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Digital Technology has become an integral part of our lives today. Here IoT comes across as a technology which transforms the way we perceive our surroundings. IoT is considered to be a network of interconnected physical objects/things around us that communicate with each other over the Internet. These days, the need for efficient controlling of appliances to minimize power wastage is important as fossils and non-renewable sources of energy are plummeting. So, a smart home system has been developed to monitor and control home appliances remotely from anywhere. This has been executed on a virtual simulator namely Proteus where the hardware circuitry has been designed. Blynk app has been used to send the user’s command to the circuit through the local cloud server connected with Arduino and Bluetooth module. The basic home appliances like fan, light and room heater which cause unnecessary wastage of power due to turning on of lights during day time or high-speed fans in winter season can be avoided in this way. At the same time the ability to control our everyday appliances over the internet using IoT makes our lives easier, comfortable and tech savvy. Such a system can be used in a wide range of applications such as home automation, smart agriculture, smart industry.

One of the extreme challenges in biology is to ameliorate the understanding of the mechanisms which emphasize metabolic enzyme deficiency (MED) and how these pretend to have influence on human health. However, it has been manifested that MED could be either inherited as inborn error of metabolism (IEM) or acquired, which carries a high risk of interrupted biochemical reactions. Enzyme deficiency results in accumulation of toxic compounds that may disrupt normal organ functions and cause failure in producing crucial biological compounds and other intermediates. The MED related disorders cover widespread clinical presentations and can involve almost any organ system. To sum up the causal factors of almost all the MED-associated disorders, we decided to embark on a less traveled but nonetheless relevant direction, by focusing our attention on associated gene family products, regulation of their expression, genetic mutation, and mutation types. In addition, the review also outlines the clinical presentations as well as diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

The present study was undertaken to investigate the antiproliferative action of isolated M1 (6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid) from Mucuna pruriens seeds using human hepatic carcinoma cell line (Huh-7 cells). Initially, docking studies was performed to find out the binding affinities of M1 to caspase-3 and 8 enzymes. Later, cytotoxic action of M1 was measured by cell growth inhibition (MTT), followed by caspase-3 and 8 enzymes assay colorimetrically. Our results collectively suggested that M1 had strong binding affinity to caspase-8 in molecular modelling. M1 possessed antiproliferative activity on Huh-7 cells (EC50 = 13.97 μM) and also inhibited the action of caspase-8 enzyme, signified process of apoptosis. M1 was active against Huh-7 cells that may be useful for future hepatic cancer treatment.

Object: Cancer has become leading cause of death in India as well as world. Synthetic anticancer agents have costly and highly toxic to human body. Therefore, it is necessary to discover new therapeutic agents from natural origin for this disease. Materials and Methods: Mucuna pruriens Linn. (MP) (family Fabaceae), is widely used in folk medicine and there is no any such report on antiproliferative effects of this plant. The first objective of this study is to investigate the anticancer properties using hepatoma cells of MP seeds. The first objective of this study is to investigate the anticancer properties of MP seeds by using/on hepatoma cells. Secondly, it is necessary to explore its hepatotoxicity potential in normal cells as well. Therefore, the other objective of this study is to investigate the toxicity using normal hepatic cells. To achieve this goal, hot extraction of MP seeds were performed using petroleum ether 60-80°C (PE), ethyl acetate (EA) and Methanol (ME) as a solvent. All the three extracts were subjected to screen for anti-proliferative action using human hepatoma cell line (Huh-7 cells) at different concentrations from 0.5 to 100 µg/ml, followed by apoptotic activity using caspase-3 enzymes. On the other hand, hepatoprotective activity was performed using human primary hepatic cells (THLE-2 cells). Results: Our result collectively suggested that both EA and ME extract possessed anti-proliferative action on Huh-7 cells and less cytotoxic action on normal cells. Conclusion: Among these two extracts, it is demonstrated for the first time that ME extracts of MP seeds have cytotoxic effect on hepatoma cells but not on normal hepatic cells.

Leflunomide (LEF) is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis via inhibition of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase and tyrosine kinase enzymes. It is metabolised by cytochrome 2C9 enzyme to active form A771726 (melononitrilamide) which is responsible for both its pharmacological and toxicological responses. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) gave black box warning in 2010 due to acute liver failure in humans. While the exact mechanism of its toxicity remains unknown, it has been postulated that the formation of toxic reactive metabolites and elevation of serum transaminase level may be responsible for its toxicity. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether oxidative stress has any role in inducing hepatotoxicity of this drug. LEF was administered orally in 10 mg/kg body weight to albino wistar rats. Then, liver and blood were collected at 4, 8, 12 and 16 h intervals. Liver glutathione (GSH), oxidized lipid (malonaldehyde MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and plasma alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) levels were measured to determine the level of toxicity. GSH, CAT and SOD levels were found to be decreased with respect to control at all time points, whereas MDA level was significantly increased which signified liver cell injury after drug administration. The plasma ALT and AST levels were also increased at the same time, denoting liver tissue damage. Our result collectively indicated that oxidative stress might be responsible for LEF inducing hepatotoxicity. Key words: Leflunomide, A771726 metabolite, hepatotoxicity, oxidative stress.

Spilanthes acmellais an important medicinal plant, found in tropical and subtropical countries mainly India and South America. Popularly, it is known as toothache plant which reduces the pain associated with toothaches and can induce saliva secretion. Various extracts and active metabolites from various parts of this plant possess useful pharmacological activities. Literature survey proposed that it has multiple pharmacological actions, which include antifungal, antipyretic, local anaesthetic, bioinsecticide, anticonvulsant, antioxidant, aphrodisiac, analgesic, pancreatic lipase inhibitor, antimicrobial, antinociception, diuretic, vasorelaxant, anti-human immunodeficiency virus, toothache relieve and anti-inflammatory effects. This review is elaborately describing the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of this plant. This review would assist researchers to search scientific information in the future.

Objective: Duloxetine, a selective serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor used in major depressive disorders, urinary incontinence and diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. It is reported to be associated with several types of liver injuries, including hepatocellular, cholestatic and mixed hepatocellular-cholestatic patterns. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of duloxetine or its metabolites on oxidative stress-induced liver damages.Methods: In this study, animals were divided into five groups. In the first group, the only vehicle was given orally for 21 d. The second group has been considered as hepatotoxic control group where Erythromycin was given orally for 14 d and remaining three groups have been considered as test groups where duloxetine, fluvoxamine and duloxetine along with fluvoxamine were administered orally for 21 d. Liver GSH, oxidised lipid (malonaldehyde MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), protein carbonyl (PC) and plasma alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were measured to determine the level of hepatotoxicity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study of liver tissues was also performed to examine the liver injuries.Results: GSH and SOD levels were found to be decreased in duloxetine-treated groups with respect to the hepatotoxic control group, whereas increased level of MDA, CAT and PC signify the damages of liver cells. Increased level of plasma ALT, AST and ALP at the same time indicated liver tissue damage. Opposite effects were observed in the case of duloxetine and fluvoxamine-treated groups. SEM of liver tissues revealed that the tissue injury occurred in Duloxetin treated groups, whereas the restoration of normal tissue architecture took place due to the administration of duloxetine and fluvoxamine-treated groups.Conclusion: Our results collectively indicated that hydroxylated and epoxide metabolites of duloxetine might have hepatotoxic potential due to oxidative stress produced by the release of free radicals or reactive oxygen species.

Salacia oblonga (S. oblonga), a perennial herb, has been used for thousands of years in ayurvedic medicine and is closely associated with prevention, treatment, and cure of various human ailments such as obesity and diabetes. A vast and wide range of chemical compounds such as polyphenols, friedelane-type triterpenes, norfriedelane-type triterpenes, eudesmane-type sesquiterpenes including various glycosides had been isolated from this plant. This review is aimed to survey the literature covering the phytochemistry and pharmacology of S. oblonga and to review the scientific data including active components and their multi-targeted mechanisms of action against various metabolic syndromes. We also included clinical trials related to this plant in this review. The overview would assist researchers to gather scientific information related to S. oblonga in future.

Ficus racemosa is an important medicinal plant, found in India, Australia, and Southeast Asia. It is popularly known as 'gular.' It reduces blood glucose concentration due to the presence of β-sitosterol. Many active constituents that have been isolated from various parts of this plant possess useful pharmacological activities. The literature survey proposed that it has multiple pharmacological actions that include antidiabetic, antioxidant, antidiarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antifungal, antibacterial, hypolipidemic, antifilarial, and hepatoprotection. This review article elaborately describes the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of this plant. We also provide useful structures of the secondary metabolites along with their nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data. Some clinical trial data have also been provided in this review. This review would assist researchers to gather scientific information in future.