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Trypanosomiases and leishmaniases are neglected tropical diseases that have been spreading to previously non-affected areas in recent years. Identification of new chemotherapeutics is needed as there are no vaccines and the currently available treatment options are highly toxic and often ineffective. The causative agents for these diseases are the protozoan parasites of the Trypanosomatidae family, and they alternate between invertebrate and vertebrate hosts during their life cycles. Hence, these parasites must be able to adapt to different environments and compete with their hosts for several essential compounds, such as amino acids, vitamins, ions, carbohydrates, and lipids. Among these nutrients, lipids and fatty acids (FAs) are essential for parasite survival. Trypanosomatids require massive amounts of FAs, and they can either synthesize FAs de novo or scavenge them from the host. Moreover, FAs are the major energy source during specific life cycle stages of T. brucei, T. cruzi, and Leishmania. Therefore, considering the distinctive features of FAs metabolism in trypanosomatids, these pathways could be exploited for the development of novel antiparasitic drugs. In this review, we highlight specific aspects of lipid and FA metabolism in the protozoan parasites T. brucei, T. cruzi, and Leishmania spp., as well as the pathways that have been explored for the development of new chemotherapies.

Steatosis is the accumulation of neutral lipids in the cytoplasm. In the liver, it is associated with overeating and a sedentary lifestyle, but may also be a result of xenobiotic toxicity and genetics. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) defines an array of liver conditions varying from simple steatosis to inflammation and fibrosis. Over the last years, autophagic processes have been shown to be directly associated with the development and progression of these conditions. However, the precise role of autophagy in steatosis development is still unclear. Specifically, autophagy is necessary for the regulation of basic metabolism in hepatocytes, such as glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, response to insulin and glucagon signaling, and cellular responses to free amino acid contents. Also, genetic knockout models for autophagy-related proteins suggest a critical relationship between autophagy and hepatic lipid metabolism, but some results are still ambiguous. While autophagy may seem necessary to support lipid oxidation in some contexts, other evidence suggests that autophagic activity can lead to lipid accumulation instead. This structured literature review aims to critically discuss, compare, and organize results over the last 10 years regarding rodent steatosis models that measured several autophagy markers, with genetic and pharmacological interventions that may help elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved.

This study aimed to carry out a systematic literature review about olives, extraction methods, physical and chemical characterization and identity and quality parameters of olive oils, as well as technological alternatives for using by-products. Olive oil is the oil extracted from the ripe fruits of the olive tree (Olea europaea L.). Trees have been cultivated in the Mediterranean Region for several centuries and thousands of cultivars differ by weight, size and chemical characteristics of the fruits. Currently, olive oil is produced worldwide and the olive plant was recently introduced in the city of Diamantina, Minas Gerais. The lipid content is mostly composed of oleic acid and smaller fractions of phenolic compounds, phytosterols and pigments, substances with antioxidant and bioactive activities that promote oxidative stability of the oil and beneficial effects on human health. The main extraction of olive oil consists of crushing, pressing and centrifuging, generating by-products that can be reused for recovery of compounds or generation of new products in the food industry. After extraction, the oil is submitted to several physical and chemical analyzes to define the identity and quality parameters, according to international standards. The main characteristics that define the quality of olive oil are free acidity, peroxide index, specific extinction index, instrumental color and fatty acids profile. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre aceituna, métodos de extracción, caracterización física y química y parámetros de identidad y calidad de los aceites de oliva, así como alternativas tecnológicas para el uso de los subproductos. El aceite de oliva es el aceite comestible extraído de los frutos maduros del olivo (Olea europaea L.). Los árboles se cultivan en la Región del Mediterráneo desde hace varios siglos y existen miles de cultivares que difieren en peso, tamaño y características químicas de los frutos. Actualmente, el aceite de oliva se produce en todo el mundo y la plantación de aceitunas se introdujo recientemente en la ciudad de Diamantina, Minas Gerais. El extracto etéreo es compuesto principalmente por ácido oleico y fracciones menores de compuestos fenólicos, fitoesteroles y pigmentos, sustâncias con actividades antioxidantes y bioactivas que promueven la estabilidad oxidativa del aceite y tienen efectos beneficiosos para la salud humana. La principal extracción del aceite de oliva consiste en triturar, prensar y centrifugar, generando subproductos que pueden reutilizar para la recuperación de compuestos o generar nuevos productos en la industria alimentaria. Después de la extracción, el aceite se somete a varios análisis físicos y químicos para definir la identidad y calidad, según estándares internacionales. Las principales características que definen la calidad del aceite de oliva son la acidez total titulable, el índice de peróxidos, el índice de extinción específica en el ultravioleta, el color instrumental y el perfil de ácidos grasos. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de realizar uma abordagem sistemática de literatura sobre as olivas, extração, caracterização e parâmetros de identidade e de qualidade dos azeites, bem como as alternativas tecnológicas de aproveitamento dos resíduos. O azeite de oliva é o óleo comestível extraído dos frutos maduros da oliveira (Olea europaea L.). As árvores são cultivadas na Região Mediterrânea há vários séculos e existem milhares de cultivares que se diferem pelo peso, tamanho e características químicas dos frutos. Atualmente, o azeite de oliva é produzido em todo o mundo e o plantio de olivas foi recentemente introduzido na cidade de Diamantina, Minas Gerais. O extrato etéreo é composto, em maior parte, por ácido oleico e por menores frações de compostos fenólicos, fitoesteróis e pigmentos, substâncias antioxidantes e bioativas que promovem a estabilidade oxidativa do óleo e possuem efeitos benéficos à saúde humana. O principal método de extração do azeite de oliva é composto basicamente por trituração, prensagem e centrifugação, gerando resíduos que podem ser reaproveitados para recuperação de compostos ou geração de novos produtos na indústria alimentícia. Após extraído, o azeite é submetido a diversas análises físicas e químicas para definição do padrão de identidade e qualidade, de acordo com as normas internacionais. As principais características que definem a qualidade do azeite de oliva são a acidez titulável total, índice de peróxidos, extinção específica no ultravioleta, cor instrumental e perfil de ácidos graxos.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementation with polyunsaturated oil on lipid and mineral blood biomarkers in two different groups of horses. Was used 6 healthy horses in maintenance (MT-g) and 10 healthy horses in marcha gait training (GT-g). The MT-g and the GT-g received 100mL and 300mL/day/animal of combination of polyunsaturated oils, respectively, during 8 weeks. Blood was collected in pre-test and after 4 and 8 weeks, after overnight fasting and it was measured: total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, NEFA, LPS, glycerol, Ca, P, Mg, and Cl. The supplementation produced significant increase in NEFA and reduction in lipase in both groups. In addition, the LPS content in both groups had a large decrease (~35%) from the pre-test to the 8th week of supplementation. In the MT-g, the LDL cholesterol and glycerol increased significantly after 4 weeks but returned to the pre-test levels after 8 weeks, and the triglyceride content decreased (~62%) after 4 weeks. The total cholesterol concentration in the GT-g increased after 4 weeks (~70%), but after 8 weeks it decreased to levels similar to those observed in the pre-test. The mineral biomarkers increased in the MT-g and GT-g, after 8 weeks. In the MT-g and in the GT-g, Ca decreased. In conclusion, supplementation with a combination of polyunsaturated oils increased NEFA concentration and reduced LPS activity in both groups, unlike the concentrations of the other biomarkers that showed different variations between groups, indicating that both NEFA and LPS the changes in their concentrations during supplementation may be more sensitive and more indicated for these types of evaluation. In addition, some blood mineral concentrations reduced significantly in both groups of horses, and thus, they need to be evaluated in horses under chronic oil supplementation Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com uma combinação de óleos poliinsaturado nos biomarcadores lipídicos e minerais sanguíneos em dois diferentes grupos de equinos. Foram utilizados 6 equinos saudáveis em manutenção (MT-g) e 10 equinos saudáveis em treinamento de marcha (GT-g). O MT-g e o GT-g receberam 100,0mL e 300mL/dia/animal de uma combinação de óleos poliinsaturado, respectivamente, durante 8 semanas. O sangue foi coletado no pré-teste e após 4 e 8 semanas, após a noite, medidas: colesterol total, colesterol HDL, colesterol LDL, triglicérides, NEFA, LPS, glicerol, Ca, P, Mg e Cl. A suplementação produziu aumento significativo de NEFA e redução da lipase nos dois grupos. Além disso, o conteúdo de LPS em ambos os grupos ocorreu um decréscimo (~ 35%) desde o pré-teste até a 8ª semana de suplementação. Na MT-g, o colesterol LDL e o glicerol aumentaram significativamente após 4 semanas, mas retornaram aos níveis pré-teste após 8 semanas, e o conteúdo de triglicérides diminuiu (~ 62%) após 4 semanas. A concentração total de colesterol no GT-g aumentou após 4 semanas (~ 70%), mas após 8 semanas diminuiu para valores semelhantes aos observados no pré-teste. Os biomarcadores minerais aumentaram no MT-g e GT-g, após 8 semanas. No MT-g e no GT-g, o Ca diminuiu. Em conclusão, a suplementação com uma combinação de óleos poliinsaturado elevou a concentração do NEFA e reduziu a atividade de LPS em ambos os grupos estudados, diferentemente das concentrações das demais biomarcadores que apresentaram variações diferentes entre os grupos, indicando que tanto o NEFA como a LPS podem ser mais sensíveis as modificações em suas concentrações durante a suplementação e mais indicados para esse tipo de avaliação. Além disso, a concentração sanguínea de alguns minerais reduziu significativamente em ambos os grupos de equinos e, portanto, precisam ser avaliados em cavalos sob suplementação crônica de óleos.

Intestinal villi of Caiman yacare form longitudinal folds instead of the finger-like projections of most birds and mammals. Moreover, they lack Crypts of Lieberkuhn and the lamina epithelialis organization is dynamic, changing from pseudostratified to simple columnar epithelium after feeding. Because of these differences, we sought to verify whether intestinal villi of the crocodilian Caiman yacare are functionally compartmentalized along their length similarly to the finger-like villi that harbors Crypt of Lieberkuhn. For this, Caiman yacare were force-fed soybean oil, the intestinal mucosa was harvested and analyzed under light microscopy after lipid staining or immunohistochemistry for the proliferative marker PCNA. Functional compartmentalization was assessed by evaluating differences in lipid absorption along intestinal villi base-to-tip axis, by localizing the proliferative enterocytes and by verifying whether such cells were capable of absorbing lipids. Histological morphometric analyses of the extent of enterocyte hypertrophy caused by lipid inclusions and the contribution of such inclusions to histological remodeling from pseudostratified to simple columnar epithelium were also evaluated. Although lacking Crypts of Lieberkuhn, enterocytes present at villi base were PCNA positive and devoid of the great amount of lipid inclusions observed in the other intestinal villi domains, in a similar pattern to finger-like villi. Enterocytes doubled their volume because of lipid inclusions, and in spite of such enterocyte hypertrophy, lamina epithelialis continued to be pseudostratified within lateral sides, whereas villi tip were organized in a simple columnar epithelium.

The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) has changed over the last decade, but remains a composite of clinical assessment and magnetic resonance imaging to prove dissemination of lesions in time and space. The intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulin may be a nonspecific marker and there are no plasma biomarkers that are useful in the diagnosis of MS, presenting additional challenges to their early detection. Methods We performed a preliminary untargeted qualitative lipidomics mass spectrometry analysis, comparing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma samples from patients with MS, other inflammatory neurological diseases and idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Results Lipid identification revealed that fatty acids and sphingolipids were the most abundant classes of lipids in the CSF and that glycerolipids and fatty acids were the main class of lipids in the plasma of patients with MS. The area under the curve was 0.995 (0.912–1) and 0.78 (0.583–0.917), respectively. The permutation test indicated that this ion combination was useful for distinguishing MS from other inflammatory diseases (p < 0.001 and 0.055, respectively). Conclusion This study concluded that the CSF and plasma from patients with MS bear a unique lipid signature that can be useful as a diagnostic biomarker. RESUMO Embora o diagnóstico da EM tenha se modificado na última década, ainda tem como requisito básico a demonstração da disseminação no tempo e no espaço, através do quadro clínico e do exame de ressonância magnética. A síntese intratecal de imunoglobulina pode ser um marcador inespecífico e não há biomarcadores plasmáticos que sejam úteis no diagnóstico da EM, impondo desafios à sua detecção precoce. Métodos Realizamos uma análise lipidômica preliminar por espectrometria de massas, não direcionada, qualitativa, comparando amostras de LCR e plasma de pacientes com EM, outras doenças neurológicas inflamatórias e hipertensão intracraniana idiopática (HII). Resultados A identificação lipídica revelou que os ácidos graxos e esfingolipídios foram as classes mais abundantes de lipídios no LCR e que glicerolipídios e ácidos graxos foram a principal classe de lipídios no plasma de pacientes com EM. A AUC foi de 0,995 (0,912–1) e 0,78 (0,583–0,917), respectivamente. O teste de permutação indicou que essa combinação de íons foi útil para distinguir a EM de outras doenças inflamatórias (p < 0,001 e 0,055, respectivamente). Conclusão Este estudo sugere que o líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) e o plasma de pacientes com EM possuem uma assinatura lipídica única, pode ser útil como um biomarcador diagnóstico.

High lipid concentration in ruminant diets often harms nutrient digestibility and feed intake; thus, a protected lipid and antioxidant source can be considered as an alternative for improving diet energy without putting animal production at a disadvantage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dry matter intake (DMI), nutrient digestibility and feeding behavior of cattle fed cottonseed and vitamin E. Six cannulated cows, non-pregnant, non-lactating were distributed in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin Square design. Feed was offered ad libitum twice daily. Treatments were: 1) Control, 2) CS: 30 % cottonseed included; and 3) CSVitE: 30 % cottonseed plus 500 IU VitE included. Data were analyzed by SAS (Statistical Analysis System, v.9.3) and the significance was declared at p < 0.05. Diets with cottonseed had 22 % greater digestibility of ether extract and 9 % lower digestibility of non-fiber-carbohydrates compared to the control. Treatments with cottonseed had 13 % higher time eating, 48 % more ruminating, 34 % more chewing and 17 % lower time idling compared to the control. Molar proportion of propionate was 36 % higher and the butyrate and acetate:propionate ratio were 27 % and 30 % lower, respectively, for the cottonseed treatments compared to the control. Including cottonseed up to 30 % can be used to increase diet energy density leading to improvements in feeding behavior and ruminal parameters. The inclusion of Vitamin E did not result in benefits to cattle when it was combined with cottonseed. Further studies should be undertaken to evaluate vitamin E levels in association with different amounts and lipid sources.

Lophiosilurus alexandri is a carnivorous freshwater fish endemic of São Francisco basin and an endangered species. In this study, we analysed the chemical composition (moisture, protein, ash and lipid), fatty acid profile, and nutritional quality (atherogenic index, thrombogenecity index, ratio between hypocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic fatty acids and ω6/ω3 = ratio) of L. alexandri in lotic (river), lentic (hydroelectric dams) environments, under natural fed, and in laboratory controlled conditions fed with commercial diets. Cultured and lentic fish had significantly higher lipid levels (1.5 and 1.9- fold, respectively) than lotic fish. Lentic L. alexandri had significantly higher eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels (4×) than cultured or lotic L. alexandri. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels were the highest in lentic fish, followed by lotic fish. Lentic fish had greater proportion of fatty acid ω6/ω3 than lotic or cultured fish. The results of this study showed that L. alexandri is a lean fish (1-2% of total lipids) and that the environment has a great influence on the fatty acid profile. These results may be a reference for further studies, primarily as a source of information for conservation L. alexandri through restocking and the development of commercial projects of aquaculture. RESUMO Lophiosilurus alexandri é um peixe de água doce, carnívoro, endêmico da bacia do rio São Francisco e encontra-se vulnerável a extinção. Neste estudo, analisamos a composição química (umidade, cinzas, lipídeos e proteína), o perfil de ácidos graxos e qualidade nutricional (índices de aterogênicidade e trombogenicidade, razão entre ácidos graxos hipocolesterolêmicos e hipercolesterolêmicos e ω6/ω3) de L. alexandri em ambientes lóticos (rio), lênticos (hidrelétricas), sob alimentação natural, e em laboratório, com condições controladas e alimentados com dietas comerciais. Os peixes cultivados e capturados em ambientes lênticos apresentaram níveis lipídicos significativamente mais altos (1,5 e 1,9 vezes, respectivamente) do que os peixes cultivados em ambientes lóticos. Os animais cultivados em ambiente lênticos, apresentaram níveis significativamente mais altos de ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA) (4×) que os animais cultivados em laboratório e ambiente lóticos. Os níveis de ácido docosaexaenoico (DHA) foram os mais altos em peixes lênticos, seguidos pelos peixes lóticos. Os peixes lênticos apresentaram melhor proporção de ácidos graxos ω6/ω3 que peixes lóticos ou de cativeiro. Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que L. alexandri é um peixe magro (1-2% do total de lipídios) e que o ambiente tem uma grande influência no perfil de ácidos graxos. Esses resultados podem ser uma referência para novos estudos, principalmente como fonte de informações para sua conservação por meio do repovoamento e desenvolvimento de projetos para sua criação comercial.

This study aimed to statistically prove the influence of salinity on growth kinetics and intracellular lipid accumulation in microalgae. The species Chlorella sp., Scenedesmus acuminatus, Nannochloropsis sp., Monoraphidium contortum and Pediastrum tetras were studied, which were isolated in the Brazilian semi-arid region and cultivated in synthetic media with the addition of NaCl. From the crops, growth kinetics, dry biomass production and lipid content were analyzed, using the experimental planning for one factor as a tool, with the NaCl concentration as an independent variable. The kinetic parameters maximum growth speed (µmax) and generation time (tg), as well as lipid concentration were the response variables studied. The results showed that, in the species Scenedesmus acuminatus, Nannochloropsis sp. and Pediastrum tetras, salt stress contributed to the increase in µmax and the consequent decrease in tg. The highest levels of lipid accumulation were obtained in Nannochloropsis sp. (62.04%), in the medium with the highest salinity and Pediastrum tetras (54.04%) in the lowest. Dry biomass production was higher in Scenedesmus acuminatus (1,941.37 mg.L-1) and Nannochloropsis sp. (1237.05 mg.L-1), both at a concentration of 4.0 g.L-1. Therefore, saline stress acted directly on the cell growth and lipid content of the species, which can be used as a device to enhance lipid production for the purpose of producing biofuels. Resumo O presente trabalho teve como objetivo comprovar, estatisticamente, a influência da salinidade na cinética de crescimento e acumulação lipídica intracelular em microalgas. Foram estudadas as espécies Chlorella sp., Scenedesmus acuminatus, Nannochloropsis sp., Monoraphidium contortum e Pediastrum tetras, as quais foram isoladas na região semiárida nordestina brasileira e cultivadas em meios sintéticos com adição de NaCl. A partir dos cultivos foram analisados a cinética de crescimento, produção de biomassa seca e teor de lipídeos, utilizando-se como ferramenta o planejamento experimental para um fator, tendo a concentração de NaCl como variável independente. Os parâmetros cinéticos velocidade máxima de crescimento (µmáx) e tempo de geração (tg), bem como concentração lipídica foram as variáveis resposta estudadas. Os resultados mostraram que, nas espécies Scenedesmus acuminatus, Nannochloropsis sp. e Pediastrum tetras, o estresse salino contribuiu para o aumento de µmáx e consequente diminuição de tg. Os maiores níveis de acumulação lipídica foram obtidos na Nannochloropsis sp. (62,04%), no meio com maior salinidade e Pediastrum tetras (54,03%) no de menor. A produção de biomassa seca foi maior nas espécies Scenedesmus acuminatus (1.941,37 mg.L-1) e Nannochloropsis sp. (1237,05 mg.L-1), ambas na concentração de 4,0 g.L-1. Portanto, o estresse salino atuou diretamente no crescimento celular e teor de lipídeos das espécies, podendo este ser utilizado como artifício para potencializar a produção lipídica, com fins de produção de biocombustíveis.

The cashew plant (Anacardium occidentale L.) is the source of a wide variety of bioactive compounds consisting of phenolic lipids, mainly present in the spongy shells of cashew nuts. The liquid in the cashew nut shell generated after nut roasting in the food industry, which is usually treated as waste. However, it contains high amount of cardanol that could be used as a building block and are of innumerable applications. Herein, we report the synthesis of eleven 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles, derived from the cardanol, in an environmentally non-egregious fashion, and a cytotoxic evaluation study using the MCF-7 (breast carcinoma), 786-0 (kidney carcinoma) and HT-29 (colon carcinoma) cancer cell lines and cytotoxic evaluations against Trypanosoma cruzi. Five of the eleven triazoles presented high toxicity against the 786-0 kidney cancer cell line. However, no relevant toxicity to the T. cruzi amastigote was observed when compared with benznidazole (standard drug). A cell viability study demonstrated that these compounds act over a broad range of concentrations, which implies that they may be applied even in low doses. These results indicate an alternative use of cardanol in greener synthesis of potent anticancer drug candidates.

The differential expression of many productive and reproductive traits has already been associated with the genotype effect observed between Bos taurus indicus (Bos indicus) and Bos taurus taurus (Bos taurus) breeds. Lipids have a crucial role during oocyte development. The aim of this work was to characterize the lipid profiles of oocytes recovered from dairy breeds: Gir (Bos indicus), Holstein (Bos taurus) and their crossbred (Gir x Holstein). Cumulus-oocyte complexes were collected by ovum pick-up from Gir (n=21), Holstein (n=36), and crossbreed (n=33) cows and submitted to MALDI-MS lipid fingerprint analysis. Multi- and univariate analyses were used to characterize lipid profiles of oocytes derived from each breed. Third lipid profiles (Gir n=7; Holstein n=12; and crossbred n=11) were evaluated and allowed characterization of oocyte's lipids among breeds. The lipid profiles from Gir and Holstein were observed to be the most distinct, whereas Gir and crossbred oocytes presented greater similarities. Overall, a wide-range oocyte lipid profile characterization from distinctive bovine dairy breeds recovered by OPU were provided. We have identified two distinguishable lipid profile patterns among groups and revealed that phospholipids and triacylglycerol were the predominantly lipid assigned in Gir (Bos indicus) and Holstein (Bos taurus) oocytes, respectively.

Information about the morphology, chemical composition and reserve mobilization is important in understanding the establishment of native and exotic species. The purpose of this study was to describe the morphology, chemical composition, and mobilization of reserves during germination of noni (Morinda citrifolia L.). Biometric and morphological analyzes were performed with 100 randomly selected dried seeds. Other seeds were treated with sulfuric acid PA and soaked in Petri dishes. Collected seeds of five different times of germination were used for cytochemical and chemical analysis. For cytochemical analysis, the cuts of 5μm were submitted to dyes TB at pH 4.0; XP at pH 2.5, reaction of PAS and Sudan IV. The seeds were crushed for chemical analysis with lipids, proteins and soluble sugars extraction that were determined gravimetrically, by the Bradford method and the Antrona method, respectively. The fatty acid composition of the dry seed was determined by gas chromatography. Noni seeds are albuminous and have a thick seed coat, rich in lignin. Lipid and protein bodies were observed inside the endosperm cells, representing 43.50% and 9.15% respectively, while the reservoir of soluble sugars was less than 5%. Linoleic acid was the most prevalent with 68.1%. The lipids were mobilized during germination, suffering a reduction of up to 38% of its total. Proteins, as well as lipids decreased by 25.78% during the germination period observed. The main reserves of noni seeds are lipids and proteins that are mobilized during germination to provide energy and matter to the developing embryo and synthesis of more complex compounds. RESUMO Informações sobre as características morfológicas, a composição química e mobilização de reservas são fundamentais na compreensão do estabelecimento de espécies nativas e exóticas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a morfologia, a composição química e a mobilização das reservas durante a germinação das sementes de noni (Morinda citrifolia L.). As análises morfológica e biométrica foram feitas com 100 sementes secas escolhidas aleatoriamente. Para as análises citoquímica cortes de 5 m foram submetidos aos corantes AT em pH 4,0; XP em pH 2,5; reação do PAS e Sudan IV. As determinações químicas para lipídeos, proteínas e açúcares solúveis foram realizadas por gravimetria, pelo método de Bradford e pelo método da Antrona, respectivamente. A composição de ácidos graxos da semente seca também foi determinada por cromatografía gasosa. As sementes de noni são albuminosas e apresentam um tegumento espesso, rico em lignina. Foram observados corpos lipídicos e protéicos nas células do endosperma, representando 43,50% e 9,15%, respectivamente, enquanto que as reservas de açúcares solúveis foram inferiores a 5%. O ácido linoléico foi o mais predominante com 68,1%. Os lipídeos foram mobilizados, sofrendo redução de até 38% do seu total. Como também as proteínas sofreram redução de 25,78% durante o tempo de germinação observado. Portanto, as principais reservas das sementes de noni são lipídeos e proteínas, que durante a germinação são mobilizados para fornecer energia e matéria para o desenvolvimento do embrião e para síntese de compostos mais complexos.

The C. elegans lipase-like 5 (lipl-5) gene is predicted to code for a lipase homologous to the human gastric acid lipase. Its expression was previously shown to be modulated by nutritional or immune cues, but nothing is known about its impact on the lipid landscape and ensuing functional consequences. In the present work, we used mutants lacking LIPL-5 protein and found that lipl-5 is important for normal lipidome composition as well as its remodeling in response to food deprivation. Particularly, lipids with signaling functions such as ceramides and mitochondrial lipids were affected by lipl-5 silencing. In comparison with wild type worms, animals lacking LIPL-5 were enriched in cardiolipins linked to polyunsaturated C20 fatty acids and coenzyme Q-9. Differences in mitochondrial lipid composition were accompanied by differences in mitochondrial activity as mitochondria from well-fed lipl-5 mutants were significantly more able to oxidize respiratory substrates when compared with mitochondria from well-fed wild type worms. Strikingly, starvation elicited important changes in mitochondrial activity in wild type worms, but not in lipl-5 worms. This indicates that this lipase is a determinant of mitochondrial functional remodeling in response to food withdrawal.

This study aimed at analyzing the energetic substrate (ES) in the main storage tissues of Steindachneridion parahybae, throughout the reproductive cycle in captivity. Differently from wild, in captivity, feeding is not interrupted during the reproductive period, the females do not spawn spontaneously, and they are sedentary. Adult females were sampled monthly and based on their histology and gonadosomatic index (GSI), ovaries were classified into: previtellogenic (PRV), vitellogenic (VTG), and regression (REG) stages. Ovaries at the VTG stage showed higher protein and lipids levels than at the PRV stage with a positive correlation between these substrates and the GSI. Muscle was the main source of proteins transferred to the ovaries, according to the negative correlation between these organs. Lipids remained unchanged in the liver, which is an important supplier in vitellogenesis, a pattern that probably occurs due to the continuous feeding. Muscular glycogen levels were higher at the VTG and REG than at the PRV stages. Plasma triglycerides were also higher during REG, while glucose levels were more elevated during the VTG stage. These results suggest that with constant food supply, the pattern of deposition of ES in S. parahybae is different from that described for other wild potamodromous species. RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a composição do substrato energético (SE) nos principais tecidos de armazenamento de Steindachneridion parahybae, durante todo o ciclo reprodutivo em cativeiro. Diferentemente do ambiente natural, em cativeiro, a alimentação desses animais não é interrompida durante o período reprodutivo, as fêmeas não desovam espontaneamente, e são sedentárias. Fêmeas adultas foram amostradas mensalmente e baseada na histologia e no índice gonadossomático (IGS), os ovários foram classificados: estádios pré-vitelogênico (PRV), vitelogênico (VTG) e regressão (REG). Os ovários no estádio VTG apresentaram uma maior concentração de lipídeos e proteínas em relação ao estágio PRV. Esses substratos correlacionaram-se positivamente com o IGS. O músculo foi a principal fonte de proteína transferida aos ovários, como foi confirmado pela análise de correlação negativa entre esses órgãos. Os lipídeos mantiveram-se inalterados no fígado, considerado um importante órgão fornecedor de lipídeos para a vitelogênese, padrão que possivelmente ocorreu devido à contínua alimentação. A concentração do glicogênio muscular foi mais elevada durante os estágios VTG e REG em relação ao PRV. A concentração de triglicerídeos plasmática apresentou maiores valores no estádio REG enquanto a concentração de glicose no plasma foi maior durante os estádios VTG. Esses resultados sugerem que com alimentação constante, as fêmeas de S. parahybae apresentam um distinto padrão de mobilização dos substratos energéticos em relação ao que já foi descrito para outras espécies potamódromas de ambiente natural.

High plasma levels of fatty acids occur in a variety of metabolic diseases. Cellular effects of fatty acid overload resulting in negative cellular responses (lipotoxicity) are often studied in vitro, in an attempt to understand mechanisms involved in these diseases. Fatty acids are poorly soluble, and thus usually studied when complexed to albumins such as bovine serum albumin (BSA). The conjugation of fatty acids to albumin requires care pertaining to preparation of the solutions, effective free fatty acid concentrations, use of different fatty acid species, types of BSA, appropriate controls and ensuring cellular fatty acid uptake. This review discusses lipotoxicity models, the potential problems encountered when using these cellular models, as well as practical solutions for difficulties encountered.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:48:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-08-22 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Background: Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial metabolic syndrome characterized by marked loss of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Fat loss from adipose tissue in cancer cachexia is partly the result of increased lipolysis. Despite the growing amount of studies focused on elucidating the mechanisms through which lipolysis-related proteins regulate the lipolytic process, there are scarce data concerning that profile in the adipose tissue of cancer cachectic patients. Considering its fundamental importance, it was our main purpose to characterize the expression of the lipolysis-related proteins in the white adipose tissue of cachectic cancer patients. Methods: Patients from the University Hospital were divided into three groups: control, cancer cachexia (CC), and weight-stable cancer patients (WSC). To gain greater insight into adipose tissue wasting during cancer cachexia progression, we have also analyzed an experimental model of cachexia (Walker 256 carcinosarcoma). Animals were divided into: control, intermediate cachexia (IC) and terminal cachexia (TC). Subcutaneous white adipose tissue of patients and epidydimal white adipose tissue of animals were investigated regarding molecular aspects by determining the protein content and gene expression of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58), perilipin 1, leptin, adiponectin, visfatin, and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Results: We found augmented lipolysis in CC associated with increased HSL expression, as well as upregulation of ATGL expression and reduction in perilipin 1 content. In IC, there was an imbalance in the secretion of pro- and anti-inflammatory factors. The alterations at the end-stage of cachexia were even more profound, and there was a reduction in the expression of almost all proteins analyzed in the animals. Conclusions: Our findings show that cachexia induces important morphological, molecular, and humoral alterations in the white adipose tissue, which are specific to the stage of the syndrome. Cancer Metabolism Research Group Institute of Biomedical Sciences Department of Surgery Faculdade de Medicina University of São Paulo Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group Department of Physical Education São Paulo State University (UNESP) Departamento de Fisiologia Universidade Federal de São Paulo UNIFESP Department of Clinical Surgery University Hospital University of São Paulo Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology Center for Integrated Biotechnology University of Mogi das Cruzes Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524 Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group Department of Physical Education São Paulo State University (UNESP)

Plasma lipids have been extensively studied in sedentary and in subjects practicing exercise training, but not in extreme inactivity as occurs in bedridden patients. This is important for the care of bedridden patients and understanding the overall plasma lipid regulation. Here, we investigated plasma lipids, lipid transfers to HDL and inflammatory markers in bedridden patients. Fasting blood samples were collected from 23 clinically stable bedridden patients under long-term care (>90 days) and 26 normolipidemic sedentary subjects, paired for age and gender. In vitro transfer of four lipids to HDL was performed by incubating plasma with donor nanoparticles containing radioactive lipids. Total (193 ± 36 vs 160 ± 43, p = 0.005), LDL (124 ± 3 vs 96 ± 33 p = 0.003) and HDL-cholesterol (45 ± 10 vs 36 ± 13, p = 0.008), apolipoprotein A-I (134 ± 20 vs 111 ± 24, p = 0.001) and oxidized LDL (53 ± 13 vs 43 ± 12, p = 0.011) were lower in bedridden patients, whereas triglycerides, apolipoprotein B, CETP and LCAT were equal in both groups. Transfers of all lipids, namely unesterified cholesterol, cholesterol esters, triglycerides and phospholipids, to HDL were lower in bedridden patients, probably due to their lower HDL-cholesterol levels. Concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, HGF and NGF were higher in bedridden patients compared to sedentary subjects. In conclusion, inactivity had great impact on HDL, by lowering HDL-cholesterol, apolipoprotein A-I and thereby cholesterol transfers to the lipoprotein, which suggests that inactivity may deteriorate HDL protection beyond the ordinary sedentary condition.

Agradecimentos: LAPS was involved in the development of the study hypothesis, reviewed the literature, conducted data collection, managed the statistical analysis, provided results interpretation, drafted and edited the manuscript. TF, MFF and FOB contributed to the development of the study hypothesis and to data collection, and provided advice regarding interpretation of the results. MAT, MM and LAV provided advice regarding interpretation of the results and assisted with the manuscript edition. AST was responsible for the study design, provided interpretation of the results, drafted and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript Abstract: Nutritional status in early life is critically involved in the metabolic phenotype of offspring. However the changes triggered by maternal consumption of high-fat diet (HFD) in pre- or postnatal period should be better understood. Here we evaluated whether maternal HFD consumption during gestation and lactation could differently affect liver miR-122 and miR-370 expression leading to metabolic damages observed in offspring. Moreover, we investigate whether early overnutrition program offspring to more harmful response to HFD in later life. Female mice were fed either a standard chow (SC) diet or a HFD three weeks before and during mating, gestation and/or lactation. Offspring were evaluated on the delivery day (d0), in a cross-fostering model at day 28 (d28) and in adult life, after a re-challenge with a HFD (d82). In vitro analysis using liver cell line showed that palmitate could induced decrease in miR-122 and increase in miR-370 expression. Newborn pups (d0) from obese dams showed a decrease in lipid oxidation markers (Cpt1a and Acadvl), an increase in triacylglycerol synthesis markers (Agpat and Gpam), as well as lower miR-122 and higher miR-370 hepatic content that was inversely correlated to maternal serum NEFA and TAG. Pups fostered to SC dams presented an increase in body weight and Agpat/Gpam expression at d28 compared to pups fostered to HFD dams and an inverse correlation was observed between miR-122 hepatic expression and offspring serum TAG. In adult life (d82), the reintroduction of HFD resulted in higher body weight gain and hepatic lipid content. These effects were accompanied by impairment in lipid and glucose metabolism, demonstrated by reduced Cpt1a/Acadvl and increased Agpat/Gpam expression, lower glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Our data suggest that both gestational and lactation overnutrition results in metabolic changes that can permanently alter lipid homeostasis in offspring. The presence of fatty acids in maternal blood and milk seem to be responsible for modulating the expression of miR-122 and miR-370, which are involved in liver metabolism. These alterations significantly increase susceptibility to obesity and ectopic lipid accumulation and lead to a more harmful response to HFD in offspring Resumo: FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP Aberto

O abacateiro é cultivado em algumas regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Seus frutos podem ser aproveitados de várias formas, utilizados ao natural ou na indústria de cosméticos, além da possibilidade de uso de seu óleo como fonte alternativa de biocombustível. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características fenológicas e físicoquímicas das variedades de abacateiros, visando a identificar variedades promissoras para Carmo da Cachoeira, Minas Gerais. O trabalho foi realizado durante os ciclos reprodutivos de 2008/2009 e 2009/2010. As variedades avaliadas foram: 'Breda', 'Fortuna', 'Fuerte', 'Hass', 'Margarida', 'Ouro Verde' e 'Quintal'. Foram avaliadas as características fenológicas (início das brotações, início da floração, plena floração, final de floração e período de duração da floração, início da frutificação, início e final da colheita e tempo de colheita). As análises físicas e químicas incluíram: diâmetros longitudinal e transversal, percentagens de polpa, casca e caroço em relação à massa total, composição centesimal (lipídeos e umidade). Para as avaliações fenológicas, foram marcadas ao acaso seis plantas de cada variedade. Para as análises físico-químicas, utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com sete tratamentos (variedades), seis repetições, com seis frutos por parcela. Concluiu-se que, em relação à fenologia, todas as variedades floresceram de maneira satisfatória na região estudada. As variedades 'Fortuna', 'Quintal' destacaram-se para o consumo in natura, para o mercado interno, por apresentarem características desejáveis para o consumidor brasileiro. As variedades 'Hass' e 'Fuerte' apresentaram os melhores resultados quanto ao teor de óleo na polpa, destacando-se como as mais promissoras para a extração de óleo. The avocado tree is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. Avocado fruits can be used in a variety of ways; fresh fruit consumption, in the cosmetic industry and the possibility of using the oil as an alternative source of biofuel. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the phenological and physicochemical characteristics of avocado varieties, aiming .to identify the promising varieties from Carmo da Cachoeira, Minas Gerais. The work was carried out during the reproductive cycles of 2008/2009 and 2009/2010. The evaluated varieties were: 'Breda', 'Fortuna', 'Fuerte', 'Hass', 'Margarida', 'Ouro Verde' and 'Quintal'. The phenological characteristics (early sprouting, early flowering, full flowering and duration of flowering, early fructification, early and late harvest and harvest time) were evaluated. The physical and chemical characteristics included longitudinal and transverse diameters, percentage of pulp, peel and seed against the total mass and centesimal composition (lipids and moisture). For the phenological characteristics, six plants of each variety were marked randomly. For the physicochemical characteristics, we used a completely randomized design (CRD) with seven treatments (varieties), six replicates with six fruit per plot. In relation to phenology, all the varieties flowered in a satisfactory manner in the investigated region. The varieties 'Fortuna' and 'Quintal' stood out for the fresh consumption for the domestic market for presenting the desirable characteristics for the Brazilian consumers. The varieties 'Hass' and 'Fuerte' presented the best results for oil content in the pulp, standing out as the most promising for oil extraction.

O uso de formulacoes cosmeticas que preservam o meio ambiente e sao mais biocompatives com o organismos humano e imprescindivel. E como ha a crescente demanda por parte dos consumidores, os quais estao cada vez mais exigentes por adquirir formulacoes cosmeticas mais interessantes, para que estas possam solucionar problemas presentes no fio capilar, tais como, ressecamento, ausencia de brilho, presenca de oleosidade, entre outros aspectos. Os consumidores querem direcionar os beneficios existentes em saloes de beleza, e nos comerciais da teve, entre outros meios de divulgacao de conhecimentos, para dentro de seus lares. Estes estao procurando associar o custo do produto cosmetico acabado com o beneficio que este tras a pele. Nesta pesquisa foi utilizada a continuacao dos estudos dos cientistas Araujo, Giudici e Sousaa e b, em 2018, no desenvolvimento de um insumo nanobiotecnologico da microalga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, o qual foi registrado na patente USP-2018. Sendo assim, nesta pesquisa foi analisada uma formulacao cosmetica, shampoo, na qual foi empregada o insumo nanobiotecnologico desta microalga.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of frying oils (canola, hydrogenated sunflower and soybean oils) available commercially and chill storage on the proximate and fatty acid composition of fried slices of farmed great sturgeon (Huso huso). METHODS: Slices of farmed great sturgeon were fried for four minutes at 160ºC in a deep-fryer using different frying oils (canola, hydrogenated sunflower and soybean oils). The oil-to-slice ratio was 2:1. After frying, the slices were allowed to be air cooled for two minutes prior to analysis. For performing the analysis, each of the abovementioned batches was divided into two groups: one group was analysed immediately after frying and the second group was chill-stored at 4ºC for three days and then analysed. RESULTS: After frying, the moisture content decreased while that of fat increased. Fatty acid composition of the slices is affected by type of frying oil. Frying increased the omega-6-to-omega-3 (n-6:n-3) fatty acid ratio while decreased Eicosapentaenoic Acid (C20:5 n-3) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (C22:6 n-3) contents. Proximate and fatty acid composition of raw slices did not change after chill storage. However, in fried- and chill-stored slices, Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid contents decreased, while linoleic acid content increased. CONCLUSION: The fatty acid composition of the fried slices tended to resemble that of the frying oils, indicating fatty-acid equilibrium between oils and slices and, during chill storage, it is influenced by the type of frying oil. Slices fried with canola oil had omega-6-to-omega-3 ratios in the ranges recommended for human health.

Introduzir novos alimentos na nutrição de ruminantes é essencial para maximizar desempenho e minimizar custo produtivo, entretanto, isso só é possível após se conhecer o comportamento alimentar e a disponibilidade dos seus nutrientes. Com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento ingestivo e a digestibilidade in vivo de caprinos alimentados com níveis crescentes (0%, 2%, 4% e 7%) de copra extraída do coco verde, foram utilizados vinte caprinos machos, sem raça definida, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. A adição de níveis crescentes de copra de coco teve efeito quadrático no consumo de matéria seca, e no tempo diário de ruminação. Foi verificado efeito linear crescente para o tempo de ruminação de matéria seca e fibra em detergente neutro. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) nas digestibilidades aparente da matéria seca, da matéria orgânica, da fibra em detergente neutro, da fibra em detergente ácido e dos carboidratos não fibrosos, e também no consumo de carboidratos não fibrosos digestíveis, na digestibilidade aparente da hemicelulose e dos nutrientes digestíveis totais. Para a digestibilidade aparente do extrato etéreo foi verificado efeito quadrático dos níveis crescentes de inclusão de copra, enquanto que para consumo de fibra em detergente neutro digestível, digestibilidade aparente da proteína bruta, consumo de proteína bruta digestível e consumo de extrato etéreo digestível foi verificado efeito (P0.05) on the apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, or non-fibrous carbohydrates. The digestible non-fibrous carbohydrate intake or apparent digestibility of hemicellulose and total digestible nutrients was also not affected. A quadratic effect of increasing inclusion levels of copra was observed for apparent ether extract digestibility, while the increasing inclusion of copra had a decreasing linear effect (P

The objective of this study is to evaluate the chemical composition, morphology, and the thermogravimetric behavior of the pulp of Terminalia catappa, also known as tropical almond. The analytical results show, based mainly on its lipid content, that this fruit has a considerable energy value. Its fiber content contributes to enhance the functional properties of the fruit. Morphological characteristics show a spongy-like structure with dispersion of starch granules and high concentration of fiber bundles, confirming the results of the chemical composition analysis. The thermogravimetric behavior exhibited by this fruit pulp when submitted to progressive temperature increase under dynamic air atmosphere shows that this raw material has great potential for industrial use due to its high absorption rate of water soluble and/or lipid-based compounds, allowing its use as a dietary complement or supplement ingredient in food products.

Because processing and storage conditions affect several beef quality attributes, the food industry uses a variety of synthetic antioxidants. However, some synthetic antioxidants have been questioned regarding its safety, and thus the interest in using natural antioxidants in food products is increasing. This paper aimed at assessing leaf aqueous extracts of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Linnaeus) and Pitanga (Eugenia uniflora Linnaeus) as antioxidants in beef cold storage. After 48h storage, patties added of Rosemary leaf extracts showed increased pH. Patties added of Pitanga extracts had the lowest a* color values. Oxymyoglobin levels were significantly higher for Negative control, than for Pitanga treatment. The 10% extract addition increased lipid oxidation of beef patties. Correlation coefficients between lipid and myoglobin oxidations were all above 0.85. Pitanga leaf extracts negatively influenced beef color, probably because of its higher chlorophyll content. Lipid oxidation of beef patties was increased with the addition of leaf extracts. The inclusion of 10% leaf extract into beef patties seems not suitable, because it may enhance the amount of prooxidant compounds, as well as the amount of substances capable of reacting with lipid secondary products. Correlations between lipid and myoglobin oxidations demonstrated strong relationship.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho em confinamento de tourinhos de quatro grupos genéticos distintos tratados com dietas com diferentes teores de gordura. Foram utilizados nove animais Nelore, nove Caracu, dez ½ Caracu ¼ Angus ¼ Nelore e dez ½ Red Angus ¼ Caracu ¼ Nelore, com massa corporal inicial de 227±33 kg e dez meses de idade, distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois tratamentos nutricionais: baixo teor de gordura (3,15% de extrato etéreo) e alto teor de gordura (7,28% de extrato etéreo). A ingestão de matéria seca (IMS) foi quantificada durante 208 dias e as pesagens dos animais foram realizadas a cada 28 dias. Os animais alimentados com as dietas de alto e de baixo teor de gordura apresentaram resultados similares de ganho médio diário de peso (1,511x1,487 kg por dia, respectivamente) e de eficiência alimentar (194x180 g de ganho por quilograma de MS ingerida, respectivamente); a IMS, em percentagem do peso vivo, foi menor nos animais alimentados com dieta de alto teor de gordura (2,25x2,40, respectivamente). Os animais cruzados apresentaram maior ganho de massa corporal e IMS que os Nelore. A dieta com alto teor de gordura pode ser utilizada em confinamento para melhorar o desempenho de tourinhos ½ Caracu ¼ Angus ¼ Nelore, pois é eficiente para reduzir a ingestão de matéria seca e não prejudica o ganho de massa corporal dos animais. ABSTRACT - This work aimed to evaluate the feedlot performance of bullocks of four distinct genetic groups receiving diets with different levels of fat. Nine Nelore; nine Caracu; ten ½ Caracu ¼ Angus ¼ Nelore and ten ½ Red Angus ¼ Caracu ¼ Nelore bullocks, with a mean initial weight of 227±33 kg and ten months of age, were randomly assigned to two nutritional treatments and fed either with low-fat (3.15% ether extract) or high-fat diet (7.28% ether extract). Dry matter intake (DMI) was quantified during 208 days and the animals were weighed every 28 days. Animals fed with the high-fat and the low-fat diet presented similar results for average daily weight gain (1.511x1.487 kg day-1, respectively) and feed efficiency (194x180 g gain per kg DMI, respectively); the DMI, expressed as live weight percentage, was lower in animals receiving high-fat diet (2.25x2.40, respectively). Crossbred animals presented greater daily weight gain and DMI than Nelore. The high-fat diet can be used in feedlot to improve the performance of ½ Caracu ¼ Angus ¼ Nelore bullocks, since it is efficient in reducing the DMI without compromising weight gain.

Inspired by the structure and biological activities of resorcinolic lipids and, particularly cytosporone A- a potent inhibitor of plantule germination and growth, we have performed the synthesis of the analogs 3-heptyl-3-hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxy-2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one (1) and 3-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxy-2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one (2). The intermediates and products were submitted to allelopathic test using Lactuca sativa L. seeds. Target compound 1 showed an inhibitory effect on germination and growth of hypocotyl and radicle in milimolar range.

Tityus serrulatus venom (TsV) consists of numerous peptides with different physiological and pharmacological activities. Studies have shown that scorpion venom increases pro-inflammatory cytokine production, contributing to immunological imbalance, multiple organ dysfunction, and patient death. We have previously demonstrated that TsV is a venom-associated molecular pattern (VAMP) recognized by TLRs inducing intense inflammatory reaction through the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and arachidonic acid-derived lipid mediators prostaglandin (PG)E2 and leukotriene (LT)B4. Lipid bodies (LBs) are potential sites for eicosanoid production by inflammatory cells. Moreover, recent studies have shown that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) is implicated in LB formation and acts as an important modulator of lipid metabolism during inflammation. In this study, we used murine macrophages to evaluate whether the LB formation induced by TsV after TLR recognition correlates with lipid mediator generation by macrophages and if it occurs through PPAR-γ activation. We demonstrate that TsV acts through TLR2 and TLR4 stimulation and PPAR-γ activation to induce LB formation and generation of PGE2 and LTB4. Our data also show that PPAR-γ negatively regulates the pro-inflammatory NF-κB transcription factor. Based on these results, we suggest that during envenomation, LBs constitute functional organelles for lipid mediator production through signaling pathways that depend on cell surface and nuclear receptors. These findings point to the inflammatory mechanisms that might also be triggered during human envenomation by TsV.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais Microalgae are photosynthetic unicelular microorganism present in aquatic environments and soil. Microalgae have more productivity than oilseeds, being approximately 89.9% over the palm and 99.2% compared to soybean. Microalgae produce a bio-oil that can be classified as a raw material for biofuel production. The use of microalgae to bio-oil producion can be a potential economic alternative to other sources of fuel. The microalgae cultive occur in open ponds or photobioreactors in systems. The microalgae biomass can be for the most diverse applications such as the production of lipids and use in biofertilizers. In this paper were evaluate the bio-oil production using the Scenedesmus sp. microalgae in fermentation medium containing salts. The Scenedesmus sp. was chosen from the microalgae Spirulina platensis, Chlorella sp. and Nannochoropsis oculata, good oil production, no need to add vitamins in the middle and ease in growing to be cultivated in fresh water. The cultivation occurred in vertical planes reactors in acrylic, useful volume 3 L with 0.7 vvm aeration system, temperatura 23 ± 1 °C and artificial illumination with 3 fluorescent lamps of 20 W, subjected to a photoperiod of 12 hours. Preliminary tests determined that the best way of microalgae cultive Scenedesmus sp., in order to produce bio-oil, using inoculum was 10% of total volume, aged 12 days of culture without the vitamins addition, getting 0.121 g of oil produced per reactor, the lipid content of 18.15% and final biomass concentration at 0.221 g/L. It was found that changes in the concentration of macro-and micronutrients medium proposed in the literature do not favor the production of bio-oil, except for ZnSO4 7H2O and MnCl2 4H2O micronutrients. Were evaluated the influence of the concentration of ZnSO4 7H2O and MnCl2 4H2O in a central composite design (CCD). The joint analysis of the variables through the analysis of the CCD and response surfaces showed that the lipids production is favored when working with 0.06 g/L of ZnSO4 7H2O and 0.5 g/L MnCl2 4H2O, reaching in a production of 0.141 g of bio-oil, lipid content of 47.5% and biomass 0.099 g/L, representing a 161.7% improvement in lipid content and 16.9% in volume oil produced and 55.32% reduction in the dry biomass concentration. As microalgas são organismos fotossintetizantes, microscópicos e unicelulares, presentes tanto nos meios aquáticos como no solo. Apresentam produtividade superior a de plantas oleaginosas, sendo cerca de 89,9% em relação a palma e 99,2% em relação a soja E produzem um bio-óleo que pode ser classificado como matéria-prima para produção de biocombustíveis. A utilização de microalgas para produção de bio-óleo pode ser uma potencial alternativa econômica em relação à outras fontes de combustíveis. Os cultivos das microalgas ocorrem em lagoas abertas ou em sistemas de fotobiorreatores. A biomassa de microalga pode ser destinada às mais diversas aplicações, tais como a produção de lipídeos e uso em biofertilizantes. Neste trabalho avaliou-se a produção de bio-óleo empregando a microalga Scenedesmus sp. em meio fermentativo contendo sais. A microalga Scenedesmus sp. foi escolhida entre as microalgas Spirulina platensis, Nannochoropsis oculata e Chlorella sp, pela boa produção de óleo, não necessidade de adição de vitaminas no meio e facilidade no cultivo por ser cultivada em água doce. O cultivo ocorreu em reatores planos verticais em acrílico, de volume útil 3 Litros, com sistema de aeração 0,7 vvm, climatizado a 23 ±1°C com iluminação artificial com 3 lâmpadas fluorescentes de 20 W, submetidas a fotoperíodo de 12 horas. Testes preliminares definiram que a melhor forma de cultivo da microalga Scenedesmus sp., visando a produção de bio-óleo, foi utilizando inóculo de 10% do volume útil, com idade de 12 dias de cultivo, sem a adição de vitaminas, obtendo 0,121 g de óleo produzido por reator, teor de lipídeos de 18,15% e concentração de biomassa final em 0,221 g/L. Verificou-se que alterações na concentração dos macro e micronutrientes do meio proposto na literatura não favoreceram a produção do bio-óleo, exceto para os micronutrientes ZnSO4·7H2O e MnCl2·4H2O. Avaliou-se a influência da concentração de ZnSO4·7H2O e MnCl2·4H2O em um planejamento composto central (PCC). A análise conjunta das variáveis por meio da análise do PCC e superfícies de resposta mostraram que a produção de lipídeos foi favorecida quando se trabalhou com 0,06 g/L de ZnSO4·7H2O e 0,5 g/L de MnCl2·4H2O, chegando em uma produção de 0,141 g de bio-óleo, teor de lipídeos de 47,5% e biomassa 0,099 g/L, representando uma melhora de 161,7% no teor de lipídeos e de 16,9% na quantidade de óleo produzida e redução de 55,32% na concentração de biomassa seca. Doutor em Engenharia Química

Apolipoliprotein E (apoE), a critical targeting protein in lipid homeostasis, has been found to have immunoinflammatory effects on murine models of infection and malnutrition. The effects of apoE in undernourished and Cryptosporidium parvum-infected mice have not been investigated. In order to study the role of apoE in a model of C. parvum infection, we used the following C57BL6J mouse genetic strains: APOE-deficient, wild-type controls, and APOE targeted replacement (TR) mice expressing human APOE genes (E3/3; E4/4). Experimental mice were orally infected with 10(7)-unexcysted-C. parvum oocysts between post-natal days 34-35 followed by malnutrition induced with a low-protein diet. Mice were euthanized seven days after C. parvum-challenge to investigate ileal morphology, cytokines, and cationic arginine transporter (CAT-1), arginase 1, Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. In addition, we analyzed stool oocyst shedding by qRT-PCR and serum lipids. APOE4/4-TR mice had better weight gains after infection plus malnutrition compared with APOE3/3-TR and wild-type mice. APOE4/4-TR and APOE knockout mice had lower oocyst shedding, however the latter exhibited with villus blunting and higher ileal pro-inflammatory cytokines and iNOS transcripts. APOE4/4-TR mice had increased ileal CAT-1, arginase-1, and TLR9 transcripts relative to APOE knockout. Although with anti-parasitic effects, APOE deficiency exacerbates intestinal inflammatory responses and mucosal damage in undernourished and C. parvum-infected mice. In addition, the human APOE4 gene was found to be protective against the compounded insult of Cryptosporidium infection plus malnutrition, thus extending our previous findings of the protection against diarrhea in APOE4 children. Altogether our findings suggest that apoE plays a key role in the intestinal restitution and immunoinflammatory responses with Cryptosporidium infection and malnutrition.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-07-14T10:54:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-14T11:41:07Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S2317-15372014000100013.pdf: 689422 bytes, checksum: 76ffa5c465bf74dbc00e9bc11812809d (MD5) O ipê-branco (Tabebuia roseoalba (Ridl.) Sandwith) é uma espécie florestal brasileira, com grande utilidade em paisagismo e reflorestamento, ocorrendo principalmente na floresta semidecídua. Suas sementes são pequenas, leves, aladas e dispersadas pelo vento. O objetivo neste trabalho foi verificar a qualidade fisiológica e as alterações bioquímicas das sementes de ipê-branco durante o armazenamento por 24 meses. Avaliou-se a germinação, emergência, comprimento e massa seca das plântulas, o conteúdo de lipídios, proteínas, a atividade enzimática e compostos fenólicos. A perda de qualidade fisiológica das sementes durante o armazenamento foi evidenciada pela redução da germinação, da emergência, do menor comprimento e massa seca das plântulas, da diminuição dos níveis de lipídeos e proteínas, da atividade da peroxidase e catalase e do aumento de compostos fenólicos e da atividade da polifenoloxidase. As sementes devem ser armazenadas e utilizadas até seis meses após a coleta. Tabebuia roseoalba (Ridl.) Sandwith is a Brazilian forest species, with great use in landscaping and reforestation, occurring mainly in the semi-deciduous forest. Seeds are small, lightweight, winged and wind-dispersed. The objective of this study was to verify the physiological quality and biochemical changes in T. roseoalba seeds during 24-month storage. The following were assessed: germination, emergence, seedling length and seedling dry weight, content of lipids, proteins and phenolic compounds, and enzyme activity. Loss of seed quality during storage was evidenced by reduced germination and emergence, shorter seedling length and lower seedling dry weight, decreased content of lipids and proteins, decreased peroxidase and catalase activity, and increased phenolic compound content and polyphenol oxidase activity. Seeds should be stored and used within six months after collection. UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Biologia UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências

Background: Dyslipidemia is the primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and statins have been effective in controlling lipid levels. Sex differences in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of statins contribute to interindividual variations in drug efficacy and toxicity. Objective: To evaluate the presence of sexual dimorphism in the efficacy and safety of simvastatin/atorvastatin treatment. Methods: Lipid levels of 495 patients (331 women and 164 men) were measured at baseline and after 6 ± 3 months of simvastatin/atorvastatin treatment to assess the efficacy and safety profiles of both drugs. Results: Women had higher baseline levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) compared with men (p < 0.0001). After treatment, women exhibited a greater decrease in plasma TC and LDL-C levels compared with men. After adjustment for covariates, baseline levels of TC and LDL-C influenced more than 30% of the efficacy of lipid-lowering therapy (p < 0.001), regardless of sex. Myalgia [with or without changes in creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels] occurred more frequently in women (25.9%; p = 0.002), whereas an increase in CPK and/or abnormal liver function was more frequent in in men (17.9%; p = 0.017). Conclusions: Our results show that baseline TC and LDL-C levels are the main predictors of simvastatin/atorvastatin therapy efficacy, regardless of sex. In addition, they suggest the presence of sexual dimorphism in the safety of simvastatin/atorvastatin. The effect of sex differences on receptors, transporter proteins, and gene expression pathways needs to be better evaluated and characterized to confirm these observations.

The metabolic responses of adult and young freshwater Kinosternon scorpioides turtles raised in captivity were evaluated. Two experiments were performed: a) blood metabolite changes caused by food deprivation, and b) liver and muscle glycogen and total lipid differences after fasting and refeeding. Blood glucose concentration of young animals was susceptible to food deprivation. In both groups this metabolite decreased after 30 days of fasting. Feeding for 15 days did not recover blood glucose. Total seric proteins were not affected by food deprivation. Fasting decreased blood urea nitrogen and the highest difference was found around 30 days. Uric acid increased in young animals after 60 days of fasting. Triacylglicerol decreased after 15 days of fasting and refeeding for 15 days recovered the pre-fasting levels. Free fatty acid plasma tended to increase around 15 days of fasting. Liver glycogen decreased at day 15 of fasting, being stable thereafter while muscle glycogen decreased at a slower rate. Total liver lipid stabilized after 30 days and then decreased 70% after 60 days of fasting. Muscle lipids remained stable throughout fasting. It could be concluded that fasting of Kinosternon scorpioides led to metabolic adaptations similar to the one reported from reptiles and fish. Neste trabalho foi avaliada as respostas metabólicas da tartaruga Kinosternon scorpioides criada em cativeiro, nas fases, adultos e jovens nos estados: alimentado, jejuado e realimentado. O estudo compreendeu dois experimentos: (a) mudanças metabólicas no sangue causadas por privação alimentar e realimentação e (b) diferenças nas concentrações de glicogênio e lipídeos totais no fígado e no músculo após jejum e realimentação. No experimento dos animais jovens a concentração de glicose no sangue apresentou mudanças significativas. Entretanto, nos dois experimentos esse metabólito reduziu significativamente aos 30 dias de jejum. Realimentados por um período de 15 dias foi observado que a concentração de glicose não recuperou os níveis de pré-jejum. Concentração de glicose no sangue de animais jovens foi mais suscetível à privação de alimentos. Em ambos os grupos os metabólitos analisados decresceu após 30 dias de jejum. Retomando a alimentação por 15 dias foi observado que a concentração de glicose não recuperou. As concentrações de proteínas séricas totais não foram afetadas pela privação alimentar. O jejum decresceu a concentração de uréia no sangue e a maior diferença ocorreu aos 30 dias. O ácido úrico decresceu nos animais jovens após 60 dias de jejum. O triacilglicerol diminuiu após 15 dias de jejum e a realimentação por 15 dias recuperou os níveis de pré-jejum. O glicogênio hepático diminuiu aos 15 dias de jejum, e estabilizou a partir daí, enquanto o glicogênio muscular diminuiu a um ritmo mais lento. O lipídio total hepático total se manteve estável até os 30 dias de jejum, diminuindo até 70% aos 60 dias de jejum. E, em seguida, diminuiu 70% após 60 dias de jejum. Os lipídeos musculares permaneceram estáveis durante o jejum. Conclui-se que o jejum na espécie Kinosternon scorpioides apresentou adaptações metabólicas semelhantes aos relatados para outros répteis e peixes.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of integral and decaffeinated coffee brews (Coffea arabica L and C. canephora Pierre) on the metabolic parameters of rats fed with hyperlipidemic diet. Thirty male Wistar rats (initial weight of 270 g ± 20 g) were used in the study, which were divided into six groups five each. The treatments were normal diet, hyperlipidemic diet, hyperlipidemic diet associated with integral coffee arabica or canephora brews (7.2 mL/kg/day) and hyperlipidemic diet associated to decaffeinated arabica, or canephora brews, using the same dosage. After 41 days, performance analyses were conducted.The rats were then euthanized and the carcasses were used for the analysis of dried ether extract and crude protein. Fractions of adipose tissue were processed for histological analysis. There was a reduction in weight gain and accumulation of lipids in the carcasses, lower diameter of adipocytes and a lower relative weight of the liver and kidneys of rats fed with hyperlipidemic diet associated with integral coffee brew. Integral coffee brew reduced the obesity in the rats receiving hyperlipidemic diet, but the same effect did not occur with the decaffeinated types.

Summary Background & aims To determine if magnesium deficiency aggravates the effects of a high-fat diet in growing rats in terms of obesity, lipid profile and insulin resistance. Methods The study population comprised 48 newly weaned male Wistar Hannover rats distributed into four groups according to diet, namely, control group (CT; n = 8), control diet provided ad libitum ; pair-feeding control group (PF; n = 16), control diet but in the same controlled amount as animals that received high-fat diets; high-fat diet group (HF; n = 12), and magnesium-deficient high-fat diet group (HFMg − ; n = 12). The parameters investigated were adiposity index, lipid profile, magnesium status, insulin sensitivity and the phosphorylation of proteins involved in the insulin-signaling pathway, i.e. insulin receptor β-subunit, insulin receptor substrate 1 and protein kinase B. Results The HF and HFMg − groups were similar regarding gain in body mass, adiposity index and lipid profile, but were significantly different from the PF group. The HFMg − group exhibited alterations in magnesium homeostasis as revealed by the reduction in urinary and bone concentrations of the mineral. No inter-group differences were observed regarding glucose homeostasis. Protein phosphorylation in the insulin-signaling pathway was significantly reduced in the high-fat groups compared with the control groups, demonstrating that the intake of fat-rich diets increased insulin resistance, a syndrome that was aggravated by magnesium deficiency. Conclusions Under the experimental conditions tested, the intake of a magnesium-deficient high-fat diet led to alterations in the insulin-signaling pathway and, consequently, increased insulin resistance.

FUNDAMENTO: A prevalência das doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) tem aumentado nos últimos anos. A literatura revela que cerca de 35% dos eventos ateroscleróticos ocorrem na ausência dos fatores de risco clássicos, requerendo uma avaliação individual minuciosa para melhor caracterizar o risco. Os índices lipídicos tetravalente (LTI) e pentavalente (LPI) constituem uma nova e eficiente forma de avaliação do perfil lipídico e do risco para DCV. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo avaliou o LTI e o LPI em estudantes de graduação, estabelecendo estes índices em indivíduos saudáveis e correlacionando-os com o perfil lipídico tradicional. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 110 estudantes, 48 (44%) do sexo masculino e 62 (56%) do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 20,9 ± 1,7 anos. Apolipoproteína-AI, apolipoproteína B, colesterol total, lipoproteína (a), triglicérides, HDL e LDL foram analisados usando-se métodos diagnósticos específicos. LTI e LPI foram calculados por meio das equações LTI = [colesterol total x triglicérides x lipoproteína (a) / HDL] e LPI = [colesterol total x triglicérides x lipoproteína (a) x apolipoproteína B / apolipoproteína A-I], respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Os valores de LTI e de LPI foram significativamente maiores nas mulheres quando comparados aos dos homens. Para os outros parâmetros, houve diferenças significativas entre os gêneros apenas para colesterol total, HDL e apolipoproteína A-I. Houve correlações positivas e significativas entre LDL e LTI e entre LDL e LPI. CONCLUSÃO: Os achados indicam que LTI e LPI estavam associados com LDL, um parâmetro não utilizado para calcular os índices lipídicos e amplamente usado na prática clínica para investigação do risco cardiovascular. BACKGROUND: The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has increased steadily in recent years. Literature data show that about 35% of atherosclerotic events occur in the absence of classic risk factors, requiring a broader assessment of the individual to better characterize the risk. Lipid Tetrad Index (LTI) and Lipid Pentad Index (LPI) constitute a new and efficient evaluation of the lipid profile and CVD risk. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed LTI and LPI in undergraduate students, seeking to establish the parameters of these indices in healthy subjects and correlate them with the conventional lipid profile. METHODS: The study included 110 students, 48 (44%) males and 62 (56%) females, mean age 20.9 ± 1.7. Apolipoprotein-AI, apolipoprotein B, total cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were assessed, using specific diagnostic methods. LTI and LPI indices were calculated using the equations LTI = [total cholesterol x triglycerides x lipoprotein(a) / HDL] and LPI = [total cholesterol x triglycerides x lipoprotein(a) x apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein-AI], respectively. RESULTS: LTI and LPI values were significantly higher in females compared to males. As for the other parameters, there were significant differences between males and females only regarding total cholesterol, HDL and apolipoprotein-AI. There were significant and positive correlations between LDL and LTI and between LDL and LPI. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate that both LTI and LPI were associated with LDL, a parameter not used to calculate lipid indices and widely used in clinical practice for cardiovascular risk assessment.

Oil extraction from microalgae stands as a huge challenge for bioproducts and biofuels production, mainly due to high costs and energy requirement. In this study, maximum cell density, growth curve, lipid content, daily biomass and oil productivities were determined for Chlorella minutissima , Thalassiosira fluviatilis and Thalassiosira pseudonana , strains maintained at the Instituto Oceanografico of the Universidade de Sao Paulo. The microalgal dry biomass was used to evaluate the lipid extraction methodology regarding a sonication bath as pretreatment cell disruption technique followed by vortex mixing and n -hexane as solvent. The results showed a lipid content of 15.5% (% dry weight) for C. minutissima , 40.3% for T. fluviatilis and 39.5% for T. pseudonana . To determine the feasibility of using microalgae into the biofuel industry is essential to consider the daily biomass and oil productivities along with the lipid content, as could be evidenced in C. minutissima . The results indicate that the sonication-assisted method with n -hexane was efficient for lipid extraction in these strains, suggesting a favorable potential for biodiesel production.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of lipid residue of biodiesel originated in the processing of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) in the diet on the digestibility of feedlot lambs. Twenty-five crossbred male castrated lambs, weighing 20±1.61 kg, were distributed in randomized blocks with five treatments and five replications. The experimental period lasted 22 days; 15 for diet adaptation, 2 for the adaptation to the indicator LIPE (lignin from Eucalyptus grandis isolated, purified and enriched, UFMG, Minas Gerais) and 5 for fecal sampling. Diets were formulated with 64% concentrate based on corn and soybean meal, 31% Massai grass (Panicum maximum cv. Massai) hay and 5% lipid supplementation from increasing levels of substitution of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of palm oil for biodiesel oil from palm residue. The lambs were offered two meals a day, at 7h00 and 16h00. There was linear effect of inclusion of the residue from palm oil biodiesel on dry matter intake. There was no change in digestibility of nutrients except for ether extract. The use of biodiesel from palm oil residue up to 100% replacement for the lipid supplementation of sheep positively influences the consumption without altering the digestibility of nutrients.

Protozoans of the Leishmania genus are the etiological agents of a wide spectrum of diseases commonly known as leishmaniases. Lipid organization of the plasma membrane of the parasite may mimic the lipid organization of mammalian apoptotic cells and play a role in phagocytosis and parasite survival in the mammal host. Here, we analyzed the phospholipid dynamics in the plasma membrane of both the L. (Leishmania) and the L. (Viannia) subgenera. We found that the activity and substrate specificity of the inward translocation machinery varied between Leishmania species. The differences in activity of inward phospholipid transport correlated with the different sensitivities of the various species towards the alkyl-phospholipid analogue miltefosine. Furthermore, all species exhibited a phospholipid scramblase activity in their plasma membranes upon stimulation with calcium ionophores. However, binding of annexin V to the parasite surface was only detected for a subpopulation of parasites during the stationary growth phase and only marginally enhanced by scramblase activation.

RESUMO - Avaliaram-se o consumo, metabólitos sanguíneos e a produção e composição do leite de 16 vacas Holandês x Gir, manejadas em pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, suplementadas com 6kg/vaca/dia (base matéria natural) de concentrado contendo 0; 1,3; 2,6 e 3,9kg/vaca/dia de grão de soja tostado (GST). Foi utilizado o delineamento com quatro quadrados latinos (QL) 4 x 4, sendo cada fase do QL constituída de 10 dias de período de adaptação à dieta e de cinco para coleta de amostras. A suplementação da dieta com GST resultou em redução linear (P0,05), porém a de ácidos graxos não esterificados aumentou com a inclusão do GST na dieta (P0,05) da adição do GST sobre a produção e composição do leite, exceto para o teor (P=0,10) e produção (P=0,08) de gordura no leite. ABSTRACT - Feed intake, blood metabolites, and milk yield and composition of Holstein x Gir cows grazing Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu receiving 6kg/cow/day (natural matter based) of concentrate containing 0, 1.3, 2.6, 3.9kg/cow/day of roasted soybean seeds (RSS) were evaluated. The experimental design was four 4 x 4 latin square (LS) in wich each phase consisted of 10 days for diet adaptation period and 5 days for samples collection. Diet supplementation with RSS decreased linearly (P0.05), but nonesterified fatty acids increased with RSS supplementation (P0.05) of RSS supplement on milk production and composition, except the linear reduction on the content (P=0.10) and yield (P=0.08) milk fat, which can present positive financial implication to farmers, knowing that most of the Brazilian dairy use payment programs by milk composition. Made available in DSpace on 2022-08-12T16:20:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Desempenho-composicao-do-leite-e-metabolitos-sanguineos-de-vacas-holandes-X-gir.pdf: 386196 bytes, checksum: 2f32e71c3cc63fbb846cccd3b595cc9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012

This study examined the association of estrogen receptor alpha gene (ESR1) polymorphisms with cardiorespiratory and metabolic parameters in young women. In total, 354 healthy women were selected for cardiopulmonary exercise testing and short-term heart rate (HR) variability (HRV) evaluation. The HRV analysis was determined by the temporal indices rMSSD (square root of the mean squared differences of successive R–R intervals (RRi) divided by the number of RRi minus one), SDNN (root mean square of differences from mean RRi, divided by the number of RRi) and power spectrum components by low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF) and LF/HF ratio. Blood samples were obtained for serum lipids, estradiol and DNA extraction. ESR1 rs2234693 and rs9340799 polymorphisms were analyzed by PCR and fragment restriction analysis. HR and oxygen uptake (VO2) values did not differ between the ESR1 polymorphisms with respect to autonomic modulation. We not find a relationship between ESR1 T–A, T–G, C–A and C–G haplotypes and cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables. Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that VO2, total cholesterol and triglycerides influence HRV (p < 0.05). The results suggest that ESR1 variants have no effect on cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables, while HRV indices are influenced by aerobic capacity and lipids in healthy women.

Os rios brasileiros possuem grande diversidade de peixes, no entanto, pouco se conhece sobre o potencial nutricional da maioria das espécies. O presente estudo avalia a composição centesimal e o perfil de ácidos graxos do tecido muscular dos peixes: pintado (Pseudoplatystoma coruscans), cachara (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum), pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) e dourado (Salminus maxillosus), nativos do Rio Miranda na região do Pantanal Sul-Mato-Grossense. O peixe dourado mostrou o maior teor de proteína (21,12%), enquanto o pintado o menor teor (17,90%), não havendo diferença significativa entre teores de proteínas dos peixes cachara e pacu (cerca de 18%). O filé de pacu revelou ser o mais calórico, mesmo quando considerada a amostra seca. Nas quatro espécies de peixes, o ácido oléico foi predominante (20,25 a 37,25%), seguido do ácido palmítico (19,96 a 21,37%) e esteárico (7,39 a 9,82%). O somatório dos teores do diferentes ácidos graxos poliinsaturados variou de 5,24 no pacu a 17,33% no pintado, e dos ácidos graxos saturados de 32,91 a 38,89%. As espécies cachara, pintado e dourado mostraram igual proporção de ácidos ω-3 (média 7,80%) e de ácidos ω-6 (média 8,40%), enquanto o pacu mostrou os menores teores (1,13 e 4,11%), respectivamente. Todas as amostras estudadas mostraram os índices ω-6/ω-3 e hipocolesterolêmicos/hipercolesterolêmicos (HH) favoráveis quanto à qualidade nutricional. Apenas o pacu apresentou níveis não recomendados em relação aos índices de Trombogenicidade (IT) e poliinsaturados/saturados (P/S). Brazilian rivers have a great diversity of fish, however, little is known about the nutritional potential of most native fish. The present study evaluates the centesimal composition and the fatty acid profile of the muscle tissue of four species of fish: pintado (Pseudoplatystoma coruscans), cachara (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum), pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) and dourado (Salminus maxillosus), from the Miranda River in the pantanal region of Mato Grosso do Sul. Dourado had the highest protein content (21.12%), while pintado had the lowest value (17.90%). There was no difference between the protein levels of cachara and pacu (approximately 18%). Pacu fillets were revealed to be the most caloric and this value did not change when the dry sample was considered. The four fish species presented oleic acid (20.25 to 37.25%) as the predominant fatty acid, followed by palmitic acid (19.96 to 21.37%) and stearic acid (7.39 to 9.82%). Total polyunsaturated fatty acid contents varied from 5.24 in pacu to 17.33% in pintado; and total saturated fatty acids from 32.91 to 38.89%. Cachara, pintado and dourado species presented equal proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω-3 family (average of 7.80%) and of the ω-6 family (average of 8.40%), while pacu presented the lowest contents of these fatty acids (1.13 and 4.11%, respectively). All the samples studied presented ω6/ω3 and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic (HH) indexes that indicate good nutritional quality. Only pacu presented non-recommended levels in relation to trombogenicity (TI) and polyunsaturated/saturated (P/S) indexes.

Sementes quiescentes de Bauhinia variegata foram submetidas a caracterização bioquímica, por meio de análise elementar, fracionamento de proteínas e atividade hemaglutinante. A análise elementar mostrou grande quantidade de proteína total e de lipídeos, com 29,41 e 14,89%, respectivamente. O ácido linoléico foi o mais encontrado na constituição lipídica das sementes e a composição mineral ficou dentro de níveis aceitáveis para o consumo humano. As diferentes frações protéicas (albuminas, globulinas, prolaminas, glutelinas ácidas e básicas) apresentaram atividade hemaglutinante contra hemácias tratadas e não-tratadas com enzimas proteolíticas, mas a maior atividade hemaglutinante específica foi evidenciada na fração globulínica; já nas frações glutelinas ácidas e albuminas, esta atividade é maior quando se utilizam hemácias de coelho previamente tratadas com tripsina e papaína, respectivamente. Assim, por apresentarem alto valor energético, as sementes de Bauhinia variegata são uma possível fonte opcional na alimentação. Seeds of Bauhinia variegata were submitted to biochemical characterization through elementary analysis, protein fractioning and hemaglutinanting activity. The elementary analysis of seed showed high protein and lipid contents, with 29.41 and 14.89%, respectively. The linolenic acid was found in the lipidic constitution of the seeds and the mineral composition remained with in acceptable levels for the human consumption. The specific hemaglutinanting activity from different fractions of proteins (albumin, globulin, prolamin, glutelin acid and alkaline) demonstrated hemaglutinanting activity against native and enzyme treated rabbit erythrocytes. However, the fraction globulins showed the largest specific hemaglutinanting activity. Acid glutelin and albumin had a larger specific hemaglutinanting activity against tripisin-treated and papain-treated rabbit erythrocytes, respectively. Thus, for presenting high energy value, the seeds of Bauhinia variegata are an optional source for the feeding.

Harvesting of secretions from non-floral trichomes by females of Tapinotaspoides serraticornis is reported for the first time. The females exhibit a type of mopping behavior using the fringes of long, wavy setae along the posterior margins of their metasomal sterna. Our observations indicated a wide range of host plants used as sources for these secretions, including Waltheria (Sterculiaceae), Tibouchina (Melastomataceae), Sida (Malvaceae), Jacquemontia (Convolvulaceae), and unidentified species of Commelinaceae and Cyperaceae. A coleta de secreções de tricomas não-florais por fêmeas de Tapinotaspoides serraticornis é descrita pela primeira vez. Fêmeas desta espécie realizam um tipo de mopping, com as franjas de cerdas longas e curvas, localizadas nas margens posteriores dos esternos metassomais. Nossas observações indicam a utilização de um amplo espectro de plantas hospedeiras, incluindo espécies de Waltheria (Sterculiaceae), Tibouchina (Melastomataceae), Sida (Malvaceae), Jacquemontia (Convolvulaceae), Commelinaceae e Cyperaceae.

In Grateloupia doryphora and Gymnogongrus griffithsiae the seasonal variation of their chemical compounds was studied, establishing a relation with the physical and chemical properties of seawater. High values of proteins in the studied species were detected during the winter, 28.88% in G. doryphora and 26.68% in G. griffithsiae, corresponding to the maximum period of ammonium concentration in the marine environment. The variation in carbohydrates content showed an inverse relation with the proteins, with a maximum of 54.72% in G. doryphora and of 55.36% in G. griffithsiae, both in summer, positively correlated with salinity and temperature of sea water. Lipids content was low in both species. In G. doryphora the values ranged between 0.81 and 1.30% and, in G. griffithsiae, from 0.71 to 1.50% of dry weight, showing a direct relation with the amount of nitrogen in the seawater. The maximum content of ashes, phosphorus and potassium occurred in autumn and winter, respectively, with 11.85%, 0.20%, 1.27% in G. doryphora, and 14.46%, 0.14%, 1.41% in G. griffithsiae. Foi estudado em Grateloupia doryphora e Gymnogongrus griffithsiae a variação sazonal de seus compostos químicos, estabelecendo uma relação com os parâmetros físico-químicos da água do mar. Durante o inverno foram detectados valores altos de proteína nas espécies estudadas, com 28,88 % em G. doryphora e 26,68 % em G. griffithsiae, correspondendo ao período de concentração máxima de amônio no ambiente marinho. A variação no conteúdo de carboidratos apresentou relação inversa à de proteínas. Os valores máximos de 54,72 % em G. doryphora e de 55,36 % em G. griffithsiae, ocorreram no verão, correlacionados positivamente com salinidade e temperatura da água do mar. Os conteúdos de lipídeos foram baixos em ambas as espécies. Em G. doryphora os valores variaram entre 0,81 e 1,30 % e em G. griffithsiae, de 0,71 a 1,50 % do peso seco, mostrando relação direta com a quantidade de nitrogênio na água do mar. O conteúdo máximo de cinzas, fósforo e potássio ocorreu no outono e inverno, respectivamente com 11,85 %, 0,20 % e 1,27 % em G. doryphora e 14,46 %, 0,14 % e 1,41 % em G. griffithsiae.

The aim of this study was to identify the phases of water absorption during germination of Carica papaya seeds and evaluate the influence of alternating temperature and accelerated aging on mobilization of reserves during germination. Weight gain was evaluated, obtaining the imbibition curve. Phase I of germination comprises the period from zero to five hours; phase II, from five to 120 hours; and phase III begins after 144 hours. Seeds were subjected to the germination test under temperatures of 25 ºC and of 20-30 ºC (16/8 h), and before and after accelerated aging (43 °C / 72 h). During the germination test, at initial time, after 4, 10, 120, and 240 hours of soaking, we determined the levels of soluble sugars, starch, lipids, and total proteins. Greater germination was observed under alternating temperature. Under this condition, there is reduction of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins in phase I, and fluctuations in lipid levels, and an increase in protein levels during phases II and III. Mobilization of lipids in papaya seeds is not influenced by accelerated aging, but the seeds subjected to aging have lower protein content in phase III. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, identificar as fases da absorção de água durante a germinação de sementes de Carica papaya e avaliar a influência da alternância de temperatura e do envelhecimento acelerado na mobilização de reservas durante a germinação. Foi avaliado o ganho de peso, obtendo-se a curva de embebição. A fase I da germinação compreende o período entre zero e cinco horas; a fase II, entre cinco e 120 horas; e a fase III se inicia após 144 horas. Sementes foram submetidas ao teste de germinação sob temperaturas de 25 ºC e de 20-30 ºC (16/8 h), e antes e após o envelhecimento acelerado (43 °C / 72 h). Durante o teste de germinação, no tempo inicial, após 4, 10, 120 e 240 horas de embebição, foram determinados os teores de açúcares solúveis, amido, lipídeos e proteínas totais. Observou-se maior germinação sob alternância de temperatura. Nesta condição há redução dos carboidratos, lipídeos e proteínas na fase I, flutuações nos teores de lipídeos e aumento nos teores de proteínas durante as fases II e III. A mobilização dos lipídeos em sementes de mamão não sofre influência do envelhecimento acelerado, mas as sementes submetidas ao envelhecimento apresentam menor teor de proteínas na fase III.