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Cool-season forage crops Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), Timothy grass (Phleum pratense L.) are economically beneficial to producers because biologically fixed nitrogen reduces the expenses. Soil salinization is the consequence of physical factors, population growth, economic pressure for more food production, and climate change impact that can be related to agricultural management practices. In forage crops, salinity and temperature stresses are primarily reducing the yield and limiting successful growth. This study aimed to investigate the effects of temperature and salinity in seed germination and determine optimum temperature and salinity for these cool-season forage crops. The results indicated that seed germination occurred over a wide range of salinity (from 0 to 100 mM NaCl) and temperatures (from 15 to 30 °C) with the highest germination between 0 and 25 mM NaCl at 15 to 20 °C. In M. sativa, salinity treatments were not different at 20 °C but the effect of high salinity concentration was more pronounced at low temperatures in T. pratense. For F. arundinacea and P. pratense, the salinity effect was moderate and the main factor for the germination was the temperature. Further, ungerminated seeds were transferred to distilled water after 20 days, and it occurred the highest recovery in 100 mM NaCl at 20 °C but seed recovery was low at 30 °C. The forage crops were able to germinate in moderate salt conditions and germinate as normal when the salinity conditions were removed but under optimum temperatures.

Global warming reduced glaciers in the Arctic, leading to the arctic oscillation and changes in the jet stream, and increasing the likelihood of cold waves. When the incidence of cold waves increases, it causes winter crop growth and reduced yield. There is a need to prevent cold stress with these risks or to recover cold-stressed crops. Therefore, by conducting warming treatment through greenhouses, the experiments were conducted on barley, which is a representative winter crop in Korea. As a result, the average temperature of ‘1st treatment’ was 12.96 °C, the average minimum temperature was 0.97 °C, and the average maximum temperature was 24.95 °C. In contrast, ‘control’ recorded an average temperature of 9.87 °C, the lowest of 0.04 °C, and the highest 19.70 °C. The control had a higher percent ripened grain than the early 1st treatment, but the total number of matured grains was higher than that of the 1st treatment. The thousand grain weight of the first treatment tended to be heavier than that of the control. The grain weight per spike of control tended to be heavier than the treatments, because the number of grains per spike of control was greater than the treatments. Based on the above results, it was confirmed that warming treatment in winter can preserve the growth and yield of cold-stressed barley. Thus, if there is a possibility of experiencing cold stress in winter, warming treatment will prevent the risk of cold stress.

This research analyzed the characteristics of varieties of rice such as a harvest time and yield, and to select a proper variety to product green rice according to a conventional planting culture and a late planting culture. The most proper harvest time of rice, in general, was 15 to 25 days after heading to product the green rice. Sinsunchal among glutinous rice varieties and Chilbo among nonglutinous rice varieties showed the most amount harvest at 25 days after heading, which was a limit harvest time for the whole green rice production in overall rice varieties. The amount of green rice according to transplanting times, the May transplanting was more than the June . The yield of green rice harvested at 15~25 days after heading was varied according to varieties. Proper glutinous varieties for green rice production were Dongjinchal, Sangdongchal, Boseokchal, and Sinsunchal, in order of listed, which were transplanted at the May . Meanwhile, Boseokchal, Backokchal, and Sinsunchal, in order of listed, were proper varieties for green rice production, which were transplanted at the June . In nonglutinous rice, Samkwang, Nunbora, and Chilbo, which were transplanted at the May , were proper varieties for green rice production. Hwanggeomnodeul, Hopum, and Chilbo, which were transplanted at the June , were proper varieties for green rice production.

This experiment was carried out to figure out the growth and yield of waxy corn after cultivating the hairy vetch which was mostly used as a green manure crop. The waxy corn showed the growth and yield efficiency relative to conventional culture after the hairy vetch was returned to as the green manure and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer increased, and the LAI was similar to the conventional culture when less than 18 kg. Length of ear slightly decreased compared to 188 mm of conventional culture when the hairy vetch was used as the green manure and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer was less than 9 kg, but the length of ear increased relative to the conventional culture when the amount of applied nitrogen fertilizer was more than 18 kg. The highest 100-kernel weight was 35.4 g with the hairy vetch and 27 kg of nitrogen fertilizer treatment. The lowest 100-kernel weight was 27.4 g with the hairy vetch and 0 kg of nitrogen fertilizer treatment. Quantity with the hairy vetch and 9 kg of the nitrogen fertilizer treatment was similar the conventional culture. Suger content with the hairy vetch and more than 18 kg of the nitrogen fertilizer treatment was higher than the conventional culture. Thickness of pericarp showed no difference among treatments.

This study was conducted to compare the growth, inorganic components, and proximate components of Codonopsis lanceolata grown in 10 regions of Korea for selecting superior species and breeding by crossing. Among the all tested lines, the shortest plant height (217.12 cm) was observed from the Ulleungdo region line (No. 4) while the longest (273.9 cm) was observed from Hwasun region line (No. 9). In addition, the lines of central and northern region (No. 1~No. 7) tend to have shorter plant height than those of southern region (No. 8~No. 9) except Jejudo region line (No. 10). Flowering tends to be late towards southern region, and lines in central and northern regions were started flowering about 2 weeks earlier than those in southern regions. However, the heaviest root weight was 13.1 g, found in only Jejudo line (No. 10) whereas there was no significant difference found in the other regions which have a range of 8.3~11.0 g. The inorganic components were varied in each line, however, proportion of macroelements, such as K, Ca, and P, was the largest for every line. Especially for Heongseong region line (No. 2), had larger proportion of macroelements than the others. There was a difference of proximate compositions of Codonopsis lanceolata, except the moisture content, among all regions, however, it was generally shown that the content of crude protein (1.31~3.76%) and crude fiber (2.18~3.12%) was the highest.

We evaluated the morphological characteristics in 100 super sweet corn inbred lines, which were developed to breeding super sweet corn variety at Gyeongsangbuk-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, by examining six quantitative and two qualitative characteristics. On the result of evaluation of two qualitative traits, most of inbred lines showed yellow (91 inbred lines) at seed color (QL1) and weak (68 inbred lines) at seedling vigor (QL2). In the survey of six quantitative traits, the average value for each trait indicated as follows: days of tasseling (QN1, 41.0 to 55.0 days), days of silking (QN2, 44.0 to 59.0 days), anthesis-silking interval (QN3, 2.0 to 7.0 days), tillering (QN4, 0.0 to 2.0), plant height (QN5, 96.0 to 187.0 cm) and ear height (QN6, 30.0 to 86.0 cm). In PCAs (principal component analysis) for 8 morphological characteristics, seedling vigor (QL2) and tillering (QN4) greatly contributed in negative direction and the days of tasseling (QN1) and days of silking (QN2) greatly contributed in positive direction on the first principal component. While, ear height (QN6) and plant height (QN5) contributed in positive direction on the second principal component. Thus these morphological traits, which were greatly contributed in the first and second principal components, might be considered to be useful for discrimination in 100 super sweet corn inbred lines. In our study, the results of morphological variation and PCAs for 100 super sweet corn inbred lines will be helpful for super sweet corn breeding programs such activities as planning crosses for hybrid and line development.

This study was performed to investigate the growth characteristics and inorganic components of Codonopsis lanceolata regarding regional differences. The plant height of Japanese Codonopsis lanceolata was 373.6 cm, so it`s revealed that it has more vigorous growth than Korean won. The flowering time of Korean Codonopsis lanceolata was 2 weeks faster than Japanese one. Total fresh weight of root was 41.0 g and 39.0 g for Korean and Japanese respectively, thus, no significance difference was found. However, regarding fresh weight, Korean one had a more fresh weight (35.4 g) of main root parts, but Japanese one had a more fresh weight (9.6 g) of the lateral root part. Each inorganic component was found more in the aboveground parts, regardless of the region and the content of K was the largest. Regarding the content of macroelements for each part of Codonopsis lanceolata, the content of Na, Mg, P, S, and Ca in Korean Codonopsis lanceolata was found the highest on the leaf, followed by stem and root. In the case of Japanese Codonopsis lanceolata, same result was found on the content of Mg and Ca, however, the highest content of Na and P was found in the stem.

1 DW) was only detected in premature barley. Statistically higher quantities of Na and K were present in premature barley compared to the other two grain-types (P < _ 0.05), whereas mature barley contained the highest amount of P and Fe (P < 0.05). All three grain-types contained similar levels of Ca and Cu. Mature barley contained the highest betaine and choline (49.44 mg 100 g -1 DW and 34.61 mg 100 g -1 DW, respectively). The results indicate that premature barley is nutritionally superior to de-hulled barley.

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is crucial legume crop as source of high quality vegetable protein and oil, and Korea is regarded as a part of center of soybean origin. To expand the information of conserved genetic diversity, we analyzed the genetic variability of soybean collection mainly introduced Korean accessions using 75 microsatellite markers. A total of 1,503 alleles with an average value of 20.0 alleles were detected among 644 accessions. Korean collection revealed average allele number of 13.4 while Chinese, Japanese and Southeast Asian accessions showed 9.0, 5.4 and 6.5 mean alleles, respectively. Especially, Korean accessions showed more number of private allele per locus as 3.4 contrary to other geographical groups. The mean expected heterozygosity and polymorphic information content was 0.654 and 0.616, respectively, and expected heterozygosity values were not significantly distinguished according to the geographical groups. The phylogenetic dendrogram and deduced population structure based on DNA profiles of 75 SSR loci showed Korean accessions formed distinct gene pool against Chinese accessions, and could be divided into five subpopulations. Korean soybean accessions have specific genetic diversity and might be serve the valuable alleles for bio-industry as a part of the center of soybean origin.

Arsenic (As) is nonessential element toxic to plants. In Korea little is not only known about the extent of actual anthropogenic sources and inputs of arsenic to the agricultural land which plays a active role as a sink, but also systematic research on arsenic as an toxic element entering the food chain via the soil-plant pathway has not been investigated in the fields and greenhouses besides in few places of abandoned mining sites. Therefore, it is important to focus on the effect of As-contaminated soils on As uptake and biomass production of lettuce plants. In this study, As concentrations in the soil and accumulation of As in lettuce transferred by As uptake from soils were investigated. To do this, soil which was mixed with various rates of arsenopyrite gravels containing arsenic from 0 to 100% was packed into a round plastic pot. Then, 10 days old vegetable crops of chinese cabbage and lettuce after germination were transplanted into a pot. Growth of lettuce was observed for four weeks with one week interval. All experiments were done by triplicate. The results showed that the growth rates for number of leaves, width and length of the crop plants were retarded with increasing amount of gravel mixed due to increasing bioavailable amount of arsenate with increasing rate of gravel in soils. With these results, we conclude that the bioavailable amount of arsenate can influence the growth of lettuce.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Ca-gluconate (Ca-glu) on fruit firmness and softening enzyme activities of hydroponically grown tomato ( Solanium esculentum Mill.). The obtained results revealed that the rate of weight loss was markedly increased from at storage to 5 days after storage (DAS) in control, and was constantly increased until 7 DAS as 4.1% in Ca-glu treatment. Fruit firmness was more rapidly decreased in Ca-glu induced fruit compared to control. Results showed that fruit firmness in control and Ca-glu treated fruit were 0.67 and 0.95 kg·φ12 mm -1 , respectively. In our investigation, no difference was revealed in Hunter’s ‘a’ value between control and Ca-glu treated fruit. Total carotenoids content of control fruit were rapidly increased while the Ca-glu treated fruit were gently increased. Lycopene content was higher (63.3 μg․g -1 FW) in control than Ca-glu treatment (56.8 μg․g -1 FW). The activity of Polygalacturonase (PG) was rapidly increased with increasing storage period as from 0.4 to 1.2 units whereas the PG activity of Ca-glu treatment was gently increased from 1 to 7 DAS, and rapidly increased from 7 to 11 DAS. However, the pectinesterase (PE) activity was rapidly increased in control fruit, when the storage period was increased, but interestingly, the Ca-glu treated fruit was slowly increased from 1 to 7 DAS, and rapidly increased 7to 11 DAS. β-galactosidase activity of Ca-glu induced fruit was rapidly increased from 1 to 7 DAS as from 1.6 to 3.0 units, and gently increased from 7 to 11 DAS. β-galactosidase activity of control were higher than Ca-glu treatment.

고품질 우량인삼 생산을 위한 해가림자재별 인삼의 생육상황과 해가림 아래의 미기상 변화를 조사하였고, 각각의 해가림자재에서 생산된 수삼의 유효성분들을 조사 분석한 결과, 6~8월까지의 해가림자재별로 온도는 차광지>차광판>차광지 순이었고, 투광량도 차광지가 8월에 $381.7{\mu}mol/s/m^2$ 로 인삼포내 온도가 가장 높은 원인이었다. 2~3년 인삼의 지상부 생육은 차광망>차광판>차광지 순이었으며, 4년근은 차광판=차광지>차광망 순으로 좋았다. 4년근 인삼의 진세노사이드 총함량은 차광판>차광지>차광망 순으로 많았으며, 수삼의 색도는 차광망>차광판>차광지 순으로 높았다. 【This research investigated growth of ginseng regard to sunshade materials and micro metrological phenomena under the sunshade material to product high quality ginseng. Followings are results of investigation of active ingredient from raw ginseng producted under the sunshade materials. The highest temperature under the sunshade material from June to August was measured from a Three-layered blue and one-layered black polyethylene net (TBOBFN) followed by a aluminium-coated polyethylene sheet (ACPS) and blue polyethylene sheet (BPS). The highest light penetration of $381.7{\mu}mol/s/m^2$ was obtained from the BPS at August, also the temperature was highest at the ginseng field. Growth of above ground part of 2~3 year old ginseng under the ACPS was the highest, followed by the ACPS and the BPS. In case of 4 year old ginseng, the ACPS and the BPS was the same, followed by the TBOBPN. Root length and diameter of 2~3 year old ginseng showed difference among treatments, but 4 year old ginseng was not showed difference. Meanwhile, the highest amount of root of 4 year old ginseng of $896g/m^2$ was obtained from ACPS. The total amount of ginsenocide of 4 year old ginseng under the ACPS was highest, followed by the BPS and the TBOBPN. Chromaticity of ginseng root under the TBOBPN was highest, followed by the ACPS and the BPS.】

국내외 75점의 흰색 및 자색 양파 유전자원으로부터 총 5종의 flavonol 배당체(Q34'diG, Q3G, Q4'G, I4'G, Q)를 분리 동정하였다. 양파 내 존재하는 flavonol 배당체는 aglycone인 quercetin 및 isorhamnetin에 하나 또는 두 개의 glucose가 결합된 형태로 검출되었다. 총 flavonol 함량 범위는 흰색 양파가 0.18-6.47 mg/g, 자색 양파가 2.39-6.47 mg/g 이었으며, 자색 양파가 평균 4.41 mg/g 로 흰색 양파(3.23 mg/g)보다 약 1.4배 높았다. 양파의 주요 성분으로는 Q34'diG 및 Q4'G 총함량 비율이 흰색 및 자색 양파에서 모두 약 85% 이상을 보였다. 【Flavonols as a major kind of plant secondary metabolites are known for health-promoting compounds in onions (Allium cepa L.). The objectives of this study are to determine profiles of flavonol glycosides in different 75 onion accessions. A total of five flavonols (quercetin 3,4'-diglucoside, Q34'diG; quercetin 3-glucoside, Q3G; quercetin 4'-glucoside, Q4'G; isorhamnetin 4'-glucoside, I4'G; quercetin, Q) were identified from onion accessions. In positive ion mode using LC-ESI-MS, individual flavonols were confirmed from one and two glycosylation binding with aglycone such as quercetin and isorhamnetin. Total flavonol contents were distributed in white onion (range of 0.18-6.47 mg/g DW) and purple onion accessions (range of 2.39-6.47 mg/g), respectively. The mean of flavonol contents in purple onion (4.41 mg/g) showed 1.4-fold higher than white onion (3.23 mg/g). The Q34'diG and Q4'G were considered as the major compounds of flavonol glycosides in onion accessions.】

To explore the possibility of using pyroligneous acid for environmentally friendly ginseng farming, this study observed samples of ginseng whose shoots were treated with pyroligneous acid sprays beginning in mid June, which is after foliation stage. The spongy tissue structure got thickened from triple layers to quadruple layers with the pyroligneous acid regardless of the concentration. The upper and lower epidermis cell of the leaves as well as the leaf mesopyll cells also became thicker. Compared to the no-treatment group, the overall growth and development of ginseng roots treated with pyroligneous acid were excellent. Accordingly, it is believed that pyroligneous acid can be an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional agro-chemicals applied to ginseng that can be used to facilitate the growth and development of ginseng.

The amounts of selected nutrient components of Korean rice cv. Chuchungbyeo and cv. Samkwangbyeo were compared depending on their harvest time. Rice grains harvested at the 15th and 25th day after heading (DAH) were considered as immature grains while the one at the 40th DAH was considered as mature grains. The results showed that the contents of protein (7.46–7.92 g/100 g) and reducing sugar (230.85–533.49 mg/100 g) in the immature grains were significantly higher than those in the mature grains. Phosphorus and potassium were the dominant minerals in both of cultivars during maturation. Vitamin C and provitamin A (i.e., β-carotene) were found only in immature rice grains of 2 rice cultivars. And immature rice grains contained higher level of vitamin B2, B3, and B6 compared with mature grains. γ-Tocochromanols content in immature grains was higher than that in mature grains.

In this study, the response of 22 soybean cultivar sprouts to flooding stress was investigated. After sprouts were subjected to flooding stress for 10 days at the V4-V5 growth stages, their dry weights were compared. All plants were kept in a greenhouse under natural light conditions, an average daytime temperature of and an average nighttime temperature of . Soybeans were grown in a concrete bed filled with silt loam soil. Subjecting plants to flooding stress resulted in a large reduction in plant dry weight, plant height, number of nodes, and number of leaves. Cultivars differed significantly in their responses to flooding stress, as indicated by these characteristics (p

Cronkhite-Canada syndrome (CCS) is a rare nonfamilial polyposis syndrome characterized by epithelial disturbances both in the gastrointestinal tract and in the epidermis. The pathologic finding of the polyp is usually a hamartomatous polyp of the juvenile type; however, the possibility of serrated adenoma associated malignant neoplasm was reported in some Japanese cases. Up till now in South Korea, 13 CCS cases have been reported, but there was no case accompanied by the colon cancer. We report the first case of CCS associated with malignant colon polyp and serrated adenoma in Korea. A 72-year-old male patient who complained of diarrhea and weight loss was presented with both hands and feet nail dystrophy, hyperpigmentation, and alopecia. Endoscopic examination showed numerous hamartomatous polyps from the stomach to the colon. The pathologic results confirmed colon cancer and serrated adenoma. Helicobacter pylori eradication and prednisolone was used. Thus, the authors report this case along with a literature review.

This study was conducted to determine the variation of phenolic compounds in the leaf and stem of 131 accessions of Lycium chinesis Miller. The levels of total phenolic compounds in the leaf of L. chinesis ranged between 8.8 to 14.9 mg g -1 and among them 60% of the accessions belong between 11.6 and 13.5 mg g -1 for the content of phenolic compounds in the leaf. The accession CB03286-89 contained the highest total phenolic compounds among the accessions tested, which was 1.7-fold higher than that of the lowest content accession CBP03310-250. In the stem, the total phenolic compound of 131 accessions of L. chinesis ranged from 6.8 to 12.4 mg g -1 , showing slightly lower level than that in the leaf. The content of (+)catechin was highest in the leaf and stem of accession CB03286-89 and Japan No.1, respectively. Myricetin was detected in the leaf of seven accessions (i.e. Geumsan jaerae, Japan No.1, China collection No.1, CL32-13, CB04329-13, China collection No.12 and CB03286-89) and in the stem of five accessions (i.e., Japan No.1, China collection No.1, China collection No.12, CB03286-89 and 99797). Accessions had a great influence on the content of phenolic compounds. So, accessions-specific phenolic compound profiles might be helpful for commercial use or production of phenolic compounds in

Background The Korean College of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research has studied Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) prevalence since 1998 and found a dynamic change in its prevalence in Korea. The aim of this study was to determine the recent H. pylori prevalence rate and compare it with that of previous studies according to socioeconomic variables. Methods We planned to enroll 4920 asymptomatic Korean adults from 21 centers according to the population distribution of seven geographic areas (Seoul, Gyeonggi, Gangwon, Chungcheong, Kyungsang, Cholla, and Jeju). We centrally collected serum and tested H. pylori serum IgG using a chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay. Results We analyzed 4917 samples (4917/4920 = 99.9%) from January 2015 to December 2016. After excluding equivocal serologic results, the H. pylori seropositivity rate was 51.0% (2414/4734). We verified a decrease in H. pylori seroprevalence compared with previous studies performed in 1998, 2005, and 2011 (P

2 ) and standard (60×10 cm, 33 plants m -2 ) planting one by using five cultivars of the small seed soybean for sprout, which showing different plant-types for three years. The yield and the number of pods showed a significant posi- tive correlation. Meanwhile, the internode length and the lodging index showed a negative correlation. Characters correlated with the planting density were the internode length, the lodging index, the pods of main stem, and the harvest index as the primary principle components. Other characters like the branch angle, the number of total pods, and the leaf area index were correlated as the secondary principle compo- nents. However, the harvest index, the number of pods, and the leaf area were known as influencing factors to both standard and double density. Thus, the internode length, the branch angle, the lodging, and the pods of main stem can be selected as infecting characters to the planting density adaptation.

Plant breeders and geneticists often use diallel mating designs to obtain genetic information about a trait of interest from a fixed or randomly chosen set of parental lines. Diallel designs and analyses have been developed for parents that range from inbred lines to genetically broad‐based varieties. The object of this study was to determine the combining ability for the plant and ear height by both Griffing Method and Gardner & Eberhart Method, and compare the results obtained by two methods. Hybrids and parents averaged over hybrids differed significantly for plant and ear height. Relative ear position over plant height (REPH) was also calculated from plant and ear heights. By Griffing Method, general combining ability (GCA) was significant in plant height. Specific combining method (SCA) was highly significant in all three measurements. Average heterosis for the plant and ear heights were 33.3% and 61.9%, respectively. However, REPH showed 21.6% heterosis effect. The traits with low heterosis showed higher ratios of GCA/ SCA, while these ratios were smaller in traits with high heterosis. REPH could be used as one of valuable selection criteria over plant and ear heights in the breeding program for low ear height. Above mentioned two statistical methods produced some different results.

INTRODUCTIONThe damage on plant by various stresses during agrowing season showed diversity in each growth stage.In general, the disaster occurred vigorously at seedling,germination, early vegetative growth and reproductivegrowth stage. Damages affected by the flooding onplants are usually attributed to an insufficient oxygensupply to maintain root respiration. Excessive waterstress may be detrimental to the root growth, and thenodule formation and function in soybean (Russel, 1990;Sallam and Scott, 1987). Also, flood duration effects onsoybean manifested the yellowing and abscission ofleaves at the lower nodes, stunting, and reduced the dryweight and seed yield (Scott

Flavonols are the most abundant of all the flavonoids and play pivotal roles in a variety of plants. We isolated a cDNA clone encoding flavonol synthase fromScutellaria baicalensis(SbFLS). The SbFLS cDNA is 1011 bp long, encodes 336 amino acid residues, and belongs to a family of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. The overall structure ofSbFLSis very similar to that ofArabidopsis thalianaanthocyanidin synthase (AtANS), with aβjelly-roll fold surrounded by tens of short and longα-helices.SbFLSwas constitutively expressed in the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers, with particularly high expression in the roots and flowers. SbFLS transcript levels in the roots were 376-, 70-, and 2.5-fold higher than in the leaves, stems, and flowers. The myricetin content was significantly higher than that of kaempferol and quercetin. Therefore, we suggest that SbFLS mediates flavonol formation in the different organs ofS. baicalensis. Our study may contribute to the knowledge of the role of FLS inS. baicalensis.

Anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) play an important role in the monomeric units biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins (PAs) such as catechin and epicatechin in several plants. The aim of this study was to clone ANR and LAR genes involved in PAs biosynthesis and examine the expression of these two genes in different organs under different growth conditions in two tartary buckwheat cultivars, Hokkai T8 and T10. Gene expression was carried out by quantitative real-time RT-PCR, and catechin and epicatechin content was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The expression pattern of ANR and LAR did not match the accumulation pattern of PAs in different organs of two cultivars. Epicatechin content was the highest in the flowers of both cultivars and it was affected by light in only Hokkai T8 sprouts. ANR and LAR levels in tartary buckwheat might be regulated by different mechanisms for catechin and epicatechin biosynthesis under light and dark conditions.

Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) is a member of the Brassicaceae family and a rich source of glucosinolate, which has been shown to possess anticancer properties. To extract these compounds from N. officinale for study, a method was developed in which Agrobacterium rhizogenes was used to transfer DNA segments into plant genomes in order to produce hairy root cultures, which are a reliable source of plant compounds. The A. rhizogenes strain R1000 had the highest infection frequency and induces the most hairy roots per explant. Polymerase chain reaction and cytohistochemical staining methods were used to validate transgenic hairy roots from N. officinale. Glucosinolate from watercress hairy roots was separated and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Indolic glucosinolates, including glucobrassicin (0.01–0.02 μmol/g of DW) and 4-methoxyglucobrassicin (0.06–0.18 μmol/g of DW), as well as aromatic glucosinolate (gluconasturtiin) (0.06–0.21 μmol/g of DW), were identified virtually identical or more in transformed than wild type roots of N. officinale. Hairy root culture of watercress is a valuable approach for future efforts in the metabolic engineering of glucosinolate biofortification in plants, particularly, because indolic glucosinolates are the precursors of a potent cancer chemopreventive agent (indole-3-carbinol).

This research analyzed design considerations for the mechanical harvesting of Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miquel) berries and manufactured a prototype mechanical Bokbunja harvester to selectively harvest mature berries. The most critical design factors for mechanical harvesting are the shape of the bushes, the cane training methods, and the selective harvesting of mature berries. The height of the bushes is around 120 – 150 cm from the ground and the width is approximately 120 cm. The canes are 150 cm long and typically entangle each other despite being trained. Mature Bokbunja berries are picked by hands five to six times each harvesting season. The berries are very soft with thin skin.

showed the highest value by 7.6, and followed by that of 3,~, 1=: and over 4," branch in this order. The seed yield varied from 168 tb 289g' m~' and the average of all soybean cultivars w~s 225g m~'. The relation beiween the seed yield and th~ days'of flOwering to maturing date was high significant difference (r=0.575, p

fixation in soybean (Sallan and Scott,1987) and it may be sensitive response at V5 to R5 stagein different growth stages of soybean. Also, the floodeffect on the growth of soybean were manifested in theyellowing and abscission of leaves at the lower nodes,stunting, and reduced dry weight and seed yield (Scott

2 . The mean pod numbers of 22 soybean cultivars treated with non-EWS and EWS were 58.6 and 37.1 per plant, respectively. The number of seed of soybeans treated with EWS also decreased about 49% of that with non-EWS. The correlation coefficient was slightly higher in 20 days (r=0.459, p