 16 m asl. This study was experimental research with Complete Randomized Design with three three replications, and each contains 5 serial experiment units. The treatment for stem cutting length (25 cm, 50 cm, and 75 cm) was then combined with different stem cutting diameters (3-4 cm, 4.1-5 cm, and 5.1-6 cm). The result shows that combination of 75 cm stem length with stem diameter of 5.1-6 cm resulted to have the best seedling growth.The longer the cutting (up to 75 cm), the better the growth of the seedling. The thickest stem diameter (5.1-6 cm) resulted better seedling

The effects of accumulated temperature on the growth curve and leaf number growth curve of Gynostemma pentaphyllum were studied. The growth curve of twigs and strands were studied by curve regression analysis. The results showed that the growth of Gynostemma pentaphyllum Leaf growth curve was optimized, and the growth curve of stem and leaf of Gynostemma pentaphyllum was established, and the curve was fitted and analyzed. Three - dimensional model of the effect of accumulated temperature on the stem length and leaf number of Gynostemma pentaphyllum. The results show that the stem length L and the accumulated temperature t of the strands are in the logistic function, the mathematical model was L=-112.69/(1+(t/892.1)3.31)+130.54, the number of gibbere leaf number n is logistic function with the accumulated temperature t, The model was n=-27.86/(1+(t/1159.77)0.26)+30.37, and the growth model could reflect the dynamic growth of Gynostemma pentaphyllum growth. The experimental results provide a theoretical basis for choosing suitable habitat for Gynostemma pentaphyllum under the forest.

Zinnia (Zinnia elegans Jacq.) is a fast-growing and easy to cultivate plant that has flowers of different colors. This species has become an option to be introduced commercially in many countries as cut flower and its floral quality is influenced by different cultivation techniques. We evaluated the production and the quality of floral stems of zinnia (cv. Red California Giant) in response to growing seasons and irrigation levels. In a greenhouse located in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), zinnia plants were grown in two cycles (autumn-winter and winter-spring) in pots with water replacement corresponding to 46, 64, 75 and 100% of their water requirement. Based on the stem length and diameter and on the flower diameter, there was variation in the quality of the stems produced in the growing seasons evaluated. All stems from the autumn-winter cycle were classified as A1 (high quality), while almost 9% of the stems from the winter-spring cycle were classified as A2 (medium quality). There was a linear growth trend in the production and quality of zinnia stems with the increase of the irrigation level in most cases, as well as significant effect of the growing seasons, with the best results of number of stems, fresh weight, length and diameter of the stem and flower diameter found in the autumn-winter cycle. The weather conditions of this cycle favor the production and quality of zinnia floral stems, and the replacement of 100% of the specie’s water requirement is recommended in both cultivation cycles. RESUMO A zínia (Zinnia elegans Jacq.) é uma planta de rápido crescimento e fácil cultivo que apresenta flores de variadas colorações. Essa espécie tem se tornado uma opção a ser introduzida comercialmente em vários países como flor de corte e sua qualidade floral é influenciada por diferentes técnicas de cultivo. Neste trabalho, nós avaliamos a produção e a qualidade de hastes florais de zínia (cv. Gigante da Califórnia Vermelha) em resposta a épocas de cultivo e níveis de irrigação. Em casa de vegetação localizada no Rio de Janeiro (Brasil), plantas de zínia foram cultivadas em dois ciclos (outono-inverno e inverno-primavera) em vasos com reposição de água correspondente a 46, 64, 75 e 100% da sua necessidade hídrica. Com base no comprimento e diâmetro de hastes e no diâmetro de flores, houve variação na qualidade das hastes florais produzidas nas épocas de cultivo avaliadas. Todas as hastes do ciclo outono-inverno foram classificadas como A1 (alta qualidade), enquanto, aproximadamente, 9% das hastes do ciclo inverno-primavera foram classificadas como A2 (média qualidade). Houve tendência de crescimento linear na produção e qualidade das hastes florais de zínia com o aumento do nível de irrigação na maioria dos casos, assim como efeito significativo dos ciclos, sendo os melhores resultados de número de hastes, peso fresco, comprimento e diâmetro de haste e diâmetro de flor encontrados no ciclo outono-inverno. As condições meteorológicas deste ciclo favorecem a produção e a qualidade de hastes florais de zínia, e a reposição de 100% da necessidade hídrica da espécie é recomendada em ambos ciclos de cultivo.

Natural biostimulants are the future target for plant development inducer in both standard and critical environmental conditions. One of the potential candidates of biostimulant resource is Moringa oleifera. Hence, the future expanded study of biostimulants is essential to solve land and water pollution problem-linked crop plantation. This preliminary study aims to investigate the fundamental contribution of the liquid extract of Moringa oleifera leaves on the Vima-4 mung bean’s variety of growth. The concentration of the selected liquid extract of Moringa oleifera is 25%, 50%, and 75%. Notably, the application of Moringa oleifera leaves extract significantly increases the green been growth rate. The basic parameters such as the stem length, the number of leaves, seed mass, and the number of seeds in a pod increase after the treatment. It is hypothesized that a higher concentration of phytohormone within the Moringa oleifera leaves water extract could be the vital trigger for the green been growth. Therefore, the underlying data of this study of Moringa oleifera leaves extract may become the potential biostimulant on plant growth dan development. This extract may offer an alternative solution to decrease chemical fertilizer utilization and improve seed production-related food resilience and market supply.

In the first direction of this article, the new Marhamat, Mustaqillik-18 and Jararik-12 varieties of mulberry have economic value characteristics, such as leaf stem size, leaf length, leaf width, leaf stem length, leaf weight, leaf stem weight, leaf stem weight, and net leaf weight. In addition, the systems of mulberry silkworms Liniya-101 and Liniya-205 were cultivated with Marhamat, Jararik-12 and Mustaqillik-18 and Tajik seedless varieties of mulberry. The second direction of the study was the experiments on in vitro propagation of new varieties of tobacco, and the cost-effectiveness of testing in the conditions of production of positive data obtained on the basis of the results of 2017-2020. At the same time, it can be seen that the economic efficiency of mulberry varieties grown and introduced in vitro is 4,695,300 UZS, net profit is 1,577,500 UZS, and the size of profitability is 39.6% contrast to the comparator.

The purpose of this study is to reveal the usage possibilities in the landscape and to bring an alternative species to the ornamental plant sector by determining the form, length and habitat characteristics of Prometheum sempervivoides (Fisch. ex Bieb.) H. Ohba taxon, naturally grown in Erzurum province and its close environment. Within the scope of this research, Erzurum province and its surroundings were scanned and it is determined that there are large populations of this taxon in Ispir and Askale districts. The plant vegetative characteristics of P. sempervivoides taxon in the regions where the plant was found were examined. At the same time, the altitude of the regions was determined and the soil structures were observed and the possibilities of use in landscape applications were evaluated. As a result of field trips, photographs of the plants were taken and their point coordinates were determined by GPS. The morphological characteristics of the specie (plant height, stem length, number of leaves, number of branches of the middle cluster, leaf width and length, flower diameter, stem diameter and branch diameter characteristics, habitat) were recorded. Plant height were varied between 9.0- 16.70 cm by taking the average of the data obtained from all locations. The highest plant height data were obtained from POS-4 coded genotypes from a location at an altitude of 1942 m in Askale district. Stem length varied between 3.60 and 9.30 cm, and the highest stem height was determined in the averages of POS-4 genotypes. While the maximum number of leaves was determined with an average of 19.00 in POS-10 genotype; POS-9, POS-8 and POS-2 genotypes were also included in the same statistical group. The highest value obtained for the number of branches of the middle cluster was determined in the POS-3 genotype. These values differed between 4.00 and 10.00 number/ plant. As a result of the research, it has been revealed that the species can be used in landscape studies due to its efficacy with its flower color and star-shaped flowers, red showy leaves and ground cover properties. In addition, It can be recommended that they can be used in rock gardens, in collections of succulents etc., since they have adapted to different environments such as stony rocky habitats, steep slopes and arid soil conditions.

Coptotermes testaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) is the most important species of heartwood termite of adult trees in forests planted in Brazil. This study aimed to characterize the injuries promoted by the heartwood termite C. testaceus in Tectona grandis commercial stands. Tree bark with extend carton material on the outside, forming external galleries and internal stem with a high termite infestation, was found in August 2018, in clonal plantations of T. grandis of 4.2 and 7.2-year of age. Internal injuries were characterized by galleries inside stem length with the presence of some soil, carton material, and termites inside the galleries. The damage by C. testaceus may not show external signs, and the injury was only detected during the harvesting process.

The experiments were carried out at Tamiya, Fayom, Egypt for developing a Calendula inflorescence picking machine suit to the small holding farmers. The machine was consisted of a cutting head and knapsack air vacuum unit. The cutting head was equipped with two saw discs rotating underneath calibration fingers. These fingers were used to measure the correct flowering stem length before cutting. Three types of cutting saw discs (plan,50teeth, and 100 teeth) were used at five disc speeds of 2.78,4.17,5.56,6.97, and 8.34 m/s to determine the optimum disc type and disc cutting speed that fitful a higher ratio of correct cutting stem length. Also, the same procedures were made with the optimum disc linear speed 6.97 m/s, and 100 teeth discs with fingers lengths of (125mm,150mm,175mm, and 200mm) at three fingers angles (0 o,10 o, and 20 o). The results indicated that the optimum parameters were at 6.97 m/s disc linear speed, 100 teeth discs type, 150 mm finger length, and finger angle 10o that gave average percentage of a correct stem cut length 93.31 %. The machine productivity at the optimum parameters was 0.0576 Mg/h from freshly cut flower gave 0.01973 Mg/h dried flowers. The total operating costs were 33.07 EGP/h. The machine indicated NPV of 2747.24 EGP at 14 % interest rate, and payback period 1.28 year with rental price 60 EGP/h. The cost of one Megagram of dry crop harvested by the machine was 1676.51EGP/Mg against 7785.89EGP/Mg of the crop collected by hand.

Plant shape, and thereby plant architecture, is a major component of the visual quality of ornamental plants. Plant architecture results from growth and branching processes and is dependent on genetic and environmental factors such as light quality. The effects of genotype and light quality and their interaction were evaluated on rose bush architecture. In a climatic growth chamber, three cultivars (Baipome, Knock Out&reg, Radrazz and &lsquo, The Fairy&rsquo, ) with contrasting architecture were exposed to three different light spectra, using white (W), red (R), and far-red (FR) light-emitting diodes (LEDs), i.e., W, WR, and WRFR. The R/FR ratio varied between treatments, ranging from 7.5 for WRFR to 23.2 for WR. Light intensity (224.6 &mu, mol m&minus, 2 s&minus, 1) was the same for all treatments. Plants were grown up to the order 1 axis flowering stage, and their architecture was digitized at two observation scales&mdash, plant and axis. Highly significant genotype and light quality effects were revealed for most of the variables measured. An increase in stem length, in the number of axes and in the number of flowered axes was observed under the FR enriched light, WRFR. However, a strong genotype &times, light quality interaction, i.e., a genotype-specific response was highlighted. More in-depth eco-physiological and biochemical investigations are needed to better understand rose behavior in response to light quality and thus identify the determinants of the genotype &times, light quality interaction.

Early-ripening peach cultivars present difficulties in the process of natural germination of seeds. In order to solve this problem, the culture of embryos in vitro can be considered an alternative, in which seeds find conditions to complete germination and development in a satisfactory way. Different protocols and culture media have been tested to meet the nutritional needs of the embryo, but they still have problems and need to be optimized. The objective of this work was to test culture media and BAP concentrations in order to increase the germination percentage of embryos and viable ‘BRS Kampai’ peach seedlings, avoiding possible anomalies in the process. The experiment was carried out at the Laboratory of Tissue Culture – “Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná”, Campus of Pato Branco. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, in 2x5 factorial, with four replicates, with plot being represented by 15 embryos. The culture media tested were MS and WPM with five BAP concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg L-1). In the in vitro period, seed germination was evaluated through the attribution of scores, and embryo development, measuring the length of stem and main root. During the acclimatization period, seedlings were evaluated for survival, stem length, viable seedlings and rosette formation. Considering the conditions under which the experiment was conducted, it was concluded that MS culture medium with the addition of 1 mg L-1 of BAP allowed higher germination percentage and viable ‘BRS Kampai’ peach seedlings. Resumo As cultivares de pêssego com maturação precoce apresentam dificuldades no processo de germinação natural das sementes. Para solucionar esse problema, a cultura de embriões in vitro pode ser considerada uma alternativa na qual as sementes encontram condições para completar a germinação e desenvolvimento de maneira satisfatória. Diferentes protocolos e meios de cultura foram testados para atender às necessidades nutricionais do embrião, mas estes ainda apresentam problemas e precisam ser otimizados. O objetivo do trabalho foi testar meios de cultura e concentrações de BAP a fim de aumentar a porcentagem de germinação de embriões e mudas viáveis de pessegueiro ‘BRS Kampai’, evitando possíveis anomalias no processo. O experimento foi realizado no Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campus Pato Branco. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos casualizados, em fatorial 2x5, com quatro repetições, sendo a parcela representada por 15 embriões. Os meios de cultura testados foram MS e WPM com cinco concentrações de BAP (0, 1, 2, 3 e 4 mg L-1). No período in vitro, foi avaliada a germinação das sementes, através da atribuição de notas, e desenvolvimento dos embriões, mensurando-se os comprimentos de caulículo e radícula principal. No período de aclimatização, as plântulas foram avaliadas quanto à sobrevivência, comprimento do caule, plântulas viáveis e formação de rosetas. Considerando as condições sob as quais o experimento foi conduzido, concluiu-se que o meio de cultura MS com a adição de 1 mg L-1 de BAP permitiu uma maior porcentagem de germinação e plântulas viáveis para ‘BRS Kampai’.

Current indices of saline-alkaline (SA) tolerance are mainly based on the traditional growth and physiological indices for salinity tolerance and likely affect the accuracy of alfalfa tolerance predictions. We determined whether the inclusion of soil alkalinity-affected indices, particularly Ca2+, Mg2+, and their ratios to Na+ in plants, based on the traditional method could improve the prediction accuracy of SA tolerance in alfalfa, determine important indices for SA tolerance, and identify suitable alfalfa cultivars in alkaline salt-affected soils. Fifty alfalfa cultivars were evaluated for their SA tolerance under SA and non-SA field conditions. The SA-tolerance coefficient (SATC) for each investigated index of the alfalfa shoot was calculated as the ratio of SA to non-SA field conditions, and the contribution of SATC under different growth and physiological indices to SA tolerance was quantified based on the inclusion/exclusion of special alkalinity-affected indices. The traditional method, excluding the special alkalinity-affected indices, explained nearly all of the variation in alfalfa SA tolerance, and the most important predictor was the SATC of stem length. The new method, which included these special alkalinity-affected indices, had similar explanatory power but instead identified the SATC of shoot Ca2+/Na+ ratio, followed by that of stem length, as key markers for the field evaluation of SA tolerance. Ca2+, Mg2+, and their ratios to Na+ hold promise for enhancing the robustness of SA-tolerance predictions in alfalfa. These results encourage further investigation into the involvement of Ca2+ in such predictions in other plant species and soil types under more alkaline salt-affected conditions.

The objective of this study was to determine the cycle duration in days and the quantitative parameters, i.e. stem length, spike length and stem diameter of gladiolus floral stems as a function of the planting date and locations in the Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil. Field experiments were established between 2014-2015 in three locations (Frederico Westphalen, Itaqui and Santa Maria). The experimental design was a complete randomized block, with six gladiolus cultivars in three distinct planting dates at each location as treatments. The shift from vegetative to reproductive stage, the stem length, spike length and stem diameter were evaluated. Data was statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test. When planted during late July and early August, cultivars of early cycle (‘Purple Flora’, ‘Rose Friendship’ and ‘White Friendship’) and intermediate cycle (‘Green Star’ and ‘Jester’), produced floral stems of gladiolus in the desired patterns besides as well as having a shorter growth cycle than late cultivars (‘Gold Field’), being recommended for commercial cultivation in Southern Brazil. RESUMO O objetivo neste estudo foi determinar a duração do ciclo em dias e os parâmetros quantitativos de hastes florais de gladíolo em função da data de plantio e do local de cultivo no Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil. Experimentos de campo foram estabelecidos entre 2014-2015 em três locais (Frederico Westphalen, Itaqui e Santa Maria). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos completamente casualizados, com seis cultivares de gladíolo em três diferentes datas de plantio em cada local como tratamento. Foram avaliadas a mudança do estágio vegetativo para o reprodutivo, o comprimento da haste, comprimento da espiga e diâmetro da haste no ponto de colheita. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pela ANOVA e pelo teste de Tukey. Quando plantadas durante o final de julho e início de agosto, cultivares de ciclo precoce (‘Purple Flora’, ‘Rose Friendship’ e ‘White Friendship’) e intermediário (‘Green Star’ e ‘Jester’) produzem hastes florais de gladíolo dentro dos padrões desejados, além de possuir um menor ciclo de crescimento do que cultivares tardias (‘Gold Field’), sendo recomendadas para cultivo comercial no Sul do Brasil.

Iran is one of the most diverse centers of wild tulip (Tulipa L.). In the present study, 208 accessions of this genus were collected from nine natural regions of Markazi province and two areas of Isfahan province. According to the morphological traits and diagnostic descriptions of the species, they were classified into six species including Tulipa systola Stapf, T. stapfii Turill, T. humilis Herbert, T. polychroma Stapf, T. biebersteiniana Schultes et Schultes f., T. montana var. montana Lindley, and T. montana var. chrysantha (Boiss.) Wendelbo. The species were evaluated using 44 morphological characters. Most of the traits showed a high degree of intra-species variabilities, such as stem length, stem diameter, leaf dimensions, flower length, tepal length and width, and diameter and length of the bulb. In addition, considerable inter-species variability was found for blotch edge and shape of the inner tepal, leaf margin color, hair present in the middle part of the tunic, anther color, and stigma color. Based on the principal component analysis, seven significant components were obtained that explained 78.35% of the total variation among the species. UPGMA cluster analysis showed great variability among the accessions of each species and indicated that the studied plants can be a rich genetic source for breeding programs. Some of the accessions had a unique flower color, flower size, floral scent, stem length and bulb size which can be used in breeding programs.

Okra ( Abelmoschus [Medik.] species) is a prominent vegetable due to the diverse economic roles of its leaves, fruits, seeds, floral parts, and stems. This study investigated the morphological distinctiveness among varieties and between species of okra. Five okra accessions were obtained from the National Centre for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Nigeria, including two A. esculentus (NG/OA/03/12/157 and NG/OA/05/12/159) and three A. caillei (NG/OA/03/12/158, NG/SA/DEC/07/0475, and NG/SA/DEC/07/0482) species. During the developmental stage, the accessions exhibited a degree of similarity; however, at maturity, the leaf and fruit color, height, leaf shape, and flowers of the five accessions became distinct. A cluster of the phenotype was observed at 4.123 level of coefficient of similarity with two distinct clusters. Distinct morphological features included the nature of the epicalyx segment, the position of the fruit on the stem, fruit shape, and fruit color. These features may be used to identify the accessions. The common morphological features of clusters 1 and 3 were leaf shape and fruit length at maturity. Significant differences were observed among all the five accessions in terms of stem length, petiole length, and leaf node. This study suggests that morphological variations exist among the accessions, which can be further enumerated through molecular characterization. The characteristics could distinguish the Abelmoschus accessions into A . caillei and A . esculentus and provide credence to the use of morphological characteristics to characterize plant genetic resources. These characteristics may be exploited by plant breeders for sustainable utilization of the okra germplasm .

espanolRESUMEN Euterpe edulis, conocida como la palmera jugara, es una palmera con un alto valor economico y ecologico, que esta en peligro de extincion. Este estudio evaluo los efectos de los niveles de sombreado (0, 16, 54, 72 y 92%) y la presencia y ausencia del pericarpio en la emergencia y el vigor de las plantulas de E. edulis. Noventa y nueve dias despues de la siembra, se conto el numero total de plantulas emergidas para representar el porcentaje de emergencia (%), longitud de la raiz (RL) y las partes aereas (SL),el peso de la materia seca total de las plantulas (DM) y el indice de velocidad de emergencia (EVI). El aumento en los niveles de sombreado resulto en incremento lineal de variables relacionadas con la germinacion y el vigor. Las plantulas de semillas con pericarpio tienen mayor fuerza que el de 54% de sombra. En comparacion con las plantas de semillero se originaron a partir de semillas sin pericarpio. El EVI fue mayor con la eliminacion del pericarpio. Se deduce que la germinacion y el establecimiento de las plantulas de E. edulis son favorecidos por los altos niveles de sombreado, independientemente de la presencia o ausencia del pericarpio. La remocion del pericarpio puede acelerar y aumentar el porcentaje de germinacion, sino sembrar la fruta entera puede seleccionar los individuos mas vigorosos para el cultivo. EnglishABSTRACT Euterpe edulis Mart., known as palm jugara, is a palm tree with high economic and ecologic value, but since it is threatened with extinction, the best propagation methods for the species must be researched. This study evaluated the effects of shading levels (0, 16, 54, 72 and 92%) and of the presence and absence of the pericarp on the emergence and vigor of E. edulis seedlings. Ninety-nine days after sowing, the total number of emerged seedlings was counted to represent the emergence percentage (%), root length (RL) and stem length (SL) were measured and the total dry matter mass of the seedlings (DM) was determined. The emergence velocity index (EVI) was also calculated. The increase in shading levels resulted in linear increments of the variables related to germination and to vigor. Seedlings originated from seeds with pericarp displayed higher vigor only at 54% shading compared to seedlings from seeds without pericarp. The EVI was higher with pericarp removal. We conclude that the germination and establishment of E. edulis seedlings are favored by elevated shading levels, independent of the presence or absence of the pericarp. Pericarp removal can ac-celerate and increase the germination percentage, but sowing whole fruits might select the most vigorous individuals for cultivation.

Drought can serve to restrict the growth and development of wheat. The current research was conducted to screen for drought-tolerant wheat genotypes through phenotypic markers, including growth indicators and yield. We used a Randomized Complete Block (RCB) design with three replicate sites (about333 m2 area per replicate). Six wheat genotypes which are frequently grown under rain-fed conditions at the southern highland of West-Bank, Palestine were evaluated for specific phenotypes including stem length, spike with awns length, awns length, number of tillers, total grain, total hay, and mass of seeds (per 100). The results showed significant variations among the six wheat genotypes for most of the measured parameters. Yellow-Hetia genotype showed the highest stem length, spike with awns length, awns length, weight of 100 seeds, and yield (grain plus hay). However, the remaining genotypes presented almost similar production ranging from 475-488 kg/dunum. In contrary, Nab-El-Jamal genotype exhibited the lowest grain production and Um-El-Rabee' genotype revealed the minimum hay production. Based on our data, Yellow-Hetia could be a promising cultivar for future breeding programs, especially those involving drought tolerance.

Vriesea incurvata in the natural environment shows some difficulties associated to the low seed germination capacity. Aiming to provide basis for the seedlings production, the results of the seeds germination percentage and the initial growth of V. incurvata seedlings in vitro conditions in different culture media, are reported. Completely randomized design was comprised of eight treatments and eight replications. The treatments were as culture media: MS (Murashige and Skoog); MS½; KC (Knudson); KC½; MS + activated carbon (AC); MS½ + AC; KC + AC; and KC½ + AC. The germination percentage was calculated from the division between the number of seeds with primary root extrusion by the total number of sowed seeds. The initial growth was evaluated considering the values of total fresh biomass, percentage of normal and dead seedlings, number and roots length, stem length, number of leaves and percentage of chlorotic, necrotic and dead leaves, respectively. All the cultures promoted high germination percentages ( 82.8%). In MS and MS½ medium, it was evidenced the highest percentage of normal seedlings, the highest values of fresh biomass production, stem growth and number of leaves. KC and KC½ medium also promoted highest percentages of normal seedlings and low percentages of necrotic and dead leaves. The addition of activated carbon in the culture media was unfavorable to promote the growth of seedlings. This suggests that MS and MS½ are the most suitable culture media for the production of Vriesea incurvata in vitro. Vriesea incurvata en el ambiente natural presenta algunas dificultades asociadas a la baja capacidad de germinación de semillas. Con el objetivo de proporcionar una base para la producción de plántulas, se reportan los resultados de la evaluación del porcentaje de germinación de semillas y crecimiento inicial de plántulas de V. incurvata, en condiciones in vitro en diferentes medios de cultivo. El diseño fue completamente al azar con ocho tratamientos y ocho repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron los medios de cultivo: MS (Murashige and Skoog); MS½; KC (Knudson); KC½; MS + carbón activado (CA); MS½ + CA; KC + CA; y KC½ + CA. El porcentaje de germinación fue calculado a partir de la división entre el número de semillas con extrusión de la raíz primaria por el número total de semillas sembradas. El crecimiento inicial fue evaluado considerando los valores de biomasa fresca total, porcentaje de plántulas normales y muertas, número y longitud de raíces, longitud del tallo, número de hojas y porcentaje de hojas cloróticas, necróticas y muertas. Todos los medios de cultivo promovieron altos porcentajes de germinación (82,8%). En los medios de cultivo MS y MS½ se evidenció el mayor porcentaje de plántulas normales, mayores valores de producción de biomasa fresca, crecimiento del tallo y número de hojas. Los medios de cultivo KC y KC½ también promovieron mayores porcentajes de plántulas normales y bajos porcentajes de hojas necróticas y muertas. La adición de carbón activado en los medios de cultivo fue desfavorable en la promoción del crecimiento de las plántulas. Se concluye que MS y MS½ son los medios de cultivo más adecuados para la producción in vitro de Vriesea incurvata.