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The objective of the present study was to elucidate the toxic effects of imidacloprid on the embryonic and larval stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Each of the 1000 fertilized eggs and larvae were exposed to six different concentrations (0, 10, 30, 100, 300, and 1000 µg/L) of imidacloprid in 30 plastic bowls. Each of the control and treatment was maintained in five replicates. Results showed that hatching rate of fertilized eggs and number of dead embryos and larvae significantly decreased with increasing imidacloprid concentrations. The 24-, 48-, and 72-h LC50 value of imidacloprid for common carp embryos were estimated to be 12,708.8, 611, and 274.9 µg/L, respectively and the 24-, 48-, 72-, and 96-h LC50 of imidacloprid for common carp larvae were estimated to be 93719, 21691, 2352.7, and 1292.6 µg/L, respectively. Furthermore, results showed several malformations of common carp embryos and larvae induced by the toxicity of imidacloprid when exposed to 300 and 1000 µg/L. The results suggest that the minimum concentration of 10 µg/L imidacloprid in the aquatic environment may have adverse effects on the embryonic and larval stages of common carp.

The present study aims to apply a DNA barcoding tool through amplifying two mitochondrial candidate genes i.e., COI and 16S rRNA for accurate identification of fish, aquatic molluscs and crustaceans of Sundarbans mangrove wetland, to build a reference library of fish and shellfishes of this unique ecosystems. A total of 185 mitochondrial COI barcode sequences and 59 partial sequences of the 16S rRNA gene were obtained from 120 genera, 65 families and 21 orders of fish, crustaceans and molluscs. The collected samples were first identified by examining morphometric characteristics and then assessed by DNA barcoding. The COI and 16S rRNA sequences of fishes and crustaceans were clearly discriminated among genera in their phylogenies. The average Kimura two-parameter (K2P) distances of COI barcode sequences within species, genera, and families of fishes are 1.57±0.06%, 15.16±0.23%, and 17.79±0.02%, respectively, and for 16S rRNA sequences, these values are 1.74±.8%, 0.97±.8%, and 4.29±1.3%, respectively. The minimum and maximum K2P distance based divergences in COI sequences of fishes are 0.19% and 36.27%, respectively. In crustaceans, the K2P distances within genera, families, and orders are 1.4±0.03%, 17.73±0.15%, and 22.81±0.02%, respectively and the minimum and maximum divergences are 0.2% and 33.93%, respectively. Additionally, the present study resolves the misidentification of the mud crab species of the Sundarbans as Scylla olivacea which was previously stated as Scylla serrata. In case of molluscs, values of interspecific divergence ranges from 17.43% to 66.3% in the barcoded species. The present study describes the development of a molecular and morphometric cross-referenced inventory of fish and shellfish of the Sundarbans. This inventory will be useful in future biodiversity studies and in forming future conservation plan.

Antimicrobial resistance gene mcr-1 has been disseminated globally since its first discovery in Southern China in late 2015. However, the mcr-1 gene had not been identified previously in Salmonella isolates from poultry in Bangladesh. Here, we aimed to explore antimicrobial resistance gene mcr-1 in Salmonella isolates. Eighty two Salmonella isolates were isolated and characterized from suspected poultry specimens received from different zones of the country. A phenotypic disc diffusion assay with 15 antimicrobial agents was performed following CLSI standard. The disk diffusion assay showed that, all of the isolates presented high resistance to colistin (92.68%), oxytetracycline (86.59%), co-trimoxazole (76.83%), ciprofloxacin (73.17%) and enrofloxacin (65.85%). Further, randomly selected 10 Salmonella isolates were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting genus-specific invA and antimicrobial (colistin) resistance mcr-1 genes. Five were confirmed for the presence of the mcr-1 gene belonging to Salmonella spp. Further, sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis revealed divergent evolutionary relation between the LptA and MCR proteins rendering them resistant to colistin. Three-dimensional homology structures of MCR-1 proteins were constructed and verified using different bioinformatics tools. Moreover, molecular docking interactions suggested that, MCR-1 and LptA share a similar substrate binding cavity which could be validated for the functional analysis. The results represent here is the first molecular and in silico analysis of colistin resistance mcr-1 gene of Salmonella in poultry in Bangladesh, which may emphasize the importance of the study on antibiotic resistance genes requiring for national monitoring and strategic surveillance in the country.

Background Diarrhea remains a major public health problem and characterization of its etiology is needed to prioritize interventions. However, most data are from single-site studies of children. We tested samples from participants of any age from 11 geographically diverse hospitals in Bangladesh to describe pathogen-specific burdens of diarrhea. Methods We utilized 2 existing diarrhea surveillance systems: a Nationwide network at 10 sentinel hospitals and at the icddr,b hospital. We tested stools from enrolled participants and nondiarrheal controls for enteropathogens using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and calculated pathogen-specific attributable fractions (AFs) of diarrhea. Results We analyzed 5516 patients with diarrhea and 735 controls. Overall, rotavirus had the highest attributable burden of diarrhea (Nationwide AF, 17.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 14.3–20.9%; icddr,b AF, 39.9%; 38.0–41.8%), followed by adenovirus 40/41 (Nationwide AF, 17.9%; 95% CI: 13.9–21.9%; icddr,b AF, 16.6%; 95% CI, 14.4–19.4%) and Vibrio cholerae (Nationwide AF, 10.2%; 95% CI, 9.1–11.3%; icddr,b AF, 13.3%; 95% CI: 11.9–15.1%). Rotavirus was the leading pathogen in children 5 years old, but was more geographically variable (coefficient of variation = 71.5%). Other attributable pathogens included astrovirus, norovirus, Shigella, Salmonella, ETEC, sapovirus, and typical EPEC. Conclusions Rotavirus, adenovirus 40/41, and V. cholerae were the leading etiologies of infectious diarrhea requiring hospitalization in Bangladesh. Other pathogens were important in certain age groups or sites., Patients of all ages were enrolled in the sentinel surveillance from 11 Bangladesh hospitals. Rotavirus, adenovirus 40/41, and Vibrio cholerae were the leading causes of diarrhea across age and geography with variations in frequency. Other pathogens were important in certain ages or sites.

The methanolic extract of Litsea glutinosa (Lauraceae) was evaluated for in vitro antioxidant activity by determination of hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity, assay of nitric oxide scavenging activity and reducing power test and in vivo antinociceptive effect in acetic acid induced writhing model in swiss albino mice. The results revealed the presence of pronounced antioxidant property as compared with ascorbic acid used as standard and a dose-dependent (250 and 500 mg/kg) analgesic effect. The antioxidant and antinociceptive properties observed seem to be in good accordance with the traditional uses of Litsea glutinosa. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 47(4) , 401-406, 2012 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v47i4.14069

The sero-prevalence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infection of chickens in selecte d Model Breeder Poultry Farms was determined during the period January to May, 2004. To conduct this study a total of 382 sera samples were collected. Rapid Serum Plate Agglutination (SPA) test was performed using commercial MG antigen (Nobilis® MG) to detect the presence of antibodies against MG. The over all sero-prevalence of MG infection was 58.90% in the study area. The highest prevalence (62.44 %) of MG infection was found in winter season followed by summer season (53.10%). The result further revealed that the infection was higher (59.94%) in female birds than in male birds (48.57%). It was also demonstrated that the infection was higher (62.80%) in Feni sadar than in Chhagoalnaiy a thana (53.45%).

A study was undertaken to determine the immune response of eight different imported live NDV vaccines in broiler chickens in the Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from July to December 2008. A total of 55 broiler chickens (Ross breed) were divided into eleven groups such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 of which group 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 were vaccinated primarily with Nobilis® MA5+Clone30, Avipro® ND-IB HB1, Cevac® BIL, Newcastle-Bronchitis Vaccine Fortdodge® and Avipro® ND LaSota vaccine respectively at day 5 of age and secondarily with Nobilis® ND Clone 30, Avipro® ND LaSota, Cevac® New L, Newcastle Disease vaccine Fortdodge® and Avipro® ND LaSota vaccine respectively at day 21 of age by single eye instillation and 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 were vaccinated with the same vaccines respectively by double eye instillation following the same schedule. Group 11 was kept as unvaccinated control. Sera samples were collected after 10 days of each vaccination and at day 5, 15, 20, 31 of age from nonvaccinated control and subjected to HI test for the determination of antibody titres. It was observed that after primary vaccination the geometric mean (GM) of HI titres of double eye vaccinated groups differed significantly (P Key words: Immune response, Newcastle disease, ND vaccines, broiler chickens doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v6i2.2326 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (2): 139-144