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Seven accessions of Jatropha platyphylla were evaluated for their phenotypic traits and genetic diversity using inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs). Cluster analyses with nine traits were performed: number of branches per plant; fruit per bunch; bunch per branch; bunch per plant; total seed production; total fruit production, protein content, oil content, and fatty acid profile. Genotypes from Rosario, Sinaloa, Mexico (PR11) yielded the highest values in all traits. The correlation analysis of the quantitative traits showed high correlations between seed and total fruit production (r = 0.99). Unsaturated linoleic acid was the most abundant fatty acid (57.64% - 52.39%). Within a genetic improvement program, two of the most important variables to be considered are oil content and phenotypic characteristics of the plant. J. platyphylla has shown viable selection traits that provide a possibility of producing interspecies hybrids and giving them added value. ISSRs primers generated variable banding patterns that were found to be polymorphic; the polymorphic information content (PIC) of these loci ranged from 0.21 to 0.45 with an average of 0.34. The unweighted pair group method (UPGMA) cluster analysis of the data showed the formation of three groups, where the most divergent accession pair was the genotype from Quelite (QP11) and Rosario (PR11).

Corn stover, a corn harvest by-product, can be used to add value to feeds for farmed fish through their extracts, which are rich in phenolic compounds (PCs) and could confer antioxidant properties and possible health benefits to fish. In this study, PCs from corn husk extracts (CHE) were identified by ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time of fly-mass spectroscopy (UPLCESI-Q-ToF-MS/MS), and used to provide antioxidant potential to diets for Nile tilapia fingerlings. Three experimental diets for tilapia were formulated with 0, 100 and 200 mg PCs from CHE/kg feed and their antioxidant capacity was determined by DPPH• and ORAC assays. A total of 180 Nile tilapia fingerlings (0.35 ± 0.06 g) were fed for 14 days to determine the effect of experimental diets on feed intake and growth performance. PCs from CHE such as ferulic, p-coumaric and chlorogenic acids were the most abundant. The inclusion of PCs into tilapia diets increases linearly (p < 0.05) their antioxidant capacity (DPPH and ORAC). Growth performance and feed intake increased linearly (p < 0.05) as the level of CHE inclusion increased. Results suggest that the CHE can provide antioxidant potential to tilapia diets, promote growth performance and feed intake without toxic effects.RESUMENLa mazorca de maíz, un subproducto de la cosecha de maíz, puede usarse para agregar valor a los alimentos para peces de cultivo a través de sus extractos, que son ricos en compuestos fenólicos (PCs) y los cuales podrían conferir propiedades antioxidantes y posibles beneficios a la salud de los peces. En este estudio, las PCs de los extractos de cáscara de maíz (CHE) se identificaron mediante cromatografía líquida de ultra resolución-tiempo de vuelo con cuadrupolo acoplado a espectrometría de masas con ionización por electrospray (UPLC-ESI-Q-ToF-MS/MS), y se utilizaron para proporcionar potencial antioxidante a las dietas para alevines de tilapia del Nilo. Se formularon tres dietas experimentales para tilapia con 0, 100 y 200 mg de PCs de CHE/kg de alimento y su capacidad antioxidante se determinó mediante ensayos DPPH• y ORAC. Se alimentaron un total de 180 alevines de tilapia del Nilo (0.35 ± 0.06 g) durante 14 días para determinar el efecto de las dietas experimentales, sobre el consumo de alimento y el crecimiento. Los PCs de CHE como los ácidos ferúlico, p-cumárico y clorogénico fueron las más abundantes. La inclusión de PCs en las dietas para tilapia, aumenta linealmente (p

Blueberry is a fruit consumed fresh and as an ingredient in formulations such as jam, juice, and wine. Wine is a widely consumed beverage and produced from different berries and fruits. Blueberry wine contains bio-compounds that could have a beneficial effect on health. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize blueberry wine by two response variables (total soluble solids and fermentation time) to obtain the highest alcohol percentage, pH, and lightness. In order to optimize the fermentation process, a central composite design was used. The optimized blueberry wine was obtained at total soluble solids of 25°Brix and fermentation time of 16 d. The optimized blueberry characteristics estimated were: alcohol percentage of 11.91%, pH of 2.98, and lightness (L*) of 26.22, and the optimized blueberry characteristics experimental were: alcohol percentage of 11.93±0.02%, pH of 2.97±0.01, and L* of 25.42±1.80. The optimized blueberry wine had a total phenolic content of 360.27±18.09 mg of gallic acid equivalents L-1, total anthocyanin content of 46.27±3.66 mg cyanidin-3 glucoside L-1, antioxidant capacity by ABTS and DDPH assays of 1,539.8±92.18 and 1,688.07±57.57 mM Trolox equivalent L-1, respectively. The results suggest that optimized blueberry wine can be considered a drink with potential health applications. Blueberry is a fruit consumed fresh and as an ingredient in formulations such as jam, juice, and wine. Wine is a widely consumed beverage and produced from different berries and fruits. Blueberry wine contains bio-compounds that could have a beneficial effect on health. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize blueberry wine by two response variables (total soluble solids and fermentation time) to obtain the highest alcohol percentage, pH, and lightness. In order to optimize the fermentation process, a central composite design was used. The optimized blueberry wine was obtained at total soluble solids of 25°Brix and fermentation time of 16 d. The optimized blueberry characteristics estimated were: alcohol percentage of 11.91%, pH of 2.98, and lightness (L*) of 26.22, and the optimized blueberry characteristics experimental were: alcohol percentage of 11.93±0.02%, pH of 2.97±0.01, and L* of 25.42±1.80. The optimized blueberry wine had a total phenolic content of 360.27±18.09 mg of gallic acid equivalents L-1, total anthocyanin content of 46.27±3.66 mg cyanidin-3 glucoside L-1, antioxidant capacity by ABTS and DDPH assays of 1,539.8±92.18 and 1,688.07±57.57 mM Trolox equivalent L-1, respectively. The results suggest that optimized blueberry wine can be considered a drink with potential health applications.

Pumpkin pulp is the main waste generated by pumpkin seed growers. This agro-industrial waste is a valuable source of bioactive compounds, especially carotenoids (β-carotene, α-carotene, and lutein), which exhibit a broad spectrum of health-promoting effects. In this study, vegetable oils (canola, corn, and soybean oil) were used as green solvent alternatives to conventional organic solvents for carotenoid extraction from dried pumpkin pulp (DPP) waste. The highest carotenoid extraction yield (CEY) was obtained with canola oil, at a 1:10 DPP/oil ratio. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction process parameters (temperature, time, and stirring rate) through a Box-Behnken design (BBD) maximizing CEY in canola oil. The extraction temperature and stirring rate were found to have a significant linear and quadratic effect, respectively, on CEY. Optimum conditions were achieved at 21.8 min, 250 rpm, and 60°C. Under these optimized conditions, the estimated value for CEY was 378.1 µg β-carotene equivalents/g of DPP, corresponding to 61.6% of the total carotenoid content present in the DPP. In contrast, the observed experimental value was 373.2 µg β-carotene equivalents/g of DPP (61.2%). The experimental value was very close to the estimated value, which verifies the model's adequacy and fit. This study shows an alternative method to extract carotenoids from DPP with canola oil, obtaining an oil naturally enriched with carotenoids that could be used as a potential functional ingredient in the development of food, cosmetics, and medicinal products. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Pumpkin by-products are a potential carotenoid source. Vegetable oil can be used as an alternative solvent for carotenoid extraction from pumpkin residues to obtain an enriched carotenoid oil that can be used to formulate food products.

Four experimental diets were formulated with 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg of phenolic compounds (PCs) kg-1 feed, derived from mango peel. The control diet did not contain PCs. A total of 120 male zebrafish (Danio rerio) (average weight: 166 mg) were fed for eight weeks to assess the ability of PCs to prevent lipid peroxidation and enhance antioxidant status. Growth performance was calculated at the end of the experimental trial. Lipid peroxidations in muscle and antioxidant enzyme activity in the liver were evaluated at the end of the experiment. There was no significant difference in growth performance among treatments. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in muscle were significantly lower in fish fed diets containing 50 and 100 mg of PCs per kg of feed. Incorporation of PCs into zebrafish diet did not have any significant effects on glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity. However, catalase (CAT) activity increased significantly in fish with diets containing 100, 150 and 200 mg of PCs kg-1 feed. These results suggest a potential protective effect against in vivo lipid peroxidation and CAT-modulating effects.

Mexico is the world’s largest producer, exporter, and consumer of avocados. “Hass” avocado is the most commercialized cultivar, while the native Mexican avocado varieties have been displaced. Thus, studies regarding their chemical and nutraceutical characterization are scarce. We studied the total lipid content, fatty acid profile, carotenoid content, and free radical-scavenging activity of the fruit pulp from 12 accessions of the native Mexican avocado (Persea americana var. drymifolia). The results show that the chemical and nutraceutical characteristics depend on the accession type. The total lipid content ranged from 13.22 to 23.41%. The major saturated fatty acid in all the avocado accessions was palmitic acid (15.54–22.68%). Monounsaturated fatty acids, like oleic (56.58–74.19%), linoleic (5.62–16.85%) and linolenic (0.63–2.85%) acids were the most abundant unsaturated fatty acids in all the native Mexican avocado accessions. The total carotenoid content (1.57 to 7.83 mg eq. of β-carotene 100 g-1 fresh weight) and the free radical-scavenging activity (7.58–88.62 mMol trolox equivalent 100 g−1 fresh weight) also varied significantly (p

Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing natural products found in bacteria, fungi, animals, and plants with complex and diverse structures. The widespread distribution of alkaloids along with their wide array of structures makes their classification often difficult. However, for their study, alkaloids can be classified depending on their chemical structure, biochemical origin, and/or natural origin. Alkaloids can be derived from several biosynthetic pathways, such as the shikimate pathway; the ornithine, lysine, and nicotinic acid pathway; the histidine and purine pathway; and the terpenoid and polyketide pathway. Traditionally, plant alkaloids have played a pivotal role in folk medicines since ancient times as purgatives, antitussives, sedatives, and treatments for a wide variety of ailments. Currently, several alkaloids have served as models for modern drugs, and there are several alkaloids used in pharmacology, such as codeine, brucine, morphine, ephedrine, and quinine. Herein, this work is a comprehensive revision from the Web of Knowledge and Scopus databases on the recent information (2010–2019) regarding plant-derived alkaloids, their structural classification and bioactive properties.

This research evaluated the nutritional, nutraceutical, antimicrobial, as well as the growing promoter effect of Moringa oleifera (MOR) leaves flour in fodders for fattening Japanese quails. The antimicrobial activity was measured using the method of Kirby-Bauer. A completely random design with 4x2 factorial arrangement was used, fodders included 0, 7, 14, and 21% of MOR, with and without Virginiamycin (100 ppm), during 35 d of fattening, 480 one-day old unsexed quails were used, each treatment had 5 replicates with 12 quails/cage. MOR inhibited the growth of bacteria gram (+) and gram (-). The inclusion of MOR in the period from 1 to 14 d inhibited the weight gain (p

The fruit of 18 Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme accessions from Mexico were evaluated for total phenolics (TP) by the Folin-Ciocalteau assay, phenolic profiles by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS), antioxidant activity (AoxA) by 2,2´-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazolin)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenil-1-pycrilhydrazyl (DPPH), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and antimutagenic activity (AmuA) by the Ames assay. TP was measured as Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE) and the AoxA as Trolox Equivalents (TE). TP varied from 37 to 86 mg GAE 100 g−1 fresh weight (fw). The AoxA by ABTS (568-1187 µmol TE 100 g−1 fw) and DPPH (157-350 µmol TE 100 g−1 fw) correlated with TP and the levels of caffeoylquinic acids and rutin. The AmuA did not correlate with the levels of phenolics. Some accessions had higher AoxA and AmuA than those reported for commercial cultivars and also showed high levels of caffeoylquinic acids and rutin; thus, their consumption could have good health promoting effects.

Lamiaceae plants are a widespread family of herbaceous plants with around 245 plant genera and nearly 22,576 species distributed in the world. Some of the most representative and widely studied Lamiaceae plants belong to the Ocimum, Origanum, Salvia, and Thymus genera. These plants are a rich source of bioactive molecules such as terpenes, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. In this sense, there is a subgroup of flavonoids classified as flavones. Flavones have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-diabetic potential; thus, efficient extraction techniques from their original plant matrixes have been developed. Currently, conventional extraction methods involving organic solvents are no longer recommended due to their environmental consequences, and new environmentally friendly techniques have been developed. Moreover, once extracted, the bioactivity of flavones is highly linked to their bioavailability, which is often neglected. This review aims to comprehensively gather recent information (2011–2021) regarding extraction techniques and their important relationship with the bioavailability of flavones from Lamiaceae plants including Salvia, Ocimum, Thymus, and Origanum.

Lippia alba essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) and supercritical fluid (SFE) extraction methods. These were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-flame ionization detector (GC-FID-MS). Antioxidant activity was tested by DPPH and ABTS methods, and total soluble phenolics (TSP) were also determined. While in the SFE extract 14 compounds were identified (mostly: myrcenone 3.4%, α-terpineol 1.0% and β-caryophyllene 2.3%), in the HD extract 17 compounds were identified (mostly: eucalyptol 15.6%, myrcenone 9.3% and Z-ocimenone 5.8%). The results showed that L. alba essential oils obtained by SFE was IC50=17.35 mg/mL and by HD was IC50 = 12.45 mg/mL in DPPH assay. L. alba has an excellent eucalyptol content. Key words: Antioxidants, bioactive compounds, supercritical fluid, green technologies.

Jatropha platyphylla is a species of the Euphorbiaceae family with kernels rich in oil and protein with no toxicity. The aim of this study was to analyze the morphological variability and oil content of J. platyphylla in tropical deciduous forests of Mexico to determine the characteristics and establish domestication strategies. Principal component and cluster analyses were performed with 11 traits: plant height, stem diameter, canopy spread, number of branches, total fruit production, dry fruit weight, seed weight, seed diameter, kernel weight, shell weight and oil content. Significant differences were found in eight of the traits. Grid maps of the distribution pattern, total fruit production and oil percentage were generated. In principal components analysis the three components explained 70.2% of the variance in the data and showed that the traits that contributed most to the variance were the morphological characteristics of seeds. In the cluster analysis, seven clusters were obtained, of which three clusters grouped the germplasms with the highest oil percentages. The variations in oil content and morphological variables suggested opportunities for viable selection in domestication and genetic improvement programs, considering that J. platyphylla is a wild species. Exploring adapted varieties and producing interspecies hybrids can create added value to these little explored species.

Prebiotics are nondigestible food components that have an impact on gut microbiota composition and activity, which in turn results in the improvement of health conditions. Nowadays, the production of prebiotics from agro-industrial by-products is under investigation. In this regard, polysaccharides are usually found in these sources and their potential use as prebiotics has been studied recently since these compounds act as substrates for the human gut microbiota, and they have the potential to modulate its composition through many mechanisms. Additionally, the use of agricultural by-products is advantageous because it is a cheap and abundantly available material. This review focuses on the recent scientific literature regarding the prebiotic properties of polysaccharides from agro-industrial by-products. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Currently, the maintenance of gut homeostasis is a target for the improvement of human health. This review can broaden the perspective on the utilization of agro-industrial by-products that can compete in the market with the commercial ones or act as a source for new food ingredients.

Background: Mexican damiana (Turnera diffusa Willd. Ex. Schult), specifically damiana of California has a high demand in the international market for its popularity as aphrodisiac, but its marketing has been affected by the adulteration of its products due to a lack of authentication mechanisms and limited information on the differences between the two currently known varieties. The aim of this study was to establish a leaf standard monograph with scientific bases of the varieties aphrodisiaca and diffusa of Turnera diffusa Willd. Ex. Schult, cultivated at the same agronomic and environmental conditions.Material and Methods: Damiana leaves were collected from a cultivar located in the municipality of Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico in 2016. The pharmacognostic studies were carried out in terms of macroscopic and both optical and electronic microscopic characteristics of leaves of the two varieties for their distinction.Results: The leaves of diffusa variety were twice as large as those of the aphrodisiaca variety, whereas papillose glandular trichomes were observed with greater density in the aphrodisiaca variety than those on diffusa leaves where unicellular trichomes were the ones observed in greater density. The leaves of both varieties are dorsiventral and hypostomatic with paracytic stomata.Conclusion: The obtained qualitative and quantitative leaf standards provide reference information for the proper identification and monograph preparation of the aphrodisiaca and diffusa varieties of Turnera diffusa. Pharmacognostic characteristics such as the type of stomata, trichomes, and leaf identify the species, whereas characteristics as leaf size and trichome density differ between varieties.Keywords: Turnera diffusa, var. diffusa, var. aphrodisiaca, medicinal plant, trichomes, microscopy.

Five elite blue maize hybrids and two blue maize landraces were evaluated for various quality characteristics. Hybrids showed physical characteristics demanded by dry-millers and tortilla processors: above 290 g in one hundred-kernel weight test, higher test weight (76.1–78.5 kg hl−1) and lower flotation index (22–61%). Hybrid maize 613 × 27 (9.9%) and 611 × 8 (9.5%) contained the highest protein. Potassium, magnesium, manganese and zinc contents of hybrid maize were higher than landraces by 15, 30, 55 and 41%, respectively. Nutrimental profile showed linoleic acid contents above 50% in 503 × 67, 613 × 27 and 611 × 8 hybrid samples. Lysine levels of landraces and hybrids 503 × 67 (33.9 g kg−1 protein) and 631 × 27 (31.7 g kg−1 protein) were higher than reported for regular white corn (27 g kg−1 protein), as well as the highest tryptophan levels for Chalqueno (6.0 g kg−1 protein) and hybrid 503 × 67 (6.9 g kg−1 protein). Highest protein quality based on its digestibility was found in hybrid 503 × 67. Results indicated that elite blue maize hybrids could be an important source of nutrimental compounds with potential for functional food industries.

Blue maize is an excellent source of bioactive components such as phenolic acids and anthocyanins but when it is processed for human consumption, these compounds decrease considerably. Therefore, blue maize could be directed to produce nutraceutical extracts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation between anthocyanins composition of acidified and non-acidified extracts from native and hybrid blue maize genotypes and their antiproliferative effect in mammary (MCF7), liver (HepG2), colon (Caco2 and HT29) and prostate (PC3) cancer cells. The most abundant phenolic acid was ferulic acid. Nine anthocyanins were quantified in the extracts, being Cy3-Glu the most abundant. Acylated forms were also obtained in high abundance depending of the extraction method. An extract concentration range of 4.31 to 7.23 mg/mL inhibited by 50 % the growth of untransformed cells NIH3T3. Antiproliferative effect on PC3, Caco2, HepG2 and MCF7 cancer cells of acidified extracts from hybrid blue maize was larger than the observed using non-acidified extracts. Among the nine compounds that were quantified in the extracts tested, CyMalGlu I showed the strongest correlation with the reduction of cell viability in Caco2 (−0.876), HepG2 (−0.813), MCF7 (−0.765) and PC3 (−0.894). No significant correlation or differences in antiproliferative effect on HT29 was found among the extracts. The method of extraction of maize anthocyanins must be selected to obtain a high yield of CyMalGlu I more than only Cy3-Glu since acylation affects the inhibition of cancer cell growth.

The extraction of biologically active compounds from eggplant pulp by modified supercritical CO2 extraction was investigated. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity by assessing the pressure, temperature, and cosolvent percentage. The results demonstrated that the maximum phenolic content (3,530.79 mg CAE/100 g extract) and antioxidant capacity (4,593.22 μmol TE/g extract) were observed at 56.8°C, 280 bar, and 1.22% of ethanol and were higher than those obtained by conventional solvent extraction. Four phenolic acids were identified in the supercritical extracts and not in the conventional extracts using HPLC-DAD analysis, suggesting that modified supercritical CO2 extraction is more efficient and selective.

High levels of cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6, are associated with chronic diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and cancer; therefore cytokine inhibition might be an important target for the treatment of these diseases. Most drugs used to alleviate some inflammation-related symptoms act by inhibiting cyclooxygenases activity or by blocking cytokine receptors. Nevertheless, these drugs have secondary effects when used on a long-term basis. It has been mentioned that flavonoids, namely quercetin, apigenin and luteolin, reduce cytokine expression and secretion. In this regard, flavonoids may have therapeutical potential in the treatment of inflammation-related diseases as cytokine modulators. This review is focused on current research about the effect of flavonoids on cytokine modulation and the description of the way these compounds exert their effect.

The objectives of this investigation were to characterize the quality components of the chickpea fruit, to describe the anatomy of the pod, and to study postharvest technology for increasing the shelf life of the fruits. Green chickpeas cv. ‘Blanco Sinaloa’ were harvested; proxi¬mate analysis, minerals, pH, acidity and total soluble solids were separately analyzed in both pods and seeds. Histological evaluations were done on pods at 0, 6 and 12 days. Four lots of fruits were treated, each with 1) 0.5 μl∙L-1 and 2) 1.0 μl∙L-1 of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), 3) sprayed water at 65 °C, and 4) control. Samples were stored for 12 days at 10 °C using PET containers. Evaluations of weight loss, color, and respiration rate were done every 3 days. Chickpea seed and pod showed a good nutritional profile based on the protein, fiber, calcium, potassium, and iron content. Also, in both tissues pH = 6.0 was observed. The cell anatomy of the pod showed a well struc¬tured cuticle at day 0, which remained compacted through the storage; also, a change in cells from the parenchyma towards sclerenchyma was observed, indicating cell aging. The 1-MCP treatments significantly decreased weight loss and metabolic activity of chickpeas as compared to control samples; however, none of the treatments showed a significant effect on green color retention.

El cultivo intensivo de peces es una estrategia económicamente importante para producir alimento. Sin embargo, las prácticas de cultivo intensivo generan estrés oxidativo e inmunosupresión, lo que ocasiona pérdidas de la calidad del espécimen y aumento en la mortalidad. Para contrarrestar estos efectos, se ha optado por la administración de vegetales como fuente de polifenoles con propiedades antioxidantes e inmunoestimulantes en peces carnívoros de cultivo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir los efectos de los polifenoles de origen vegetal como antioxidantes e inmunoestimulantes en peces carnívoros, y promover su uso como ingredientes funcionales en la acuicultura. Los vegetales como fuente de polifenoles tienen la capacidad de mejorar los sistemas de defensa inmune y antioxidante de las especies analiza- das, con un tejido de mejor calidad nutricional y un mayor contenido endógeno de antioxidantes. No obstante, las propiedades biológicas de los polifenoles dependen del tipo y concentración en el vegetal, de la dosis y el tiempo de administración, así como de la matriz alimentaria, la cual determina la bioaccesibilidad y biodisponibilidad de los polifenoles en el organismo. Es escasa la información generada sobre el efecto de los polifenoles en la calidad post mortem, por lo que se deben realizar más estudios.

This investigation was carried out to determine the effect of Essential Fatty Acids proportion (EFAs [n-6, n-3]) in feed through the mixture of soy, olive, canola or chia oil on EFA profile in eggs as well as productive and reproductive performance of Japanese quail. We used 120 quail from 7 to 22 weeks of age, in 15 cages in groups of 6 females and 2 males assigned according to the completely randomized design to 3 treatments with 5 replicates. The treatments were n-6:n-3 proportions 10:1 (control), 4:1 and 1:1. FA profile in yolk, feed intake, laying rate, egg weight, fertility, hatchability, and embryonic mortality were measured. In the egg yolk, n-6 content was similar in the proportions (p>0.05), while n-3 content increased (p0.05). In 4:1 and 1:1 proportion laying percentage was greater, but egg weight was lower (p0.68). Early and total embryonic mortality was lower in 10:1 and 4:1 proportion (p0.30). The results of the experiment indicate that the mixture of soy, olive, canola or chia oil, to obtain n-6:n-3 proportion of 1:1, 4:1 and 10:1 does not modify feed consumption, laying rate, egg weight, fertility, and hatchability; but, 4:1 and 10:1 proportions favor a lower embryonic mortality.