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1. Improved response of triploid citrus varieties to water deficit is related to anatomical and cytological properties

Author

Yann Froelicher, Stéphane Herbette, Raphaël Morillon, Radia Lourkisti, Liliane Berti, Yann Quilichini, Julie Oustric, Jérémie Santini, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Végétales - UMR6134, Université Pascal Paoli (UPP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Laboratoire de Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l’Arbre en environnement Fluctuant (PIAF), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), 'Collectivite de Corse' as part of the research project 'Innov'agrumes' (FEDER), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Citrus, Physiology, F60 - Physiologie et biochimie végétale, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Plant Science, Biology, Photosynthesis, 01 natural sciences, Polyploidy, 03 medical and health sciences, Leaf gas exchange, Polyploid, Genetics, Water deficit, 2. Zero hunger, Tangor, Stomatal response, Water, food and beverages, Hydrogen Peroxide, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Triploidy, Photosynthetic capacity, Chloroplast ultrastructure, Citrange, Plant Breeding, Horticulture, Résistance à la sécheresse, 030104 developmental biology, Oxidative status, Ploidy, Rootstock, Clementine, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

International audience; Polyploidy plays a major role in citrus plant breeding to improve the adaptation of polyploid rootstocks as well as scions to adverse conditions and to enhance agronomic characteristics. In Citrus breeding programs, triploidy could be a useful tool to react to environmental issues and consumer demands because the produced fruits are seedless. In this study, we compared the physiological, biochemical, morphological, and ultrastructural responses to water deficit of triploid and diploid citrus varieties obtained from 'Fortune' mandarin and `Ellendale' tangor hybridization. One diploid clementine tree was included and used as a reference. All studied scions were grafted on C-35 citrange rootstock. Triploidy decreased stomatal density and increased stomata size. The number of chloroplasts increased in 3x varieties. These cytological properties may explain the greater photosynthetic capacity (Pnet, gs, Fv/Fm) and enhanced water-holding capacity (RWC, proline). In addition, reduced degradation of ultrastructural organelles (chloroplasts and mitochondria) and thylakoids accompanied by less photosynthetic activity and low oxidative damages were found in 3x varieties. Triploid varieties, especially T40-3x, had a better ability to limit water loss and dissipate excess energy (NPQ) to protect photosystems. Higher starch reserves in 3x varieties suggest a better carbon and energy supply and increases in plastoglobuli size suggest less oxidative damage (H2O2, MDA), especially in T40-3x, and preservation of photosynthetic apparatus. Taken together, our results suggest that desirable cytological and ultrastructural traits induced by triploidy improve water stress response and could be a useful stress marker during environmental constraints.

Published
2021
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2. Triploidy in Citrus Genotypes Improves Leaf Gas Exchange and Antioxidant Recovery From Water Deficit

Author

Raphaël Morillon, Stéphane Herbette, Jean Giannettini, Yann Froelicher, Liliane Berti, Radia Lourkisti, Jérémie Santini, Sciences pour l'environnement (SPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pascal Paoli (UPP), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Laboratoire de Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l’Arbre en environnement Fluctuant (PIAF), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), 'Innov’agrumes' (FEDER), Université Pascal Paoli (UPP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Citrus, Tolérance à la sécheresse, Plant Science, 01 natural sciences, F30 - Génétique et amélioration des plantes, Water content, Original Research, water deficit, 2. Zero hunger, Abiotic component, 0303 health sciences, Tangor, biology, oxidative status, food and beverages, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Antioxydant, Horticulture, Osmoregulation, Stress dû à la sécheresse, Échange gazeux, F60 - Physiologie et biochimie végétale, Osmorégulation, lcsh:Plant culture, Photosynthesis, Polyploidy, 03 medical and health sciences, lcsh:SB1-1110, Water-use efficiency, 030304 developmental biology, Hybrid, photosynthesis, Crop yield, Réponse de la plante, fungi, osmotic adjustment, biology.organism_classification, Résistance à la sécheresse, H50 - Troubles divers des plantes, Triploïdie, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

The triploidy has proved to be a powerful approach breeding programs, especially in Citrus since seedlessness is one of the main consumer expectations. Citrus plants face numerous abiotic stresses including water deficit, which negatively impact growth and crop yield. In this study, we evaluated the physiological and biochemical responses to water deficit and recovery capacity of new triploid hybrids, in comparison with diploid hybrids, their parents (“Fortune” mandarin and “Ellendale” tangor) and one clementine tree used as reference. The water deficit significantly decreased the relative water content (RWC) and leaf gas exchange (Pnet and gs) and it increased the levels of oxidative markers (H2O2 and MDA) and antioxidants. Compared to diploid varieties, triploid hybrids limited water loss by osmotic adjustment as reflected by higher RWC, intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE Pnet/gs) iWUE and leaf proline levels. These had been associated with an effective thermal dissipation of excess energy (NPQ) and lower oxidative damage. Our results showed that triploidy in citrus enhances the recovery capacity after a water deficit in comparison with diploids due to better carboxylation efficiency, restored water-related parameters and efficient antioxidant system.

Published
2021
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3. Triploid Citrus Genotypes Have a Better Tolerance to Natural Chilling Conditions of Photosynthetic Capacities and Specific Leaf Volatile Organic Compounds

Author

Jérémie Santini, Yann Froelicher, Stéphane Herbette, Raphaël Morillon, Jean Giannettini, Marc Gibernau, Liliane Berti, Félix Tomi, Radia Lourkisti, Sciences pour l'environnement (SPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pascal Paoli (UPP), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Laboratoire de Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l’Arbre en environnement Fluctuant (PIAF), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Region Corse'Collectivite de Corse' as part of the research project 'Innov'agrumes' (FEDER), Université Pascal Paoli (UPP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Université de Corse, CNRS UMR6134 SPE, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Végétales, UMR CNRS 6134 Sciences pour l'environnnement - Laboratoire de Chimie des Produits Naturels (UMR 6134), and Université Pascal Paoli (UPP)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Citrus, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, F62 - Physiologie végétale - Croissance et développement, Plant Science, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Linalool, volatile organic compounds, oxidative metabolism, Photosynthèse, Porte greffe, Chlorophyll fluorescence, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, polyploidy, Original Research, 2. Zero hunger, Tangor, chlorophyll fluorescence, biology, composé organique volatil, Polyploïdie, Horticulture, Température ambiante, Rootstock, Clementine, Citrus × sinensis, Citrus sinensis, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, lcsh:Plant culture, Photosynthesis, 03 medical and health sciences, Métabolisme, Polyploid, [CHIM.ANAL]Chemical Sciences/Analytical chemistry, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, lcsh:SB1-1110, Tolérance au froid, photosynthesis, biology.organism_classification, [SDV.BV.AP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Plant breeding, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, cold stress, Citrus reticulata, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

International audience; Low temperatures during winter are one of the main constraints for citrus crop. Polyploid rootstocks can be used for improving tolerance to abiotic stresses, such as cold stress. Because the produced fruit are seedless, using triploid scions is one of the most promising approaches to satisfy consumer expectations. In this study, we evaluated how the triploidy of new citrus varieties influences their sensitivity to natural chilling temperatures. We compared their behavior to that of diploid citrus, their parents (Fortune mandarin and Ellendale tangor), and one diploid clementine tree, as reference, focusing on photosynthesis parameters, oxidative metabolism, and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in leaves. Triploid varieties appeared to be more tolerant than diploid ones to natural low temperatures, as evidenced by better photosynthetic properties (P-net, g(s), F-v/F-m, ETR/P-net ratio), without relying on a better antioxidant system. The VOC levels were not influenced by chilling temperatures; however, they were affected by the ploidy level and atypical chemotypes were found in triploid varieties, with the highest proportions of E-beta-ocimene and linalool. Such compounds may contribute to better stress adaptation.

Published
2020
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4. Effect of Propagation Method and Ploidy Level of Various Rootstocks on the Response of the Common Clementine (Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan) to a Mild Water Deficit

Author

Noémie Gonzalez, Jérémie Santini, Stéphane Herbette, Radia Lourkisti, Gilles Paolacci, Julie Oustric, Liliane Berti, Raphaël Morillon, Sciences pour l'environnement (SPE), Université Pascal Paoli (UPP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l’Arbre en environnement Fluctuant (PIAF), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Association Régionale d’Expérimentation Fruits et Légumes en Corse (AREFLEC), Projet de recherche FEDER 'Innov'agrumes', Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pascal Paoli (UPP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Citrus, antioxidant, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, F62 - Physiologie végétale - Croissance et développement, Plant Science, Poncirus trifoliata, 01 natural sciences, oxidative stress, Photosynthèse, Water content, Porte greffe, Transpiration, water deficit, food and beverages, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Trifoliate orange, Horticulture, Rendement des cultures, Orchard, Rootstock, Clementine, Citrus × sinensis, Citrus sinensis, Stress dû à la sécheresse, Biology, fruit parameters, lcsh:Agriculture (General), photosynthetic capacity, Verger, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, lcsh:S1-972, Propriété organoleptique, Seedling, Fruit, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Agronomy and Crop Science, 010606 plant biology & botany, Food Science
Abstract

Current climatic upheavals reduce water availability which impacts the growth and fruit quality of plants. In citrus crops, scion/rootstock combinations are used to ensure high fruit production and quality and a stress tolerance/resistance. Our objective was to assess the effect on the clementine scion (C) under natural mild water deficit of (i) polyploid rootstocks by comparing the allotetraploid FlhorAG1 (C/4xFLs, trifoliate orange + Willowleaf mandarin) with its diploid parents, trifoliate orange (C/2xTOs), and Willowleaf mandarin (C/2xWLs), and with a diploid genotype used as reference (Carrizo citrange, C/2xCCs), (ii) rootstock propagation methods by comparing trifoliate orange seedling (C/2xTOs) with cutting (C/2xTOc). A mild water deficit observed under orchard conditions during the summer period (July&ndash, August) induced a significant change in yield (except in C/2xTOs), fruit size, and quality. C/2xCCs, C/2xTOs, and C/2xWLs appeared less affected by water deficit as indicated by their lower reduction of predawn leaf water potential (&Psi, pd), relative water content (RWC), transpiration (E), and photosynthetic parameters (Pnet and gs). Their greater redox balance was probably due to their better antioxidant efficiency. Seedling rootstocks lead to a better adaptation of clementine scions to water deficit than cutting or allotetraploid rootstock. Improving the tolerance to water deficit requires taking into consideration the rootstock genotype, propagation method, and ploidy level.

Published
2020
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5. Effect of chronic arsenic exposure under environmental conditions on bioaccumulation, oxidative stress, and antioxidant enzymatic defenses in wild trout Salmo trutta (Pisces, Teleostei)

Author

Liliane Berti, Radia Lourkisti, Samuel Greani, Jérémie Santini, Bernard Marchand, Jean Giannettini, Yann Quilichini, Sciences pour l'environnement (SPE), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pascal Paoli (UPP)

Subjects
Gills, endocrine system, Trout, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Toxicology, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Arsenic, Superoxide dismutase, Andrology, Lipid peroxidation, chemistry.chemical_compound, Brown trout, Malondialdehyde, medicine, Animals, 14. Life underwater, Toxicity Tests, Chronic, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Glutathione Transferase, chemistry.chemical_classification, 021110 strategic, defence & security studies, Glutathione Peroxidase, biology, Ecology, Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione peroxidase, General Medicine, Glutathione, biology.organism_classification, Catalase, 6. Clean water, Oxidative Stress, chemistry, Liver, biology.protein, [SDV.TOX.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Toxicology/Ecotoxicology, Lipid Peroxidation, Oxidative stress, Water Pollutants, Chemical
Abstract

International audience; The present study evaluates the relation between chronic arsenic (As) exposure in the natural distribution area of wild brown trout (Salmo trutta), oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymatic defenses. Two rivers of the same watershed were evaluated to highlight the correlation between As accumulation and the resulting stress: (i) the Presa River, which has high chronic As levels (2281.66 µg/L) due to past mining activity, and (ii) the Bravona River (control river). This metalloid was measured in main fish tissues (gills, kidney, liver, muscle, gonads and fins) and water. As organotropism in S. trutta was kidney > liver > gill > fin > gonad > muscle. The HepatoSomatic Index (HSI) and somatic condition (CF) were used to compare fish population conditions from both sites. Arsenic can be absorbed by the gills and can induce oxidative stress and disturb antioxidant defenses. The aim of this study was to evaluate oxidative stress response by measuring mal-ondialdehyde (MDA) content, as a marker of lipid perox-idation, and antioxidant enzymatic defenses (Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase CAT, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST)), in the main tissues of control and exposed trout. The highest MDA content was found in the kidney and liver of exposed trout. SOD and CAT activities in exposed livers and kidneys were considerably increased while a significant rise of GPx activity was observed only in the liver. GST activity was found to be significantly induced in the liver of exposed trout. The results demonstrate that arsenic bioaccumulation can induce lipid peroxidation and substantial modifications in antioxidant enzymatic defenses in main wild trout tissues.

Published
2017
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