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The chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of the endemic Lysimachia baviensis were investigated for the first time in this study. A phytochemical fractionation of the methanol extract of L. baviensis resulted in the isolation of a new stilbene (bavienside A, 1) and two new chalcone glycosides (baviensides B and C, 2 and 3). Their structures were elucidated via the interpretation of NMR and HRESIMS spectroscopic data. Compounds 1–3 strongly inhibited the production of nitric oxide in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells with the IC50 values of 6.23, 2.86 and 3.51 μM, respectively. The C-acetylstilbene and carbomethyl chalcone structures in compound 1 and 3 were found for the first time from natural source and could be important markers for chemotaxonomy of Lysimachia baviensis.

A new species, Lysimachia xuyongensis X.F.Gao & W.B.Ju, from China is described and illustrated. The new species morphologically resembles L. miyiensis, L. paridiformis var. stenophylla and L. phyllocephala var. polycephala, but it clearly differs by having stems prostrate at base, dense white multicellular hairs, leave 4, lower scalelike, leaf blades and calyx carrying sparsely reddish glandular punctation, pedicel less than 5 mm, corolla lobes without glandular and ovary glabrous.

—Lysimachia is a genus that was recently recircumscribed and greatly enlarged by the inclusion of many genera in the Primulaceae. In this work five new species, all endemic from the grasslands of southern Brazil, are described, two new combinations are proposed, and 10 typifications are effected. The preliminary conservation status of these species are assessed, and we also provide field photographs and distribution maps. Furthermore, we provide an identification key to all species of Lysimachia that occur in Brazil.

Capilliposide B (CPS-B) and Capilliposide C (CPS-C), as the key components in Lysimachia capillipes Hemsl., increasingly aroused the interest and research concern of many researchers due to the good bioactivities. Nowadays, the reference standards of CPS-B and CPS-C yield were very limited. Due to the deficit of reference standards, the determination could be difficult to carry out, and the quality control and evaluation would be restrained afterwards. To solve this urgent problem, a quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker (QAMS) method was proposed and established based on high-performance liquid-chromatography tandem evaporative light-scattering detector. In this QAMS method, the content of the two bioactive components could be calculated by buddlejasaponin IV, which is applied as an external standard and readily obtained. And the methodological experiments were evaluated and indicated accuracy, stability and feasibility of this QAMS method. Therefore, in this study, this built method would properly meet the requirement of determination of CPS-B, CPS-C and quality control of the L. capillipes Hemsl. plant.

Lysimachia porcatisepala (Primulaceae), a new species is s described and illustrated from Chongqing, China. Morphologically, this new species is similar to L. huangsangensis in calyx lobes with crested veins on the abaxial side, but differs from the latter by the whole plant having sparsely white pubescent, stems erect, corymbose inflorescence with 2–10 flowers, calyx lobes with dense light purple marks outside and glabrous inside, and corolla lobes narrowly ovate and the apex obtuse.

Results of introduced research of three beautiful-blossoming species of Lysimachia L. genus: L. clethroides Duby, L. punctata L L. ciliata L. are presented. Researches are conducted in the South Ural botanical garden-institute of UFRC RAS on the basis of a collection of shade-loving beautiful-blossoming and foliage plants in the following parameters: to a seasonal rhythm of development, biomorphological parameters, success of an introduction. Duration of blossoming of the studied species averages three weeks, except L. ciliata which blossoms more than a month. The studied species of Lysimachia under the conditions of Ufa do not form seeds, however actively breed in the vegetative way through formation of rhizomes. The studied species have high resistance to local climatic conditions, regularly and in large quantities blossom, well expand. Species of Lysimachia are perspective for culture and reproduction. They can be recommended for introduction in practice of gardening.

Garden loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgaris L.), is an invasive wetland plant that is subject to management in King County, WA, USA. Large-scale management efforts are generally conducted using herbicides. In this case study, we analyzed 17 yr of monitoring and treatment data in four riparian areas in King County to estimate the rate of spread of L. vulgaris and the efficacy of herbicidal treatments against L. vulgaris populations. In each area, herbicide treatments were applied annually. In three of the areas, the area infested with L. vulgaris did not change over time, while in the fourth area populations of L. vulgaris were spreading at a rate of 0.79 m2 yr−1. There were a greater number of sampled locations infested with L. vulgaris over the 17-yr period, and because populations were either not spreading or spreading slowly, it is possible that populations were becoming more fragmented. There was no relationship between the percentage of the infested area treated with herbicides and the area infested in the following year. However, there was a negative relationship between the area treated and the percent change in the invaded area; specifically, in years when L. vulgaris did not retract over the 17-yr study period.

Lysimachia daqiaoensis, a new species of Primulaceae endemic to a limestone cave in northern Guangdong, China, is described and illustrated. It is most similar to L. rupestris in having rosette leaves and being glabrous all over the plant, but it differs from the latter by absence (vs. presence) of stolon, flowers in racemose and solitary (vs. solitary only), and anthers shorter and dorsifixed with opening by lateral slits (vs. longer and basifixed with opening by apical pores).

Lysimachia christinae Hance is widely distributed in subtropical China at the elevational range from 500–2300 m. The species is an important medicinal herb for treating jaundice, urinary disorders,...

This study aimed to determine the type of seed dormancy and to identify a suitable method of dormancy-breaking for an efficient seed viability test of Lysimachia coreana Nakai. To confirm the effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) on seed germination at different temperatures, germination tests were conducted at 5, 15, 20, 25, 20/10, and 25/15 °C (12/12 h, light/dark), using 1% agar with 100, 250, and 500 mg·L−1 GA3. Seeds were also stratified at 5 and 25/15 °C for 6 and 9 weeks, respectively, and then germinated at the same temperature. Seeds treated with GA3 demonstrated an increased germination rate (GR) at all temperatures except 5 °C. The highest GR was 82.0% at 25/15 °C and 250 mg·L−1 GA3 (4.8 times higher than the control (14.0%)). Additionally, GR increased after cold stratification, whereas seeds did not germinate after warm stratification at all temperatures. After cold stratification, the highest GR was 56.0% at 25/15 °C, which was lower than the GR observed after GA3 treatment. We hypothesized that L. coreana seeds have a non-deep physiological dormancy and concluded that 250 mg·L−1 GA3 treatment is more effective than cold stratification (9 weeks) for L. coreana seed-dormancy-breaking.

Lysimachia fanii, a new species of Lysimachia (Subgen. Idiophyton, Primulaceae), is described and illustrated from Guangxi, China based on morphological and molecular data. Lysimachia fanii differs from L. verbascifolia, L. rupestris and L. alpestris mainly by the habit being nearly rosulate, leaves congested at the apex of the rhizome, leaf blades spatulate to narrowly oblanceolate and flowers solitary. Phylogenetic analyses supported L. verbascifolia as sister to L. fanii. This new species is endemic to limestone areas in Liucheng county of Guangxi, China.

Summary Nineteenth century studies described Lysimachia cavities as schizogenous, but Guttenberg (1928) reported them as only being schizogenous initially. Inner epithelial cell walls then swelled and dissolved in mucilage secreted into the cavity. Later, as a gradually solidifying resin accumulated, epithelial cells reportedly formed a new and cellulosic cell wall. My re-examination of cavity development in Lysimachia nummularia L., using a resin embedding method, revealed only typical schizogenous development, thus refuting Guttenberg's interpretation and supporting earlier workers.

Floral colour determines pollinator behaviour, strongly affecting plant-mating systems. Lysimachia arvensis has blue- and red-flowered plants and colour inheritance remains largely unknown. A contr...

"The objective of the study was the histo-anatomical analysis of the root, stem and leaf belonging to the species Lysimachia nummularia L. from the Primulaceae family. The plant is native to Europe, but has been introduced to North America, where it is considered an invasive species in some areas. It aggressively spreads in favourable conditions, such as low wet ground or near ponds. It is moderately difficult to remove by hand pulling. Any tiny piece left behind will regrow. The research results led to the following assessments: root with primary structure and beginning of secondary structure, the presence of calcium oxalate druze in the bark, endoderm and primary type conducting bundles. The results of the study also demonstrated the existence of the stem with four prominent ribs, a meatic-type bark with small secretory channels and a central cylinder with a secondary structure. Another element studied from a histo-anatomical point of view; leaf with dorsi-ventral bifacial structure, with heterogeneous asymmetrical structure, collateral free-woody bundle, without periectors. From the morpho-anatomical data described, it can be concluded that the species Lysimachia nummularia L. belongs to the family Primulaceae and is related to other species of the genus Lysimachia."

"The history of medicinal plants is associated with the evolution of civilization. In all regions of the world, the history of nations shows that these plants have always occupied an important place in medicine, in cosmetic products, and culinary preparations. The paper aims to determine the total polyphenols in different parts of the species Lysimachia nummularia L. In our study, we focused on the extraction of polyphenolic compounds in different solvents. The solvents used in the extraction were: 40% ethanol, concentrated methanol, in water. The total polyphenol content was determined by spectrophotometric methods, a method from the European Pharmacopoeia 10.0, with minor modifications. The total polyphenol content of different extracts varied depending on the extraction process. Different parts of the plant and different solvents were used in the determinations carried out to establish the optimal extraction method for the organs of Lysimachia nummularia L."

"Preliminary pharmacochemical research on Lysimachia nummularia L. was performed by dint of pharmacognostic analysis (macroscopic examination, global chemical analysis, preliminary quantitative determinations).The article includes the analysis of the macroscopic characters of the vegetative organs (root, stem and leaf), as well as of the reproductive organs (flower, fruit, seed) belonging to the spontaneous native species Lysimachia nummularia L. Morphological features were described and discussed. The identification of these aspects was done with the naked eye, but also with the help of a hand magnifier and a binocular magnifier. The results revealed that the external appearance of the plant justifies the species belonging to the genus Lysimachia, family Primulaceae. They are found in the glabrous and creeping appearance of the plant, opposite, almost round leaves, solitary, yellow flowers, axillary with vigorous pedicels, perianth pentamer, actinomorphic, dialisepal and dialipetal, globular capsule fruit. The semi-hydrophilic nature is found in the presence of adventitious roots that develop both from the rhizome and at the nodes of the stem. The preliminary quantitative determinations performed were loss by drying as well as soluble substances of the species Lysimachia nummularia L. Following the global chemical analysis, active principles known in the literature for the antioxidant potential were identified. Following the preliminary quantitative determinations (drying loss, determination of soluble substances) results comparable to those in the literature on the content of volatile substances and soluble substances were obtained."

AimsRadiation therapy is used as the primary treatment for lung cancer. Unfortunately, radiation resistance remains to be the major clinic problem for lung cancer patients. Lysimachia capillipes capilliposide C (LC-C), an extract from LC Hemsl, has demonstrated multiple anti-cancer effects in several types of cancer. Here, we investigated the potential therapeutic impacts of LC-C on radiosensitivity in lung cancer cells and their underlying mechanisms.MethodsNon-small cell lung cancer cell lines were initially irradiated to generate ionizing radiation (IR)-resistant lung cancer cell lines. RNA-seq analysis was used to examine the whole-transcriptome alteration in IR-resistant lung cancer cells treated with or without LC-C, and the differentially expressed genes with most significance were verified by RT-qPCR. Colony formation assays were performed to determine the effect of LC-C and the target gene ErbB receptor feedback inhibitor 1 (ERRFI1) on radiosensitivity of IR-resistant lung cancer cells. In addition, effects of ERRFI1 on cell cycle distribution, DNA damage repair activity were assessed by flow cytometry and γ-H2AX immunofluorescence staining respectively. Western blotting was performed to identify the activation of related signaling pathways. Tumor xenograft experiments were conducted to observe the effect of LC-C and ERRFI1 on radiosensitivity of IR-resistant lung cancer cells in vivo.ResultsCompared with parental cells, IR-resistant lung cancer cells were more resistant to radiation. LC-C significantly enhanced the effect of radiation in IR-resistant lung cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo and validated ERRFI1 as a candidate downstream gene by RNA-seq. Forced expression of ERRFI1 alone could significantly increase the radiosensitivity of IR-resistant lung cancer cells, while silencing of ERRFI1 attenuated the radiosensitizing function of LC-C. Accordingly, LC-C and ERRFI1 effectively inhibited IR-induced DNA damage repair, and ERRFI1 significantly induced G2/M checkpoint arrest. Additional investigations revealed that down-regulation of EGFR/STAT3 pathway played an important role in radiosensitization between ERRFI1 and LC-C. Furthermore, the high expression level of ERRFI1 was associated with high overall survival rates in lung cancer patients.ConclusionsTreatment of LC-C may serve as a promising therapeutic strategy to overcome the radiation resistance and ERRFI1 may be a potential therapeutic target in NSCLC.

Lysimachia caloneura G. Hao, X.L. Yu & A. Liu sp. nova (Primulaceae) is described and illustrated from Hunan, China. In general morphology it resembles the species in subgen. Lysimachia sect. Nummularia ser. Drymarifoliae, characterized by leaves with black glandular punctuations or striations, yellow corolla, filaments being longer than anthers and basally connate into a short tube, and a dorsifixed anther opening by lateral slits. Lysimachia caloneura is to some extent similar to L. patungensis, but differs from the latter by its tiny size and by having a strikingly dark green abaxial leaf surface and narrow light green bands along the main veins on the adaxial surface.

A new species of Lysimachia, L. xiangxiensis (Primulaceae), is described and illustrated from western Hunan, central China. The species is similar to L. melampyroides in plant densely strigillose, leaves subglabrous adaxially, and flowers usually solitary in axils of upper leaves, but differs by the succulent leaves, the creeping or ascending stems 15–25 cm long, and the suborbicular to broadly elliptic corolla lobes. This new species is also supported by a molecular phylogenetic analysis of some Lysimachia species based on ITS sequence data.

Objective To investigate the potential effect of Lysimachia capillipes capilliposide (LCC) on the chemo sensitivity and the stemness of human ovarian cancer cells. Methods Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) was used to measure the IC50 values. The apoptosis of cells was measured through flow cytometry. Evaluation of the stemness and differentiation markers was performed by the immunoblotting and the immunostaining assays. RNA-seq was performed through the Illumina HiSeq PE150 platform and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened out through the bioinformation analysis. Overexpression or knockdown of Fos gene was achieved by shRNA transfection. Results Pre-exposure of A2780T cells with 10 μg/mL LCC sensitized them to paclitaxel, of which the IC50 value reduced from 8.644 μmol/L (95%CI: 7.315–10.082 μmol/L) to 2.5 μmol/L (95%CI: 2.233–2.7882 μmol/L). Exposure with LCC enhanced the paclitaxel-induced apoptosis and inhibited the colony formation of A2780T cells. LCC exposure reduced the expression of cancer stemness markers, ALDH1, Myd88 and CD44, while promoting that of terminal differentiation markers, NFATc1, Cathepsin K and MMP9. RNA-seq analysis revealed that the expressions of FOS and JUN were upregulated in LCC-treated A2780T cells. A2780T cells overexpressing Fos gene displayed increased paclitaxel-sensitivity and reduced cell stemness, and shared common phenotypes with LCC-treated A2780T cells. Conclusion These findings suggested that LCC promoted terminal differentiations of ovarian cancer cells and sensitized them to paclitaxel through activating the Fos/Jun pathway. LCC might become a novel therapy that targets at cancer stem cells and enhances the chemotherapeutic effect of ovarian cancer treatments.

Anthocyanins are the primary pigments contributing to the variety of flower colors among angiosperms and are considered essential for survival and reproduction. Anthocyanins are members of the flavonoids, a broader class of secondary metabolites, of which there are numerous structural genes and regulators thereof. In western European populations of Lysimachia arvensis, there are blue- and orange-petaled individuals. The proportion of blue-flowered plants increases with temperature and daylength yet decreases with precipitation. Here, we performed a transcriptome analysis to characterize the coding sequences of a large group of flavonoid biosynthetic genes, examine their expression and compare our results to flavonoid biochemical analysis for blue and orange petals. Among a set of 140 structural and regulatory genes broadly representing the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, we found 39 genes with significant differential expression including some that have previously been reported to be involved in similar flower color transitions. In particular, F3′5′H and DFR, two genes at a critical branchpoint in the ABP for determining flower color, showed differential expression. The expression results were complemented by careful examination of the SNPs that differentiate the two color types for these two critical genes. The decreased expression of F3′5′H in orange petals and differential expression of two distinct copies of DFR, which also exhibit amino acid changes in the color-determining substrate specificity region, strongly correlate with the blue to orange transition. Our biochemical analysis was consistent with the transcriptome data indicating that the shift from blue to orange petals is caused by a change from primarily malvidin to largely pelargonidin forms of anthocyanins. Overall, we have identified several flavonoid biosynthetic pathway loci likely involved in the shift in flower color in L. arvensis and even more loci that may represent the complex network of genetic and physiological consequences of this flower color polymorphism.

A new species of Lysimachia (Primulaceae), Lysimachiatianmaensis K. Liu, S.B. Zhou & Ying Wang sp. nov., is described and illustrated from Jinzhai County, Anhui, China. It is endemic to Dabieshan Mountain, China. The new species has yellow flowers and belongs to the subgenus LysimachiasectionNummularia series Grammicae. It is very easily distinguishable from other related species by having alternate leaves with brown patches beneath and an auriculated leaf base.

A further phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Lysimachia foenum-graecum Hance led to the isolation of three new oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins, foegraecumosides L–N ( 1 – 3 ), along with one known saponin, 3- O - β - d -glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α- l -arabinopyranosyl-cyclamiretin A ( 4 ). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data analyses and chemical methods Compounds 1 − 4 were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against NCI-H460, MGC-803, HepG2, and T24 human cancer cell lines, and compound 4 showed moderate activity against all tested cell lines. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of compound 4 was tested on drug-sensitive and drug-resistant lung cancer cell lines (A549 and A549/CDDP, respectively).

With changes in dietary patterns, the proportion of high-fat and high-cholesterol foods in the daily diet has increased. As a result, the incidence rate of cholelithiasis among people is increasing rapidly. Many studies have reported on the crucial role that the intestinal microflora plays in the progression of gallstones. Although the whole herb of Lysimachia christinae, a traditional Chinese medicine, has long been extensively used as a remedy for cholelithiasis in China, its effects on the intestinal microflora remain unknown. Hence, this study aimed to test the ability of the aqueous extract of L. christinae (LAE) to prevent cholesterol gallstones (CGSs) in model animals by affecting the intestinal microflora. The effects of LAE on body weight, serum lipid profile, visceral organ indexes, and histomorphology were studied in male C57BL/6J mice, which were induced by a lithogenic diet. After the 8-week study, CGSs formation was greatly reduced after LAE treatment. LAE also reduced body weight gain and hyperlipidemia and restored the histomorphological changes. Moreover, the intestinal microflora exhibited significant variation. In the model group fed the lithogenic diet, the abundances of the genera unclassified_Porphyromonadaceae, Lactobacillus and Alloprevotella decreased, but in contrast, Akkermansia dramatically increased compared with the control check group, which was fed a normal diet; the administration of LAE reversed these changes. These results imply that L. christinae can be considered an efficient therapy for eliminating CGSs induced by a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet, which may be achieved by influencing the intestinal microflora.

Background Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a liver disease caused by a nonalcoholic fatty liver, is increasing in incidence worldwide. Owing to the complexity of its pathogenic mechanisms, there are no therapeutic agents for this disease yet. The ideal drug for NASH needs to concurrently decrease hepatic lipid accumulation and exert anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and antioxidative effects in the liver. Because of their multipurpose therapeutic effects, we considered that medicinal herbs are suitable for treating patients with NASH. Methods We determined the efficacy of the alcoholic extract of Lysimachia vulgaris var. davurica (LV), an edible medicinal herb, for NASH treatment. For inducing NASH, C57BLKS/J lar-Leprdb/Leprdb (db/db) male mice were fed with a methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet ad libitum. After 3 weeks, the LV extract and a positive control (GFT505) were administered to mice by oral gavage for 3 weeks with a continued MCD diet as needed. Results In mice with diet-induced NASH, the LV extract could relieve the disease symptoms; that is, the extract ameliorated hepatic lipid accumulation and also showed antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. The LV extract also activated nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression, leading to the upregulation of antioxidants and detoxification signaling. Moreover, the extract presented remarkable efficacy in alleviating liver fibrosis compared with GFT505. This difference was caused by significant LV extract-mediated reduction in the mRNA expression of fibrotic genes like the alpha-smooth muscle actin and collagen type 3 alpha 1. Reduction of fibrotic genes may thus relate with the downregulation of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)/Smad signaling by LV extract administration. Conclusions Lipid accumulation and inflammatory responses in the liver were alleviated by feeding LV extract to NASH-induced mice. Moreover, the LV extract strongly prevented liver fibrosis by blocking TGFβ/Smad signaling. Hence, LV showed sufficient potency for use as a therapeutic agent against NASH.

The breast cancer has become a threat to women's lives at an increasing rate. The inadequate treatments of surgical procedures and chemotherapy affect negatively quality of patient life. Therefore, there has been an increase in demand for alternative and supportive agents, especially for the use of herbal products. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the in vitro anti-tumor activity of Lysimachia savranii in breast cancer cell lines compared to normal adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells. The adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells as normal cells with MCF-7 and, MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were cultured. IC50 doses of Lysimachia savranii extract for each cells were determined via MTT assay. The immunocytochemical staining was performed for the oxidative stress by eNOS, whereas apoptosis were analyzed by TUNEL method. The data exhibited with H-score and apoptotic index. The plant extract inhibited the proliferation and survival in the breast cancer cells compared to the stem cells. Lysimachia savranii extract caused the increase of eNOS staining for oxidative stress and the TUNEL labeling for apoptosis. The further molecular techniques should be used to determine the biologic activity of Lysimachia savranii extract and its content should be investigated.

Lysimachia sinopilosa C.M. Hu & G. Hao sp. nova (Primulaceae) is described from Yunnan, China, and illustrated. In general morphology it resembles the species in Lysimachia subgen. Idiophyton, which are characterized by a yellow corolla, and an anther longer than filament, basifixed and opening by an apical pore. Lysimachia sinopilosa is most similar to L. pilosa, but can be distinguished by its purple indumentum on stems, petioles, peduncles and adaxial surface of leaves, by its leaf blades with a sub-rounded or obtuse base, and by its smaller flowers.

The aldose reductase (AR) inhibitory effect of Lysimachia christinae was investigated as a functional food ingredient and a new AR inhibitor, DHDP, was isolated from L. christinae , guided by an affinity-based ultrafiltration-HPLC assay. The chemical structure of DHDP was determined to be 1,5-di-hydroxy-1,5-di-[( E )-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic]-3-pentanonyl ester by one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), fast atom bombardment ionization mass spectrometry (FAB-MS), and ultraviolet (UV) and (IR) infrared spectroscopy. In addition, the AR inhibitory activity and mechanism of DHDP were characterized. In vitro and in silico results demonstrated that DHDP binds to the AR active site rapidly, blocking it and competitively preventing substrate access and product formation (IC 50 , 194.67 μM; K i , 29.68 μM). Ex vivo experiments indicated that DHDP can penetrate the eye lens and successfully inhibit AR under hyperglycemic conditions, thus preventing the accumulation of sorbitol and subsequent osmotic stress.

A high-mountain dwarf plant of Lysimachia japonica (Primulaceae) endemic to Yakushima is reported to be very unique in the dwarfing mechanism at cell level, and the plant is one of the candidates to be a key species to reveal the unsolved molecular mechanism of taxon-specific body size of plant. In the present study, we examined the crossability between the dwarf plant of L. japonica and its normal-sized lowland counterpart, and self- and cross-compatibilities within each linage. The results indicate that both dwarfed and normal-sized L. japonica are self- and cross-compatible within each ecotype and are bidirectionally cross-compatible with each other, suggesting that this plant possesses optimum life historical traits for further genetic analysis in order to clarify the mystery of molecular mechanism of taxon-specific body size.

Background and aims – Despite their vicariant distribution and slightly distinct morphologies, the Dotted Loosestrife ( L. punctata L.) and the Whorled Loosestrife ( L. verticillata (Green) Hand.-Mazz.) have sometimes been treated as synonyms, or even confounded by several authors. Here we examine the genetic divergence of these two taxa in order to clarify their species status.Methods – We apply AFLP genome fingerprinting to samples from eleven wild and two naturalized populations, and compile occurrence data from herbaria and public data depositories.Key results – The distribution of genotypes in a multivariate space confirms the distinct species status of the two species, and highlights the absence of natural hybrids between the two in their native area. This result contrasts with the hybrid nature of naturalized populations from northern Europe, likely produced through horticultural practices.

A new species, Lysimachia septemfida (Primulaceae), from Yunnan (Southwest China) is described and illustrated. The new species exhibits several unusual characters in Lysimachia including lack of a corolla, 7-merous flowers, leaves in whorls of 3 and distinct multicellular nodiferous hairs, which make it readily distinguishable from all other species in this genus. The diagnostic differences between this new species and its suppositive allies are given. In addition, the systematic placement of this new species is also discussed based on an ITS molecular tree.

The current investigation aims to evaluate the effect of leaf extract of the anthelmintic medicinal plant Lysimachia ramosa and its n-butanol fraction on glycogen concentration and carbohydrate related metabolic enzymes viz. hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase (PK), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), malic enzyme (ME) and fumarate reductase (FR) in the cestode Raillietina echinobothrida. Following exposure to crude leaf extract and n-butanol fraction at a dose of 6 mg/ml of phosphate buffered saline, glycogen concentration decreased by 26–51% post paralysis whereas in terms of carbohydrate related metabolic enzymes, highest inhibition was seen in case of MDH (66–75%) followed by FR (64–66%), PEPCK (54–64%), LDH (48–60%), ME (33–38%) and PK (27–36%). The decrease in the enzyme activities of HK, LDH and MDH were also demonstrated histochemically. The result indicates that the intrusion of the phytoconstituents in the function of enzymes of energy generating pathway of R. echinobothrida, perhaps dispossesses the parasite from energy production leading to paralysis.

In November 2015 the first naturalised collection of Lysimachia nummularia L. (Primulaceae) was made for New South Wales from the Apsley River on the Northern Tablelands. This creeping, perennial herb is native to Eurasia and previously recorded as naturalised in Australia in Victoria and Tasmania. It has the potential to be an invasive weed, particularly in wetland and other damp habitats. A description of L. nummularia is provided as well as a key to Lysimachia taxa occurring in New South Wales.

Lysimachia nummularia L. is a perennial medicinal and aromatic herb. In this study, the effects of solid and liquid culture environments on micropropagation of L. nummularia were investigated. Nodes were used as an explant type in the experiments. Different combinations of thidiazuron (TDZ: 0.05-0.80 mg L-1) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA: 0.10 mg L-1) were used as growth regulators in Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal environment. Agar was put in to solidify the solid nutrient media. No agar was put in the liquid environment. In solid and liquid experiments, the most count of shoots was obtained in MS nutrient environment with 0.40 mg L-1 TDZ + 0.10 mg L-1 IBA. The longest shoot was detected in the nutrient environment including 0.05 mg L-1 TDZ + 0.10 mg L-1 IBA in both culture media. The best results for shoot count and percentage of regeneration were determined in the solid nutrient environment according to in vitro propagation values. On the other hand, the best results for shoot length were found in the liquid culture environment. The use of high TDZ in both culture media negatively affected shoot lengths. The regenerated plants were successfully acclimatized to aquatic conditions. The results of this study may help more efficient propagation of L. nummularia by tissue culture.

Lysimachia hemsleyana Maxim. is an important medical plant in the Family Primulaceae. In this study, we determined the complete chloroplast genome of L. hemsleyana. It is 155,618 bp in length, containing a large single copy (LSC) region of 85,615 bp, a small single copy (SSC) region of 17,861 bp, which were separated by a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions of 26,071bp. The complete chloroplast genome of L. hemsleyana encoded a total of 134 genes, including 89 protein-coding genes with the pseudogene of ycf1, 8 ribosomal RNA genes and 37 transfer RNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that L. hemsleyana was most closely related to the Korea endemic plant Lysimachia coreana with high bootstrap support value. This work provides basic molecular information that would be useful for further investigation on conservation genetics and evolutionary relationships of L. hemsleyana.

These studies were conducted to investigate the growth and flowering responses of Lysimachia mauritiana Lam. to photoperiod and cold treatment (Expt. 1) and to determine juvenility in floral induction (Expt. 2). In Expt. 1, eight-week-old seedlings with 4–6 leaves were treated with cold at 5℃ with a 9/15 (day/night) h photoperiod for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks (wk). After cold treatment, plants were grown under five different photoperiods [9/15, 12/12, 14/10, 16/8, and 24/0 (day/night) h] for 15 weeks. Plants without cold treatment did not flower throughout the experimental period. However, after a 6-wk cold treatment, percent flowerings were 83 % and 82 % under 16/8 and 24/0 h photoperiods, respectively, and after 9- and 12-wk cold treatments both were 100 %. In Expt. 2, growth stages were divided into two groups according to the number of leaves: Stage 1 (4–6 leaves) and Stage 2 (10–12 leaves). Cold treatment was administered for 0-, 5-, and 10-wk at 5℃ with the same photoperiod treatments as Expt. 1. Flowering was not induced with cold treatment in Stage 1 for any photoperiod treatment. However, in Stage 2, percent flowerings were 40 % and 47 % after 5-wk cold treatments and 71 % and 91 % after 10-wk cold treatments under 16/8 and 24/0 h, respectively. These results indicate that a long-day photoperiod and sufficient cold exposure are necessary for flowering induction of L. mauritiana. This species also requires an appropriate growth stage to sense the forcing conditions.

In Asia, extracts of Lysimachia christinae have been used for liver or urinogenital system-related diseases in traditional medicine. In this study, we investigated the effects of the water extract of L. christinae (WELC) on receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa &Beta, ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastic differentiation of bone marrow macrophages, and on osteoporosis and obesity in ovariectomy mice. RANK signaling pathways related to osteoclast differentiation were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot analysis. Additionally, we performed micro-computed tomography to assess trabecular bone loss, histological analysis for fat accumulation in adipose, liver, and bone tissues, and phytochemical profiling for WELC characterization. WELC significantly inhibited osteoclast differentiation by downregulating RANKL-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/c-Fos/nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) signaling in osteoclast precursors and ovariectomy-induced trabecular loss by suppressing osteolcastic bone resorption. WELC markedly decreased ovariectomy-induced body weight gain and fat accumulation in adipose, liver, and bone tissues. Furthermore, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC&ndash, MS/MS) identified 16 phytochemicals in WELC when compared with the mass fragmentation of standard chemicals. Collectively, these results suggest that WELC might possess beneficial effects on postmenopausal osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and obesity by suppressing fat accumulation.

Lysimachia congestiflora Hemsl. is a perennial herb of Primulaceae. It is mainly distributed in the provinces to the south of the Changjiang River and south of Shanxi, Gansu province and Taiwan. It...

To identify a novel biopesticide controlling rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, 700 plant extracts were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on mycelial growth of M. oryzae. The L. foenum-graecum Herba extract showed the lowest inhibition concentration (IC50) of 39.28 μg/ml, which is lower than the IC50 of blasticidin S (63.06 μg/ml), a conventional fungicide for rice blast disease. When treatments were combined, the IC50 of blasticidin S was dramatically reduced to 10.67 μg/ml. Since ABC transporter genes are involved in fungicide resistance of many organisms, we performed RT-PCR to investigate the transcriptional changes of 40 ABC transporter family genes of M. oryzae treated with the plant extract, blasticidin S, and tetrandrine, a recognized ABC transporter inhibitor. Four ABC transporter genes were prominently activated by blasticidin S treatment, but were suppressed by combinational treatment of blasticidin S with the plant extract, or with tetrandrine that didn’t show cellular toxicity by itself in this study. Mycelial death was detected via confocal microscopy at 24 h after plant extract treatment. Finally, subsequent rice field study revealed that the plant extract had high control efficacy of 63.3% and should be considered a biopesticide for rice blast disease. These results showed that extract of L. foenum graecum Herba suppresses M. oryzae ABC transporter genes inducing mycelial death and therefore may be a potent novel biopesticide.

Lysimachia rupestris F. H. Chen & C. M. Hu is reported for the first time in Vietnam, in Cat Ba National Park. The supplemental description of its floral characters is applied. It has glabrous yellow corollas divided near to base, and stamens with short filaments connate basally into a ring and basifixed anthers opening by apical pores. The systematic position of L. rupestris F. H. Chen & C. M. Hu and its closely related species is also discussed.

The treatment of breast cancer includes chemotherapy, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Recently, alternative agents have been searched for breast cancer, especially medicinal plants because their anti-cancer effects. It has been reported that the genus of Lysimachia has anti-proliferative effect on cancer cells. In our study we aimed to evaluate in vitro anti-cancer activity of Lysimachia savranii on migration of breast cancer cells. Breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 and also adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells as normal cells. IC50 doses of Lysimachia savranii extract and Doxorubicin for each cells were calculated via MTT assay. In vitro wound model with (+) plus shape was created using pipette tips for migration analysis and IC50 doses were exposed. The oxidative stress, vascularization and apoptosis were analyzed by immunocytochemical staining of eNOS, iNOS, VEGF and TUNEL. Data was evaluated by Graphpad software using one-way analysis of variance. Lysimachia savranii and Doxorubicin have anti-proliferative effect on breast cancer cells. Breast cancer cell migration was inhibited by Lysimachia savranii. There was an increase of eNOS and iNOS stainings, and apoptotic cells whereas there was a decrease of VEGF staining. Our findings indicate that Lysimachia savranii extract is a potential herbal product for breast cancer therapy.