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Banded langur (Presbytis femoralis) is an endangered leaf-eating colobine, found in Johor and Pahang in Malaysia. However, with less than 500 individuals reported to be surviving in Johor, their behaviour and ecology remain unknown among primatologists. This study provides the first systematic data on the daily activity budget of the species in Malaysia. Scan sampling technique was used to observe and record P. femoralis behaviour with 10 min interval starting from February 2018 to November 2018. The results are based on 186 h and 20 min of direct observation in the wild. The animals spent most of the time for resting (43 ± 13%) followed by moving (26 ± 9%), feeding (26 ± 7%), social activities (4 ± 3%), and others (1 ± 0%). Seasonality significantly influences the activity budget of the animals resulting in increased resting and moving in the non-fruiting season. Feeding activities decreased in the non-fruiting season compared with the fruiting season, whereas social activities remained the same. We concluded that the daily activity budget of P. femoralis in this study portrays comparable behavior to other langurs in Malaysia that would help in conservation and management of the species in terms of understanding temporal and spatial requirements of P. femoralis in a highly fragmented habitat.

Agonistic behavior in Crocodylus porosus is well known in the wild, but the available data regarding this behavior among the captive individuals especially in a farm setting is rather limited. Studying the aggressive behavior of C. porosus in captivity is important because the data obtained may contribute for conservation and the safety for handlers and visitors. Thus, this study focuses on C. porosus in captivity to describe systematically the agonistic behaviour of C. porosus in relation to feeding time, daytime or night and density per pool. This study was carried out for 35 days in two different ponds. The data was analysed using Pearson’s chi-square analysis to see the relationship between categorical factors. The study shows that C. porosus was more aggressive during daylight, feeding time and non-feeding time in breeding enclosure (Pond C, stock density =0.0369 crocodiles/m2) as compared to non-breeding pond (Pond B, stock density =0.3317 crocodiles/m2) where it is only aggressive during the nighttime. Pond C shows the higher domination in the value of aggression in feeding and non-feeding time where it is related to its function as breeding ground. Chi-square analysis shows that there is no significant difference between ponds (p=0.47, χ2= 2.541, df= 3), thus, there is no relationship between categorical factors. The aggressive behaviour of C. porosus is important for the farm management to evaluate the risk in future for the translocation process and conservation of C. porosus generally.

Crocodylus porosus is the largest species of crocodile and can be found in estuarine and riverine area in Malaysia. Crocodile in captivity can be found in Malaysia for various purposes such as tourism, conservation and leather industry. However, the management practice in established crocodile farm varies across park for example in terms of feeding regime. Thus, this study focusses on the feeding regime of C. porosus in captivity and evaluation of management of crocodile of Teluk Sengat Crocodile Farm. This study was carried out for 35 days in two different ponds of Teluk Sengat Crocodile Farm, Kota Tinggi, Johor. The results show majority of the food given to crocodile were chicken (64%), followed by fish (28%) and prawn (8%). Prawn was only given to juvenile crocodile every day, while fish and whole chicken were given to adult crocodile once a week. The feeding frequency are adequate for the juvenile crocodile however, the feeding quantity for adult pond are worrying. Future research should be conducted on other captive population of C. porosus in other areas in Malaysia as well to better understand the overall management practices in Malaysia.

Banded langurs, Presbytis femoralis, are distributed in southern Peninsular Malaysia, i.e., Johor and its borders including Singapore. It has been estimated that there are only < 250 mature individuals of P. femoralis in Malaysia and Singapore, and it is currently assessed as Critically Endangered. The dietary information of P. femoralis and even other closely related species has rarely been reported. This study, therefore, aimed to describe their dietary habits and discuss interaction between their feeding behaviour and its surrounding. This study was conducted from February to November 2018, with 15 sampling days each month. We collected a total of 186 sighting hours, using a scan sampling method with 10-min intervals, on a five-langur focal group. We have identified 29 species with 47 items consumed by the banded langur, mostly young leaves (51 %) followed by fruits (45 %), and flowers (3.8 %). The study group spent slightly more time consuming non-cultivated plants but relied on cultivated plants for the fruits. Over 75% of fruit feeding involved consuming cultivar plants; in most cases (73%), they ate only the pulp, not the seeds. Since the cultivated plants was planted in human settlement, there is an urgent need to implement conservation measures to untangle the human-langur conflicts for instance, reforestation of a buffer region using non-cultivated plants. There is a potential for building upon our new findings with more detailed investigations, such as more extensive ecological factors influencing the dietary adaptation which would be necessary to support conservation efforts and management decisions of this species.

Environmental DNA or eDNA utilizes traceable genetic materials in the environment for monitoring the presence of organisms in a given area and it is now gaining popularity as an alternative for traditional monitoring methods. Thus, the selection of genetic markers is crucial for identification of species in wildlife monitoring. This paper aims to review several DNA markers which are appropriate and reliable for detection of organisms from the environmental samples. We performed systematic literature search from SCOPUS database to review all molecular markers of eDNA. This study focuses on the importance of markers selection which can be utilized by next-generation sequencing (NGS) for biodiversity monitoring. Cytochrome C oxidase Subunit I (COI) are noted as the most widely used marker in metabarcoding research for detection of targeted species.

Morphism refer to polymorphic species, in which multiple colour variants coexist within a population. Morphism in primates is common and langurs also exhibit certain characteristics of morphism, such as conspicuous natal coats. Banded langurs (Presbytis femoralis) and dusky leaf monkey (Trachypithecus obscurus) exhibits the same characteristics of conspicuous natal coats, but these coats are only limited to infants and changed when they reached adulthood. This article reports the first discovery of rare brown morph of two adult male banded langurs and one leucistic adult female dusky leaf monkey in Malaysia. We also conducted a systematic literature search to review the diversity of morphism in leaf monkey globally.

Schlegel’s Banded Langur, P. neglectus is an understudied primate species in Johor. However, no data were recorded on the species feeding ecology from previous study. This study aims to assess the food selection of P. neglectus in Kampung Johor Lama, Kota Tinggi, Johor. Observations were made using scan sampling techniques and identification of plants was made using dichotomous key to record and identify the plants eaten by P. neglectus in Kampung Johor Lama, Kota Tinggi, Johor. 27 species of plants were recorded from 17 families during 2 months of observation starting from July 2018 to August 2018. Plant species found in the area comprises of a mixture of mangroves plants, orchard plants, pioneer forest plants and others. A notable plants species selected by P. neglectus includes pome trees, Nephelium lappaceum, commodity plants, Elaeis guineensis and Hevea brasiliensis, mangrove plants, Rhizophora mucronate, pioneer tree species, Macaranga gigantea and others. Plants selected by P. neglectus in this study suggested a viable adaptation to human settlement in Kampung Johor Lama.