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International audience; The red alga Polysiphonia morrowii, native to the North Pacific (Northeast Asia), has recently been reported worldwide. To determine the origin of the French and Argentine populations of this introduced species, we compared samples from these two areas with samples collected in Korea and at Hakodate, Japan, the type locality of the species. Combined analyses of chloroplastic (rbcL) and mitochondrial (cox1) DNA revealed that the French and Argentine populations are closely related and differ substantially from the Korean and Japanese populations. The genetic structure of P. morrowii populations from South Atlantic and North Atlantic, which showed high haplotype diversity compared with populations from the North Pacific, suggested the occurrence of multiple introduction events from areas outside of the so-called native regions. Although similar, the French and Argentine populations are not genetically identical. Thus, the genetic structure of these two introduced areas may have been modified by cryptic and recurrent introduction events directly from Asia or from other introduced areas that act as introduction relays. In addition, the large number of private cytoplasmic types identified in the two introduced regions strongly suggests that local populations of P. morrowii existed before the recent detection of these invasions. Our results suggest that the most likely scenario is that the source population(s) of the French and Argentine populations was not located only in the North Pacific and/or that P. morrowii is a cryptogenic species.

Article history; Received 24 December 2013; Revised 4 February 2014; Accepted 7 February 2014 *Corresponding author: Tel: +82. 61. 659. 7176 Fax: +82. 61. 659. 7176 E-mail address: sykang1@chonnam.ac.kr †Two authors equally contributed to this study. Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 47(1) 045-051, February 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2014.0045 pISSN:0374-8111, eISSN:2287-8815 c The Korean Society of Fishereis and Aquatic Science. All rights reserved 홍조류 모로우붉은실(Polysiphonia morrowii)의 추출물과 이로부터 분리된 브로모페놀계 화합물의 in vitro 항균·항스쿠티카충 활성 및 구조-활성 상관성

Five bromophenols isolated from three Rhodomelaceae algae (Laurencia nipponica, Polysiphonia morrowii, Odonthalia corymbifera) showed inhibitory effects against glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). Among them, the symmetric bromophenol dimer (5) showed the highest inhibitory activity against G6PD.

Among 51 marine algae distributed along the Korean coast, Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt, Ishige okamurae Yendo, Ecklonia cava Kjellman, Polysiphonia morrowii Harvey, Dictyopteris undulata Holmes, Sargassm micracanthum (Kutzing) Endlicher, and Sargassum macrocarpum C. Agarch were found to have potent antioxidant activity. Additionally, the reducing power of marine algae-extracts was consistent with diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Because little is known about Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt, Ishige okamurae Yendo, Ecklonia cava Kjellman, Polysiphonia morrowii Harvey, Dictyopteris undulata Holmes, Sargassm micracanthum (Kutzing) Endlicher, and Sargassum macrocarpum C. Agarch, these marine algae may act as candidates for potent antioxidant food materials and are expected to have functional activity for foods and pharmaceuticals for treating oxidative diseases.

We describe for the first time the morphology of Gelidium crinale from its natural habitat in Atlantic Patagonia with special consideration of diagnostic characters. Observations and morphometric measurements were done on fresh specimens using scanning electron and inverted light microscopy. This report is a new record for Atlantic Patagonian coasts. The thalli comprise prostrate and erect axes; they are subterete at the base and compressed to flattened at the apices. The basal parts are scarcely and irregularly branched, while the apical parts are highly ramified and subdichotomously branched. The lengths of thalli and the ramification patterns differ from previous descriptions, and were variable between seasons and life history phases. ´Brush-like´ haptera confirmed the identity of the algae as members of the Gelidiaceae. Internal rhizoidal filaments are abundant and distributed in groups throughout the medulla. The life history was of the ´Polysiphonia -type´ ; occurrences of carposporophytes and tetrasporophytes were variable. Fil: Croce, Maria Emilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (i); Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur; Argentina Fil: Parodi, Elisa Rosalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (i); Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur; Argentina

A population of Polysiphonia morrowii, recently introduced in the South West Atlantic Ocean, was studied to determine the degree of its establishment. Monthly variations of: thallus size, proportion of life history phases, and tetrasporangia production, were evaluated from June to October 2010. The erect thalli appeared in autumn, and decayed in spring when they became overgrown by epiphytic diatoms. Vegetative thalli were usually smaller than fertile thalli. In spring, the thalli had the maximum mean values of length (199.5 mm), thickness (52 mm) and dried weight (4 g). Although tetrasporophytes represented between 73% and 90% of the thalli collected each month, a few cystocarpic thalli were also found. Variations of thallus size and proportion of life history phases were also studied between 2010 and 2014. The inter-annual increase in the proportion of the tetrasporophytic phase and the progressive increase of the size of P. morrowii thalli indicated an ongoing establishment of the population in this habitat. Fil: Croce, Maria Emilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; Argentina Fil: Parodi, Elisa Rosalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia; Argentina

Polysiphonia morrowii, a species native to the North Pacific, is believed to have been introduced to Chile, Turkey, Italy and France. This species was first recorded from New Zealand in 2011, based on collections made in 2004 from two sites on South Island, but no commentary was provided in the distribution or characteristics of the material collected. In 2009, as part of a study on macroalgae associated with soft sediment habitats in New Zealand, several samples of P. morrowii were collected from Otago Harbour, a location already known to host 17 non-indigenous macroalgal species. However, this species has gone unnoticed in New Zealand. We present the current understanding of the distribution of this species in New Zealand, and the distinguishing features of the specimens collected, to assist with biosecurity and monitoring programmes. Including this report of P. morrowii, there are now seven species of Polysiphonia and Neosiphonia that are regarded as non-indigenous in New Zealand.

Polysiphonia senticulosa Harvey (Ceramiales: Rhodophyta) was recorded for the first time in Korea, and its vegetative and tetrasporangial morphologies are described. This species is characterized by the combined features of having a vegetative axial segment with 4 pericentral cells, a main axis without cortication, pseudodichotomous branching, branches with sharply pointed apical cells, flexuous branches hooked backward below, the presence of cicatrigenous branches, axillary endogenous stichidia, and the production of 1-3 tetrasporangia per stichidium. Based on this study, it is distinguished from Polysiphonia morrowii Harvey by its flexuous branches and the number of tetrasporangia produced per stichidium.

In order to find new sources of arachidonic (AA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids, the composition of fatty acids was studied and lipid concentrations were determined in the thalluses of 32 species of red algae from Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan. The greatest level of EPA and a small concentration of AA were registered in the thalluses of Corallina pilulifera, Palmaria stenogona, Halosaccion yendoi, and Laurencia nipponica. Taking into consideration the level of the lipid concentrations in the algae, as well as their biomass and frequency of occurrence, the algae C. pilulifera, P. stenogona, L. nipponica, and Polysiphonia morrowii may be of interest as potential sources of EPA. Among the examined algae, only Gracilaria verrucosa showed a high level of AA.

3-Bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (BDB) is a natural bromophenol compound that is most commonly isolated from red algae. The present study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of BDB on atopic dermatitis (AD) in mice induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophages. BDB treatment (100 mg/kg) resulted in suppression of the development of AD symptoms compared with the control treatment (induction-only), as demonstrated by reduced immunoglobulin E levels in serum, smaller lymph nodes with reduced thickness and length, a decrease in ear edema, and reduced levels of inflammatory cell infiltration in the ears. In RAW 264.7 murine macrophages, BDB (12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μM) suppressed the production of interleukin-6, a proinflammatory cytokine, in a dose-dependent manner. BDB also had an inhibitory effect on the phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1; Tyr 701), two major signaling molecules involved in cellular inflammation. Taken together, the results show that BDB treatment alleviates inflammatory responses in an atopic dermatitis mouse model and RAW 264.7 macrophages. These results suggest that BDB may be a useful therapeutic strategy for treating conditions involving allergic inflammation such as atopic dermatitis.

Inhibitory potencies against α-glucosidase activities were compared among bromophenols obtained from extracts of three Rhodomelaceae red algae, Symphyocladia latiuscula, Odonthalia corymbifera, and Polysiphonia morrowii. The bromophenols from these species are characterized by a number of Br atoms per benzene ring: S. latiuscula, three Br atoms (1 and 2); O. corymbifera, two Br atoms (3-7); and P. morrowii, one Br atom (8 and 9). The bromophenols exhibited mixed inhibition against yeast α-glucosidase reaction. In particular, symmetric dibenzyl ethers, bis(2,3,6-tribromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl) ether (2) and bis(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl) ether (5), exhibited about 10^3 fold smaller K_i values than the other bromophenols. Their inhibition modes are disclosed to be mixed inhibition closed to competitive inhibition. Inhibitory potencies of the bromophenols increased with the increasing degree of bromo-substitution per benzene ring and the decreasing degree of methyl-substitution. In contrast to the strong inhibitory activity against yeast α-glucosidase activity, the bromophenols moderately inhibited rat-intestinal sucrase and maltase activity. The inhibitory potencies were all comparative among the bromophenols examined.

Conspicuous tufts of the filamentous algae Polysiphonia Greville inhabit the reefs of Crassostrea gigas on the Atlantic Patagonian coast. The population was recorded for the first time in 1994 and identified as P. argentinica. This study exhaustively investigated the morphology and reproduction of specimens and the seasonality of the population. The results revealed the identity of the specimens as the invasive Japanese macroalga Polysiphonia morrowii Harvey, on the basis of several striking features: the setaceous and tufted thalli, the corymbose growing apices, the endogenous axillary branches, the urceolate cystocarps and the sharply pointed branches. Sexual reproduction was evidenced; however, fertile male gametophytes were absent in the samples. The population was found almost all year round, but its abundance became higher in autumn and winter. T he present study constitutes the first record of this invasive macroalga on the South Atlantic Ocean; the fourth record of an exotic macroalgal species on the Atlantic Patagonian coast; and the first record of an invasive species related to the establishment of C. gigas in Atlantic Patagonia. Fil: Croce, Maria Emilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (i); Argentina Fil: Parodi, Elisa Rosalia. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Laboratorio de Ecología Acuática; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (i); Argentina

Seaweed invasions are recognized as one of the major threats to biological diversity and coastal resources. Nevertheless, the number of introduced macroalgae has been underestimated due to the increasing number of cryptic invasions. Polysiphonia morrowii is native to the North Pacific and several cryptic introductions of this species have been reported over the past decade. In this study, we recorded the presence of the invasive P. morrowii in the Southwestern Atlantic (Patagonia Argentina) using a morphological and molecular approach for the identification at species level. Polysiphonia morrowii specimens from Argentina showed no morphological differences from members of invasive populations in France. We found two different haplotypes, suggesting that P. morrowii was probably introduced into this area by multiple introduction events. The increasing number of shipping and aquaculture activities worldwide and the ability of this species to be a successful invader suggest that P. morrowii is likely to be a cosmopolitan invasive species and that further management planning is required for its early detection and control. Fil: Raffo, María Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentina Fil: Geoffroy, Alexandre. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia. Universite Pierre et Marie Curie; Francia Fil: Destombe, Christophe. Universite Pierre et Marie Curie; Francia. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia Fil: Schwindt, Evangelina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Three alien macrophytes, Ascophyllum nodosum, Colpomenia peregrina and Polysiphonia morrowii, are reported for the first time from the Mar Piccolo of Taranto (southern Italy, Mediterranean Sea). Two other species, Agardhiella subulata and Codium fragile subsp. fragile that were not, or were sporadically, detected in the basin since their first record in 1987 and 2002, respectively, were also recorded. In the Mar Piccolo, there appears to be a close link between establishment of alien species and the regular import of shellfish for direct sale. To limit the flow of accidental species introductions, a continuous and rigorous control of all the economic activities performed along the coast is recommended through the enforcement of effective laws and an early detection of new introductions.

International audience; Macroalgae are prone to be introduced outside of their autochthonous area; however, the difficulty to unequivocally identify them based on morpho-anatomical features, mainly due to the lack of diagnostic characters, often hampered the rapid detection of exogenous species. In the present study, we document that the Polysiphonia species that dominates, during spring, the high intertidal level in Brittany is Polysiphonia morrowii. We demonstrated the presence of this alien species in the North Eastern Atlantic in light of molecular sequences. This species originally from the Northwest Pacific Ocean has already been reported as introduced in Chile and New Zealand on a molecular ground and has been suspected in North Sea and Mediterranean Sea based on morpho-anatomical ground. Among the 105 individuals of P. morrowii collected along the coast of Brittany, three haplotypes were found suggesting several introduction events. In our opinion, the progression of this exogenous species, which has been so far undetected due to its morphological similarities with native species, should be further monitored.

Polysiphonia morrowii Harvey (Rhodophyta), native to Japan, Korea, China and Russia, is here reported for the first time from the Mediterranean Sea. Thalli were first found in 1999 off the Island of Chioggia, where imported clams and fish are handled; the following year, plants were also found near the Island of Venice itself. Polysiphonia morrowii is similar to Polysiphonia senticulosa Harvey, as reported from Japan and the north Pacific, and to Polysiphonia stricta (Dillwyn) Greville [= Polysiphonia urceolata (Dillwyn) Greville] from the Mediterranean basin. The specimens collected in the Lagoon of Venice are characterised by two of the most significant specific features of P. morrowii: endogenous axillary branchlets forming from the central axial cells, and tufts of axillary tetrasporangial branchlets on the axils of mature plants. The morphology and reproduction of P. morrowii are examined on the basis of the material collected at Venice.

Polysiphonia morrowii (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) is abundant intertidally in spring in the Northwest Pacific. The species occurs in a large part of the North Sea and in Thau Lagoon, France, showing disjointed distributions, where the alga has been probably introduced recently. Using plastid protein-coding rbcL sequence data from specimens of P. morrowii and putatively related taxa, collected in Korea, Japan and Far-east Russia, and Chile, we tested the taxonomic position of each taxon. Pairwise divergence and topology of the sequences indicate that the Chilean taxon was identical to P. morrowii and was clearly separated from other related taxa from Chile. The results suggest that P. morrowii is recently anthropogenically introduced from the Northwest Pacific to Chile by boat or by transport with aquacultured organisms. Detailed observations of field-collected material will probably enable a more realistic evaluation of distribution of P. morrowii to be made in the Pacific Ocean.