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Ida Ayu Evangelina,1 Yetty Herdiyati,2 Avi Laviana,1 Rasmi Rikmasari,3 Cucu Zubaedah,4 Anisah,5 Dikdik Kurnia5 1Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry – Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; 2Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry – Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; 3Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry – Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; 4Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry – Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; 5Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science – Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Dikdik KurniaDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science – Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang km.21, Hegarmanah, Jatinangor, Kabupaten, Sumedang, Jawa Barat, 45363, IndonesiaTel/Fax +62 22 7794391Email dikdik.kurnia@unpad.ac.idBackground: Dental caries is a widespread disease that causes dental tissue destruction and leads to local and general complications. Gram-positive bacteria including Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Enterococcus faecalis take part in dental caries formation. Gram-positive bacteria have cell walls that consistof a thick layer of peptidoglycan which maintains the strength and rigidity of the bacteria, as well as bacteria guard from internal osmotic pressure. The biosynthesis of peptidoglycan involves many enzymes, including the Mur family, penicillin binding protein (PBP), and sortases.Purpose: This research has the intention to screen and examine the antibacterial compound of edible plant Kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.) in terms of how it fights against some oral pathogenic bacteria of E. faecalis ATCC 29212, S. mutans ATCC 25175, and S. sanguinis ATCC 10566.Materials and Methods: The O. basilicum L. was macerated by several organic solvents to obtain the extracts, before then being purified using several combinations of chromatography methods and the compound was discovered via spectroscopic methods. For the assay against bacteria, the extracts and compounds were tested using agar well diffusion and microdilution assay.Results: The isolated compound was identified as β-sitosterol. The compound activity against bacteria was evaluated by in vitro assay against S. sanguinis ATCC 10566 and E. faecalis ATCC 29212 with the MIC and MBC value of 25,000 and 50,000 ppm, respectively. The compound was also tested by in silico study using the molecular docking method. The molecular interaction between β-sitosterol and the protein target showed a lower binding affinity value than the native ligand and other positive controls for each protein. Based on the amino acid residue bound to the ligands, β-sitosterol on MurA and SrtA is not competitive to the positive control, showing potential as a natural antibacterial agent. Meanwhile, on the MurB and PBP, β-sitosterol and positive control do compete with each other.Conclusion: The compound, isolated from O. basilicum L. leaf, was determined as β-sitosterol, which has the molecular formula C29H50O. The antibacterial activity of β-sitosterol by in vitro assay showed weak antibacterial activity, yet exhibited the potential to inhibit the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan and prevent bacteria cell wall formation by inhibiting MurA and SrtA activity via docking simulation.Keywords: β-sitosterol, Ocimum basilicum L., MurA enzyme, peptidoglycan, cell wall biosynthesis

Sweet basil is a perennial herb. Studies on in vitro cultivation of these plant species are scarce and inconclusive. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of culture medium concentration in combination with antioxidants and plant growth regulators on the in vitro growth and biochemical activity of sweet basil seedlings. Seeds of the ‘Genovese’ cultivar were inoculated into Murashige and Skoog culture medium supplemented with activated carbon and plant growth regulators 6-benzylaminopurine and α-naphthaleneacetic acid. The seedlings were grown under controlled conditions for 80 days and their biometric and biochemical characteristics evaluated. More abnormal seedlings were observed in the 100% medium with 30 g L−1 sucrose, 0.4 g L−1 6-benzylaminopurine, and 0.2 g L−1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (T4) and the medium without regulators (T1). However, the T4 culture medium resulted in a higher leaf number and shoot dry mass. Antioxidant activity was higher in the seedlings grown in the culture medium composed of 100% medium + 3.0 g L−1 activated carbon + 0.4 mg L−1 6-benzylaminopurine + 0.2 mg L−1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (T5) and that composed of 70% medium + 3.0 g L−1 activated carbon + 0.1 mg L−1 6-benzylaminopurine (T3). The enzyme superoxide dismutase showed higher activity in all culture media than catalase or ascorbate peroxidase. Sweet basil seedlings growing in T4 and T1 medium showed the highest growth rate of shoots and the lowest antioxidant activity, whereas seedlings grown in T3 medium had the highest catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activity. O manjericão é uma erva perene. Objetivou-se com essa pesquisa avaliar a influência da concentração do meio de cultura associado a antioxidantes e reguladores de crescimento sobre o crescimento e atividade bioquímica de plântulas de manjericão cultivadas in vitro. Sementes da cultivar genovese foram inoculadas em meio Murashige e Skoog - MS suplementado com carvão ativado e reguladores de crescimento benzilamonopurina e ácido naftalenoacético. As plântulas cresceram em condições controladas durante 80 dias e após este período avaliou-se características biométricas e bioquímicas. Maior quantidade de plântulas anormais foi verificada no meio composto por MS 100%, sacarose 30 gL-1, BAP 0,4 gL-1 e ANA 0,2 gL-1 (T4) e (T1) sem reguladores. No entanto, esse mesmo tratamento incrementou o número de folhas, e massa e fresca seca das brotações. A atividade antioxidante foi maior nas plântulas que foram mantidas no T5 - 100% MS, carvão ativado 3,0 gL-1+ 0,4 mgL-1 BAP + 0,2 mgL-1 ANA e no T3 - 70% MS, carvão ativado 3,0 gL-1+ 0,1mgL-1 BAP. A análise enzimática revelou que a enzima superóxido dismutase apresentou maior atividade em todos os tratamentos quando comparada com a catalase e a ascorbato peroxidase. Sendo assim, as plântulas de manjericão genovese que cresceram no T4 e T1 apresentaram melhores médias de crescimento em folhas e menor atividade antioxidante. Já as plântulas que cresceram no T3 apresentaram médias maiores para as enzimas catalase e ascorbato peroxidase. &nbsp

Ocimum basilicum L. is an herbaceous plant from the Labiate family that used fresh, as a spice, and as a medicinal plant. Mulch is technique capable of reducing evaporation from the surface of the soil in basil production systems; it has more impacts on yield and essential oil quality of a basil crop. This research was performed in order to study the effects of different mulch types and irrigation regimes on various growth parameters and the essential oil content of basil. Treatments included two mulch types (black plastic, wood chips, and control) and three irrigation levels (100, 80, and 60% of water requirements, calculated by evaporation pan class A), following a randomised complete block design with four replications. Results showed that the effect of irrigation on fresh weight, dry weight, leaf relative water content, leaf area, and essential oil yield was significant (P

In many irrigated regions of Mediterranean areas, vegetable farmers are forced to use low quality water (often with elevated salinity) for their crops with important losses in productivity. Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is one of the most important aromatic herbs cultivated in Italy under both open-field and protected conditions. The application of endophytic fungi such as mycorrhizal fungi and Trichoderma could be an efficient tool to mitigate the detrimental effect of salinity. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to assess the influence of co-inoculation of endophytic fungi and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on yield and quality traits under non-saline (1 mM NaCl) and saline (40 mM NaCl) conditions. Increasing the NaCl concentration in the nutrient solution in both inoculated and non-inoculated plants decreased the yield and growth parameters but increased the quality traits in particular the hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant activities and total phenols. The microbial-based biostimulant markedly enhanced the marketable fresh yield by 17.0% compared to control plants. The better crop performance of inoculated basil has been attributed to a better pigment biosynthesis (i.e., higher SPAD index). On the other hand, the nitrate content in microbial biostimulant basil plants was significantly reduced by 16.1%, whereas the total phenols increased by 7.7% compared to untreated plants. Overall, the use of beneficial microorganisms could be adopted as a sustainable tool in vegetable cropping systems to mitigate the detrimental effect of saline water.

Currently, natural products are being used as a therapeutic alternative in the treatment and prevention of several diseases due to their low toxicity and relevant pharmacological potential. Thus, we can highlight basil (Ocimum basilicum L), one of the most used aromatic plants worldwide. Therefore, we provide some current evidence and insight into the potential therapeutic effect of basil essential oil to expand the available knowledge. A narrative review was carried out by searching electronic databases, providing a comprehensive analysis of the literature, where it was possible to identify existing problems and gaps to facilitate future research on basil essential oil. The available literature on basil essential oil presents us with several important pharmacological activities, such as: antioxidant, antiviral, antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic and diuretic properties, among others. However, further research must be carried out to increase knowledge about this plant with enormous potential and determine its effectiveness and use in clinical conditions. Actualmente, los productos naturales se están utilizando como alternativa terapéutica en el tratamiento y prevención de diversas enfermedades, debido a su baja toxicidad y relevante potencial farmacológico. Así, podemos destacar la albahaca (Ocimum basilicum L), una de las plantas aromáticas más utilizadas a nivel mundial. Por lo tanto, proporcionamos algunas pruebas y conocimientos actuales sobre el posible efecto terapéutico del aceite esencial de albahaca para ampliar el conocimiento disponible. Se llevó a cabo una revisión narrativa mediante la búsqueda de bases de datos electrónicas, proporcionando un análisis completo de la literatura, donde fue posible identificar los problemas y lagunas existentes para facilitar la investigación futura sobre el aceite esencial de albahaca. La literatura disponible sobre el aceite esencial de albahaca nos presenta varias actividades farmacológicas importantes, tales como: propiedades antioxidantes, antivirales, antimicrobianas, analgésicas, antiinflamatorias, analgésicas y diuréticas, entre otras. Sin embargo, se deben realizar más investigaciones para aumentar el conocimiento sobre esta planta con un enorme potencial, y para determinar su efectividad y uso en condiciones clínicas. Atualmente os produtos naturais vêm sendo utilizado como alternativa terapêutica no tratamento e na prevenção de diversas doenças, devido à sua baixa toxicidade e relevante potencial farmacológico. Desta forma, podemos destacar o manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L), uma das plantas aromáticas mais utilizadas em todo o mundo. Portanto, fornecemos algumas evidências atuais e uma visão do potencial efeito terapêutico do óleo essencial de manjericão para expandir o conhecimento disponível. Uma revisão narrativa foi realizada por meio de busca em bases de dados eletrônicas, proporcionando uma análise abrangente da literatura, onde foi possível identificar os problemas e lacunas existentes para facilitar futuras pesquisas sobre o óleo essencial de manjericão. A literatura disponível sobre o óleo essencial de manjericão nos apresenta várias atividades farmacológicas importantes, como: antioxidante, antiviral, antimicrobiana, analgésica, anti-inflamatória, e propriedades analgésicas, diuréticas, entre outras. No entanto, novas pesquisas devem ser realizadas para aumentar o conhecimento sobre esta planta com enorme potencial, e determinar a sua eficácia e utilização em condições clinicas.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an annual plant that belongs to the Lamiaceae family. It is used as an aromatic and medicinal plant. Basil is grown in different regions with varying climates; the productivity and quality are influenced by both abiotic and biotic factors. This study was aimed to determine the impact of the application of different types of fertilizers on the yield and contents of some bioactive components in basil. The treatments consisted of three different types of fertilizers (mineral, organomineral, and organic) and control (without fertilization). The yield per plant and the essential oil content with fertilizer treatment were better than that in control. The highest fresh yield (450.9 g per plant) and oil content (0.94 mL 100 g-1) were recorded in basil cultivated using mineral fertilizers. Furthermore, the fresh yield (333.9 and 327.8 g per plant) and oil content (0.87 and 0.85 mL 100 g-1) were higher after the application of organic and organomineral fertilizers compared to that in the control treatment. There was no significant effect of fertilizer application on the total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity. This study demonstrated a suitable practical application of organomineral fertilizers as a nutrient source in basil crop production in areas where the use of mineral and organic fertilizers is limited. RESUMO O Manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.) é uma planta anual pertencente à família Lamiaceae. É usada como planta aromática e medicinal. O manjericão é cultivado em diferentes regiões com climas variados; a produtividade e a qualidade são influenciadas por fatores abióticos e bióticos. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar o impacto da aplicação de diferentes tipos de fertilizantes na produção e conteúdo de alguns componentes bioativos de manjericão. Os tratamentos consistiram em três tipos diferentes de fertilizantes (minerais, organominerais e orgânicos) e controle (sem fertilização). O rendimento por planta e o teor de óleo essencial com tratamento de fertilizantes foram melhores do que o controle. O maior rendimento fresco (450,9 g por planta) e teor de óleo (0,94 mL 100 g-1) foram registrados em manjericão cultivado com o uso de fertilizantes minerais. Além disso, o rendimento fresco (333,9 e 327,8 g por planta) e teor de óleo (0,87 e 0,85 mL 100 g-1) foram maiores após a aplicação de fertilizantes orgânicos e organominerais em comparação com o do tratamento controle. Não houve efeito significativo da aplicação de fertilizantes em fenólicos totais, flavonóides totais e capacidade antioxidante. Este estudo demonstrou uma aplicação prática adequada de fertilizantes organominerais como fonte de nutrientes na produção de manjericão em áreas onde o uso de fertilizantes minerais e orgânicos é limitado.

Increasing attention is being given to the development of innovative formulations to substitute the use of synthetic chemicals to improve agricultural production and resource use efficiency. Alternatives can include biological products containing beneficial microorganisms and bioactive metabolites able to inhibit plant pathogens, induce systemic resistance and promote plant growth. The efficacy of such bioformulations can be increased by the addition of polymers as adjuvants or carriers. Trichoderma afroharzianum T22, Azotobacter chroococcum 76A and 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6PP, a Trichoderma secondary metabolite) were administrated singularly or in a consortium, with or without a carboxymethyl cellulose-based biopolymer (BP), and tested on sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) grown in a protected greenhouse. The effect of the treatments on basil yield, photosynthetic activity and secondary metabolites production was assessed. Photosynthetic efficiency was augmented by the applications of the bioformulations. The applications to the rhizosphere with BP + 6PP and BP + T22 + 76A increased the total fresh weight of basil by 26.3% and 23.6%, respectively. Untargeted LC-MS qTOF analysis demonstrated that the plant metabolome was significantly modified by the treatments. Quantification of the profiles for the major phenolic acids indicated that the treatment with the T22 + 76A consortium increased rosmarinic acid content by 110%. The use of innovative bioformulations containing microbes, their metabolites and a biopolymer was found to modulate the cultivation of fresh basil by improving yield and quality, thus providing the opportunity to develop farming systems with minimal impact on the environmental footprint from the agricultural production process.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is found worldwide and is used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries; however, the nutritional and functional properties of the seeds are scarcely known. Basil seeds contain high concentrations of proteins (11.4–22.5 g/100 g), with all the essential amino acids except S-containing types and tryptophan; dietary fiber (soluble and insoluble) ranging from 7.11 to 26.2 g/100 g lipids, with linoleic (12–85.6 g/100 g) and linolenic fatty acids (0.3–75 g/100 g) comprising the highest proportions; minerals, such as calcium, potassium, and magnesium, in high amounts; and phenolic compounds, such as orientine, vicentine, and rosmarinic acid. In addition, their consumption is associated with several health benefits, such as the prevention of type-2 diabetes, cardio-protection, antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, and anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, anticoagulant, and anti-depressant properties, among others. The focus of this systematic review was to study the current state of knowledge and explore the enormous potential of basil seeds as a functional food and source of functional ingredients to be incorporated into foods.

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) downy mildew disease (DM) caused by Peronospora belbahrii is a worldwide threat to the basil industry due to the lack of natural genetic resistance in sweet basil germplasm collections. In this study, we used CRISPR-gene editing to modify the sweet basil DM susceptibility gene homoserine kinase (ObHSK). Gene-edited plants challenged with P. belbahrii displayed a significantly reduced susceptibility to DM, based on phenotypic disease indices and on in planta pathogen load. These results suggest that ObHSK plays a role in conditioning DM susceptibility, similar to that observed for the AtHSK gene in Arabidopsis. These results demonstrate the utility of CRISPR-gene editing in enhancing DM resistance and contributing to sweet basil breeding programs.

Different techniques have been used to evaluate the energetic characteristics and damage to the photosynthetic apparatus of plants exposed to different stresses, including the measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence. The objective of this study is to evaluate the photosynthetic response by assessing the fluorescence parameters of chlorophyll a in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cv. Alfavaca Basilicão cultivated in a hydroponic deep-flow technique system using treated domestic wastewater. The study used a completely randomized block design with a 2 × 2 factorial scheme, in which the factors were the water source used for preparing the nutrient solution (tap water or treated domestic wastewater) and the height (upper and lower) of the platform of the cultivation system. The photosynthetic yield of the plants grown on the lower platform was comparatively lower regardless of the water source. However, there was no significant effect of the water source on the potential and effective quantum yields of photosystem II, indicating the absence of changes in the photosynthetic apparatus and photosynthetic yield of plants produced with treated domestic wastewater, suggesting the viability of this treatment for producing basil cv. Alfavaca Basilicão in hydroponic systems.

Volatile profile, aroma-active compounds and odor activity values of the shade-dried aerial parts of basil (Ocimum basilicum) were investigated. Basil samples used under the study were provided from Iran and Turkey. Volatile compounds were isolated using a purge and trap extraction system and analyzed by gas chromatography olfactometry. A total of 50 volatile compounds of which 29 originated from Iranian and 32 were of Turkish origin were determined. Terpenes were present at the overwhelmingly highest levels, followed by alcohols and aldehydes. Of the terpenes, methyl chavicol was the main compound of both samples. The aroma-active compounds of basils were investigated by using aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) for the first time. The application of AEDA revealed 18 aroma-active compounds, including terpenes (10), aldehydes (3), ketone (1), phenol (1), alcohol (1), and unknown compounds (2) were detected. Linalool and methyl chavicol had the greatest flavour dilution (FD) factors in both samples, amounting to 2048 and 1024, respectively. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an economically important leafy vegetable especially in Mediterranean countries. In Italian gastronomy, the large elliptical leaves of the Genovese type are mostly used for the well-known pesto sauce, and almost all (>90%) professional production is for the food industry. The growing demand for fresh leaves with standardized technological and sensory characteristics has prompted basil producers to adopt advanced cultivation methods such as the floating raft system (FRS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the productive, qualitative, and physiological performance of three Genovese basil cultivars (“Aroma 2,” “Eleonora,” and “Italiano Classico”) in two successive harvests and at two densities (159 and 317 plants m–2). Caffeic, chicoric, rosmarinic, and ferulic acid were determined through the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system, whereas the extraction and quantification of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were performed by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC/MS). “Aroma 2” showed the highest fresh yield and photosynthetic rate together with the lowest nitrate content. For all the tested cultivars, the higher density, while reducing the number of leaves per plant, resulted in higher fresh and dry production per unit area, without altering the aroma profile. Successive harvests resulted in a significant increase in both the yield (37.5%) and the total phenolic acids (75.1%) and favored Eucalyptol and 1-octen-3-ol accumulation (+25.9 and +15.1%, respectively). The here presented comprehensive and multifactorial assessment of the productive and qualitative response of basil provides evidence of the positive effects (from biomass to specialized metabolites) that can be obtained from the management of the pre-harvest factors in soilless cultivation. In addition, it also highlights the role and constraints of the genetic factor in the observed response. We also discuss the implications of our work considering the impact for the food processing industry. Future research may explore the phenolic acids accumulation as a possible fortification means to extend the pesto sauce shelf life, reducing the need of added antioxidants and thermal processing.

Despite scientific evidence supporting the biostimulant activity of protein hydrolysates (PHs) derived from vegetal or animal sources, the morpho-physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying the biostimulant action of PHs from plant biomass or animal by-products are still poorly explored. Accordingly, we performed a greenhouse experiment for assessing the morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) to three nitrogen equivalent rates (0.05, 0.15, and 0.25 g N/kg) of an animal-derived protein hydrolysate (A-PH) and a vegetal-derived protein hydrolysate (V-PH). The V-PH and A-PH applications determined a quadratic-dose response regarding the number and area of leaves and the shoot fresh and dry weight, with the best results obtained using V-PH at the N equivalent rates of 0.05 and 0.15 g N/kg. Improvement of shoot fresh weight with V-PH foliar application at the rate of 0.15 g N/kg was associated with a higher leaf CO2 assimilation and water use efficiency, with a concomitant higher uptake and translocation of K, Mg, and S in leaf tissue. The excessive accumulation of Na, Cl, and some amino acids (e.g., proline) under A-PH applications above 0.05 g N/kg induced a rapid decrease in plant photosynthetic performance, growth, and biomass production. The plants treated with A-PH at a higher dosage appeared to activate an alternative pathway involving the synthesis of alanine and GABA for storing excess ammonia, buffering cytoplasmic acidosis, and counteracting the negative effects of Na and Cl at toxic levels. The above findings demonstrated the potential benefits of protein hydrolysate application in agriculture, especially of vegetal-derived PHs, and highlighted the need to understand dose-dependent effects in order to optimize crop response.

In the Italian culinary tradition, young and tender leaves of Genovese basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) are used to prepare pesto sauce, a tasty condiment that attracts the interest of the food processing industry. Like other leafy or aromatic vegetables, basil is harvested more than once during the crop cycle to maximize yield. However, the mechanical stress induced by successive cuts can affect crucial parameters associated with pesto processing (leaf/stem ratio, stem diameter, and dry matter). Our research accordingly aimed to evaluate the impact of successive harvests on three field-grown Genovese basil cultivars (“Aroma 2”, “Eleonora” and “Italiano Classico”) in terms of production, physiological behavior, and technological parameters. Between the first and second harvest, marketable fresh yield and shoot dry biomass increased by 148.4 % and 172.9 %, respectively, by contrast, the leaf-to-stem ratio decreased by 22.5 %, while the dry matter content was unchanged. The increased fresh yield and shoot dry biomass at the second harvest derived from improved photosynthetic efficiency, which enabled higher net CO2 assimilation, Fv/Fm and transpiration as well as reduced stomatal resistance. Our findings suggest that, under the Mediterranean environment, “Italiano Classico” carries superior productive performance and optimal technological characteristics in line with industrial requirements. These promising results warrant further investigation of the impact successive harvests may have on the qualitative components of high-yielding basil genotypes with respect to consumer expectations of the final product.

In Ethiopia, Natural food spices such as sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), Black Cumen (Nigella sativa) and Tenadam (Ruta chalepensis) are the most commonly used spices to improve its colour, aroma, palatability and acceptability of food. They contain a significant quantity of trace metals. These trace metals in spices and medicinal plants play an important role in living cells while other metals are harmful. Knowing the composition of trace metals in foods is important because of their essential or toxic in human health. This study focuses on the determination of heavy trace metals (Zn, Cu, Fe, Cd, and Pb) from Ocimum basilicum L., Nigella sativa, and Ruta chalepensis cultivated in Ethiopia North Gondar administrative Zone particularly, Koladiba, Takusa, and Chuahit were determined using FAAS. The result showed that the concentration of Zn, Cu, Fe, Cd, and Pb in three cultivars of Nigella sativa was 9.07 ± 0.055, 2.83 ± 0.021, 5.55 ± 0.019, 0.80 ± 0.087 and 5.23 ± 0.082 mg/100 g, respectively. In Ocimum basilicum L. was 8.61 ± 0.067, 3.58 ±0.021, 5.55 ± 0.019, 0.606 ± 0.0015, and 3.33 ± 0.0082 mg/100, respectively. Similarly in Ruta chalepensis were 9.38 ± 0.0705, 9.38 ± 0.021, 6.66 ± 0.033, 0.707 ± 0.0017 and 2.85 ± 0.0014 mg/100, respectively. In this work, Nigella sativa, Ocimum basilicun, and Ruta chalepensis are good sources of Zn, Cu, Fe, and the number of toxic metals Cd and Pb are below the permissible limit as compared to the value reported in WHO. Therefore, a non-carcinogenic health risk to the consumer associated with the consumption of this spices preparation marketed in study areas.

Currently essential oils are increasingly used as natural insecticides because of the adverse effects on human health and environmental pollution of synthetic insecticides. The aim of this study is to perform the encapsulation of Ocimum basilicum L. essential oils by freeze-drying technique using binary mixtures maltodextrins and acacia gum to investigate their insecticidal activity against three insect pests of stored-products Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitophilus oryzae and Tribolium castaneum by direct contact and ingestion toxicity effects. Essential oils were obtained by solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) and conventional hydro-distillation (HD) methods. Chemical composition of essential oils analysed by GC-MS indicated that the major components were linalool (43.5% for SFME and 48.4% for HD) followed by methyl chavicol (13.3% for SFME and 14.3% for HD) and 1,8-cineole (6.8% for SFME and 7.3% for HD). The toxic effects results, confirm that O. basilicum essential oils capsules were highly effective against R. dominica than S. oryzae, except for T. castaneum which was insensitive. The toxicity against adults of R. dominica varied between (LD50 = 0.20 g/kg for SFME-EEO, LD50 = 0.25 g/kg for HD-EEO) and (LD50 = 0.32 g/kg for SFME-EEO, LD50 = 0.37 g/kg for HD-EEO) by direct contact and ingestion effect, respectively. These results lead us to consider such essential oils capsules as providing a richer source of natural insecticide agents for food preservation.

Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum tenuiflorum L. are two types of plants from Ocimum (Lamiaceae). One of their chemical compounds is essential oil. Essential oil might have an antioxidant activities. The part of the plants which are often wasted and never used are stem. This study aimed to analyze the chemical components of O. basilicum L. and O. tenuiflorum L. stem essential oils and evaluate their antioxidant activities. Essential oils were obtained by steam-water distillation. Analysis of chemical component of essential oil was performed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). Antioxidant activities were evaluated with DPPH method and then the IC50 value was determined as 50% inhibition concentration of free radical. The results showed that O. basilicum L. stem essential oil had 13 components with the major compounds were methyl eugenol (52.60%), caryophyllene (18.75%), and germacrene-D (9.19%). Whereas, O. tenuiflorum L. stem essential oil had 11 components with the major compounds were α-copaene (5.56%), caryophyllene (17.28%), germacrene-D (9.29%) and methyl eugenol (56.72%). IC50 value of O. basilicum L. stem essential oil was 17.50 µg/mL, whereas IC50 value of O. tenuiflorum L. stem essential oil was 14.17 µg/mL. It was concluded that both oils might be good natural antioxidant agents.

Ocimum basilicum L. (sweet basil) is an economically and ethnobotanically important aromatic, medicinal, ornamental and culinary herb, with a very wide gene pool, that is sensitive to cold and prone to several plant pathogens that can demolish harvest and lessen yield. In this research, the effects of BAP (6-Benzylaminopurine) and TDZ (Thidiazuron) on different genotypes for in vitro cloning were determined, in order to provide a detailed protocol guide concerning Ocimum basilicum L. propagation. The results from the O. basilicum seed propagations revealed that the best condition for the secondary shoot growth is with 5.0 mg/l TDZ or 1.5 mg/l BAP on all types of explants except the root, the secondary root growth can be obtained on all types explant with any BAP concentration and all cytokinins can induce callus on all types of explants. On the whole, it shows that multiple secondary shoot induction and regeneration in Ocimum basilicum L. is regulated by appropriate cytokinin concentration.

The anthocyanin composition of five purple leaves cultivars of Ocimum basilicum L. was investigated by reversed-phase HPLC with mass-spectrometric detection by ESI mode with ion partial fragmentation as well as preparation of dried differently colored forms of anthocyanins encapsulated into maltodextrin matrix. Analysis of the mass spectra revealed that according to the chromatographic profile the set of basil cultivar anthocyanins under investigation may be divided into two groups with the common feature being a high level of acylation with (mainly) p-coumaric, ferulic and malonic acids of the same base: cyanidin-3-dihexoside-5-hexoside. The presence of acylation with substituted cinnamic acids permits us to obtain solutions not only with a red color (the property of the flavylium form) but also with blue shades of coloration due to quinonoid and negatively charged quinonoid forms. All forms except that of flavylium are not stable in solution but stable enough to prepare dried encapsulated forms by lyophilization. Although the loss of anthocyanins with drying is not negligible, the final product is characterized with high stability for storage in a refrigerator.

Ocimum basilicum L. exhibits a great variety of cultivars grown for various purposes. The aim of this research was to analyse the chemical composition of 85 O. basilicum accessions cultivated throughout the world using gas chromatography (GC/FID and GC/MS). All accessions were previously categorized into six morphotypes based on 24 morphological traits: True basil, Small-leaf, Lettuce-leaf, Purple basil A, Purple basil B and Purple basil C morphotype. A total of 77 volatiles were observed, with seven of them being in concentrations higher than 10% in at least one accession (1,8-cineole, linalool, linalool acetate, methyl chavicol, eugenol, trans-methyl cinnamate, trans-α-bergamotene). Based on the essential oil composition of 85 O. basilicum accessions, we propose the intraspecific characterization of O. basilicum into five chemotypes: (A) High-linalool, (B) Linalool/trans-α-bergamotene, (C) Linalool/methyl chavicol, (D) Linalool/trans-methyl cinnamate and (E) High-methyl chavicol chemotype. Groups based on morphological and biochemical traits do not necessarily coincide with one another. Due to great morphological and biochemical diversity, both morphological and chemical characterizations are crucial for the effective management of germplasm collections to facilitate the use of the accessions in future breeding programs.

Anthocyanins composition of five purple leaves cultivars of Ocimum basilicum L. was investigated by reversed-phase HPLC with mass-spectrometric detection in the conditions of ions partial fragmentation as well as preparation of dried differently colored forms of anthocyanins encapsulated into maltodextrin matrix. Mass-spectra analysis revealed that according to anthocyanin set basil cultivars under investigation may be divided onto two groups with common feature being high level of acylation with (mainly) p-coumaric, ferulic and malonic acids of the same base – cyanidin-3-dihexoside-5-hexoside. The presence of acylation with substituted cinnamic acids permits to obtain solutions not only with red color (the property of the flavylium form) but also with blue shades coloration due to quinoid and negatively charged quinoid forms. All forms exept of flavylium are not stable in solution but stable enough to prepare dried encapsulated forms by lyophilization. And thou the loss of anthocyanins at drying is not negligible the final product is characterized with high stability at storage in refrigerator., Исследован антоциановый состав листьев пяти пурпурнолистных сортов базилика обыкновенного Ocimum basilicum L. методом обращенно-фазовой ВЭЖХ с масс-спектрометрическим детектированием в условиях частичной фрагментации соединений и получены сухие разноцветные инкапсулированные в матрицу мальтодекстрина формы антоцианов. Анализ масс-спектров позволил установить, что по набору антоцианов (т.е. по хроматографическому профилю) исследованные сорта базилика могут быть разделены на две группы, общее свойство которых – высокая степень ацилирования п-кумаровой, феруловой и малоновой кислотами одной и той же основы – цианидин-3-дигексозид-5-гексозида. Наличие ацилирования (одинарного и двойного) замещенными коричными кислотами позволяет получать растворы не только с красной (характерной для флавилиевой формы) окраской, но и с бордовой и синей, за которые отвечают нейтральная и отрицательно заряженная хиноидные формы. Все нефлавилиевые формы антоцианов неустойчивы в растворах, но существует возможность получения сухих инкапсулированных форм методом лиофильной сушки. При этом заметна потеря антоцианов, но конечный продукт характеризуются высокой стабильностью при хранении в бытовом холодильнике.

The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of essential oils obtained from sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L. cv. ‘Genovese’) cultivated in the open field under different shading conditions (red, blue, and pearl nets with a shade index of 50 % and full sunlight exposure (control plants)), harvested at different times. The antimicrobial activity of basil essential oils (BEOs) obtained from all samples was determined for four microorganisms, while determinations for an additional five microorganisms included samples from non-shaded plants, plants grown under red and pearl nets, and second harvest of plants grown under blue net. Basil essential oil exhibited antimicrobial activity surpassing the activity of relevant commercial antibiotics regardless of growing conditions in the case of B. cereus, K. pneumoniae and C. albicans, while superior antimicrobial activity was exhibited in the case of essential oils from plants grown under blue nets in the case of S. aureus, E. coli and P. vulgaris. The influence of the application of colored shading nets was highly significant (p &lt, 0.01) in the cases of all analyzed microorganisms except C. albicans and P. aeruginosa, while the influence of harvest time was proven in the cases of all microorganisms except K. pneumoniae. ANOVA proved that antimicrobial activities are highly dependent on the methods of plant production, shading treatment, and harvest time. Obtained results are discussed in relation to previously determined composition and yield of essential oils from basil grown under shade nets and harvested in different periods.

Azospirillum spp. are plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that exert beneficial effects on plant growth and yield of agronomically important plant species. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a root treatment with Azospirillum baldaniorum Sp245 on hormones in xylem sap and physiological performance in purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L. cv. Red Rubin) plants grown under well-watered conditions and after removing water. Treatments with A. baldaniorum Sp245 included inoculation with viable cells (1·107 CFU mL–1) and addition of two doses of filtered culture supernatants (non-diluted 1·108 CFU mL–1, and diluted 1:1). Photosynthetic activity, endogenous level of hormones in xylem sap (salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid), leaf pigments, leaf water potential, water-use efficiency (WUE), and drought tolerance were determined. Fluorescence and gas exchange parameters, as well as leaf water potential, showed that the highest dose of filtered culture supernatant improved both photosynthetic performance and leaf water status during water removal, associated with an increase in total pigments. Moreover, gas exchange analysis and carbon isotope discrimination found this bacterial treatment to be the most effective in inducing an increase of intrinsic and instantaneous WUE during water stress. We hypothesize that the benefits of bacterial treatments based on A. baldaniorum Sp245 are strongly correlated with the synthesis of phytohormones and the induction of plant-stress tolerance in purple basil.

The experiments showing the effect of drip irrigation on yield, evapotranspiration and water productivity of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) were conducted at the experimental field of the Alternative Crops Department, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad. Irrigation was scheduled on the basis of the water balance method. Daily evapotranspiration (ETd) was computed from the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficient (kc) in May, June, July and August of 0.5, 0.6, 1.1 and 1.0, respectively. ETo was calculated using Hargreaves equation. The irrigation depth was restricted to the soil depth of 0.3 m. In other words, irrigation started when readily available water in the soil layer of 0.3 m was completely depleted by plants. The irrigation rate was 30 mm (30 l m-2) while the amount of water added by irrigation during the season was 140 mm. Basil sensitivity to water stress was determined using a yield response factor (Ky). According to the results, the yield of fresh herb of basil under irrigation (32.015 t ha-1) was higher by 9% compared to non-irrigated, control variant (29.364 t ha-1). Worthy of note, basil essential oil yield was significantly affected by irrigation (35.329/28.766 kg ha-1). The content of essential oil was significantly higher in irrigated (6.45 g kg-1 ) than in non-irrigated variant (5.33 g kg-1) in the first harvest, while no significant difference between irrigated and non-irrigated variants was obtained in the second harvest (6.83 and 6.62 g kg-1 , respectively). Water used on evapotranspiration in irrigation conditions (ETm) was 431 mm and 270 mm in non-irrigated, control variant (ETa). The values of irrigation water use efficiency (Iwue) and evapotranspiration water use efficiency (ETwue) were 1.89 kg m-3 and 1.65 kg m-3 respectively. Ky value (0.22) exhibits all essential characteristics of climate conditions of 2016 rainy year. These preliminary results could be used as a good platform for basil growers in the region, in terms to optimize the use of irrigation water.

ObjectiveTo carry out a phyto-chemical characterization of essential oil from Ocimum basilicum L. (O. basilicum) harvested in DR Congo and to assess the antioxidant potential of crude extracts with respect to the polarity for comparison reason.MethodsThe phyto-chemical characterization of essential oil produced by hydro-distillation was performed by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis and the antioxidant potential evaluation by in vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity method.ResultsA previously weighed amount of fresh leaves of O. basilicum produced 0.65% of essential oil that led to the identification of a set of 84.44% out of 99.98% as major compounds (> 1.5%). The chemo-type of this essential oil was linalool-methyl chavicol. Chemical components of oil were characterized by oxygenated aromatic hydrocarbons (46.00%) and oxygenated monoterpenes (26.75%). With respect to the amount of components, methyl chavicol also known as estragole (35.72%) constituted the very large quantity afterward linalool (21.25%) and then epi-α-cadinol (8.02%), α-bergamotene (6.56%), eugenol (4.60%), 1,8-cineole (4.04%), germacrene D (2.06%), thymol (1.64%), and (E)-citral (1.55%), respectively. Essential oil exhibited antioxidant potential and IC50 = (1.180 ± 0.015) mg/mL. Non-polar crude extracts yields were low compared to the one of polar extracts. Only methanol and ethyl acetate had considerably manifested antioxidant potential with IC50 values equal to (0.025 ± 0.013) mg/mL and (0.085 ± 0.012) mg/mL, respectively. As concerns to IC50 values, essential oil was less active than methanol and ethyl acetate extracts. The methanol crude extract exhibited the highest activity. Non-polar extracts showed insignificant radical scavenging ability that did not allow assessing IC50 values. These results highlighted the occurrence of antioxidant potential compounds in polar media.ConclusionsEssential oil and crude extracts of O. basilicum growing in DR Congo can be advocated as natural sources of antioxidant potential compounds not only in food but also in pharmaceutical industries. The high antioxidant potential of polar crude extracts highlights antioxidant character of its composition particularly butyl stearate and rosmarinic acid we isolated and identified, respectively in the methanol crude extract.

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a popular culinary herb belongs to the family Lamiaceae. Basil also named as great basil or saint-joseph-wart. Leaf of basil has a pungent & strong taste some Asian basils have a clove like flavour. Basil used as a culinary herbs have been reported to posses antioxidant activities. A field experiment was conducted at the research farm of CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant,Research Centre, Pantnagar (U.S.Nagar) Uttarakhand.India during kharif season 2018. The highest oil yield observed in T2 Cim-Snigdha (126.99 kg/ha) as compared to T3 Cim-Soumya (108.64 kg/ha), T5 Cim-Surabhi (86.22 kg/ha) as compared to others. The lowest oil yield (37.90 kg/ha) recorded in T4 Cim-Jyoti. Oil yield also differ at different harvest stages of different Ocimum sp. The highest oil yield 142.69 kg/ha observed at 100% flowering stage (S4) as compared to 138.56 kg/h at seed setting stage (S5), 63.60 kg/ha at 50% flowering stage (S3), and 56.63 kg/ha at bud initiation stage (S2). The lowest oil yield 25.54 kg/ha recorded at pre budding stage (S1). The highest oil yield 267.00 kg/ha was recorded in T3S4 interaction of variety and harvest stages (Cim-Soumya at 100% flowering) as compared to other treatments. Therefore recommended the Ocimum should be harvest at 100% flowering stage to get maximum oil yield and return to the farmers as compared to other.

International audience; Ocimum basilicum L. (Purple basil) is a source of biologically active antioxidant compounds, particularly phenolic acids and anthocyanins. In this study, we have developed a valuable protocol for the establishment of in vitro callus cultures of O. basilicum and culture conditions for the enhanced production of distinct classes of phenylpropanoid metabolites such as hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (caffeic acid, chicoric acid, rosmarinic acid) and anthocyanins (cyanidin and peonidin). Callus cultures were established by culturing leaf explants on Murashige and Skoog medium augmented with different concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) [thidiazuron (TDZ), α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP)] either alone or in combination with 1.0 mg/L NAA. Among all the above-mentioned PGRs, NAA at 2.5 mg/L led to the highest biomass accumulation (23.2 g/L DW), along with total phenolic (TPP; 210.7 mg/L) and flavonoid (TFP; 196.4 mg/L) production, respectively. HPLC analysis confirmed the differential accumulation of phenolic acid [caffeic acid (44.67 mg/g DW), rosmarinic acid (52.22 mg/g DW), and chicoric acid (43.89 mg/g DW)] and anthocyanins [cyanidin (16.39 mg/g DW) and peonidin (10.77 mg/g DW)] as a function of the PGRs treatment. The highest in vitro antioxidant activity was determined with the ORAC assay as compared to the FRAP assay, suggesting the prominence of the HAT over the ET-based mechanism for the antioxidant action of callus extracts. Furthermore, in vivo results illustrated the protective action of the callus extract to limit the deleterious effects of UV-induced oxidative stress, ROS/RNS production, and membrane integrity in yeast cell culture. Altogether, these results clearly demonstrated the great potential of in vitro callus of O. basilicum as a source of human health-promoting antioxidant phytochemicals.

Phosphorus is one of the most important nutrients in agriculture for its physiological, ecological and economic implications. Phosphorus reserves are decreasing around the globe and therefore its price has been increasing in the last years. Phosphorus is subjected to many chemical phenomena in the root zone that make its management in cropping systems more and more difficult. In soilless culture, P can be monitored and managed with high precision in order to improve its uptake by roots and minimize its losses. In this experiment, basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) was grown hydroponically with different P (H(2)PO(4-)) and NaCl concentrations in the nutrient solution: i) to evaluate the effects of P and salinity on plant yield and mineral nutrition, and ii) to verify the possibility to decrease P concentration without growth reduction. Three P concentrations (i.e., 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mol m(‑3)) were combined with increasing NaCl concentrations (i.e., 5, 15, and 30 mol m(‑3)) in the root zone. Plants faced the low concentration of P in the nutrient solution by increasing the root/shoot ratio. Plant yield was not influenced by P and NaCl levels. The agronomic use efficiency of P was significantly increased by the low P supply. These findings suggest that basil can be grown hydroponically at P concentration much lower than those currently used in commercial operations.

The development of organic farming as a result of increasing consumer preference for organic food has led to the development and registration of new pest-control products for certified organic production. In this study, the effects of three biocontrol products containing spores and mycelium of Arthrobotrys oligospora—Artis®, Beauveria bassiana—Bora®, and Coniothyrium minitans—Öko-ni® were tested on four basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars: ‘Aromat de Buzau’, ‘Serafim’, ‘Macedon’ and ‘Cuisoare’. The application of Öko-ni® increased basil yields by 8% relative to Control. The application of Bora® increased chlorophyll content of basil leaves by 2% and the activity of photosynthesis by 66% relative to the Control. Basil essential oil (EO) content was increased by 18% with the application of Artis® and by 34% with the application of Bora® and Öko-ni®, respectively. The content of phenolic compounds analyzed by HPLC varied, caffeic acid concentration was higher in the plants treated with Öko-ni®, hyperoside, isoquercitrin and rutin concentrations were higher in those treated with Artis®, while the quercitrin content was higher in Bora®-treated plants. The two main EO constituents that were identified were linalool and methyl chavicol in ‘Aromat de Buzau’, linalool and eugenol in ‘Serafim’, neral and geranial in ‘Macedon’, also linalool and eugenol in ‘Cuisoare’. The investigated myco-biocontrol products had positive effects on basil fresh biomass and EO content and also influenced the content of phenolic compounds.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is among the most widespread aromatic plants due to its versatility of use and its beneficial health properties. This aromatic plant thrives in hydroponics, which is a valid tool to improve the production and functional quality of crops, but nevertheless, it offers the possibility to de-seasonalize production. A floating raft system was adopted to test the production and quality potential during autumn season of three different genotypes of Genovese basil (Aroma 2, Eleonora and Italiano Classico) grown in three nutrient solutions with crescent electrical conductivity (EC: 1, 2 and 3 dS m&minus, 1). The aromatic and phenolic profiles were determined by GC/MS and HPLC analysis, respectively. The combination Aroma 2 and the EC 2 dS m&minus, 1 resulted in the highest production, both in terms of fresh weight and dry biomass. The 2 dS m&minus, 1 treatment determined the major phenolic content, 44%, compared to the other two EC. Italiano Classico showed a higher total polyphenolic content in addition to a different aromatic profile compared to the other cultivars, characterized by a higher percentage of Eucalyptol (+37%) and Eugenol (+107%) and a lower percentage of linalool (&minus, 44%). Correct management of the nutritional solution combined with adequate genetic material managed an improvement in the production and the obtainment of the desired aromatic and phenolic profiles.

'Norine' is a hybrid cultivar of basil, adapted to the Northeastern Brazil, which is derived from the cultivars 'Cinnamon' and 'Maria Bonita'. It has essential oil content of 2.91% and yield of 2.37 mL plant-1. The main chemical compounds of the essential oil are (E)-methyl cinnamate (41.93 %) and linalool (34.92 %). 'Norine' is characterized by presenting upright growth habit, rounded crown, mean height of 55 cm, mean crown diameter of 59 cm, mean leaf length of 8.4 cm, and mean leaf width of 4.5 cm

O manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L, Var.Cinamon) é uma das culturas com maior potencial para o mercado de exportação devido ser é uma espécie medicinal muito utilizada devido às características de seus óleos essenciais. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar geral avaliar o teor e identificação química do óleo essencial de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L, var. Cinamon) submetido ao estresse hídrico em ambientes distintos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos (DBC) com esquema fatorial 2 x 5, sendo dois tipos de ambientes no qual as plantas foram submetidas ao ambiente telado e a céu aberto e cinco dias de manejo de estresse. Para a identificação dos grupos funcionais foi utilizado à espectroscopia Raman de ATR. Os resultados evidenciaram a presença de alcoóis e fenóis apresentando bandas de estriamentos intensas de O-H (quelato) centradas entre 3000 e 2500 cm-1, constando- se assim, a presença desses dois grupos funcionais, majoritariamente. Os teores de óleo essencial das plantas submetidas à ambiente telado e a céu aberto não apresentaram diferença estatística. Constatou-se que os óleos essenciais coletados após cartoze dias de estresse hídrico e submetido à variável de ambiente telado apresentaram melhores resultados de picos e intensidade de absorção. Constatando- se, assim, a presença de alcoóis e fenóis como os grupos funcionais majoritários.

Mycorrhizal fungi, algae and cyanobacteria are some of the most important soil microorganisms and major components of a sustainable soil-plant system. This study presents for the first time evidence of the impact of green alga and cyanobacterium solely and in combination with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on plant-antioxidant capacity. In order to provide a better understanding of the impact of AMF and soil microalgae on Ocimum basilicum L. performance, changes in the pattern and activity of the main antioxidant enzymes (AOEs), esterases and non-enzymatic antioxidants including phenols, flavonoids, ascorbate, and α-tocopherols were evaluated. The targeted inoculation of O. basilicum with AMF or algae (alone and in combination) enhanced the antioxidant capacity of the plants and the degree of stimulation varied depending on the treatment. Plants in symbiosis with AMF exhibited the highest antioxidant potential as was indicated by the enhanced functions of all studied leaf AOEs: 1.5-, 2- and more than 10-fold rises of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR), respectively. The greatest increase in the total esterase activity and concentration of phenols, flavonoids and ascorbate was marked in the plants with simultaneous inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi and the green algae. 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycril-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay proved the increased plant antioxidant capacity after co-colonization of green algae and mycorrhizae.

In the present study, three red-colored (Dark Opal, Basilico Rosso, and Red Basil) and one green-colored landrace (Mitikas) of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) were grown under four nitrogen regimes, namely Control (no fertilizer added), 200 ppm, 400 ppm, and 600 ppm of nitrogen (N). Fresh yield varied depending on N input following a quadratic function in all four genotypes, and green basil performed better compared to the red cultivars. A significant interaction of genotype &times, N input was recorded for most of the chemical parameters measured. Tocopherols contents of leaves were consistently higher in plants that received 200 ppm of N and lower in those receiving 600 ppm of N, especially in Dark Opal and Red Basil cultivars. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were the major category of fatty acids and Red Basil had the lowest ratio of omega-6/omega 3 (0.29) and thus the best fatty acid profile. Polyphenols content was the highest in Red Basil and Dark Opal (25 mg/g of extract on average) and the lowest in Mitikas and decreased with increasing N input. Similarly, antioxidant activity was the highest in Dark Opal and Red Basil fertigated with 200 ppm of N, whereas all the leaf extracts tested had good antibacterial and antifungal activity. In conclusion, basil chemical and bioactive profile was significantly influenced by both genotype and N input. Red-colored basil, although less productive, had the best chemical profile, and moderate levels of N input may provide the best compromise between yield, nutritional value, and bioactivity for the species.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is one of the most common aromatic herbs cultivated all over the world. It is widely used for aromatic and culinary purposes. Two greenhouse experiments were carried out to determine the effects of increasing the level of salinity in the nutrient solution (1 or 40 mM NaCl) during two consecutive growing seasons (summer and autumn) on growth, yield and leaf-quality traits of green sweet basil 'Mammolo' grown in an open-loop system. Increased salinity in the nutrient solution from 1 to 40 mM decreased fresh yield and final leaf area, with a more detrimental effect during the warm season. The percentage reductions in yield and leaf area in comparison with the non-saline control were respectively 30 and 42% in the summer cropping season and 20 and 16% in the autumn season. Increasing the NaCl concentration in the nutrient solution from 1 to 40 mM increased the hydrophilic antioxidant activity (HAA) and total phenolics (TP) by 87 and 17%, respectively, and reduced the nitrate content by 84%. When averaged over salinity level, TP increased and the nitrate content decreased in plants grown in summer compared with the autumn growing season.

Ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation has been previously reported to induce changes in secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds by improving, in particularly, the nutritional value of aromatic plants. This study aimed to evaluate the dynamic biological stress response of Ocimum basilicum L. plants exposed to different UV-B doses (8.5, 34, 68, 102 kJ m−2 day−1), delivered using three different experimental approaches (acute, sub-acute and sub-chronic), on phenolic compounds accumulation and chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters. Sweet basil plants were grown using a novel “in vivo-vitro system” in a closed-type plant production system that allowed the control of UV-B dose easily and accurately by switching on and off the supplemental UV-B lamps. Results suggest that the dynamic accumulation of phenolic compounds as well as the ability to maintain the structural organization of PSII and thus the leaf functionality were dependent on the biologically effective UV-B dose applied and the exposure-history of the plants. UV-B doses continuously (as a single exposure) applied significantly increased phenolics, but severely affected photosynthetic efficiency. Discontinuous UV-B-exposures either applied within a single day (sub-acute) or within 6 days (sub-chronic) yielded in general at the same dose, slightly amount of total phenolics but showed an improved potential to process light energy through PSII compared to continuous UV-B application. Our data suggest that an improved accumulation of phenolic compounds can be achieved when UV-B radiation is applied for long period, within six days, discontinuously, without affecting the efficiency of photosynthetic apparatus.

The extracts obtained from sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) by hydrodistillation and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) were qualitative and quantitative analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID. Essential oil (EO) content of basil sample, determined by an official method, was 0.565% (V/w). The yields of basil obtained by SFE were from 0.719 to 1.483% (w/w), depending on the supercritical fluid (carbon dioxide) density (from 0.378 to 0.929 g mL-1). The dominant compounds detected in all investigated samples (EO obtained by hydrodistillation and different SFE extracts) were: linalool, as the major compound of basil EO (content from 10.14 to 49.79%, w/w), eugenol (from 3.74 to 9.78%) and a-cardinene (from 3.94 to 8.07%). The quantitative results of GC-MS from peak areas and by GC-FID using external standard method involving main standards, were compared and discussed. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR 31013]

RESUMO O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o teor, o rendimento e a composição química do óleo essencial de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.) submetido ao estresse salino por NaCl. Para tanto, o experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, sob delineamento inteiramente casualizado, caracterizado por 5 (cinco) tratamentos de NaCl, adicionados à água de irrigação (0,01 - controle,T1; 1,2 - T2; 2,3 – T3; 3,4 – T4 e 4,5 dS m-1– T5, correspondendo respectivamente a 0,1; 12,0; 23,0; 34,0 e 45,0 mM ), com 4 (quatro) repetições. Aos 55 dias após o transplantio, as plantas foram colhidas, colocadas em sacos de papel e levadas a estufa de secagem com fluxo de ar forçado a 45 °C, por 10 dias até atingirem massas constantes. Após a secagem, foi realizada a pesagem da biomassa seca da parte aérea, misturada, moída em triturador elétrico de facas e posteriormente realizada a extração do óleo essencial para análise do teor, rendimento e composição química. O aumento do estresse por NaCl não alterou o teor e a composição química do óleo essencial, cujo rendimento reduziu 12,93% a cada acréscimo unitário dos níveis de salinidade. O cinamato de metila, cujo teor médio encontrado foi de 55%, e o metil chavicol, com 12%, foram os principais compostos identificados nas plantas de manjericão.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T15:37:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-15T15:01:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1415-43662017000100044.pdf: 245966 bytes, checksum: 03c6567236e194217f353364dea6f7f3 (MD5) The objective of this work was to verify the response of basil cultivars to the salinity of irrigation water during the period from January 15 to March 20, 2013, in a greenhouse, at the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Mossoro, RN, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized, with treatments arranged in 2 x 4 factorial scheme, constituted of two cultivars of basil ('Verde' and 'Roxo') and four levels of irrigation water salinity (0.5; 2.0; 3.5 and 5.0 dS m(-1)), with four replicates. The plants were collected at 65 days after transplanting and the following variables were evaluated: stem diameter; plant height; number of stems and leaves; leaf area; dry matter of leaves, stems, roots, and total dry matter. The increase in salinity was detrimental to all variables evaluated in both cultivars, but the cultivar 'Roxo' proved to be more tolerant than the cultivar 'Verde'. Both cultivars are tolerant to irrigation water salinity of up to 1.5 dS m(-1). Univ Fed Rural Semi Arido, Dept Ciencias Vegetais, Mossoro, RN, Brazil Univ Fed Paraiba, Posgrad Agron, Areia, PB, Brazil Univ Fed Rural Semi Arido, Dept Ciencias Tecnol & Ambientais, Mossoro, RN, Brazil Univ Fed Rural Semi Arido, Posgrad Fitotecnia, Mossoro, RN, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil

Leaves of three different sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars (Italico a foglia larga, Cammeo, and Italiano classico) packed in macro-perforated polyethylene bags were stored at chilling (4°C) or non-chilling temperature (12°C) for 9days. During storage, visual quality, physiological (respiration rate, ethylene production, ammonium content) and chemical (antioxidant activity, total polyphenols and polyphenol profile) parameters were measured. Detached leaves stored at chilling temperature showed visual symptoms related to chilling injury, while ethylene production and ammonium content resulted associated to cultivar sensibility to damage at low temperature. Storage at 4°C caused a depletion in polyphenols content and antioxidant capability, which was preserved at 12°C. Regarding the polyphenols profile, stressful storage conditions did not enhance the phenolic metabolism. However, leaves stored at 12°C did not loss a significant amount of metabolites respect to fresh leaves, suggesting the possibility to extend the storability after the expiration date, for a possible recovery of bioactive compounds.

Ocimum basilicum L. belongs to the family Lamiaceae is an herb that is extensively cultivated in some countries. Areal parts, especially leaves of sweet basil are widely used to enhance the flavour of foods such as salads, pasta, tomato products, vegetables, pizza, meat, soups, marine foods, confectioneries and other products. Essential oil yield and chemical components of two Iranian landraces of sweet basil including ?Purple? and ?Green? grown south-central of Iran (Isfahan province) were investigated. The hydro-distillated oils were analyzed by GC-MS. The oil yields were obtained from the aerial of Purple with 0.56 ml/100 g dry matter and the aerial of Green with 0.48 ml/100 g dry matter. Results indicated significant differences (p < 0.01) among the aerial for the main constituents in the essential oil from two Iranian landraces of sweet basil. The major constituents of the essential oil from the aerial of Purple landrace were methyl chavicol or estragol (63.32%) and linalool (7.96%). The main compositions of the essential oil from the aerial of Green landrace were methyl chavicol (31.82%), geranial (24.60%) and neral (22.65%). Genarlly, a comparison of our results with the previous reports suggests differences in the essential oil compositions and oil yield of the plant material could be attributed to genetic diversity in two Iranian landraces of sweet basil.

Context: Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) commonly known as sweet basil, has been used as a traditional medicinal plant for the treatment of headaches, coughs, diarrhea, constipation, warts, worms, and kidney malfunctions. Materials and Methods: The essential oil of the flowering aerial parts of O. basilicum growing in the Western Ghats region of North West Karnataka, India, was obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography equipped with flame ionization detector and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The oil was tested against six Gram-positive, eight Gram-negative bacteria, and three fungi by the tube-dilution method at a concentration range of 5.00-0.009 mg/mL. Results: Twenty-five constituents were identified in the essential oil of O. basilicum. The major constituents were identified as methyl eugenol (39.3%) and methyl chavicol (38.3%), accounting for 98.6% of the total oil. The oil was found to be active against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi with minimal bactericidal concentration values in the range of 0.143 ± 0.031 to 0.572 ± 0.127 mg/mL, 0.781 ± 0.382 to 1.875 ± 0.684 mg/mL, and 0.312 ± 0.171 to 0.442 ± 0.207 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: The essential oil of O. basilicum of this region contains methyl eugenol/methyl chavicol chemotype and has bactericidal properties.

Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum Linnaeus) is aromatic herb that has been utilized in traditional medicine. To improve the phytochemical constituents and pharmaceutical quality of sweet basil leaves, ultraviolet (UV)-B irradiation at different intensities (2.30, 3.60, and 4.80 W/m2) and durations (4, 6, 8, and 10-h) was applied at the post-harvest stage. Total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC) were measured using spectrophotometric method, and individual flavonoids and phenolic acids were identified using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. As a key enzyme for the metabolism of flavonoids, chalcone synthase (CHS) activity, was measured using a CHS assay. Antioxidant activity and antiproliferative activity of extracts against a breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) were evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays and MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays, respectively. UV-B irradiation at an intensity of 3.60 W/m2 increased TFC approximately 0.85-fold and also increased quercetin (0.41-fold), catechin (0.85-fold), kaempferol (0.65-fold) rutin (0.68-fold) and luteolin (1.00-fold) content. The highest TPC and individual phenolic acid (gallic acid, cinnamic acid and ferulic acid) was observed in the 3.60 W/m2 of UV-B treatment. Cinnamic acid and luteolin were not detected in the control plants, production being induced by UV-B irradiation. Production of these secondary metabolites was also significantly influenced by the duration of UV-B irradiation. Irradiation for 8-h led to higher TFC, TPC and individual flavonoids and phenolic acids than for the other durations (4, 8, and 10-h) except for cinnamic acid, which was detected at higher concentration when irradiated for 6-h. Irradiation for 10-h significantly decreased the secondary metabolite production in sweet basil leaves. CHS activity was induced by UV-B irradiation and highest activity was observed at 3.60 W/m2 of UV-B irradiation. UV-B treated leaves presented the highest DPPH activity and antiproliferative activity with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 56.0 and 40.8 µg/mL, respectively, over that of the control plants (78.0 and 58.2 µg/mL, respectively). These observations suggest that post-harvest irradiation with UV-B can be considered a promising technique to improve the healthy–nutritional and pharmaceutical properties of sweet basil leaves.

This investigation aimed to evaluate two varieties of Ocimum basilicum L., known as Basil, as potential raw material for the cosmetic industry, assessing their antioxidant properties, considering their industrial use in phytocosmetics. The antioxidant activity of essential oils (EOs) for the species Ocimum basilicum var. cinammom and var. album, were obtained by distillation steam using a Clevenger-type device. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by the method of bleaching radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and the method of linoleic acid peroxidation (ferric thiocyanate). The EOs of the two species had significant antioxidant properties. The method of DPPH facilitated the evaluation of the antioxidant capacity versus the concentration of EOs, showing an efficient concentration at 10 ppm. On the other hand, the ferric thiocyanate method displayed an efficient inhibition up to 360 h (15 d). The obtained results demonstrated the antioxidant capacity of EOs in the investigation. The capacity was related to their chemical composition (phenylpropane and oxygenated monoterpenes). Therefore, EOs can be considered as a potential source in the field of phytocosmetics.

Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) is an aromatic plant of great tradition in the Mediterranean area. Its economic importance is growing up determining an expansion of cultivation. This paper evaluated the morphological traits, the chemical profiles, and antibacterial activity of 21 cultivars of basil belonging to ʻGenoveseʼ, ʻNapoletanoʼ, and ʻPurple basilʼ types. The cultivars were characterized by different growth rate and morphological traits. The chemical composition of the oils analyzed by GC and GC/MS analysis, supported by the PCA analysis, underlined the strong influence of chemotype. It is noteworthy that estragole, never present in Genovese and purple basil types, occurred in Napoletano type. The high presence of eugenol, methyl eugenol, and linalool in the majority of cultivars, belonging both to Genovese and to Napoletano types was registered. Of great interest resulted the composition of the purple basil ʻOpalʼ. All the samples tested exhibited similar antibiotic profiles with moderate antibacterial activity. The results enhanced the importance of determination of essential-oil profile in the selection of cultivars characterized by diverse morphological traits and are useful for different purposes.

The effects of different sodium salts on some physiological parameters and antioxidant responses were investigated in a medicinal and aromatic plant, Ocimum basilicum L. (cultivar Fine). Plants were subjected to an equimolar concentration of Na2SO4 (25 mM) and NaCl (50 mM) for 15 and 30 days. Growth, oxidative stress parameters [electrolyte leakage, peroxidation, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration], antioxidant enzyme activities [ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2), and peroxidases (POD, EC 1.11.1.7)], as well as antioxidant molecules [ascorbate and glutathione] were determined. The two salts affected leaf growth rates to the same extent, after 15 or 30 days of treatment, indicating a similar effect of Na2SO4 and NaCl salinity on growth, even if different (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) antioxidant mechanisms were involved in H2O2 detoxification. However, under both salts, the efficiency of the antioxidant metabolism seemed to be sufficient to avoid the deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Indeed, both ion leakage and peroxidation did not change under either Na2SO4 or NaCl salinity. As a whole, these data suggest that a cooperative process between the antioxidant systems is important for the tolerance of Ocimum basilicum L., cv. Fine to Na2SO4 and NaCl salinity.

A field experiment in growing sweet basil was carried out in the period 2008-2010 in Fajsławice (Lublin region), on podzolic soil. The study evaluated the biometric traits of the plants, yield, the qualitative parameters of herbal raw material and weed infestation of the crop in dependence on growth simulators (Asahi SL, Bio-algeen, Titanit) and the forecrop (winter wheat or spring barley + white mustard cover crop). Plots without foliar application of the growth stimulators were the control treatment. Tillage, mineral NPK fertilization as well as mechanical and chemical weed control were typical for this plant species and consistent with the recommendations for herbal plant protection. A hypothesis was made that the application of growth stimulators would have a positive effect on basil productivity, raw material quality and weed infestation of the basil crop. It was also assumed that the phytosanitary and fertilizing effects of the cover crop would result in higher and qualitatively better yield compared to the cereal forecrop alone (winter wheat). The best quantitative parameters of sweet basil raw material and the highest reduction in air-dry weight of weeds in the crop were observed after the application of the growth stimulators. The forecrop - spring barley + a white mustard cover crop that is ploughed in - also had a beneficial effect on yield and weed infestation of the plant in question. The traditional crop protection method used in the basil crop, without the application of the growth stimulators, resulted in a lower plant height and a smaller number of shoots per plant. This caused higher weed infestation of the crop and a decrease in yield. The positive side of the non-application of growth stimulators was a better chemical composition of basil raw material. Asahi SL and Tytanit yielded the best growth and productivity of the basil plants.

Different concentrations of basil essential oil (Ocimum basilicum L.) (0.19; 0.38; 0.75; 1.87; 3.75 and 6.00 mg.g-1) were evaluated in relation to their antioxidant activity using the DPPH● radical methodology. From the IC50 obtained data, the concentrations of 0.19; 0.38; 0.75; 1.87; 3.75; 6.00 and 12.00 mg.mL-1 were applied directly to the product and these were sensorially evaluated by the test of control difference. The concentrations related to the highest acceptability (0.19; 0.38 and 0.75 mg.g-1) were tested for antioxidant activity in the internal part of Italian type salami - during the processing and after 30 days of storage, in terms of lipid and protein oxidation. The oxidation of lipids was determined using the method of TBARS. The method of carbonyl compounds was employed for proteins oxidation. Five different formulations of salami were elaborated: blank (without the use of antioxidant); control (using sodium eritorbate as antioxidant); and adding 0.19; 0.38 and 0.75 mg.g-1 of basil essential oil. The product was kept between 25 oC and 18 oC and UR between 95% and 70%, for 28 days. Analyses were carried out on the processing day and after 2, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, and also following 30 days of storage. The basil essential oil in vitro presented an antioxidant activity of IC50 12 mg.mL-1. In the internal part of the Italian type salami the commercial antioxidant (control) and the formulation containing 0.75 mg.g-1 of basil essential oil presented antioxidant activity in relation to the lipids, but not to the proteins - during processing and storage.

This work reports extraction yield and chemical characterization of the extracts obtained by high-pressure CO2 extraction of a cultivar of Ocimum basilicum L. The experiments were performed in the temperature range of 20 to 50 °C, from 100 to 250 atm of pressure. Chemical analyses were carried out by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, permitting to identify 23 compounds that were grouped into five chemical classes. Results showed that temperature and solvent density influenced positively the extraction yield. At 20 °C and 0.41 g cm-3 occurred a rise in the concentration of monoterpenes, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes.

In this paper we report on the effects of the nutrient solution strength (single and double strength Hoagland solution) on the nutritional value and shelf life of two cultivars ('Napoletano' and 'Genovese') of hydroponically grown sweet basil. In addition, the effect of a cleaning solution (Clorata (R)) on the harvest product was studied. The commercial life of the product was assessed over a 9 days period. Variations of both the antioxidant activity and leaf nitrate and nitrite contents during the storage period were evaluated. Fresh produce quality did not vary dramatically during storage. Although the visual inspection of the packaged product did not reveal substantial alterations, the hydrophilic antioxidant activity decreased linearly during storage. In contrast, an apparent increase in lipophilic antioxidant activity was observed. Nitrate content diminished during storage. Variations of colorimetric indexes are also reported.