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Simple Summary Wolves normally howl in response to unfamiliar vocalisations, to defend their territory and the important resources within it (e.g., pups and prey). During the non-rendezvous period (late autumn and winter), the protectiveness of adults towards pups decreases, as well as reactions to unfamiliar vocal stimuli. In the late fall of 2010, we performed a saturation wolf howling design in the Cicolano area (Central Apennines, Italy), aiming to identify environmental and human-related characteristics of locations where wolves are prone to respond to unfamiliar howling and to assess their eventual ability to provide insights into the distribution of valuable resources (aside from pups) during the cold season. We found that winter response sites (WRS) were characterized by diverging conditions, with respect to all available sites, suggesting that they are non-randomly located but, instead, had been selected by wolves for some reason. We recorded a positive role of thermal refuges and the occurrence of wild boar drive hunts, as well as the negative roles of other forms of human presence and activities, including the occurrence of free-ranging dogs. These results could be of interest both for conservation purposes and for assessing interactions with human activities. Abstract Winter resources are crucial for wildlife, and, at a local scale, some anthropogenic and environmental factors could affect their availability. In the case of wolves, it is known that vocalisations in response to unfamiliar howls are issued to defend their territory and the important resources within it. Then, we studied the characteristics of winter response sites (WRS) during the cold season, aiming to assess their eventual ability to provide insights into the distribution of valuable resources within their territories. Within this scope, we planned a wolf-howling survey following a standardised approach. The study covered an Apennine (Central Italy) area of 500 km2. A hexagonal mesh was imposed on the area, in order to determine the values of different variables at the local scale. A logistic LASSO regression was performed. WRS were positively related to the presence of thermal refuges (odds = 114.485), to patch richness (odds = 1.153), wild boar drive hunting areas (odds = 1.015), and time elapsed since the last hunt (odds = 1.019). Among negative factors, stray dogs reply considerably affects wolves’ responsiveness (odds = 0.207), where odds are the exponentiated coefficients estimated by the logistic lasso regression. These results suggest that WRS are related to anthropogenic and environmental factors favouring the predation process.

Experiments were conducted in open field to assess the effect of seeding season and density on the yield, the chemical composition and the accumulation of total tannins in grains of two chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars (Pascià and Sultano). Environmental conditions and genetic factors considerably affected grain yield, nutrient and total tannins content of chickpea seeds, giving a considerable range in its qualitative characteristics. Results confirmed cultivar selection as a central factor when a late autumn-early winter sowing is performed. In effect, a more marked resistance to Ascochyta blight (AB) of Sultano, allowed better agronomic performances when favourable-to-AB climatic conditions occur. Winter sowing appeared to be the best choice in the Mediterranean environment when cultivating to maximise the grain yield (+19%). Spring sowing improved crude protein (+10%) and crude fibre (+8%) content, whereas it did not significantly affect the accumulation of anti-nutrients compounds such as total tannins. The most appropriate seeding rate was 70 seeds m–2, considering that plant density had relatively little effect on the parameters studied.

The utilization of isotopic signatures in animal tissues provides information about environment and notably on their diet. The stable carbon (13C/12C) and nitrogen (15N/14N) isotopes ratios in hairs and muscles of animals can be useful for such investigations. For these reasons, in this study the isotopic compositions ?13C and ?15N were analysed on wild boars samples from three different areas within the Lazio Region (Italy). The agricultural habits of these areas imply that in the winter period no crops are available for wild boars that mainly fed on acorns and natural feeds (tubers, earthworms etc.). In addition, the areas were interested by oak masting. One of these areas was characterized by spreading maize during the hunting season to attract the animal. For each area, 10 animals were sampled, balanced for gender, aged between 12 and 24 months. The area is the main factor able to discriminate the data. In all the tissues, the depletion of ?13C in the area where maize was used was observed if compared to other areas. The inverse trend was observed for ?15N that showed enrichment in the same area. In details, an enrichment of ?13C was observed for all the tissues. The research demonstrates that the isotopic compositions ?13C and ?15N in free-living wild boar tissues are affected by sampling area. According to feeding habits of the species and management regime of the areas, the observed differences of C and N isotopic compositions are based on the specific feeding regime; in particular the use of maize. Furthermore, the research highlights and discuss diversities and relationships among the isotopic compositions ?13C and ?15N in hair, fat and muscles of free-living wild boar.

Heavy metals are ubiquitous in soil, water, and air. Their entrance into the food chain is an important environmental issue that entails risks to humans. Several reports indicate that game meat can be an important source of heavy metals, particularly because of the increasing consumption of game meat, mainly by hunters. We performed an exposure assessment of hunters and members of their households, both adults and children, who consumed wild boar (WB) meat and offal. We estimated the amount of cadmium, lead, and chromium in the tissues of WB hunted in six areas within Viterbo Province (Italy) and gathered data on WB meat and offal consumption by conducting specific diet surveys in the same areas. The exposure to cadmium, lead, and chromium was simulated with specifically developed Monte Carlo simulation models. Cadmium and lead levels in WB liver and meat harvested in Viterbo Province (Italy) were similar to or lower than the values reported in other studies. However, some samples contained these metals at levels greater then the EU limits set for domestic animals. The chromium content of meat or liver cannot be evaluated against any regulatory limit, but our results suggest that the amounts of this metal found in WB products may reflect a moderate environmental load. Our survey of the hunter population confirmed that their consumption of WB meat and liver was greater than that of the general Italian population. This level of consumption was comparable with other European studies. Consumption of WB products contributes significantly to cadmium and lead exposure of both adults and children. More specifically, consumption of the WB liver contributed significantly to total cadmium and lead exposure of members of the households of WB hunters. As a general rule, liver consumption should be kept to a minimum, especially for children living in these hunter households. The exposure to chromium estimated for this population of hunters may be considered to be safe. However, a specific and complete assessment of chromium speciation in relevant dietary and environmental situations should be conducted.

Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) is a perennial legume recently reappraised for some positive characteristics leading to highly satisfactory animal performance. Sainfoin’s characteristics may be partly explained by the presence of moderate levels of condensed tannins (CTs) able to protect dietary protein from microbial degradation in the rumen. Decreased CH4 emissions have been reported for ruminants consuming CT-containing forage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of CT content on the in vitro fermentation characteristics and kinetics and methane production of four samples of O. viciifolia cut at different phenological stages. Sainfoin hays and one sample of alfalfa hay were incubated at 39� C in anaerobiosis using the in vitro gas production technique. The chemical composition, tannin content and fermentation characteristics and kinetics of sainfoin samples were significantly affected by phenological stage. After 48 h, the CH4 production in sainfoin hays showed a tendency to increase with the advancement of phenological stage [from 38AE 6t o 49 AE 8m L g )1 of degraded organic matter (OM)]. The best period to cut sainfoin for hay making is between early and late flowering, when the forage combines high OM digestibility, low CH4 production and more efficient microbial fermentation.

Nel presente lavoro vengono presentati i risultati di un piano di monitoraggio della coturnice (Alectoris graeca) in una porzione dell’Appennino centrale. I dati sono espressi sulla base dei modelli di idoneita ambientale allo scopo di uniformare il risultato e renderlo confrontabile. La presenza della specie e stata rilevata attraverso la tecnica del playback nel periodo primaverile (fase riproduttiva) e con la tecnica dei cani da ferma nel periodo estivo (fase post-riproduttiva). In Provincia di Rieti, nel periodo 2005-10 sono stati ascoltati/osservati 148 maschi di Alectoris graeca con la tecnica del playback, le coppie nidificanti avvistate hanno oscillato da 32 a 40/anno con una densita stimata che varia da 0,50 a 0,62 e da 0,12 a 0,15 coppie/100 ha di territorio idoneo alla nidificazione, rispettivamente nelle aree a divieto di caccia e nelle aree a caccia programmata. In Provincia di Frosinone, nel periodo 2007-10, sono stati rilevati 49 maschi territoriali, le coppie nidificanti avvistate hanno oscillato da 15 a 17/anno con una densita stimata pari a 0,73-0,58 e 0,30-0,25 coppie/100 ha di territorio idoneo alla nidificazione rispettivamente nelle aree a divieto di caccia e nelle aree a caccia programmata. La scarsa presenza di coturnice nella fascia appenninica indagata risulta imputabile a numerosi fattori, tra cui le variazioni dell’habitat, il ridotto uso zootecnico delle aree montane, i fenomeni di bracconaggio, sottolineando la necessita di attuare quanto indicato dal Piano d’Azione per la conservazione della coturnice in ambiente appenninico.

vThis study was aimed at analysing the most relevant environmental variables involved in vehicle–wild boar road collisions in a Mediterranean area, starting from a territorial information system implemented in a GIS environment. Landscape structure indices and local qualitative and quantitative variables were correlated to identify the most frequent predisposing factors of collisions. Statistical tests of the considered parameters indicated a higher frequency of collisions in the evening hours of late summer and autumn (P

The aim of the present study was to determine heavy metal reference levels for exposure and risk assessment studies on a local scale. The average levels of cadmium recorded in 75 wild boars were 0.085, 0.079 and 1.052 mg Cd kg-1 wet weight (w.w.) in the liver, muscle and kidney, respectively. The majority of the muscle samples and some of the liver samples contained levels of heavy metal that were over the legal limit [EU Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs)] for pigs. Our data are similar to or lower than the values reported in most of the available literature. For Pb concentration, the average values recorded were 0.318, 0.126 and 0.298 mg kg kg-1 ww.w. in the liver, muscle and kidney, respectively. The samples that were non-compliant with regulatory limits (MRLs) for pigs were registered only for muscle. Available data on the presence of Pb content in game meat report lower values than ours, most likely because the area around the bullet path was avoided while sampling. The average values of total Cr were 0.141, 0.139 and 0.097 mg Cr kg-1 w.w. in the liver, muscle and kidney, respectively. For Zn, the mean values were 49.76, 53.21 and 32.46 mg kg-1 w.w. in liver, muscle and kidney, respectively. Cu content was 46.12, 12.20 and 5.64 mg kg-1 w.w. in the liver, muscle and kidney, respectively. The results obtained have been validated on the basis of the scarce and inconsistent Italian literature available and on international studies.

In the last decades the Rock Partridge has undergone a decline throughout the entire area of distribution. The abundance of Apennine Rock Partridge, Alectoris graeca orlandoi, in the provinces of Frosinone and Rieti has been estimated with the pre-reproductive census technique of playback in the areas suitable for nesting. The methodology for assessing the suitability of the site for nesting of Apennine Rock Partridge was based on a parametric procedure that included the attribution of score to biotic (land use) and abiotic (elevation, slope, etc.) factors producing Andrea Amici 1, Fioravante Serrani 1, Settimio Adriani 2, Bruno Ronchi 1, Marco Bonanni 3 & Riccardo Primi 1 USO DEL MODELLO DI IDONEITA DI SITO PER LA NIDIFICAZIONE (MISN) PER LA STIMA DEI PARAMETRI DI POPOLAZIONE DELLA COTURNICE APPENNINICA, ALECTORIS GRAECA ORLANDOI, NELLE PROVINCE DI RIETI E DI FROSINONE, AGGIORNATA AL DICEMBRE 2009 Amici, Serrani, Adriani, Ronchi, Bonanni & Primi different layers. The layers obtained were interpolated to obtain a nesting site suitability model for Rock Partridge (MISN). In the province of Rieti the playback census was conducted in the years 2005-2006-2007 obtaining stable population data: 42-45 nesting pairs, and a density of 0.50 to 0.60 and 0.12 to 0.14 pairs/100 ha of land suitable for nesting, in areas where there is a hunting ban and where hunting is permitted respectively. In the province of Frosinone in 2007 were estimated 76 breeding pairs and a density of 0.6 and 0.28 pairs/100 ha in areas of ban hunting and free hunting respectively.

The occurrence of crop damage by wild boars raised dramatically in the last decades, implying an increase in social conflicts, expenditures for compensation and a risk to natural ecosystems. Many researchers have explained this phenomenon by considering wild boar biology, behaviour and abundance. Little or no attention has been devoted to wildlife management and the agricultural mosaic. We hypothesised that the agricultural structure of the landscape and wildlife management planning, including hunting, can play a relevant role in causing crop damage. We studied a Mediterranean area in central Italy that is characterised by a patchy agriculture, dividing the surface into hexagons. A large number of terrain parameters were calculated at the large (hexagons) and local (buffer) scale, including the topography, land use and agricultural management. We also considered wildlife variables such as the number of wild boar shot down, hunting management and the legal status of the wild boar. The terrain and management data for each hexagon were submitted to a generalised binomial stepwise multiple logistic regression. The resultant model demonstrated an accuracy of 0.76, a misclassification rate of 0.24 and an odds ratio of 10.41. The most important variables selected by the regression were the woods in the area where hunting was banned (P < 0.001), a 1-km buffer of intensively cultivated farmland close to the woods where hunting was banned (P < 0.001), a 1-km buffer of intensively cultivated farmland along the river (P < 0.05), the forest edge (P < 0.001), and the mean number of wild boar that were shot (P < 0.05). In this study, we proved that an important factor in explaining crop damage is the “refuge effect” (a buffer close to the wooded areas where hunting was banned) and the 1-km buffer along possible dispersion routes.

The present study aimed at assessing how nitrogen (N) fertilization affects nutritional characteristics of spineless safflower grown under Mediterranean conditions and evaluating a 2-days wilting treatment on moisture reduction and pH before ensiling. Spineless safflower, sown in November 2008, was grown in 3 m x 18 m plot (45 plants m-2). A randomized complete block design (RCBD) one cultivar x four N-fertilization levels (N0=0 kg/ha, land allocation, N1=35 kg/ha, N2=70 kg/ha, N3=105 kg ha-1) (3 replicates each level) was adopted. At mowing (May 2009, before blooming) the crop biomass production was recorded. Wilted plant material for each plot was collected and pH was measured. Dried and ground samples (1 mm mesh) were analyzed for crude protein (CP), lipids (EE), crude fibre (CFom), neutral detergent fibre (aNDFom), acid detergent fibre (ADF), lignin (ADL) and ash (ASH) content. All data were analyzed by ANOVA and difference among means was assessed significant at P