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Molecular phylogenetic analysis indicates that the genus Carterocephalus is not monophyletic. Based on combined molecular and morphological evidence, we propose a new genus, Pulchroptera Hou, Fan & Chiba, gen. nov., for Pamphila pulchra Leech, 1891. The adult, wing venation, and male genitalia of Pulchroptera pulchracomb. nov., Carterocephalus palaemon, and related genera are illustrated.

Viola huizhouensis (Violaceae), a new species from Xiangtoushan National Nature Reserve of Guangdong Province in China, is described and illustrated. The new species is most similar to V. guangzhouensis, but it can be easily distinguished by its much stouter rhizome, lack of aerial stem, dense pubescence of the basal pedicel and the whole plant. Our phylogenetic analysis, based on ITS sequences, confirms that the new species belongs to V. sect. Diffusae.

Celaenorrhinus pyrrha de Nicéville, 1889, a rare species of Hesperiidae previously known to be distributed from northeastern India to Indochina, is reported from southwestern Yunnan and southwestern Chongqing, China. A 658 bp COI gene sequence of this species is published for the first time. Although Chongqing is obviously isolated from the main distribution range, morphological characters of the specimens from this locality do not indicate a subspecies differentiation. Another rare taxon, C. munda munda (Moore, 1884), is also recorded from China for the first time based upon a male specimen from Cuona County in the Tibet Autonomous Region. This is the second specimen of C. munda from China, over 100 years after the holotype of C. munda joka Evans, 1949. The genitalia of both species are illustrated and described. Some taxonomic notes and a distribution map are provided as well.

Data and main patterns of the vertical distribution of butterflies in mountains of Middle Asia are presented and discussed. Butterflies have a belt type of vertical distribution in almost all mountain ranges of Middle Asia; mosaic vertical distribution is observed only for Terskey Ala-Too mountain ridge (the North Tien-Shan). The North Tian Shan pattern of the vertical distribution of butterflies is typical for Middle Asia generally, as well as for small areas of this region. Example of the genus Athamanthia Zhdanko, 1983 shows that the vertical distribution of extant taxa can be used for reconstructions of faunogenesis. The greatest diversity of this genus is registered in the North Tian Shan in mid-mountaine belt, and the most primitive species locally occur on coasts of Issyk-Kul Lake, in the Issyk-Kul Pleistocene refugium (A. eitschbergeri Lukhtanov, 1993 and A. issykkuli Zhdanko, 1990). Three evolutionary branches can be divided after the analysis of the wing pattern, the structure of male genitalia and the distribution of Athamanthia: the first one is associated with the expansion of butterflies in low-mountain habitats of Middle and Western Asia (west to Turkey); the second branch is assotiated with distribution in mid- and high mountain belts of Middle Asia (up to Hindukush); the third branch migrated in low mountains in Inner Middle Asia. The Inner TienShan and Alay connect speciation center of the genus with more southern territories of Central Asia through the Naryn refugium (acting as a secondary speciation center). Estimated time of the origin of the ancestral species of the genus is Miocene. Species of Athamanthia are xerophiles; therefore, we assume that the beginning of the wide spreading of ancestral forms was initiated at a time of intensive climate aridization in Central Asia (Late Miocene – Pliocene). The faunal similarity was determined using the Jaccard index. A comparison of the indices shows that the fauna of mountain regions of the Tian Shan (North, Internal, West) are similar to each other, but not similar to the fauna of the high mountain Central Tian Shan. The faunas of Lepidoptera of the Alay and Trans-Alay ranges are expectedly similar; the faunas of Gissar and Darvaz are similar to them and among themselves; the faunas of Hesperioidea и Papilionoidea of Eastern and Western Pamirs are dissimilar, although the similarity coefficient of these faunas is borderline. A preliminary division of faunistic regions on the basis of the fauna of butterflies of the Central Asian mountains is proposed: Grand Tian Shan, Central Tian Shan, Gissar-Alay, Western and Eastern Pamirs. Vertical endemicity inherent in mountain faunas is discussed. Both the geographical and vertical components of a range must be used in the arealogical analysis of mountain faunas

This paper presents an updated checklist of the butterflies of Europe, together with their original name combinations, and their occurrence status in each European country. According to this checklist, 496 species of the superfamily Papilionoidea occur in Europe. Changes in comparison with the last version (2.6.2) of Fauna Europaea are discussed. Compared to that version, 16 species are new additions, either due to cryptic species most of which have been discovered by molecular methods (13 cases) or due to discoveries of Asian species on the eastern border of the European territory in the Ural mountains (three cases). On the other hand, nine species had to be removed from the list, because they either do not occur in Europe or lost their species status due to new evidence. In addition, three species names had to be changed and 30 species changed their combination due to new evidence on phylogenetic relationships. Furthermore, minor corrections were applied to some authors¿ names and years of publication. Finally, the name Polyommatus ottomanus Lefèbvre, 1831, which is threatened by its senior synonym Lycaena legeri Freyer, 1830, is declared a nomen protectum, thereby conserving its name in the current combination Lycaena ottomana., VL was supported by grant N 14-14-00541 from the Russian Science Foundation to the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and ZF by grant 14- 36098G from the Czech Science Foundation.

In this research, a faunistic study was carried out in Hizan district of Bitlis province on Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea superfamilies. In the study, 937 samples collected from 23 localities were examined. As a result of the study, a total of 101 species belonging to 7 families were identified. Of these, 84 species for Hizan district and 3 species (Pseudochazara (s.str.) mniszechii, Carcharodus (Lavatheria) stauderi, Eogenes alcides) for Bitlis province are new records. In addition, pictures of some localities and adult individuals belonging to some species are also presented in the paper., Bu çalışmada Bitlis ilinin Hizan ilçesinde Papilionoidea ve Hesperioidea (Lepidoptera) üst familyalarına ait faunistik bir çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada 23 lokaliteden toplanan 937 örnek incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda 7 familyaya ait toplam 101 tür tespit edilmiştir. Bu türlerden Hizan ilçesi için 84 tür, Bitlis ili için ise 3 tür (Pseudochazara (s.str.) mniszechii, Carcharodus (Lavatheria) stauderi, Eogenes alcides) yeni kayıt niteliğindedir. Ayrıca çalışmada, bazı lokalitelerin ve bazı türlere ait ergin bireylerin resimleri de sunulmuştur.

A total of 972 species of Macrolepidoptera belonging to 28 families are reported for the territory of Omsk Oblast. The most numerous is Noctuidae family represented by 358 species, followed by Geometridae (252 species), Erebidae (48), Lycaenidae (42), Arctiidae (40), Nymphalidae (37), Satyridae and Notodontidae (27 species in each family), Pieridae, Sphingidae, Lasiocampidae (17 species in each family), Hesperiidae (15), Lymantriidae (13), Zygaenidae and Sesiidae (12 species in each family), Drepanidae (10), Nolidae (7), Cossidae (4), Papilionidae and Hepialidae (3 species in each family), Syntomidae, Saturniidae and Lemoniidae (2 species in each family), Endromididae, Uraniidae, Thyrididae, Limacodidae and Brachodidae (1 species in each family). A total of 13 species were registered in Omsk Oblast for the first time, among them Pennisetia hylaeiformis (Laspeyres, 1801), Synanthedon martjanovi Sheljuzhko, 1918, Synanthedon spheciformis ((Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), Synanthedon uralensis (Bartel, 1906, Bembecia sp., Chamaesphecia astatiformis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1846), Alcis jubata (Thunberg, 1788), Dysstroma infuscata (Tengström, 1869), Scopula tessellaria (Boisduval, 1840), Panchrysia deaurata (Esper, 1787), Amphipoea crinanensis (Burrows, 1908), Euxoa eruta (Hübner, (1827), Xestia sexstrigata (Haworth, 1809). The list of doubtful and erroneously records is given.

We analysed the status and distribution of the Sage SkipperMuschampia proto(Ochsenheimer, 1808), a rather rare and local Hesperiidae species at the edge of its range in the north-western part of the Balkan peninsula, mainly Croatia and Bosnia & Herzegovina. In order to determine the species’ presence in the region, we mapped the occurrence of its hostplant, Jerusalem SagePhlomis fruticosaLinnaeus (Lamiaceae). We also summarized all the available knowledge onM. protoin the Balkan Peninsula and provided a literature overview for each country this species has been recorded in so far. In Croatia, the distribution ofM. protois very limited and is located only in the wider surroundings of Dubrovnik city. In the present paper, we also provide the first and only record ofM. protoin Bosnia & Herzegovina, from a single locality close to the Croatian border in the Dubrovnik area. Due to its limited distribution in both countries, we propose that the conservation status of the species should be changed from none to vulnerable.

We present new data on the ecology, natural history and geographic distribution of the recently described skipper Spialia rosae Hernández-Roldán, Dapporto, Dincă, Vicente & Vila, 2016 and compare its immature stage morphology with the sympatric species S. sertorius (Hoffmannsegg, 1804). Spialia rosae uses species of Rosa L. (Rosaceae) as larval host-plants and prefers montane habitats, while S. sertorius feeds on Sanguisorba minor Scop. (Rosaceae) and inhabits lower altitudes. Rosa corymbifera Borkh. and R. tomentosa Sm. are documented for the first time as foodplants of S. rosae. We report Microgaster australis Thomson, 1895 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae) as a larval parasitoid of S. rosae. Details of the immature stages of S. rosae and S. sertorius are shown using scanning electron microscope photographs, confirming the similar immature stage morphology, at least as regards the Iberian S. sertorius. In both species, the egg has high radial ribs, the last instar larva has branched setae covering the head, and the pupa has setae with pointed tips, barrel-like cuticular formations, and hairy mesothoracic tubercles. By extensive sampling of the species of Spialia in the region of Segovia, Central Spain, we extend the previously known geographic distribution of S. rosae to 56 new 100 km2 MGRS squares, which represents a 155 % increase. Spialia rosae is present in the northern part of the interior plateau and in the main mountain systems of the Iberian Peninsula. The main threats to the populations of S. rosae are its limited distribution range and the possible effects of climate change due to its specialization in montane habitats. The conservation status of S. rosae was previously regarded as Data Deficient (DD). With the addition of new data the species can now be evaluated as Least Concern (LC).

Oxynetra aureopecta sp. n. is described from the Sierra Madre Oriental of east-central Mexico. Visually similar to Mesoamerican O. hopfferi Staudinger, 1888 in having five orange bands on the abdomen above, it is diagnosed by orange forecoxae and palpi beneath, narrower forewing hyaline bands and a prominent 6% difference in the COI DNA barcode sequence. It is the northernmost representative of the hopfferi species group that also includes O. stangelandi Grishin & Burns, 2013, characterized by a single-banded abdomen and currently known only from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica. Both O. hopfferi and O. stangelandi possess white forecoxae and ventral palpi. This new discovery brings the total number of Oxynetra C. & R. Felder, 1862 species to five.

We obtained and analyzed whole genome data for more than 160 representatives of skipper butterflies (family Hesperiidae) from all known subfamilies, tribes and most distinctive genera. We found that two genera, Katreus Watson, 1893 and Ortholexis Karsch, 1895, which are sisters, are well-separated from all other major phylogenetic lineages and originate near the base of the Hesperiidae tree, prior to the origin of some subfamilies. Due to this ancient origin compared to other subfamilies, this group is described as Katreinae Grishin, subfam. n. DNA sequencing of primary type specimens reveals that Ortholexismelichroptera Karsch, 1895 is not a female of Ortholexisholocausta Mabille, 1891, but instead a female of Ortholexisdimidia Holland, 1896. This finding establishes O.dimidia as a junior subjective synonym of O.melichroptera. Furthermore, we see that Chamunda Evans, 1949 does not originate within Pyrginae Burmeister, 1878, but, unexpectedly, forms an ancient lineage of its own at the subfamily rank: Chamundinae Grishin, subfam. n. Finally, a group of two sister genera, Barca de Nicéville, 1902 and Apostictopterus Leech, [1893], originates around the time Hesperiinae Latreille, 1809 have split from their sister clade. A new subfamily Barcinae Grishin, subfam. n. sets them apart from all other Hesperiidae.

The present study is conducted on the butterfly species of Duhok Province in northern Iraq. In this context, 1279 specimens are collected and evaluated on the faunistic standpoint. In total, 49 species are recorded belonging to the families; Papilionidae (4), Pieridae (9), Libytheidae (1), Nymphalidae (7), Satyridae (10), Lycaenidae (11) and Hesperiidae (7). For each butterfly species, examined materials and collecting localities are mentioned. This is the first notable study on butterflies of Duhok.

Lepidoptera is one of the four megadiverse insect orders, comprising butterflies and moths. In Brazil, the bulk of knowledge about the butterfly fauna is restricted to some areas in the southeast of the country, with large gaps of knowledge in other areas. The state of Mato Grosso is one of the largest states in Brazil, and holds three of the main Brazilian biomes: Amazon rain forest, Cerrado and Pantanal. However, knowledge about Mato Grosso butterflies is fragmented and restricted to a few localities, and information is scattered in various sources. The aim of this study is to assemble the biodiversity information of the butterfly fauna of the state of Mato Grosso based on historical and recent literature data and collections carried out in the southwest of the state from 2007–2009. Records without precise locality data or taxonomic information were not included. Species identification was based on literature and comparison with specimens in collections; higher and species-level taxonomy were updated based on the Neotropical Checklist of Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea and recent phylogenetic and revisionary taxonomic works. In total, 901 species were recorded in 2,820 occurrence records. This represents 148 species of Hesperiidae, 29 Papilionidae, 28 Pieridae, 77 Lycaenidae, 238 Riodinidae, and 381 Nymphalidae. Of these, 207 species records are from the type specimens of species described in the state. Based on the results and literature records for other Brazilian states and biomes, probably the figures for Mato Grosso are underestimated, particularly in the families Hesperiidae, Lycaenidae and Riodinidae, in that order. Future collecting efforts should be directed towards certain areas of the state, especially in less sampled areas and biomes, as the north of the state and Pantanal.

In this study, the butterfly fauna of Erbil Province (northern region of Iraq) is investigated for the first time. For this purpose, 1240 collected specimens are evaluated and 55 species are recorded belonging to superfamilies Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea. Valid scientific names, materials, collecting localities and distributions of each species in the region, are given.

The Mediterranean skipper, Pyrgus malvoides (Elwes & Edwards, 1897), is newly recorded for the Czech Republic, some 400 km away from its nearest known population. The specimen was collected in June 1993 in Hejná, Bohemia and was discovered in the collection of Oldřich Jakeš during a revision of other Pyrgus species. The presence of this species elsewhere in the region could not be established and the best current explanation for this record is that it was an accidental introduction.

Skippers of the tribe Baorini are evidently a monophyletic group in the subfamily Hesperiinae. In this study, a new Baorini member Tsukiyamaia albimacula gen. n. et sp. n. is described from north Myanmar, southwest China and north Vietnam. Despite its peculiar and striking wing-pattern, this new genus has some important characters of Baorini, such as a broad and bifid uncus and a well-developed gnathos. Based on an analysis of male genitalia and the molecular phylogenies inferred from both mitochondrial and nuclear genes (28 taxa, total aligned length: 2968 bp), it is proposed that the genus Tsukiyamaia is closely related to the genus Polytremis, which has high species diversity in China. This study not only describes a new skipper but also highlights that Tsukiyamaia is important in clarifying phylogenetic relationship of Polytremis and its allies.

The results of 14-years faunistic studies of butterflies of the central part of steppe Crimea are presented in the paper. New records for this territory: Hipparchia pellucid (Stauder, 1923), Melithaea didyma (Esper, [1778]), Favonius quercus (Linnaeus, 1758), Satyrium w-album (Knoch, 1782), Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767), Leptotes pirithous (Linnaeus, 1767).

The second subspecies of Coladenia buchananii (de Nicéville, 1889), viz. Coladenia buchananii separafasciata Xue, Inayoshi & Hu, ssp. n., is discovered from south Jiangxi Province and west Fujian Province, southeast China. External and genital characters of both male and female of this new subspecies are illustrated and described. Coladenia neomaeniata Fan & Wang, 2006, syn. n. is proposed to be a junior synonym of Coladenia maeniata Oberthür, 1896, and the distribution of this species is briefly discussed.

During the last eight years several surveys were undertaken to improve the knowledge of the butterfly distribution in Croatia. In this paper we provide additional data for Mt Velebit for some taxa with poorly known distributions like Pieris (napi) balcana Lorković, 1970 as well as the first records for Carterocephalus palaemon, Gegenes pumilio, Lycaena tityrus, Polyommatus escheri, Neptis rivularis, and Charaxes jasius. With the review of recently published data and our contribution, the number of species found on Mt Velebit has increased to 153 in all, which makes Velebit a mountain with a relatively great diversity of butterfly species. Additionally, we include records of some species of conservation concern for the neighbouring area of Lika, for Polyommatus damon, P. ripartii, P. admetus, Lycaena dispar, Phengaris alcon (humid meadow ecotype) and Euphydryas maturna.

Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), as many other groups of animals and plants, simultaneously represent preservation of ancestral karyotype in the majority of families with a high degree of chromosome number instability in numerous independently evolved phylogenetic lineages. However, the pattern and trends of karyotype evolution in some Lepidoptera families are poorly studied. Here I provide a survey of chromosome numbers in skippers (family Hesperiidae) based on intensive search and analysis of published data. I demonstrate that the majority of skippers preserve the haploid chromosome number n=31 that seems to be an ancestral number for the Hesperiidae and the order Lepidoptera at whole. However, in the tribe Baorini the derived number n=16 is the most typical state which can be used as a (syn)apomorphic character in further phylogenetic investigations. Several groups of skippers display extreme chromosome number variations on within-species (e.g. the representatives of the genus Carcharodus Hübner, [1819]) and between-species (e.g. the genus Agathymus Freeman, 1959) levels. Thus, these groups can be used as model systems for future analysis of the phenomenon of chromosome instability. Interspecific chromosomal differences are also shown to be useful for discovering and describing new cryptic species of Hesperiidae representing in such a way a powerful tool in biodiversity research. Generally, the skipper butterflies promise to be an exciting group that will significantly contribute to the growing knowledge of patterns and processes of chromosome evolution.

Islands are simplified and isolated ecosystems that have been used to study ecological and evolutionary process. An important study site is the The Alcatrazes Archipelago; its main island is forested and occupied by marine birds and endemic species of terrestrial vertebrates. Records of specie richness are useful to assess the degree of habitat isolation and resilience, both relevant to practical of conservation. The pioneering registers of Lüderwaldt and Fonseca in 1923 cited seven species of butterflies. We found only three of them and found eight and two new occurrences during 1993- 1994 and 2011 expeditions, respectively. Alcatrazes island has only 18 species of butterflies known against 538 species of continental coastline. This low richness is derived from hard physical conditions of island, hindering the colonization. The Alcatrazes butterflies have good power of flight dispersal and feed on plants of secondary vegetation near-coastal habitats; its populations and community changed in short time space.

Sivas ili Papilionoidea ve Hesperioidea faunasını belirlemeye yönelik 2010-2011 yıllarında yapılan bu çalışmada, araştırma bölgesini karakterize eden 53 lokaliteden materyal toplanmıştır (Çizelge 3.1, Şekil 3.1). Bu araştırma sonucunda 6 familya'dan Papilionidae'ye ait 3 cins ve 3 tür, Pieridae'ye ait 7 cins ve 13 tür, Nymphalidae'ye ait 7 cins ve 14 tür, Satyridae'ye ait 14 cins ve 19 tür, Lycaenidae'ye ait 10 cins ve 39 tür ve Hesperiidae'ye ait 6 cins ve 9 tür olmak üzere toplam 47 cinse bağlı 97 tür tesbit edilmiştir (Çielge 4.1).Araştırma sırasında saptanan türlerden 10'u (Pieris mannii, Polygonia c-album, Euphydryas aurinia, Krinia roxelana, Pararge aegeria, Cupido alcetas, Celastrina argiolus, Plebeius rosei, Plebeius artaxerxes, Polyommatus eroides) Sivas ili Papilionioidea Faunası için yeni kayıttır. Böylece Sivas ili Gündüz Kelebeklerine (Papilionioidea ve Hesperioidea) ait tür sayısı 173'e ulaşmıştır.Tesbit edilen türlerin habitatlara göre dağılımı dikkate alındığında habitatların tümünde Pieris rapae türüne rastlanmıştır. 16 habitatta Colias crocea, Pieris napi, Pontia edusa ve Polyommatus icarus türlerine; 15 habitatta Coenonympha pamphilus ve Melanargia larissa türlerine; 14 habitatda Leptidea duponcheli, Maniola jurtina, Polyommatus menalcas türlerine yaygın olarak rastlanırken, 1 habitatda Poligonia egea, Brenthis hecate, Krinia roxelana, Lasiommata megera, Melanargia galathea, Pseudochazara mamura, Pseudochazara anthelea, Plebeius rosei, Pyrgus serratulae, Pyrgus cinarae türlerine seyrek olarak rastlanmıştır (Çizelge 4.3). Yaygın olarak rastlanan türlerin besin tercihleri bakımından seçici olmadıkları, farklı habitat koşullarına toleranslı olduğu, 1 habitatda tesbit edilen türlerin habitat tercihleri bakımından sınırlı olabileceği tesbit edilmiştir.Araştırma bölgemizde yaygın olan P. rapae türünün ekonomik açıdan zarara neden olabileceği, diğer türlerin populasyon yoğunluğunun büyük zararlara yol açabilecek derecede olmadığı gözlenmiştir.Hyponephele lycaon'da Hyponephele lycaon-Komplex (?) subspecies collina ve Hyponephele lycaon-Komplex ``Gürün-Form'' olarak tanımlanan ve tip türden morfolojik sapma olarak değerlendirilen varyasyonlar saptanmıştır. Ayrıca, Maniola jurtina ve Arethusana arethusa türlerinde de mevsimsel dimorfizm saptanmıştır.Türkiye gündüz kelebekleri araştırmamız sırasında tesbit ettiğimiz familyalardan başka Libytheidae, Danaidae ve Riodinidae familyaları ile de temsil edilmektedir. Bu familyalar Türkiye'de tek türle temsil edilmektedir. Araştırma bölgemizde kaydedilememiştir.Araştırma sonucunda bölgedeki detaylı ve homojen çalışmamızla birlikte Sivas ili Gündüz Kelebekleri faunası için 10 yeni tür kaydı verilmiş ve tesbit edilen 97 türün il içindeki dağılımları genişletilmiştir.Anahtar kelimeler: Sivas, Lepidoptera, gündüz kelebekleri, taksonomi, fauna. In this study, performed between 2010 and 2011, the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea fauna within 53 localities in Sivas province were investigated. As a result, 3 species and 3 genera of Papilionidae, 13 species and 7 genera of Pieridae, 14 species and 7 genera of Nymphalidae, 19 species and 14 genera of Satyridae, 39 species and 10 genera of Lycaenidae and 9 species and 6 genera of Hesperiidae, making the total number as 97 species within 47 genera, were determined.10 of the identified species (Pieris mannii, Polygonia c-album, Euphydryas aurinia, Krinia roxelana, Pararge aegeria, Cupido alcetas, Celastrina argiolus, Plebeius rosei, Plebeius artaxerxes and Polyommatus eroides) determined during the study are new records for Papilionoidea fauna of Sivas. Thus, the number of species of lepidopteran fauna of Sivas, in terms of Papilionoidea and Hesperiodea reached to 173.When identified species were evaluated based on the habitat types studies, Pieris rapae was found to be represented in all habitat types. This evaluation also revealed that Colias crocea, Pieris napi, Pontia edusa and Polyommatus icarus were present in 16, Coenonympha pamphilus and Melanargia larissa were present in 15 and Leptidea duponcheli, Maniola jurtina and Polyommatus menalcas were present in 14 habitats. On the other hand, Poligonia egea, Brenthis hecate, Krinia roxelana, Lasiommata megera, Melanargia galathea, Pseudochazara mamura, Pseudochazara anthelea, Plebeius rosei, Pyrgus serratulae and Pyrgus cinarae were only recorded from 1 habitat. The common species were considered to be habitat tolerant and to be not food selective, while species recorded in only one habitat were regarded as to be limited in terms of their habitat preferences.The most common species, P. rapae, recorded inside the study area was considered to have the potential to raise economical losses but the population densities of other species were found to be not as high as to such big losses.In the specimens of Hyponephele lycaon, morphological variations of the type species defined as Hyponephele lycaon Complex (?) Collina subspecies and Hyponephele lycaon Complex ''Gurun-form? were deterined. In addition, seasonal dimorphisms were determined in Maniola jurtina and Arethusana arethusa.Turkish Lepidoptera fauna is represented with, in addition to the families we determined within this study, Libytheidae, Danaidae and Riodinidae. These families are represented in Turkey with one species for each and were not recorded in the study region.The present detailed and homogeneous investigations added 10 new records for Sivas Lepidoptera fauna and distributional ranges of 97 species in the province were expanded.Key words: Sivas, Lepidoptera, butterfly, taxonomy, fauna. 181

El proceso de urbanización representa una de las amenazas más importantes a la biodiversidad. Los lepidópteros son uno de los grupos taxonómicos utilizados como indicadores de la diversidad y calidad del ambiente. El objetivo del presente trabajo es conocer los Lepidoptera (Papilionoidea y Hesperioidea) de la ciudad de Corrientes. Se llevaron a cabo muestreos al azar en un parche de bosque nativo situado en el barrio Santa Catalina y en un área antropizada, el Parque Mitre. Las recolectas se realizaron en las cuatro estaciones climáticas entre enero y octubre de 2007 con redes entomológicas. El total de ejemplares capturados asciende a 1 114, los que se distribuyen en seis familias: Hesperiidae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae y Riodinidae y 18 subfamilias. Se identificaron 59 géneros y 75 especies. Anartia jatrophae jatrophae fue la especie más abundante en ambas unidades. Esta especie junto a Urbanus procne, Phoebis sennae marcellina, Pyrgus orcus y Dryas iulia alcionea se capturaron en todas las estaciones. El mayor número de ejemplares se colectó en las estaciones más cálidas. La abundancia (n=701), riqueza (S=74) y diversidad (H’=3.87) fueron superiores en Santa Catalina. Las unidades exploradas exhiben una elevada riqueza de especies y alta similitud.Diversity of the order Lepidoptera (Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea) from Corrientes city, Argentina. Urbanization is one of the most important threats for biodiversity. Among many different organisms, butterflies are useful indicators of environment diversity and quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the Lepidoptera from Corrientes city. Random samplings were performed at two sites: a native forest situated in Santa Catalina district and an urban area, Parque Mitre. The captures were carried out using entomological nets, at four seasons between January to October 2007. A total of 1 114 butterflies, represented by six families: Hesperiidae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae and Riodinidae and 18 subfamilies were recorded. Fifty-nine genera and 75 species were identified; Anartia jatrophae jatrophae was the most abundant species at both localities. This species and Urbanus procne, Phoebis sennae marcellina, Pyrgus orcus and Dryas iulia alcionea were, among other seven, captured at all months. Highest values of abundance were registered during the warmest seasons. Santa Catalina presented the largest abundance (n=701), richness (S=74) and diversity (H’=3.87). A total of 413 individuals and 52 species were identified at Parque Mitre, and Shannon diversity index was 3.58. The obtained data reveals a high species richness and similarity at both sites. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (1): 299-308. Epub 2011 March 01.

Bu tezde, Şirvan ilçesinin kelebekleri ekolojik, faunistik ve zoocoğrafik açıdan değerlendirmek amacıyla 2008-2009 yılları arasında çalışılmış olup toplam 2962 örnek üzerinde değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Papilionoidea ve Hesperioidea üst familyalarına ait toplam 115 tür tespit edilmiştir. Bu türlerden, 100'ü Şirvan, 53'ü Siirt için yeni kayıt olmuştur.Her türün, geçerli bilimsel adı, orijinal referansı, sinonimleri, Türkiye'deki dağılımının yanı sıra, fauna elementi, habitat tercihi, yükseklik dağılımı, fenolojisi ve topoğrafik özellikleri hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Çalışmada adı geçen türlerin bilimsel isimlerinin kullanımı ve yazılımında Uluslar arası Zoolojik Nomenklatür Kurallarına (ICZN) dikkat edilmiştir. In this study, 2962 specimens have been collected by the author in Şirvan district between 2008-2009 and evaluated from the ecological, faunistic and zoogeographical standpoints. Totally 115 species belong to Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea have been recorded in the studied area. Among those species 53 have been founded in Siirt and 100 have been founded in Şirvan newly.For each species, valid scientific names, original references, synonyms, distributional information within Turkey, as well as fauna elements, habitat preferences, distribution of altitude, phenological and topographical features were mentioned in thesis. The scientific names of species used in the text were adopted in accordance with the International Code of the Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). 178

"Se realizó un estudio sobre la composición, distribución altitudinal y gremios alimentarios de mariposas diurnas en Malinalco, Estado de México. Durante un año se recolectó de manera sistemática en 12 localidades ubicadas ente 1 000 y 2 000 m snm, obteniendo un total de 1 333 ejemplares, cuya determinación taxonómica permitió generar una lista integrada por 2 superfamilias, 6 familias, 21 subfamilias, 147 géneros y 213 especies, de las cuales 157 son registros nuevos (63 regionales y 94 estatales). La familia más diversa fue Hesperiidae (74 especies), seguida de Nymphalidae (55), Lycaenidae (30), Pieridae (26), Papilionidae (16) y Riodinidae (12). Los géneros mejor representados en cuanto a riqueza de especies fueron Urbanus, Strymon, Emesis y Chlosyne. Con base en la curva de acumulación de especies, empleando el modelo de Clench, se recolectó el 81% del valor teórico esperado. A la lista generada se agregó información de la base de datos Mariposa del Museo de Zoología Alfonso L. Herrera de la Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, con lo que se alcanzó un total de 240 especies registradas para el municipio. En época de sequía, la mayor diversidad de especies se concentró en mayo (102), mes en que se inicia el periodo de lluvias; en este último, en julio, se observó el vuelo de 62 especies, que en agosto disminuyeron a 42. Respecto a la distribución altitudinal, el 31% de las especies establece sus poblaciones en sitios inferiores a 1 400 m. Con base en las preferencias de alimentación y en la disponibilidad de los recursos aprovechables por los imagos, se determinaron 3 gremios alimentarios: nectarívoros (54%), hidrófi los (2%) y acimófagos (3%)."

ÇAY - SULTANDAGLARTNIN PAPILIONOIDEA VE HESPERIOIDEA FAUNASI ÜZERİNE ARAŞTIRMALAR (Yüksek Lisans Tezi) İbrahim Hakkı CİĞERCİ GAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ Haziran 2000 ÖZET Bu çalışmada Sultandağları'nın kuzeybatısında yer alan, Afyon vilayetine bağlı Çay ilçesinin Papilionoidea ve Hesperioidea faunası araştırılmıştır. Sekiz familyaya ait 146 tür tesbit edilmiş ve faunistik açıdan değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca arazide her türle ilgili ekolojik bilgiler kaydedilmiştir. Çalışmada bazı tür ve alttürlerin dağılışının zoocoğrafik yorumları da verilmiştir. Bilim Kodu : Anahtar Kelimeler : Papilionoidea, Hesperioidea, Fauna, Ekoloji, Zoocoğrafya, Afyon, Çay, Sultandağları, Türkiye. Sayfa Adedi : 92 Tez Yöneticisi : Prof. Dr. Ahmet Ömer KOÇAK THE FAUNA OF PAPILIONOIDEA AND HESPERIOIDEA OF THE SULTAN MOUNTAINS IN THE DISTRICT OF ÇAY (M.Sc. Thesis) Ibrahim Hakkı Cİ?ERCİ GAZİ UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE June 2000 ABSTRACT In this studies the fauna of Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Sultan Mountains in the district Çay of the Province Afyon has been investigated. Totally 146 species have been recorded so far. They have been evaluated faunistically. Besides, ecological observation has been made for each species during the field studies. Comments have been given to some taxa confined to Sultan Mountains. Science Code : Key Words : Papilionoidea, Hesperioidea, Fauna, Ecology, Zoogeography, Afyon, Çay, Sultan Mountains, Türkiye. Number of page : 92 Adviser : Prof. Dr. Ahmet Ömer KOÇAK 92

426 butterfly species were sampled on six field-trips to Morro do Diabo and are listed with their dates of capture and where they are recorded. A variety of collecting methods was used, including standard insect nets and traps. Adult butterflies were attracted to many substances, including, wet sand, bird droppings, excrement and decaying fruits and animais. The results were compared with anothers richest butterfly communities. The following taxonomic changes are included: Pyrrhopyge aziza subnubilus Hayward, 1935 nom. rev., stat. nov., comb. rcv.; Telemiades meris meris (Plötz, 1886) sp. rev.; Quadrus u-lucida mimus (Mabille & Boullet, 1917) nom. rev., stat. nov., Peba verames (Schaus, 1902) sp. rev., comb.n.; Peba striata Mielke, 1968, syn. nov. of Peba verames. Zonia zonia diabo ssp.n. is described.

Bu çalışmada Tokat vilayetinin (Kuzey Türkiye) kelebek faunası {Papilionoidea ve Hesperioidea) araştırılmıştır. Toplam olarak, 8 familya içinde 137 türe ait 1870 örnek yazar tarafından vilayetin çeşitli bölgelerinden 1994 ve 1996 yıllan arasında toplanmıştır. Bundan başka, konuyla ilgili fauna, taksonomi ve nomenklatüre dair toplam 81 yayın kullanılmıştır. Yayınlanan bilgilere göre, bugüne kadar sadece 127 kelebek türü Tokat vilayetinden bilinmekteydi. Sonuçlarımızın bu bilgilerle karşılaştınlmasıyla, 44 tür, fauna için yeni olarak tespit edilmiştir. Böylelikle, türlerin toplam sayısı 171'e çıkmıştır. Metindeki bütün taksonlar sistematik sırada düzenlenmiştir. Her bir taksona orjinal taksonomik referansları olduğu kadar, Tokat faunasıyla ilgili olanları da ilave edilmiştir. Yine, her bir takson için incelenen materyal gerekli toplama bilgileriyle birlikte sunulmuştur. Sonuçlar faunistik açıdan da tartışılmıştır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Papilionoidea. Hesperioidea, Lepidoptera, fauna, Tokat, Türkiye. In this study, the butterfly fauna {Papitionoidea and Hesperioided) of the province Tokat (North Turkey) was investigated. Totally 1870 specimens, belonging to 137 species in the 8 families, were collected by the author between the years of 1994 and 1996 from the various regions of the province. Apart from this, totally 81 publications, regarding the fauna, taxonomy and the nomenclature of the related subject, were used. According to the literary data, only 127 butterfly species were known from the province Tokat up to now. By comparing our results with them, 44 species were determined to be new to the fauna. Thus, the total number of the species rose to 171. All taxa were arranged in the text in the systematical order. Original taxonomical references to each taxa, as well as the faunistical ones related to the fauna of Tokat were added. Material examined were also given to each taxa with the necessary collecting data. The results were also discussed from the faunistical standpoint.Key Words; Papilionoidea. Hesperioidea, Lepidoptera, fauna, Tokat, Turkey. 97

ÖZET Bu çalışmada Ordu vilayetinin Papilionoidea ve Hesperioidea faunası araştırılmıştır. Sekiz familyaya ait toplam kırkiki tür tespit edilmiş ve faunistik açıdan değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca arazide her. türle ilgili ekolojik bilgiler kaydedilmiştir. Çalışmaya dahil edilen tür ve alttürlerin dağılışının zoocografîk yorumlarda verilmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: Papilionoidea, Hesperioidea, Fauna, Ekoloji, Zoocografya, Ordu, Türkiye. ABSTRACT In this work, Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea fauna of the Province Ordu (N.E. Turkey) is studied. Belonging to eight families, totally fourthytwo species are determined and evaluated faunistically. Separately, all ecological data recorded in the field are added to each species. Zoogeographical considerations of the distributions of the species and subspecies included are also given. Key Words: Papilionoidea, Hesperioidea, Fauna, Ecology Zoogeography, Ordu, Turkey. 44