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Setiap tanaman memiliki hormon pertumbuhan alami dengan jumlah yang sedikit. Akan tetapi, pada kondisi tertentu tanaman tidak mampu memproduksi hormon secara maksimal, sehingga diperlukan zat pengatur tumbuh atau hormon tambahan. Zat Pengatur Tumbuh (ZPT) telah menjadi komponen penting dalam bidang pertanian untuk mengoptimalkan pertumbuhan tanaman. Sayangnya, kelompok Tani “Palem” di Desa Sumedangan belum memiliki pemahaman dan kemampuan yang cukup dalam membuat zat pengatur tumbuh. Tujuan dari pengabdian masyarakat ini yaitu untuk memberikan pelatihan dan pendampingan kepada kelompok Tani “Palem” dalam memproduksi dan mengaplikasikan ZPT pada tanaman. Metode pengabdian yang dilakukan diawali dengan sosialisasi melalui Focus Group Discussion (FGD), dilanjutkan dengan pemberian pelatihan dan pendampingan aplikasi ZPT di lapang. Hasil diseminasi teknologi di lapang yang telah dilaksanakan menunjukkan respon positif ditunjukkan dengan sikap antusias kelompok Tani “Palem” dalam pembuatan ZPT berbahan rebung bambu dan air kelapa. Hasil evaluasi dan monitoring juga menunjukkan peningkatan empat parameter kemampuan peserta yaitu knowledge (79.07%), attitude (60%), skill (84.44%), dan hasil pretest/post test (83.33%) pada pengaplikasian ZPT pada tanaman.Kata kunci : padi, rebung, zat pengatur tumbuh. ABSTRACT Every plant has small amount of natural growth hormone. However, under certain conditon plants are not able to produce enough hormones, so growth regulator or additional hormones are needed. Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) has become an important component in agriculture to facilitate plant growth. Unfortunately, the “Palem” Farmer Group in Sumedangan Village doesn’t have enough understanding and ability to make plant growth regulators. The aim of this community service was to provide training and assistance to the “Palem”Farmer Group in producing and applying PGRs on plants. The service methods used were initiated by socialization through Focus Group Discussion (FGD), followed by training assistance and PGRs application assistance in the field. The result of technology dissemination in the field that have been carried out showed a positive response indicated by the enthusiastic response of the “Palem” Farmer group while making PGRs using bamboo shoots and coconut water. The evaluation and monitoring results also showed an increase in four parameters of the participants’ abilities, including knowledge (70.07%), attitudes (60%), skills (84.44%), and the results of pretest/posttest (83.33%) on the application of ZPT on plants.

Mangrove ecosystem is an area that serves as a interface between the land and sea, but at the moment has a lot of damage. The phenomenon of damage to the mangrove forest ecosystem also occurred in Langsa City. This study aims to analyse biophysical conditions of mangrove forest ecosystems in Langsa City. The method used in this study is to combine qualitative and quantitative descriptive approaches. Results of the study show that the area of mangrove forest in the study has increased as large as 324.29 ha in the period of 6 years (2007-2013). The mangrove flora in Langsa City consist of a group of true mangrove flora and mangrove associates, consisting of 14 families and 25 species. The criticality of mangrove forests in the research location is classified as damaged (1,955.96 ha) and severely damaged (2,556.82 ha).

Langsa City is mostly in the form of land and coastal areas, especially the Kuala Langsa area which has the potential to be developed into an ecotourism development area because the mangrove ecosystem is still natural and preserved. This study aims to determine the level of land suitability for the development of mangrove forest ecotourism in Kuala Langsa. Primary data in the form of mangrove density, mangrove thickness, types of mangroves, tides, and biota objects were obtained through observation at 6 observation locations using Purposive sampling and Line transect point methods, while secondary data included geographical conditions, and tidal data obtained through literature studies. Vegetation data were analyzed by calculating plant species density and tourism suitability analyzed using tourism suitability index (IKW). Mangrove species found at the study site included, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia caseolaris and Xylocarpus granatum. The results showed that the IKW value of 60% included in the S2 category (as appropriate). The limiting factor is the density of mangroves which only have a value of 8 with the S3 conformity category (as conditional). With the limiting factor is the density of mangroves which only have a value of 4 with the suitability category S3 (not suitable). As for suggestions that can be given to the manager of Kuala Langsa mangrove forest Ecotourism so that the existence of Ecotourism can be sustainable is the need for Pentahelix Synergy in the management of the ecotourism.

This study aims to determine the diversity of endophytic fungi Tread Dara (Catharanthus roseus) as one of the potential plants that can produce medicinal efficacious compounds. This study includes the isolation and identification of endophytic fungi on Tapak Dara plant using PDA medium. Based on the results obtained 6 endophytic fungal isolates originating from roots and leaves Tread Dara.

Leprosy remains a public health problem in Indonesia. Diagnostic tools have been developed in order to aid early diagnosis and prompt treatment. Phenolic glycolipid (PGL)-1 has been considered as a good candidate for leprosy diagnosis but has been found to have several limitations. More recently, the conjugation between natural disaccharide octyl (NDO) and leprosy IDRI diagnostic (LID)-1, known as NDO-LID, shows great promise because of its high specificity and sensitivity and its ability to detect leprosy before any clinical signs are present. The test incorporates the detection of IgM antibodies towards NDO and IgG antibodies towards LID-1. This study aimed to show the profile of IgM, IgG, and IgAMG antibody titers against NDO-LID to further discover its diagnostic potential. Sera from eight new leprosy patients from Surabaya, Indonesia were evaluated using ELISA detecting levels of IgG, IgM and IgAMG antibodies against NDO-LID antigen. Skin slit biopsy was also taken for smear and histopathology test. This study shows that the titer levels IgAMG anti NDO-LID were consistent with the results from smear and were consistently higher compared to IgM or IgG titer alone. IgAMG might have the potential to improve the sensitivity of NDO-LID serologic tests but further investigation is needed.

Delays of leprosy detection and treatment can lead to disability and potential transmission. Serologic examination has the advantage in detecting Subclinical Leprosy. The procedure of serologic test, which is one of its main limitation, could be simplified by the use filter paper. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the use of capillary blood dropped on filter paper as a substitute for venous blood in household contact of leprosy patients. Seventeen samples of capillary blood dried on filter paper and venous blood samples from the same individual were examined by ELISA method to determine the levels of IgM anti-Phenolic glycolipid-1 (PGL-1). The mean of anti- PGL-1 IgM levels of filter paper samples 163.31±126.16; whereas the mean of levels from venous samples was 473.16±411.26. There was significant difference and correlation between these two groups. Samples on filter paper in household contact can be used to determine the level of anti-PGL-1 IgM in serum by converting on the regression basis. Further study is required to evaluate the potency of filter paper methods to conduct large-scale serological screening.

Leprosy stills a public health problem in West Sulawesi which has a Case Detection Rate (CDR) around 43.69/100.000 population. Household contacts of leprosy are a high risk group to be infected, due to droplet infection mode of transmission of the disease. A nose swab examination and serological study was conducted to detect exposure of M. leprae of people who live in leprosy endemic area. Detection of M. leprae in the nasal cavity will represent the exposure rate from outside and the measurement of specific antibody is represented the result of exposure to the immune system. Two group of inhabitants (30 household contacts of leprosy and 30 nonhousehold contacts) were involved in the study. They live in Banggae district, a leprosy endemic area of Majene Regency, West Sulawesi. Sixty nose swab samples and sixty capillary blood samples from the same invidividuals of the two groups were collected and sent to Leprosy laboratory of the Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University Surabaya. A Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed to the nose swab samples for detection of M. leprae. The blood samples were examined serologically to measure the level of anti PGL-1 antibody. PCR examination of nose swab samples showed 1/30 positive result in the household contact group and also 1/30 positive result in non-household contact of leprosy (statistically no significant difference, p > 0.05). Serological study showed higher sero-positive result in the household contact group (15/30 or 50%) compared to non-household contact (11/30 or 36%), but statistical calculation revealed no significant difference between the two groups (p > 0.05) on sero-positive results of leprosy. It is concluded that household and non-household contact in leprosy have the same risk to be affected by the disease. The term of household and non-household contact need to be redefined. The possible role of exposure from the environment was also discussed, especially from non-human resource of M. leprae.

Technetium-99m Methylene Diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP) has been utilized in a variety of clinical situations to identify bone areas due to the strong affinity of hydroxyapatite crystals in the mineral phase of the bone with the diphosphonate compounds. Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by decreased bone mass and increased fracture risk and represents a significant population health issue. It has been observed that 99mTc-MDP can be used for bone scintigraphy especially in case of bone cancer, but biodistribution study of 99mTc-MDP on ovariectomized mice for early monitoring of osteoporosis model remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the biodistribution of 99mTc-MDP both in normal and ovariectomized mice. The experiment was performed on BALB/c mice weighing approximately 30 g. Mice were divided into a normal and ovariectomized group. After the first, second and third hours, mice were euthanized using the accepted protocol and the tissue of interest was collected. All tissue and blood were weighed using an analytical scale and counted for radioactivity using Automatic Gamma Counter with NaI(Tl) detector. Administration of 99mTc-MDP showed in normal mice compared with an animal model of osteoporosis, there are significant differences at 1 hour post-injection from (20.32±1.38) %ID/g decreased to (7.42±2.61) %ID/g, 2 hours from (13.75±0.01) %ID/g to (5.25±0.25) %ID/g and 3 hours from (12.18±1.44)%ID/g to (4.86±1.34) %ID/g uptake in the bones with (p

Background: The intensity of Mycobacterium leprae exposure to people who live in leprosy endemic area could be measured by serological study and detection of the bacilli in the nose cavity. Different geographical altitude might have some influences to this exposure since the bacilli prefer to live in warm areas. Aim: A combined serological and PCR study of leprosy was conducted in Selayar island, South Sulawesi to 80 school children (40 from low land and 40 from highland altitudes) in order to compare the exposure intensity between the two areas. Method: Anti PGL-1 IgM antibody (ELISA) and PCR study to detect M.leprae in the nasal cavity were performed simultaneously from each person. Result: Seropositive cases were found in 23/40 children from low land compared to 16/40 children from high land, but statistically no significant difference (p>0.05). PCR positive for M.leprae in the nasal cavity only found in 1/40 children, both in low and high altitude. Conclusion: It is concluded that although the existence of M.leprae in nasal cavity is minimal, the intensity of exposure to this bacilli still high as indicated by serological study.

Multidrug therapy (MDT) regiment has been used for leprosy all over the world for more than 20 years. Drug resistances of Mycobacterium have been reported from many areas. The resistance mostly occurred due to mutation on the gene coding protein targeted by anti-leprosy drugs. Two hundreds and seventy M. leprae isolates from some area in Indonesia were examined for studying the profile of mutation among isolates collected during 2003-2011. Drug resistance determining region of the folP1 gene and the rpoB gene was sequenced. The results showed 5 isolates of M. leprae harboured mutation only in the folP1 gene and another isolate harbored mutation in both the folP1 and rpoB gene. The point mutation in the folP1 gene that was found in 2 isolates occurred in codon 53 (ACC→GCC; Thr→Ala). Double point mutations on codon 53 that was found in two isolates were ACC→AGA (Thr→Arg) and ACC→AGG (Thr→Arg). The point mutation in the folP1 geneoccurred in codon 55 were found in two isolates were CCC→CTC (Pro→Leu) and CCC→CGC (Pro→Arg). Whereas mutation in the rpoB gene in one isolate occurred in codon 410 was GAT→TAT (Asp→Tyr). These mutations that altered the amino acids of the protein revealed that isolates of M. leprae were resistant to drug with variable profiles

The “Iceberg phenomene” has been used to explain this situation which indicate that these new leprosy cases is originated from Subclinical Leprosy. Fifty eight healthy school children who live in Jeneponto Regency, a leprosy endemic area in South Sulawesi were recruited. The first examination was performed in 2007 and sera samples were kept in deep freeze refrigerator. In 2010 these children were re-examined for clinical leprosy and sera were collected again. ELISA study was performed simultaneously to these 58 pairs of sera (2007 & 2010) for measuring the titer of IgM anti PGL-1 antibody (ELISA) and the level 605u/ml was regarded as cut off value. After three years evaluation, none of these children showed any clinical signs of leprosy, but 20 of 22 ( 90.9%) children were remained sero-positive and only 2 (9.1%) became sero-negatives. In other sites, 5 children that previously sero-negatives became sero-positives after 3 years. Eight of 10 (80%) children who showed sero (+) with high titer (>1.000u/ml) in 2007, were also remained in high titer. The mean titer of 2007 was 627.8 u/ml, and after3 years became 723.9 u/ml (p

Finding of Mycobacterium leprae from water of leprosy endemic areas were reported. East Java Province is ranked number eight as the endemic area of leprosy in Indonesia and Lamongan district is the local area with the highest new cases reported. To study the transmission of Mycobacterium leprae infection in endemic areas, it is important to detect the distribution of Mycobacterium leprae in the environment and population, also to analyze the genetic variation pattern. Keywords: endemic; environment; genotyping; leprosy; Mycobacterium leprae.

Leprosy in twins is rarely reported. A 19 years-old male student, from Lamongan district, was diagnosed as Multibacillary (MB) leprosy in the Skin and STD Clinic of Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya. Multiple anesthetic skin lesions were found, but the bacteriologic examination was negative for Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB). Histopathology examination support the diagnosis of BL type of leprosy. His twin brother that has been lived together since born until present seems healthy without any complaints of skin lesions and have no signs of leprosy. When a serologic examination for leprosy was performed, a high anti PGL-1 antibody level was found in patient (IgM anti PGL-1 2937 and IgG anti PGL-1 3080 unit/ml) while his healthy twin brother showed only low level (IgM 745 and IgG 0 unit/ml). Interestingly when a PCR study was performed to detect M.leprae in the blood, both of them showed positive results. Using the TTC method, a genomic study of for M.leprae, it is revealed that both samples were identic ( 27x TTC repeats). According to patient’s history, he had a traffic accident and got a wound in the knee seven years ago, while the skin lesions seems started from this area around three years ago before it spread to other parts of the body. The patient was treated with Multi-drug therapy (MDT) while his sibling got a prophylactic treatment for leprosy. After 6 months of treatment, the leprosy skin lesions were diminished and the serologic anti PGL-1 has been decreased. His healthy brother also showed a decrease in anti PGL-1 level and no skin signs of leprosy.

Leprosy still a health problem in Indonesia, where many leprosy pocket areas still persists, especially in the eastern part of the country. Although the program of WHO – Multidrug Therapy (MDT) regiment has been conducted elsewhere since 1980s, only the prevalence can be reduced but not the incidence of new leprosy cases. Theoretically after the source of leprosy (the infectious leprosy cases) has been treated, no more transmission of the disease and should be no more new leprosy cases will be found. To explain this phenomenon, the non-human resource of M.leprae became a new topic of debates, especially the existence of bacteria in the environment. A field study of the existence of M.leprae in the environment of leprosy endemic area had been conducted in a leprosy endemic area of the northern part of East Java. The aim of the study is to find any correlation of the existence of these bacteria in the environment with the presence of leprosy patients who live in that area, in order to study its role in the transmission of the disease. Ninety water samples from wells in the house of inhabitants who live in one endemic sub district were collected. The owner of the well was interviewed whether any leprosy patients who routinely use the water for their daily life activities. Water samples were examined by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method to detect M.leprae DNA, using the LpF-LpR and Lp3-Lp4 nested primers (99bp). The PCR results showed positive band for M.leprae in 22 out of 90 (24%) water samples. Water samples from wells that used by leprosy patients showed positive PCR in 11/48 (23%), while 11 out of 42 (26%) water samples from wells that never been used by leprosy cases showed positive result. Statistically there was no difference (p>0.05) in the positivity of M.leprae between the two groups. It was concluded that the existence of M.leprae in the daily water resource was not correlated with the present of leprosy cases in the area. Possible symbiosis between protozoan and mycobacterium in the environment were discussed.

East Java province still has some pocket of leprosy endemic areas. In order to solve the problem, molecular typing will make it feasible to study the transmission pattern of Mycobacterium leprae in leprosy endemic area. The present study is to analyze the presence of M.leprae DNA in the environment and to study variation number of TTC repeats and their distribution. Poteran Island is located in Madura, East Java and was chosen because this island has a high prevalence of leprosy and remains stable for the last five years. All samples were analyzed by PCR and the numbers of TTC repeats were confirmed by direct sequencing. Of all collected samples, 26.4% isolates of water resources (24); 61.9% nasal swabs (26); and 35.3% skin tissues (24) are positives. No statistically difference in the pattern distribution of TTC repeats between skin tissues of patients and nasal swab of households contact (p=0.594); also distribution of TTC repeats between skin tissues of leprosy patients and those of water resources (p=0.441); and distribution of TTC repeats between nasal swab of households contact with water resources (p=0.906). It means that the transmission of M.leprae in leprosy endemic area has closely related in 3 aspects: agent, host & environment.