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Information on the origin of distribution patterns shown by freshwater invertebrates in the Indo-Australian Archipelago is poor. Here we present a molecular based hypothesis of the phylogenetic rel...

Drepanosticta seramensis sp. nov. (holotype ♂: Indonesia, Moluccas, Seram Island, 36 km SW of Wahai, S 2.9768, E 129.2269; 2-xii-1996; deposited in RMNH, Leiden), is described as new to science. It is closely related to D. moluccana Lieftinck, 1938 from Buru and D. amboinensis van Tol, 2007 from Ambon.

An extensive molecular phylogenetic reconstruction of the suborder Zygoptera of the Odonata is presented, based on mitochondrial (16S, COI) and nuclear (28S) data of 59% of the 310 genera recognized and all (suspected) families except the monotypic Hemiphlebiidae. A partial reclassification is proposed, incorporating morphological characters. Many traditional families are recovered as monophyletic, but reorganization of the superfamily Coenagrionoidea into three families is proposed: Isostictidae, Platycnemididae and Coenagrionidae. Archboldargia Lieftinck, Hylaeargia Lieftinck, Palaiargia Forster, Papuargia Lieftinck and Onychargia Selys are transferred from Coenagrionidae to Platycnemididae, and Leptocnemis Selys, Oreocnemis Pinhey and Thaumatagrion Lieftinck from Platycnemididae to Coenagrionidae. Each geographically well-defined clade of Platycnemididae is recognized as a subfamily, and thus Disparoneurinae (i.e. Old World ‘Protoneuridae’) is incorporated, Calicnemiinae is restricted, and Allocnemidinae (type genus: Allocnemis Selys) subfam.n., Idiocnemidinae (type genus: Idiocnemis Selys) subfam.n. and Onychargiinae (type genus: Onychargia Selys) subfam.n. and Coperini trib.n. (type genus: Copera Kirby) are described. Half of Coenagrionidae belongs to a well-supported clade incorporating Coenagrion Kirby and the potential subfamilies Agriocnemidinae, Ischnurinae and Pseudagrioninae. The remainder is less well defined, but includes the Pseudostigmatidae and New World Protoneuridae that, with Argiinae and Teinobasinae, may prove valid subfamilies with further evidence. Ninety-two per cent of the genera formerly included in the polyphyletic Amphipterygidae and Megapodagrionidae were studied. Pentaphlebiidae, Rimanellidae and Devadattidae fam.n. (type genus: Devadatta Kirby) are separated from Amphipterygidae, and Argiolestidae, Heteragrionidae, Hypolestidae, Philogeniidae, Philosinidae and Thaumatoneuridae from Megapodagrionidae. Eight further groups formerly placed in the latter are identified, but are retained as incertae sedis; the validity of Lestoideidae, Philogangidae and Pseudolestidae is confirmed. For some families (e.g. Calopterygidae, Chlorocyphidae) a further subdivision is possible; Protostictinae subfam.n. (type genus: Protosticta Selys) is introduced in Platystictidae. Numerous new combinations are proposed in the Supporting Information. Many long-established families lack strong morphological apomorphies. In particular, venation is incongruent with molecular results, stressing the need to review fossil Odonata taxonomy: once defined by the reduction of the anal vein, Protoneuridae dissolves completely into six clades from five families.

Larvae of almost all of the 5,680 species of the insect order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) are dependent on freshwater habitats. Both larvae and adults are predators. The order is relatively well studied, and the actual number of species may be close to 7,000. Many species have small distributional ranges, and are habitat specialists, including inhabitants of alpine mountain bogs, seepage areas in tropical rain forests, and waterfalls. They are often successfully used as indicators for environmental health and conservation management. The highest diversity is found in flowing waters in rain forests of the tropics, the Oriental and Neotropical regions being the most speciose. This paper discusses diversity, summarises the biogeography of dragonflies in the different biogeographical regions and gives the total number of species and genera per family per biogeographical region. Examples are given of areas of particular diversity, in terms of areas of endemism, presence of ancient lineages or remarkable recent radiations but no well-based review of areas with high endemism of dragonflies is available so far. The conservation status of dragonflies is briefly discussed. Species confined to small remnants of forest in the tropics are most under threat of extinction by human activities.

The Sulawesi species of the genera Libellago and Sclerocypha are revised. L. asclepiades, L. rufescens, L. xanthocyana and S. bisignata are redescribed, and three species of Libellago- one with four subspecies - are described as new to science, viz. the closely allied L. daviesi sp. nov. from the northern arm of Sulawesi and L. man-ganitu sp. nov. from Sangihe Island, north of Sulawesi, and a complex of four mainly parapatric subspecies allied to L. rufescens, viz., L. celebensis sp. nov. from W part of Central Sulawesi, and nominotypical subspecies, L. celebensis anoa ssp. nov. from NE part of South Sulawesi, L. celebensis dorsonigra ssp. nov. from NE part of South Sulawesi, and L. celebensis orientalis ssp. nov. from extreme E part of South Sulawesi, E part of Central Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi. The status of the genus Sclerocypha is discussed. A key to the species of Chlorocyphidae (except Rhinocypha) known from Sulawesi, is provided.

The Platystictidae of the Moluccas and Misool (Indonesia) are revised. All species are assigned to Drepanosticta Laidlaw. Representatives of this genus are known from the larger islands in the region, viz. Halmahera, Bacan, Obi, Ambon, Buru, Seram, and from the Kai island group. Aru is poorly studied for odonates, and no platystictids are known. Nine new species are described, viz. Drepanosticta halmahera sp. n., D. rudicula sp. n., D. sembilanensis sp. n. and D. siu sp. n., all from Halmahera; D. bifida sp. n. and D. psygma sp. n. from Bacan; D. misoolensis sp. n. from Misool; D. amboinensis sp. n. from Ambon and D. obiensis sp. n. from Obi. Two previously described species, D. robusta Fraser (Kai) and D. moluccana Lieftinck (Buru), are redescribed and illustrated. A key to all species is provided, as well as preliminary notes on phylogenetic relationships and biogeography. Halmahera platystictids show sister-group relationships with species from Bacan or, remarkably, Misool. The Moluccan Drepanosticta species are assigned to the D. lymetta and D. megametta species groups, which are also known from the Philippines and the Papuan region, and the D. moluccana group, presumably confined to the southern Moluccas. The role of the middle Eocene South Caroline Arc in the distributional history of the Drepanosticta species is discussed. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Tropical mountains are hot spots of biodiversity and endemism,but the evolutionary origins of their unique biotas are poorlyunderstood. In varying degrees, local and regional extinction,long-distance colonization, and local recruitment may all contribute to the exceptional character of these communities. Also, it isdebated whether mountain endemics mostly originate from locallowland taxa, or from lineages that reach the mountain by long-range dispersal from cool localities elsewhere. Here we investigatethe evolutionary routes to endemism by sampling an entire tropical mountain biota on the 4,095-metre-high Mount Kinabalu inSabah, East Malaysia. We discover that most of its unique biodiversity is younger than the mountain itself (6 million years), andcomprises a mix of immigrant pre-adapted lineages and descendants from local lowland ancestors, although substantial shiftsfrom lower to higher vegetation zones in this latter group wererare. These insights could improve forecasts of the likelihood ofextinction and ‘evolutionary rescue in montane biodiversity hotspots under climate change scenarios.

This chapter introduces the insect order Odonata. It provides the most recent phylogeny and up-to-date systematics as well as genera and species numbers of the various families in the biogeographic regions. We also present an overview about the general biology, ecology and behavior of Odonata. This includes details on morphology and ultrastructures. We also attempt an updated categorization of odonate life cycle types. The subchapters on ecology and behavior focus on various aspects of habitat selection and microhabitat occupancy, including effects of biotic interactions and antipredation behavior. Finally, we summarize collection and sampling methods for adult and larval Odonata.

Pseudagrion lalakense, a new species of coenagrionid from Borneo, is described and figured. The species is phylogenetically close to the very widespread and eurytopic P. microcephalum and the two fly together. P. lalakense may be distinguished from microcephalum and several other similar blue species by the pattern on the thorax and abdomen in both sexes and by the form of the male terminal appendages. P. lalakense is highly stenotopic, being known only from highly acidic black-water marsh in two localities in Brunei where it is associated with the sedge Hydrolitha. Activity patterns of P. lalakense appear similar to those of P. microcephalum but the two species differ in their preferred perches and oviposition sites. A list of seven species of other odonates flying in the same habitat is provided.

The number of described species on the planet is about 1.9 million, with ca. 17,000 new species described annually, mostly from the tropics. However, taxonomy is usually described as a science in crisis, lacking manpower and funding, a politically acknowledged problem known as the Taxonomic Impediment. Using data from the Fauna Europaea database and the Zoological Record, we show that contrary to general belief, developed and heavily-studied parts of the world are important reservoirs of unknown species. In Europe, new species of multicellular terrestrial and freshwater animals are being discovered and named at an unprecedented rate: since the 1950s, more than 770 new species are on average described each year from Europe, which add to the 125,000 terrestrial and freshwater multicellular species already known in this region. There is no sign of having reached a plateau that would allow for the assessment of the magnitude of European biodiversity. More remarkably, over 60% of these new species are described by non-professional taxonomists. Amateurs are recognized as an essential part of the workforce in ecology and astronomy, but the magnitude of non-professional taxonomist contributions to alpha-taxonomy has not been fully realized until now. Our results stress the importance of developing a system that better supports and guides this formidable workforce, as we seek to overcome the Taxonomic Impediment and speed up the process of describing the planetary biodiversity before it is too late. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036881

The present knowledge of the historical biogeography of aquatic invertebrate groups is reviewed. Most orders of aquatic insects have a fossil record starting in the Early Permian, or Middle Carboniferous (Odonata), making even the break-up of Gondwana (Late Jurassic) relevant to understanding present distributional patterns. The complex geological history of Southeast Asia is summarized, and geological area cladograms presented. Biogeographical studies are seriously hampered by the limited information on subaerial history of the various islands and terranes. The historical biogeography of the Platycnemididae (Odonata), with special reference to the subfamily Calicnemiinae, is presented as one of the first examples of such a study of a widespread group. The species of

19 páginas, 8 figuras, 3 tables et al.., The European Union has adopted the ambitious target of halting the loss of biodiversity by 2010. Several indicators have been proposed to assess progress towards the 2010 target, two of them addressing directly the issue of species decline. In Europe, the Fauna Europaea database gives an insight into the patterns of distribution of a total dataset of 130,000 terrestrial and freshwater species without taxonomic bias, and provide a unique opportunity to assess the feasibility of the 2010 target. It shows that the vast majority of European species are rare, in the sense that they have a restricted range. Considering this, the paper discusses whether the 2010 target indicators really cover the species most at risk of extinction. The analysis of a list of 62 globally extinct European taxa shows that most contemporary extinctions have affected narrow-range taxa or taxa with strict ecological requirements. Indeed, most European species listed as threatened in the IUCN Red List are narrow-range species. Conversely, there are as many wide-range species as narrow-range endemics in the list of protected species in Europe (Bird and Habitat Directives). The subset of biodiversity captured by the 2010 target indicators should be representative of the whole., We thank Melina Verbeek, Fedor Steeman and Claire Basire (Fauna Europaea Project Bureau), and Anastasios Legakis, Trudy Brannan and Alfonso Navas Sanchez (Fauna Europaea Steering Committee) for their assistance in the implementation of the Fauna Europaea project. Grateful acknowledgements to Gregoire Lois (MNHN) who helped with the listing of protected species, and to Maurice Kottelat who provided invaluable data on extinct and threatened fish.

Little is known about the diversity of tropical animal communities in recently fireaffected environments. Here we assessed species richness, evenness, and community similarity of butterflies and odonates in landscapes located in unburned isolates and burned areas in a habitat mosaic that was severely affected by the 1997/98 ENSO (El Nin˜o Southern Oscillation) event in east Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. In addition related community similarity to variation in geographic distance between sampling sites and the habitat/vegetation structure Species richness and evenness differed significantly among landscapes but there was no congruence between both taxa. The species richness of butterflies was, for example, highest in sites located in a very large unburned isolate whereas odonate species richness was highest in sites located in a small unburned isolate and once-burned forest. We also found substantial variation in the habitat/vegetation structure among landscapes but this was mainly due to variation between unburned and burned landscapes and variation among burned landscapes. Both distance and environment (habitat/vegetation) contributed substantially to explaining variation in the community similarity (beta diversity) of both taxa. The contribution of the environment was, however, mainly due to variation between unburned and burned landscapes, which contained very different assemblages of both taxa. Sites located in the burned forest contained assemblages that were intermediate between assemblages from sites in unburned forest and sites from a highly degraded slash-and-burn area indicating that the burned forest was probably recolonised by species from these disparate environments. We, furthermore, note that in contrast to species richness (alpha diversity) the patterns of community similarity (beta diversity) were highly congruent between both taxa. These results indicate that community-wide multivariate measures of beta diversity are more consistent among taxa and more reliable indicators of disturbance, such as ENSO-induced burning, than univariate measures.

An updated classification and numbers of described genera and species (until 2010) are provided up to family level. We argue for conserving the family-group names Chlorocyphidae, Euphaeidae and Dicteriadidae, as well as retaining Epiophlebiidae in the suborder Anisozygoptera. Pseudostigmatidae and New World Protoneuridae are sunk in Coenagrionidae and Old World Protoneuridae in Platycnemididae. The families Amphipterygidae and Megapodagrionidae as traditionally recognized are not monophyletic, as may be the superfamily Calopterygoidea. The proposal to separate Chlorogomphidae, Cordulegastridae and Neopetaliidae from Libelluloidea in their own superfamily Cordulegastroidea is adopted. Macromiidae, Libellulidae and Synthemistidae and a restricted Corduliidae are accepted as families, but many genera of Libelluloidea are retained as incertae sedis at present. 5952 extant species in 652 genera have been described up to 2010. These are placed here in 30 families; recent proposals to separate additional families from Amphipterygidae and Megapodagrionidae have not yet been incorporated.