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Philippine Tung (Reutealis trisperma [Blanco] Airy Shaw) is one of non-edible oil producing plant resistant to unfavorable conditions and therefore this plant has prospective role to be used in phytoremediation program on gold post-mined area. The experiment aimed to analyze photosynthesis and growth of R. trisperma plants in response to short term gold-mine tailing treatment in polybag experiment. The experiment was carried out using completely randomized design with two factors and 5 replications. The first factor was five varieties of R. trisperma (M1, M2, D1, D2 and HR) and the second factor was gold-mine tailings treatment comprised 0, 25, 50, and 100% of tailings which was applied in combination with mixed compost and soil 1:3 (v/v) as a basic media. Plant growth and physiological characters were observed after 6 weeks of the treatment. The result showed that even though malondialdehyde (MDA) of R. trisperma leaves increased slightly, but the plants treated with gold-mine tailing had higher photosynthetic rate than that of the control (untreated) plants, which resulted in the improvement of root and shoot growth up to 70 and 90%, respectively. Higher content of Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Mn in gold-mine tailing may have positive effect to R. trisperma indicated by photosynthesis and growth enhancement which suggests the plant tolerance to gold-mine tailings.

Salim MA, Setyaningsih L, Wahyudi I, Budi SW. 2021. Growth of Falcataria moluccana and Albizia chinensis seedling under aluminum exposure. Biodiversitas 22: 3693-3701. Aluminum (Al) is an element found in acid soils and is one of the limiting factors for plant growth. This study aims to examine the growth of Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J.W.Grimes and Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr seedlings under exposure of aluminum. This study used an one-factor completely randomized design (Al concentration) consisting of 5 levels, namely 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mM. Each treatment was repeated 3 times and each replication consisted of 3 plant units. The results showed that the Al exposure treatment gave significant differences in the growth of height, root length, dry weight (root, shoot, and total) of F. moluccana and A. chinensis seedlings. The 2 mM Al concentration stimulated the growth of height, root length and dry weight (root, shoot, and total) of A. chinensis seedlings. The tolerance index for F. moluccana and A. chinensis seedlings was highest when the Al 2 mM concentration was 147.55% and 115.32%, respectively. 2 mM Al exposure treatment increased the chlorophyll content a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids of F. moluccana and A. chinensis seedlings. Al exposure treatment did not significantly differ from the rate of photosynthesis and MDA content in F. moluccana and A. chinensis seedlings. The Al content in the roots was higher than in the shoots, and the increase in Al concentration increased the Al content in the roots and shoots of F. moluccana and A. chinensis seedlings.

This experiment aimed to determine the adaptability of four biodiesel-producing plants to gold mine wastewater based on morpho-physiological properties. Four species namely jatropha (Jatropha curcas), castor bean (Ricinus communis), wild candlenut (Reutealis trisperma) and bead tree (Melia azedarach) were grown in water culture using Hoagland solution for 2 weeks and then treated with gold mining wastewater at 0% (control), 25%, 50%, and 75% (v/v) for 3 weeks. Growth, anatomical and physiological characteristics were observed during the treatment. The results showed that gold mine wastewater significantly decreased growth of the four species despite varied among the species. Wastewater had significant effect on leaves anatomy of Jatropha but not on others. It also significantly induced the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) content in Jatropha and castor bean, but not in wild candlenut and bead-tree. Meanwhile, the treatment significantly decreased chlorophyll content of all species with the most in bead-tree plant, and leaves relative water content (RWC) particularly in castor bean and bead-tree plants. There was strong negative correlation between the increase of MDA content and the decrease of chlorophyll content and leaf RWC. Among the four species, wild candlenut (R. trisperma) was the most resistant to gold mine wastewater based on morphological and physiological properties.

Salim MA, Budi RSW, Setyaningsih L, Iskandar, Wahyudi I, Kirmi H. 2020. Root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in various age classes of revegetation post-coal mine. Biodiversitas 21: 5013-5022. This study aims to evaluate the status of colonization of the roots of the host plant in various age classes of revegetation of post-coal mining land associated with AMF spores populations and soil fertility. The study was conducted in the post-mining revegetation land at PT. Berau Coal, East Kalimantan. Isolation of the spores was carried out using the wet-sieving and centrifugation method, while the colonization of the roots was carried out by the root coloring technique. Revegetation activities have been able to increase the content of some nutrients in the soil. The AMF population shows tendency an increase along with the increasing revegetation age classes. Eight-year revegetation age classes have the highest average number of spores. Plant species and understorey have shown the existence of AMF colonization with different values for each species. AMF root colonization has a negative relationship with the number of spores in the soil. The C-organic, N-total, CEC Ca, Mg and Fe contents have a positive correlation with AMF root colonization, while available P, total P, K, and Al have a negative correlation with AMF root colonization. Mg was significantly correlated (r = 0.861) to AMF root colonization.

Setyaningsih L, Dikdayatama FA, Wulandari AS. 2020. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobium enhance the growth of Samanea saman (trembesi) planted on gold-mine tailings in Pongkor, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 611-616. Revegetation of severely degraded lands, such as gold-mine tailings, requires comprehensive approach including the selection of appropriate tree species and the improvement of soil fertility with the application of microorganisms. This study aimed to analyze the growth of trembesi (Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr) seedlings inoculated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and rhizobial bacteria (RB) on gold-mine tailings in Pongkor, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. The AMF, RB, and mixture of AMF and RB were inoculated into S. saman seedlings and then the seedlings were grown on gold mine tailings land. Seedling growth, AMF infection and RB nodulation were observed after 12 weeks after planting. The results showed that the treatments facilitated AMF colonization by up to 20.7% and RB nodulation up to 22 nodules per plant. The inoculation of S. saman seedlings with AMF and RB significantly increased the growth on diameter, biomass, and root length, with values of root-to-shoot ratio of 3.1-4.3. The roots of S. saman seedlings were also able to penetrate the depth of the tailings solum. These results showed that AMF and RB application effectively increased the growth of S. saman seedlings in the gold tailings field.

Setyaningsih L, Wulandari AS, Hamim H. 2018. Growth of typha grass (Typha angustifolia) on gold-mine tailings with application of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi. Biodiversitas 19: 504-509. Gold mine tailings contain extreme physical and chemical properties, which inhibit plant growth due to lower nutrition and higher heavy metal contaminants. Typha (Typha angustifolia) is type of grass growing well on waterlogged area including tailing dam. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in combination with compost and soil on the typha growth in gold mine tailings. The study was conducted in greenhouse by inoculating two AMF isolates (Glomus etunicatum and G. manihotis) to typha seedlings grown in pure tailing media, mixed tailing-compost media, and mixed tailing-compost-soil media. The compatibility and growth of typha grass were analysed after 1 month. Results showed that G. etunicatum and G. manihotis application significantly increased AMF colonization of typha roots up to 16.6% and 21.8% respectively. The length, number of leaves and biomass of typha also increased up to 90%, 50% and 97% respectively compared to those without AMF inoculation. G. etunicatum contributed the best growth of typha grown in mixed compost-soil-tailings, resulting in double increase of its length and biomass. The application of G. manihotis did not significantly increase the growth of typha in mixed media; however, under pure tailing, this mycorrhiza had the best induction for typha biomass and leaf number. In general, AMF application increased growth of typha grass in tailings media.

Iron (Fe) is a micro essential needed by plants in small amounts and can be toxic when available in large quantities. This study aimed to evaluate how Fe exposure affects the growth of C. callothyrsus and L. leucocephala seedlings. This study used a completely randomized design with factorial, where the first factor consisted of two levels of seedlings (C. calothyrsus and L. leucocephala), and the second factor consisted of Fe concentration which consisted of 8 levels (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5, and 1.75 mM). The results showed that treatment of seedlings species and concentration of Fe was able to significantly affect the growth parameters (height, root length, root dry weight, shoots, and plant dry weight) of seedlings. The control treatment (without Fe) showed the highest growth response compared to those treated with Fe exposure and an increase in Fe concentration was able to reduce all growth parameters in both seedlings. The 0.5 mM Fe concentration reduced all growth parameters of C. calothyrsus drastically, while in L. leucocephala, the Fe 0.75 concentration was able to decrease all growth parameters drastically. The tolerance index of both seedlings decreased with increasing Fe concentration. The rate of photosynthesis did not show a significant difference between treatments, meanwhile, it had a significant effect on chlorophyll affect chlorophyll (a, b, and total chlorophyll) and carotenoid content. The highest Fe content in C. calothyrsus seedlings was at a concentration of 1.5 mM (4.40%), while in L. leucocephala seedlings, the highest Fe content was at 1.7 mM (2.87%).

Hamim, Hanifatunisa, Hadisunarso, Setyaningsih L, Saprudin D. 2019. Lead (Pb) toxicity effect on physio-anatomy of bead-tree, jatropha, castor bean and Philippine-tung grown in water culture. Biodiversitas 20: 3690-3697. Heavy metal contamination in both land and water has been intensively studied because of their broad impact for the environment. Bead-tree (Melia azedarach), Jatropha (Jatropha curcas), castor bean (Ricinus communis) and Philippine tung (Reutealis trisperma) are kinds of non-edible oil-producing species, that are able to grow well on degraded lands and may have potential use for phytoremediation of heavy metals contaminated areas. This study aimed to analyze the response of bead-tree (Melia azedarach), jatropha (Jatropha curcas), castor bean (Ricinus communis) and Philippine-tung (Reutealis trisperma) to lead (Pb) contaminant in water culture experiment based on morphological, physiological and anatomical parameters. Two months old plants were transferred to the media containing Hoagland solution. After three weeks of planting, Pb (NO3)2 treatments with five concentrations, i.e. control (0 mM), 0.5 mM, 1 mM, 2 mM, and 3 mM were added together with Hoagland replacement and the plants were treated for three weeks. The growth, anatomical and physiological parameters were observed during the treatment until three weeks. The results showed that Pb treatment, especially with higher concentration, dramatically decreased plant growth, such as plant height, number of leaves, as well as shoot and root dry weight of all the species. Lead treatment triggered the emergence of free radicals and oxidative stress as indicated by a significant increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) content, while it decreased chlorophyll content of all the species. The higher concentration of Pb (NO3)2 caused the thickness of upper epidermis, lower epidermis, and spongy mesophyll tissue to decrease significantly which contributed to the decrease of leaves thickness. Among the species, Philippine-tung was the most tolerant of Pb toxicity. This species is potential to be used in phytoremediation program of lead-contaminated land such as gold mine area as well as heavy industrial areas.

Background and objective Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) is a non-edible biodiesel producer plant that has a good prospect due to the higher seed production capacity and oil content. In addition, it also able to grow well under unfavourable environment. The study aimed to analyze the response of Reutealis trisperma (R. trisperma) to gold mined wastewater. Materials and methods Five varieties of R. trisperma i.e., Kemiri Minyak-1 (KM1), Kemiri Minyak-2 (KM2), Kermindo-1 (KD1), Kermindo-2 (KD2) and Harapan (HR) grown in water culture, were treated with wastewater from gold mining industry with concentration of 0, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 mL for 2 weeks. Shoot and root growth, anatomy as well as some physiological characters were analyzed during the treatment. Results Wastewater treatments for 14 days caused decrease of shoot growth and induced leaf yellowing of the plants. The treatments caused increase in malondialdehyde content up to 4 fold, while chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll of the plants decreased significantly. TEM analysis indicated that the root cell of plants exposed to highest concentration of wastewater started to degenerate and had higher number of mitochondria and peroxisome vesicles suggesting that the cellular respiration and anti-oxidative mechanism presumably became more active due to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Conclusion Gold mine wastewater treatment caused all the plants to undergo stress characterized by the increase of malondialdehyde and the decrease of chlorophyll content and leaf growth of R. trisperma, even though there was variation among the varieties. KM2 and KD2 had the best performance among all varieties in response to gold-mine wastewater.

Information on metal adaptation of plants is necessary to understand the mechanism of heavy metal, including lead (Pb), remediation mediated by forest plants in contaminated land. This study aimed to find out the adaptation mechanism of jabon ( Anthocephalus cadamba Roxb) seedlings to excessive lead level based on the tolerance index of growth performance and lead transport to plant tissue. The seedlings were exposed to lead (Pb(NO 3 ) 2 ) with the concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 5 and 10 mM in nutrient culture for 15 days. The result showed that the tolerance index (TI) of the seedlings was significantly decreased by Pb exposure up to 1.5 mM, but the TI values were more than 75%. All seedlings died at Pb concentration of 5 mM and up. Pb accumulated in all parts of the seedlings, with the highest concentration found in the leaves (735.9 ppm) under Pb concentration of 0.5 mM. The Pb was found to be transported to the top portion of the seedlings indicated by Transport Factor (TF) that was more than 1. The results suggest that jabon can adapt to excessive Pb exposure up to 1.5 mM and has the potential as a remediator plant.

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) is one of the fungi that can be found in almost every ecosystem including post-coal mining land. This study aims to analyze the diversity of AMF in different age of revegetation of post-coal mining land area. Soil samples were collected from six different age of revegetation of post-coal mining area (unrevegetated area, 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 years) and from natural forest as comparison. AMF spore isolation was carried out using wet-sieving method, while spore identification was carried out based on several morphological characters according to INVAM guideline. The results of the observation showed that with increasing of revegetation age will be able to increase the number of AMF populations (R2= 84.96%). The highest AMF population was found at the age of 10 years after revegetation of land with the number of 492 spores per 20 grams soil, while the lowest AMF population was found in unrevegetated area with the number of 12 spores per 20 grams of soil. AMF genera found included Glomus, Acaulospora, Gigaspora, Scutellospora, and Dentiscutata. Glomus and Acaulospora were the dominant AMF in every land revegetation age (100% of frequency). AMF populations was correlated strongly with soil organic content (r = 0.79).

Lead (Pb) is one of the dangerous heavy metal contained in tailing that needs remediation activity. This study aimed to investigate the potency of jabon to take up and accumulate lead in its tissue by the application of compost and arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus (AMF) on pot observation. In Pb-containing tailing media, the average levels of Pb in roots seedling was 50% greater as compared to the levels of Pb in the stem and leaves of seedlings. Application of compost in tailings media significantly increased (p ? 0.5) the average levels of Pb in the roots and stems, but decreased Pb levels in leaves. Applications AMF significantly decreased (p ? 0.5) the average levels of Pb in the roots, stem and leaves of seedlings by approximately 18-33%. The combination applications of compost and AMF significantly (p ? 0.5) increased the level of Pb in the roots, stems and leaves of seedlings at 6, 16 and 27 fold respectively than that in control plant (without compost and AMF). After 12 weeks exposure, lead bioconcentration factor varied from 0.1-1.6 in seedling tissue with transport factor varied from 0.1-1.0. The application of active compost and AMF increased 1-15 fold lead accumulation from control, and the biggest accumulation was 452.9 x10-2 mg/plant with Pb concentration of 1.5 mM. Active compost and AMF application supported jabon seedling to act as lead phytostabilizer and to remove lead from the tailing to the above part of the plant.

This study aimed to find out the lead tolerance of sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) seedling based on growth performance, tolerance index, and secretion and accumulation of organic acids content. Seedlings were exposed to lead (Pb) with the concentration of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 5, and 10 mM in liquid nutrient culture for 4 days in order to investigate secretion and accumulation of oxalic, malic, and citric content, and for 15 days to examine growth performance and tolerance index. The result showed that tolerance index and growth performance of sengon seedling were insignificant (p > 0.05) to the rising of Pb concentration up to 1.5 mM with tolerance index at least 95%, and even caused an increase of fresh weight. However, the tolerance index and growth of sengon decreased significantly due to Pb exposure of 5 and 10 mM. Among the three organic acids, citrate was most dominant as compared to malate and oxalate. Secretion of citrate increased significantly (p < 0.05) with the rising concentration of Pb 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM, reaching to 0.464, 0.540, and 0.587 µg mℓ-1, respectively, or rising according linear line (r = 0.9, p < 0.5). Citrate accumulation showed inconsistent pattern with the rising Pb exposure. The result suggested that sengon seedling have a slightly tolerance to lead by secretion of organic acid especially citric acid.Keywords: lead, sengon, tolerance, organic acid, liquid nutrient culture