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A series of new coumarin-maltol hybrids (2a–2k) were selectively prepared in high yields under microwave irradiation. All the newly synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental and spectroscopic analysis. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in-vitro anticancer activity against two human cancer cell lines viz., A-549 (human lung carcinoma) and HeLa (human cervical cancer). Among the tested, compounds (2a) and (2d) were found to be potent cytotoxic with IC50 values in the range of 2.47–4.26 µM on A-549 and HeLa cancer cells. DNA cleavage study by gel electrophoresis method revealed that the compounds (2a), (2j) and (2k) were found to cleave the DNA completely, as no traces of DNA were found. Furthermore, Molecular docking was performed against 4TZK enzyme of E. coli, which showed good binding interactions and is in agreement with the in vitro anti-microbial results.

A series of new coumarin linked with pyrimidine derivatives have been synthesized via microwave irradiation. Structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, GC-MS and CHN analysis techniques. All newly synthesized compounds screened for their in-vitro anti-microbial and anti-cancer activities (Hela and A549 Cell lines). Further DNA cleavage studied and reports revealed that most of the synthesized compounds inhibit the growth of the pathogenic organism by genome cleavage as no traces of DNA were found. The present investigation points out that the synthesized coumarin-pyrimidine analogs are promising in targeted drug delivery systems, can be used for cancer therapy. Docking results also supported the studies. A good pharmacokinetic profile is suggested by theoretical calculation of ADME properties. Insights into enzyme inhibitor interactions provided by docking stimulations and permitted us to rationalize the observed SARs.

An efficient and rapid synthesis of coumarin–thiazoline hybrids (1a–1j) under microwave irradiation is described with high yields. The synthesized compounds were characterized using elemental and spectroscopic analysis; in addition, the structures of compounds 1a, 1b, 1e and 1h have been elucidated using single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. All the newly synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro anti-tubercular activity and in a DNA cleavage study, while the most active compounds were subjected to a cytotoxicity assay on Vero cell lines. Among those tested, compound 1b exhibited excellent anti-tubercular activity (MIC 0.09 μg ml−1) with a low level of cytotoxicity, suggesting that compound 1b is a promising lead for subsequent investigations in search of new anti-tubercular agents. Furthermore, a DNA cleavage study using an agarose gel electrophoresis method revealed that compounds 1b, 1d, 1f and 1i cleaved DNA more efficiently and thereby exhibit nuclease activity.

A series of novel 2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-N-(4-oxo-2-phenyl-thiazolidin-3yl)-acetamide 5a-j have been synthesized from various aldehydes and 2-(5-phenyl-[1,3,4]-oxadiazol-2-ylmethylsulfanyl)-1H-benzimidazole 6a-j from various benzoic acids. These compounds were screened for their in-vitro anti-bacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis as Gram positive, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli as Gram negative bacterial strains and for in-vitro anti-fungal activity against Asperigillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. The in vitro cytotoxic properties were studied using brine shrimp bioassay. Results revealed that, compounds 5b, 5d, 5g, 5i, 6b, 6e, 6f, and 6i showed excellent activity against a panel of microorganisms. The cytotoxic activities of 5b, 5g, 5i, 6b, 6f, 6h, and 6i were found to be good. All the newly synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, (1)H-NMR, (13)C-NMR and MS.

A new series of novel 5-(nitro/bromo)-styryl-2-benzimidazoles (1-12) has been synthesized by simple, mild and efficient synthetic protocol by attempted condensation of 5-(nitro/bromo)-o-phenylenediamine with trans-cinnamic acids in ethylene glycol. Screening for in vitro anti-tubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H(37) Rv, anti-bacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae bacterial strains and anti-fungal activity against Candida albicans and Asperigillus fumigatus fungal strains were carried out. Compounds 5, 7, 8, 9, 11 showed higher anti-tubercular activity and compounds 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 have proved to be effective with MIC (microg/ml) and emerged as lead molecules showing excellent activities against a panel of microorganisms. All synthesized compounds were characterized using IR, (1)H, (13)C NMR, GC-MS and elemental analysis.

The efficient and rapid synthesis of 5-nitro-2-aryl substituted-1H-benzimidazole libraries (1a-1j) has been established. Thus, both microwave and conventional cyclo-condensation of 4-nitro ortho-phenylenediamine with various phenoxyacetic acids were carried out in the presence of HCl catalyst. The microwave synthesis route afforded advantages, such as good to excellent yields, shorter reaction time (2.5-3.5 min), readily available starting material, and simple purification procedure, which distinguish the present protocol from other existing methods used for the synthesis of benzimidazole libraries. Bioassay indicated that all the compounds showed in vitro antimicrobial activity against Vancomycin resistant enteroccoccus, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus, Bacillus subtilis (gram-positive bacteria) and Shigella dysentery, Escherichia coli (gram-negative bacteria) and Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium (fungi). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for test compounds as well as for reference standards.

Mappia foetida is a medium-sized tree, which belongs to Olacaceae plant family. It is found to contain 16.0% of 3-keto-octadec- cis -15-enoic acid previously hitherto unknown in the Olacaceae plant family. It also contains other normal fatty acids such as palmitic acid (12.3%), stearic acid (4.2%), oleic acid (16.2%), linoleic acid (11.6%) and linolenic acid (39.7%). The identification and characterization was based on UV, FTIR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, MS, GLC analysis and Chemical degradations.

Alternanthera triandra, Lam Syn. Alternanthera sessilis (Linn) R. Br. seed oil contains a moderate source of hydroxy fatty acid (ricinoleic acid, 22.1%), along with the other normal fatty acids such as myristic (3.9%), palmitic (16.9%), stearic (5.9%) oleic (26.0%) and linoleic (25.2%). These fatty acids have been determined and characterized by GLC, TLC, ultraviolet (UV), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, MS and chemical transformations.

Cassia marginata, Roxb and Cassia corymbosa, Linn seed oils contain unusual fatty acids like vernolic acid (8.5 and 9.2%), malvalic acid (3.5 and 3.2%) and sterculic acid (2.6 and 2.8%). They also contain palmitic acid (17.3 and 17.2%), palmitoleic (trace and 7.4%), stearic acid (4.5 and 4.2%), oleic acid (14.2 and 14.8%) and linoleic acid (49.4 and 41.2%), respectively. These fatty acids were determined and characterized by UV, FTIR, 1H NMR, MS, GLC-techniques and chemical degradations.

Triumfetta pilosa contain malvalic acid (2.4%) and sterculic acid (6.6%) along with the other normal fatty acids like palmitic (16.7%), stearic (10.8%), oleic (20.1%) and linoleic (43.4%). The cyclopropenoid (malvalic and sterculic) and other normal fatty acids have been determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, gas liquid chromatographic-techniques and chemical degradations.

Ebenaceae plant family consists of 7 genera and more than 320 species. The present investigation describes the unique occurrence of hitherto unknown 9-keto-cis-13-octadecenoic acid (29.0%) and the cyclopropenoid fatty acids (malvalic acid 12.7% and sterculic acid 8.7%) in the seed oil of Diospyros melanoxylon as well as in the Ebenaceae plant family. Other normal fatty acids are also detected. The identification and characterization were based on FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS, and GLC techniques and chemical degradations.

Pithecollobium dulce, Benth (syn.Inga dulcis, Willd) seed oil, belonging to the Leguminosae plant family, contains minor amounts of vernolic acid (12,13-epoxy-octadec-cis-9-enoic acid, 10.0%), malvalic acid [7-(2-octacyclopropen-1-yl)heptanoic acid, 3.2%], and sterculic acid [8-(2-octacyclopropen-1-yl)octanoic acid, 2.0%]. The other normal fatty acids are palmitic (12.1%), stearic (4.2%), behenic (10.6%), oleic (34.1%), and linoleic (23.8%). These fatty acids have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared,1H nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry and gas-liquid chromatography techniques and by chemical degradations.

Cassia absus seed oil is a rich source of hitherto unknown keto acid (52.0%) and characterized as 9-ketooctadec-cis-15-enoic acid by UV, FTIR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, MS, and GLC techniques and chemical transformations. It also contains palmitic acid (12.3%), stearic acid (2.5%), arachidic acid (1.4%), oleic acid (7.0%), and linoleic acid (24.8%)

Developing novel antimicrobial drugs is increasingly important in the modern pharmaceutical industry. A series of novel 3-chloro-4-[4-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-4-ylmethoxy)phenyl]-1-phenylazetidin-2-ones 5a-o have been synthesized from 4-bromomethylcoumarins 1a-e and 4-aryliminomethyl-phenols 3a-c. These compounds were screened for their in-vitro antibacterial activity against two Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Vancomycin resistant enteroccoccus) and two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Shigella dysentery) bacterial strains and antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, and Penicillium. Results revealed that compounds 5c, 5f, 5h, 5j, and 5m showed excellent activity against a panel of microorganisms. The brine-shrimp bioassay was also carried out to study their in-vitro cytotoxic properties and two compounds, 5h and 5m, possessing LD(50) = 7.154x10(-4 )M and 5.782x10(-4) M, respectively, displayed potent cytotoxic activity against Artemia salina. The presence of a chlorine group in the coumarin moiety, its effect on their antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic activities is discussed. All newly synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, (1)H-NMR,( 13)C-NMR, and MS.

Celsia coromandeliana, Vahl Syn. Verbasum coromandelianum, (Vahl) Kuntze seed oil was found to contain 22.0% 9-hydroxyoctadec-cis-12-enoic acid (isoricinoleic acid) previously unknown in the Scrophulariaceae plant family. It also consists of other normal fatty acids such as lauric acid (1.3%), myristic acid (2.6%), palmitic acid (8.2%), stearic acid (3.2%), oleic acid (17.2%), and linoleic acid (45.5%). The identification and characterization were based on UV, FTIR, 1 H NMR, and mass spectra, GLC analysis, and chemical degradations.

Several new classes of benzimidazole derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for in-vitro antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. The results showed that all synthesized compounds exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity, and compounds 2, 4, and 13 displayed cytotoxic activity (as LD(50)) at the concentration 1 x 10(-3) M against Artemia salina.

Several new classes of benzimidazole derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for in-vitro antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. The results showed that all synthesized compounds exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity, and compounds 2, 4, and 13 displayed cytotoxic activity (as LD(50)) at the concentration 1 x 10(-3) M against Artemia salina.

A novel series of 3-chloro-4-[4-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-4-ylmethoxy)-phenyl]-1-phenyl-azetidin-2-one derivatives (5a-j) have been synthesized from 4-aryloxymethylcoumarins (1a-e) and 4-aryliminomethyl-phenols (3a-b). The title compounds were screened for their in vitro anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities. Results revealed that, compounds (5c), (5f), (5h) and (5j) showed excellent anti-microbial activity against a panel of microorganisms. Brine shrimp bioassay was also carried out to study their in vitro cytotoxic properties among which (5h) and (5j) displayed potent cytotoxic activity against Artemia salina. The DNA cleavage activity of some compounds was studied by agarose gel electrophoresis method. All synthesized compounds were characterized using IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, MS and elemental analysis.

Terminalia chebula, Retz seed oil belonging to the Combretaceae plant family, was found to contain 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid (20.5% of the total silylated methyl esters) previously hitherto unknown in the Terminalia genera. The identification and characterisation was based on thin-layer chromatography, ga:-liquid chromatography, and ultraviolet, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectral analysis, and chemical degradations.

The seed oil from Turnera ulmifolia was found to contain the unusual fatty acids, 9,10-epoxy-octadec- cis -12-enoic acid (vernolic acid, 22.3%)

Amaranthus paniculatus (L) syn Amaranthus caudatus, (L) seed oil contains palmitic (19-4%), stearic (3-9%), oleic (21-9%), linoleic (43-9%), vernolic (7-8%), malvalic (1-5%) and sterculic (1-6%) acids. These fatty acids were characterised by IR, NMR, MS and GLC techniques and by chemical degradations.

A keto fatty acid (9-oxo-cis-12-octadecenoic acid) has been isolated in appreciable amounts (45.9%) fromCryptolepis buchnani seed oil. The identification was based on chemical and spectroscopic methods.

Azima tetracantha Lam, belonging to the Salvadoraceae plant family, was found to contain ricinoleic acid (9.8%) and cyclopropenoid fatty acids (9.6%) along with normal fatty acids.

Brunfelsia americana Linn, belonging to the Solanaceae plant family, was found to contain ricinoleic acid together with cyclopropenoid and normal fatty acids. These fatty acids were characterized by infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, gas-liquid chromatography techniques and chemical degradations.

Tabebuia argentia, Britt, Syn.Tkcoma argentia, Burr and Schum, belonging to the Bignoniaceae plant family, contains palmitic (21.7%), stearic (3.8%), oleic (9.8%), linoleic (52.7%), linolenic (3.0%) and vernolic (9.0%) acids. These fatty acids were characterized by infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry (MS), gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and chemical degradations.

A hitherto unknown keto fatty acid has been isolated from Gardenia lucida seed oil. It has been characterized as 7-keto-octadec- cis - 11 -enoic acid based on spectrometry and chemical degradations.

Syzygium cuminii syn Eugenia jambolana seed oil was found to contain lauric (2·8%), myristic (31·7%), palmitic (4·7%), stearic (6·5%), oleic (32·2%), linoleic (16·1%), malvalic (1·2%), sterculic (1·8%) and vernolic (3·0%) acids.

The seed oil of Crotolaria retusa Linn, is found to contain ricinoleic (98), 7-(2-octylcyclopropen-1-yl) heptanoic acid (13 g kg−1), 8-{2-octylcyclopropen-l-yl) octanoic acid (35 g kg−1), palmitic (169 g kg−1), stearic (53 g kg−1), oleic (130 g kg−1) and linoleic (502 g kg−1) acids.

Cassia siamea oil contains plamitic (19.0%), stearic (7.6%), oleic (11.6%), linoleic (42.7%), malvalic (2.0%), sterculic (3.1%) and vernolic (14.0%) acids.