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The present study aims to investigate the effect of copper (as CuSO4, 5H2O) supply (0, 25 and 50 μM) on performance of cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.) plants grown under hydroponic conditions. All applied Cu concentrations drastically reduced the biomass production, length of the shoots and the roots and disturbed the ions (Cu, Ca, Fe, Zn and Mg) homeostasis. Either Cu-starvation (0 μM) or Cu-toxicity (25 and 50 μM) significantly reduced the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate resulting in reduced water use efficiency. Under Cu-toxicity, the variations in gas exchange parameters were associated with a remarkable decline in the photosynthetic pigments including Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyllb, Chlorophyll (a + b) and carotenoids. Additionally, an enhanced lipid peroxidation (evaluated as Malondialdehyde (MDA) contents) with a concomitant increase in proline, total soluble sugars and melanoidins contents were observed under these conditions. The increased MDA levels resulted in decrease in total lipid content and alteration of the fatty acid profiles in both shoots and roots with a general tendency toward the accumulation of saturated fatty acids that mirrors a decline in the desaturases activity. Although the increased activity of enzymatic antioxidants including catalase (CAT), gaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), the oxidative-induced injuries caused by 25 and 50 μM Cu were found to be irreversible and the optimal growth parameters were not achieved.

Pure and natural essential oils of Allium species are primarily used in the food industry, but due to their low yield, production quantities can be difficult to achieve and thus can be highly expensive. Due to these problems, adulterations are a reality in this field. The purpose of this research is to develop a multi element stable isotope analysis methodology for authentication of the essential oils of leek, onion, shallot, and chive. Naturalness of these essential oils was achieved by assessment of compound specific δ13C and δ34S: an addition of 5% of synthetic compound can be detected. Chemometric models were undertaken to assess purity by distinction of the Allium samples according to their species origin using bulk stable and compound specific δ13C, δ2H, δ34S, and compositions of their major metabolites dipropyl disulfide, dipropyl trisulfide, methyl propyl disulfide, and methyl propyl trisulfide.

The effects of cement dust on the yield and chemical composition of the essential oil were investigated in Cupressus sempervirens. Exposure to cement dust resulted in a significant increase in the essential oil yields. Significant factory distance-related changes in qualitative and quantitative composition of the essential oil were observed. Increasing pollution with dust increased the content of monoterpene hydrocarbons concomitant to increase of α-pinene, suggesting a redirection of the secondary metabolism of C. sempervirens towards biosynthesis of monoterpenes. In contrast, oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were strongly reduced. These results provide an overall picture of the different responses of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes to air pollution caused by cement dust. They also reveal the suitability of using C. sempervirens in the creation of green areas around cement factories and encourage the use of dusted plants as potential source of valuable natural products. Keywords: Cement dust, Cupressus sempervirens, Essential oil, Monoterpenes, Environmental pollution

The essential oil of wintergreen, which is extracted by steam distillation from Gaultheria genus leaves, is mainly used in aromatherapy. However, due to its adulteration easiness with synthetic material, it is necessary to control samples naturalness with accuracy. The purpose of this work was to develop a methodology to authenticate the essential oil of wintergreen. Wintergreen essential oil is composed of more than 99% methyl salicylate. This aromatic ester can be easily synthesized and used to adulterate wintergreen essential oil. Authentic wintergreen essential oil can be distinguished from adulterated oils by examining their compositions. The detection of methyl salicylate synthetic marker compounds (methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, dimethyl 4-hydroxyisophthalate or dimethyl 2-hydroxyisophthalate) or the absence of several naturally occurring minor secondary metabolites (ethyl salicylate and vitispirane) contribute to the authentication. Isotopic values of bulk wintergreen essential oil have also been determined using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS): the δ13C values of authentic samples range from −36.78 to −33.36‰, the δ2H values range from −173 to −115‰ and the δ18O values range from −1.3 to 5.7‰. However, these analytical methods cannot account for the natural variability in the essential oils. To determine the boundaries of the natural isotopic values, 14C radioactive isotope activity assessment was undertaken, which allows for the determination of the genuineness of samples that are not assessed using multistable isotope approaches. Additional studies evaluating 14C activity of a noncompliant sample using IRMS identified a 14C-labeled synthetic methyl salicylate adulteration.

Royal jelly, a honey bee secretion, plays a critical role in caste determination in honey bees because it serves as the source of nutrition for young larvae destined to become queens. It is also fe...

Changes in fatty acid profile, lipid quality, essential oil composition, total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents, radical scavenging, antibacterial and insecticidal activities were studied during the maturation of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi fruits. Total lipids showed their maximum at the earlier and intermediate stage (green and half-red) of maturation, whereas, the highest levels of the main components linoleic and oleic acids were found at the late stage (red). Mature fruits were also distinguished by their high lipid quality as revealed by the lower values of n-3/n-6 ratio, calculated oxidizability (Cox), oxidative susceptibility (OS), atherogenic index (AI) and thromobogenic index (TI). The contents of monoterpenes decreased while those of sesquiterpenes increased during maturation. With the exception of α-pinene which dropped remarkably from immature to mature fruits, the content of the other main components (α-phellandrene, β-phellandrene and limonene) showed irregular variations. The TPC in intact and hydrodistilled fruits was higher at the last stage of maturation, while the maximum of TFC was recorded in the intermediate stage. Concomitantly, extract from residual hydrodistilled fruits was found as the most potent radical scavengers, whereas, the oils were found as the least scavengers. Nevertheless, they showed an appreciable antibacterial activity against Enterococcus feacium and Streptococcus agalactiae and exert a strong insecticidal activity against Spodoptera littoralis and Phthorimaea operculella . Collectively, these results suggest that the fruits of S. terebinthifolius could be considered as consolidated source of lipid and essential fatty acids, which may provide some health benefits to consumers. They also showed that the essential oils of S. terebinthifolius fruits can potentially be used in S. littoralis and P. operculella control in association with integrated pest management practices. Moreover, the use of extracts from intact or hydrodistilled residual fruits for the development of functional ingredients and the production of bio-based preservatives is encouraged.

In this study, peroxidases (PODs) from three waste by-products: broad bean pods (BBP), pea pods (PP), and artichoke stems (ARS) were purified and their optimal conditions were determined for the first time. The purification process resulted in 4.32, 7.21, and 8.9% of POD recoveries for PP, ARS, and BBP, respectively. They were purified 2.12-, 32.97-, and 10-fold with specific activities of 27.26, 266.43, and 27 U/mg of protein, respectively. Analysis of their optimal conditions showed that POD purified from BBP and PP exhibited the highest activity at 60 °C temperature and pH 6 and 8 with strong affinity with catechol substrate (Km of 0.356 and 0.189 mM; Vmax of 0.08 and 0.041 μM/min for BBP and PP, respectively). The highest activity of ARS POD was obtained under the following conditions: temperature at 50 °C, pH from 6 to 8, and guaiacol as substrate (Km 0.375 mM; Vmax 0.012 μM/min). Apart from giving the opportunity for recycling the food industry wastes, the studied waste by-products could represent an alternative source of PODs that could find several applications in the biotechnological, chemical, and food industries.

International audience; Plant-based remedies have been widely used for the management of variable diseases due to their safety and less side effects. In the present study, we investigated Saussurea lappa CB. Clarke. (SL) given its largely reported medicinal effects. Specifically, our objective was to provide an insight into a new polymethyl methacrylate based nanocapsules as carriers of SL essential oil and characterize their biologic functions. The nanoparticles were prepared by nanoprecipitation technique, characterized and analyzed for their cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, anti-Alzheimer and antidiabetic effects. The results revealed that the developed nanoparticles had a diameter around 145 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.18 and a zeta potential equal to +45 mV and they did not show any cytotoxicity at 25 μg·mL−1. The results also showed an anti-inflammatory activity (reduction in metalloprotease MMP-9 enzyme activity and RNA expression of inflammatory cytokines: TNF-α, GM-CSF and IL1β), a high anti-Alzheimer’s effect (IC50 around 25.0 and 14.9 μg·mL−1 against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, respectively), and a strong antidiabetic effect (IC50 were equal to 22.9 and 75.8 μg·mL−1 against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively). Further studies are required including the in vivo studies (e.g., preclinical), the pharmacokinetic properties, the bioavailability and the underlying associated metabolic pathways.

In a stricter legislative context, greener detergent formulations are developed. In this way, synthetic surfactants are frequently replaced by bio-sourced surfactants and/or used at lower concentrations in combination with enzymes. In this paper, a LC-MS/MS method was developed for the identification and quantification of enzymes in laundry detergents. Prior to the LC-MS/MS analyses, a specific sample preparation protocol was developed due to matrix complexity (high surfactant percentages). Then for each enzyme family mainly used in detergent formulations (protease, amylase, cellulase, and lipase), specific peptides were identified on a high resolution platform. A LC-MS/MS method was then developed in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) MS mode for the light and corresponding heavy peptides. The method was linear on the peptide concentration ranges 25-1000 ng/mL for protease, lipase, and cellulase; 50-1000 ng/mL for amylase; and 5-1000 ng/mL for cellulase in both water and laundry detergent matrices. The application of the developed analytical strategy to real commercial laundry detergents enabled enzyme identification and absolute quantification. For the first time, identification and absolute quantification of enzymes in laundry detergent was realized by LC-MS/MS in a single run. Graphical Abstract Identification and quantification of enzymes by LC-MS/MS.

The composition of the fatty acids of the roots and aerial parts of Aritolochia longa (Aristolacheae) and Bryonia dioica (Cucurbutaceae) was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The oils extracted from the aerial parts of both species were rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids with the essential linolenic and linoleic acids being the most prominent compounds. Oleic and linoleic acids were the majors fatty acids in the roots of both species. Whatever the plant part analyzed and the species, the saturated fatty acids were predominantly composed of palmitic and stearic acids. The antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the lipid extracts were determined against a panel of five bacterial strains. The results showed that the sensitivity to the lipid extracts was different for the test bacterial strains, and the susceptibility of gram positive bacteria was found to be greater than gram negative bacteria. The antibacterial activity of the root lipid extracts was particularly important against Enterococcus feacium (CMI value of 125 µg/mL; CMB values > 250 µg/mL) and Streptococcus agalactiae (CMI value of 125 µg/mL; CMB values 250 µg/mL for A. longa roots). These results indicate that A. longa and B. dioica could be considered as good sources of essential fatty acids which can act as natural antibacterial agents.

Enzyme-assisted extraction has emerged as an attractive green, cost-effective and high bioactive yielding technology by which desired bioactives with preserved or better efficacy are released. In the present study, the ability of cellulase, hemicellulase and their binary mixture (cellulase:hemicellulase; 1:1) in improving the extraction of essential oils from coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) seeds, or the residue by-products from the distillation process containing value-added phytochemicals (fatty acids and phenolics) were evaluated. Cellulase and the binary mixture improved the extraction of essential oils by 44.2 and 40%, respectively. Application of enzymes was associated with increased amount of oxygenated terpenes in the essential oils derived from enzyme-treated samples. Linalool, camphor and geranyl acetate were the prominent compounds. From the hydrodistillation residues, a better recovery of petroselinic-rich oil with a good nutritional quality was also observed in enzyme-treated seeds. They also contained an appreciable amount of polyphenols and showed an improved antioxidant activity as revealed by the DPPH, FRAP and cellular antioxidant activity assays. The results suggested that enzyme pre-treatment allowed better recovery without alteration of the essential oil composition. The hydrodistillation residues obtained could be potentially exploited for the development of functional food ingredients and nutraceuticals.

International audience; The fatty acid, essential oil compositions and their respective antioxidant and antibacterial activities was determined in Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi leaves and twigs. The lipid content ranged from 1.75 to 4.65% in twigs and leaves, respectively. Thirteen fatty acids were identified with α-linolenic (C18:3), palmitic (C16:0) and linoleic (C18:2) acids being the main components. The essential oils of both organs were characterized by a high amount of monoterpene hydrocarbons (68.91-74.88%) with α-phellandrene (33.06-36.18%), α-pinene (14.85-15.18%) and limonene (6.62-8.79%) being the chief components. The DPPH˙ radical scavenging assay revealed that both oils have a very weak antiradical activity. In contrast, they showed an appreciable antibacterial activity against the gram-positive Enterococcus feacium (ATCC 19434) and Streptococcus agalactiae (ATCC 13813) bacteria. These results suggest that leaves and twigs of S. terebinthifolius could be considered as an important dietary source of health promoting phytochemicals and has a good potential for use in food industry and pharmacy.

An emerging body of evidence indicates that oleuropein, a biophenol usually found in olive leaves, extra-virgin olive oil and in some species of the Oleaceae family has potent biological and pharmacological properties. Its main pharmacological activities such as anticancer, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, gastroprotective, hepato-protective, anti-diabetes, anti-obesity and radioprotective, among others, are in large part attributed to its putative antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This mini-review collects and discusses the scattered data available in the literature concerning oleuropein and/or oleuropein-rich extracts and highlights its chemistry, biosynthesis, biological activities and its possible mechanisms of action.

International audience; A phytochemical investigation of Diplotaxis virgata D.C. and D. erucoides (L.) D.C. (Brassicaceae) offered to the isolation of two new flavonoids isorhamnetin-3-O--l-glucopyranoside (1) and rhamnetin-3,3'-di-O--d-glucopyranoside (2), respectively. Their structures have been elucidated from the extended spectroscopic methods, including 1D- and 2D-NMR, UV and mass spectrometry analysis and by comparison with literature data. The fatty acid composition of the hexane extracts of the two species was also investigated by using GC-MS. The antioxidant activity of ethanol, ethyl acetate, n-butanol extracts and the isolated compounds from the two species was evaluated using DPPH and ABTS(+) scavenging assays. All the tested samples showed an efficient radical scavenging ability, with IC50 values ranging from 16-40 mu g/mL for the DPPH and from 17-44 mu g/mL for the ABTS(+) assays. In addition, the antibacterial activity of the prepared extracts and compounds 1 and 2, determined by well diffusion agar method against two Gram positive and five Gram negative bacteria, was evaluated and the results showed significant effects against all strains used.

Root essential oil of Pulicaria mauritanica Coss. (Asteraceae) collected from western Algeria was analysed using a combination of chromatographic (CC, GC/FID, GC(RI)] and spectroscopic [GC–MS, 13C-NMR] techniques. Thirty-eight compounds accounting for 90.4% of the whole composition were identified. The oil composition was dominated by thymyl derivatives (2,5-dimethoxy-p-cymene (37.2%), 6-methoxythymyl isobutyrate (14.2%), 10-isobutyryloxy-8,9-dehydrothymyl isobutyrate (4.8%) and thymyl isobutyrate (3.1%)), as well as by neryl isobutyrate (11.1%). A new natural compound was isolated and the structure was elucidated as 1S,2S,5S,8S-modhephan-3-one (relative stereochemistry). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

International audience; The present work aims to investigate the maturation-related changes in phenolic profile of Melia azedarach (L.) leaves (young and old) and fruits (pulp and kernel) at two developmental stages. A total of 26 phenolic compounds were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detector-hyphenated with tandem mass spectromdtry (HPLC-DAD-ESI MS/MS). They include phenolic acids, flavonols and flavanols which were found mostly in glycosylated forms. The main phenolic compounds were found to be rutin (5.86-21.33%, of total integrated peak area at 280 nm), quercetin-3-O-neohesperidoside (3.95-8.76%), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (2.73-11.23%), feruloylglucaric acid (0.85-11.84%) and feruloylquinic acid derivative (1.94-11.07%). The pattern distribution of phenolic compounds was organ-specific, and somewhat variable depending on the stage of maturation. Additionally, the total phenol content was determined as well as the antioxidant capacity using different in vitro assays. The extracts of young leaves demonstrated the highest total phenol content (85.4 mg GAE/g extract), and exhibited the strongest scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl DPPH and the highest oxygen radical absorbance capacity ORAC (235 and 328 mg Trolox equivalents/g extract, respectively) compared to old leaves and immature/mature fruit parts. In contrast, the highest metal chelating activity (MCA) was observed in immature pulp extracts (22.85 mg EDTA equivalents/g extract). Pearson's correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that quercetin-3-O-neohesperidoside, rutin and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside were the main contributors on the antioxidant capacity. On the basis of these results, M. azedarach could serve as an excellent source of natural antioxidants which could be used for pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical applications.

Purpose The paper aims to analyse the effect of acid hydrolysis on the chemical composition and the biological activities of Rubia tinctorum collected from the south of Tunisia. It proposes to clarify the relationship between alizarin content and the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Rubia extract. Design/methodology/approach The paper opted for analytical tools (HPLC) and the in-vitro study of biological activities, namely, the antioxidant activity which is evaluated using the radical scavenging assay (ABTS) and ferric reducing power assay (FRAP); the antimicrobial activity is tested using the wells agar diffusion method. Findings The paper provides information about the positive effect of acid hydrolysis, namely, the enhancement of alizarin content in the extract which has increased its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Originality/value This paper fulfils an identified need to study the relationship between the chemical composition, biological activities and colour enhancement.

International audience; A comprehensive study on the volatile oil and phenolic constituents of Ailanthus altissima Swingle (Simaroubaceae) leaves was performed. Methanolic extracts of leaves and their hydrodistilled residues were screened for their antioxidant, antimicrobial and phytotoxic properties. The results showed that the leaf volatile oils were a complex mixture of more than a hundred components, mainly composed by non-terpenic compounds (tetradecanol, heneicosane, tricosane and docosane) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (α-curcumene and α-gurjunene). Methanolic extracts from leaves contain the highest level of total phenolic content, while those from the hydrodistilled residues showed the highest total flavonoid content. The most frequent phenolic compounds identified by HPLC-DAD-MS were gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, HHDP-galloylglucose, epicatechin, rutin, hyperoside and quercetin-3-galloyl hexoside. Evaluation of the antioxidant activities by using four complementary tests (DPPH, ABTS, 2-deoxyribose and FRAP) showed that both extracts exhibited strong concentration-dependent antioxidant activities. These extracts were efficient against Gram-positive bacteria, but not active against Gram-negative bacterial strains and the yeast Candida albicans. They also exhibited strong inhibitory effects on the germination and the radicle growth of the wild Daucus carota. This work provides scientific supports for the high antioxidant and phytotoxic activities of this species and thus, it may find potential applications in the development of natural herbicides and antioxidants for agro-food and pharmaceutical industries.

International audience; The main goal of the present study is to evaluate the effects of enzymatic pre-treatment on the yields, chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of Thymus capitatus and Rosmarinus officinalis leaves. In T. capitatus, application of cellulase, hemicellulase and combination of both enzymes induced 63.55, 23.72 and 109% increase in the essential oil yields. It also induced increment by 2.7, 31 and 38% in the amount of its main component carvacrol. In R. officinalis, enzymatic treatment resulted in enhanced oil yields by 5, 50 and 20% for cellulase, hemicellulase and the combination of both enzymes, respectively. In contrast to T. capitatus, the amount of the main component 1,8-cineole dropped by 17.73, 36.92 and 15.46% in oils extracted from cellulase, hemicellulase and cellulose/hemicellulase treated samples of R. officinalis. At the same time, the essential oils (at 1/32 and 1/4 dilution for T. capitatus and R. officinalis, respectively) were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities against 6 food-borne pathogens (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus feacium and Candida albicans). All investigated oils exhibited antimicrobial activity with those issued from hemicellulase treated samples being the most effective. Enzymatic pre-treatment could be useful for enhancing yield and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils, and hold a good potential for use in food and pharmaceutical industries

International audience; A reliable database is established from the analysis of 500 French royal jellies (RJ). Diversity of geographical origins, harvesting seasons, and forage sources were taken into account. Authenticity intervals for numerous physicochemical parameters have been established from French RJs, obtained without bee-feeding with artificial sugars or proteins. RJs from Italy and non-European countries, derived from feeding experiments, were analysed and compared with the database. Differences in 10-HDA, d13C and sugars (sucrose, erlose, maltose, maltotriose) contents were observed. Sucrose and erlose contents in French RJs were less than 1.8 and 0.4%, respectively, whereas they attained 3.9 and 2.0% in some commercial samples and 7.7 and 1.7% in RJs produced by sugarcane feeding. Maltose and maltotriose contents were less than 1.0 and 0.2% in French RJs, and they can attain levels of 2.6 and 0.4% in commercial samples; they can be as high as 5.5 and 1.7% in RJs obtained by bee-feeding with starch hydrolysate syrups. RJs obtained with and without feeding exhibit d13C values ranging from 26.45 to 23.73%, and from 26.05 to 14.65%, respectively. This study could be used to discriminate different production methods and provide a useful tool for identifying unknown commercial RJs. Highlights A total of 750 royal jellies (RJs) from different origins were studied. Origins included domestic, imported, obtained by bee-feeding. French RJ samples were chemically characterised. Authenticity intervals were calculated for authentic RJs. Sucrose, erlose, maltose, maltotriose and δ13C contents are bee-feeding markers.

We gratefully acknowledge Professor Genevieve Casanas for her scientific support in Statistical analysis. We also thank Dany Maitre for her excellent help in the identification of volatile constituents.; International audience; The composition of essential oil is known to depend on intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including season harvest and climate condition among others. Experiments were conducted to study the variation in the essential oil composition of Aristolochia longa ssp. paucinervis harvested at different period (August, 2009; September, 2011; March, 2012; and April, 2013). The essential oil composition was assessed by GC-FID and GC MS analyses, which revealed the presence of 103 molecules. Hence, samples collected in April 2013 showed the most complex composition (51 compounds) when compared with those collected in September 2011 (42 compounds), August 2009 (37 compounds) and March 2012 (35 compounds). Further, oxygenated sesquiterpenes (50.2-81.1%) and oxygenated monoterpenes (5.9-28.0%) are the major chemical groups.The antimicrobial properties of essential oils were evaluated against six microorganisms by the disc diffusion method. The highest activity is observed against all the Gram-positive bacteria. Increasingly, the essential oil isolated from roots collected in September (2011), exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus agalactiae and Enterococcus faecium

International audience; The effects of feeding bees artificial sugars and/or proteins on the sugar compositions and (13)C isotopic measurements of royal jellies (RJs) were evaluated. The sugars fed to the bees were two C4 sugars (cane sugar and maize hydrolysate), two C3 sugars (sugar beet, cereal starch hydrolysate), and honey. The proteins fed to them were pollen, soybean, and yeast powder proteins. To evaluate the influence of the sugar and/or protein feeding over time, samples were collected during six consecutive harvests. (13)C isotopic ratio measurements of natural RJs gave values of around -25 ‰, which were also seen for RJs obtained when the bees were fed honey or C3 sugars. However, the RJs obtained when the bees were fed cane sugar or corn hydrolysate (regardless of whether they were also fed proteins) gave values of up to -17 ‰. Sugar content analysis revealed that the composition of maltose, maltotriose, sucrose, and erlose varied significantly over time in accordance with the composition of the syrup fed to the bees. When corn and cereal starch hydrolysates were fed to the bees, the maltose and maltotriose contents of the RJs increased up to 5.0 and 1.3 %, respectively, compared to the levels seen in authentic samples (i.e., samples obtained when the bees were fed natural food: honey and pollen) that were inferior to 0.2% and not detected, respectively. The sucrose and erlose contents of natural RJs were around 0.2 %, whereas those in RJs obtained when the bees were fed cane or beet sugar were as much as 4.0 and 1.3 %, respectively. The combination of sugar analysis and (13)C isotopic ratio measurements represents a very efficient analytical methodology for detecting (from early harvests onward) the use of C4 and C3 artificial sugars in the production of RJ.

(R)-(E)-6,7-Epoxyocimene, the major constituent of the essential oil from Plectranthus tenuicaulis, as well as the racemic (Z)-isomer previously synthesized from commercial (Z)-beta-ocimene were used as starting material for the synthesis of fragrant derivatives. Among the 14 compounds obtained from these precursors (alcohols, diols, diepoxy, sulfur and carbonyl derivatives), four were described for the first time and three were enantiomerically pure. All compounds were fully characterized by one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance analysis as well as by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (electron ionization). Additionally, their odour properties were evaluated

International audience; The effect of stage of maturity on total lipids, fatty acids, yields and essential oil composition and their antimicrobial and free radical scavenging activities of the Schinus molle fruits was investigated. The content of total lipids varied from 2.87 to 5.35% (w/w, dw) and were rich in unsaturated fatty acids particularly linoleic acid. As maturation progress, the essential oil yield dropped from 5.18% to 1.15%. Monoterpene hydrocarbons with α-phellandrene (35.15-40.38%), limonene + β-phellandrene (21.47-36.62%), β-myrcene (7.61-24.96%) and α-pinene (1.92-2.58%) were found to be the main components. At the same time, the essential oils were evaluated for their antimicrobial and free radical scavenging activities. They were found to be active against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhymurium and Escherichia coli but they do not inhibit the growth of Candida albicans. Conversely, they showed very weak activity against the DPPH radical. In both assay, the oil derived from the intermediate stage was reported as more efficient.

International audience; Two new acylphloroglucinols were isolated from the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus Labill and identified as macrocarpals P (1) and Q (2). Structural elucidations were carried out using conventional 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectrometry together with complementary techniques (UV and IR). Macrocarpal Q was a diastereoisomer of macrocarpal E (3), configuration of which was not precised. Simultaneous isolation of macrocarpals E and Q allowed to determine the configurations of both compounds. The diformylphloroglucinol (4) was also isolated as well as already known compounds grandinol, macrocarpals D, I, L, N, O and am-1.

International audience; As fragile active components, essential oils should be encapsulated to solve several problems linked to their use, including toxicity, miscibility in aqueous medium, time-controlled release, formulations or preparations for various industries (pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, textiles, chemicals, food, etc.). Then, the aim of this study is to perform nano-encapsulation of selected essential oils and to compare their antimicrobial activities with the non-encapsulated ones. Essential oils of Thymus leptobotrys, Thymus satureoides, Pelargonium graveolens, Eugenia Caryophyllata and their major component Eugenol were first encapsulated by the nanoprecipitation technique using Eudragit RS 100 as coating polymer. This results in a final stable milky dispersion of essential oils nanocapsules having a final concentration of 4% (v/v). The formed nanoparticles have 110 nm averages in diameter particle size and possess positive zeta potential (approximately 81 mV). Chemical composition of these encapsulated essential oils was investigated by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry confirming similarities to the non-encapsulated ones. Antimicrobial assays against five bacterial strains, two yeasts and two moulds, confirm that the prepared nanoparticles exhibit, at a comparative concentration of 0.4% (v/v), relatively less antimicrobial activities (both bacteriostatic and fungistatic) than the non-encapsulated EOs. These results lead us to think to numerous applications of such essential oils particularly in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic domains.

We would like to thank Professor Fouad Msanda from Faculty of Sciences of Agadir, Morocco, for the botanical identification of plant species.; International audience; The antimicrobial properties of nine essential oils (EOs) from Souss-Massa, Morocco, were assessed and compared. The studied plants were: Mentha piperita, Mentha pulegium, Mentha spicata, Pelargonium graveolens, Rosmarinus officinalis, Thymus leptobotrys, Thymus pallidus, Thymus satureioides and Citrus limon. EOs were extracted by steam distillation and their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined versus ten bacteria strains (Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus equinus and Streptococcus pyogenes), two yeasts (Candida albicans and Candida glabrata) and two fungi (Aspergillus niger and Penicillium funiculosum). Thymus leptobotrys, P.graveolens and T.satureioides showed interesting antimicrobial properties (MIC = [0.7-5.9 mu g/mL]). Mentha piperita, T.pallidus and M.spicata gave intermediary results (MIC= [5.7-23.2 mu g/mL]) while the remaining EOs displayed poor results (MIC= [23.2-85.5 mu g/mL]). EOs that contained primarily, in this order, phenolic terpenes, terpenic alcohols and terpenic aldehydes displayed better antimicrobial properties.

International audience; The chemical composition of the volatile oils obtained from the roots, leaves, flowers, and stems of Thapsia garganica of Tunisian origin was investigated by GC-FID and GC/MS analyses. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes were predominant in the oils of all plant parts. Bicyclogermacrene (21.59-35.09%) was the main component in the former compound class, whereas geranial (3.31-14.84%) and linalool (0.81-10.9%) were the most prominent ones in the latter compound class. Principal-component (PCA) and hierarchical-cluster (HCA) analyses revealed some common constituents, but also significant variability amongst the oils of the different plant parts. This organ-specific oil composition was discussed in relation to their biological and ecological functions. For the evaluation of the intraspecific chemical variability in T. garganica, the composition of the flower volatile oils from four wild populations was investigated. Bicyclogermacrene, linalool, and geranial were predominant in the oils of three populations, whereas epicubenol, -sesquiphellandrene, and cadina-1,4-diene were the most prominent components of the oil of one population. PCA and HCA allowed the separation of the flower oils into three distinct groups, however, no relationship was found between the volatile-oil composition and the geographical distribution and pedoclimatic conditions of the studied populations.

International audience; The chemical composition of Salicornia herbacea L. a food plant belonging to Chenopodiaceae was investigated based on its mineral composition, proteins and carbohydrates contents. The phenolic composition analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) showed the presence of eight phenolic acids and eight flavonoids. The biological activities of the methanol extract were conducted on the antioxidant activity evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching test. The extract was an efficient radical scavenger (IC50 = 55.3 ± 2.7 μg/mL) and exhibited a moderate inhibition of lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion. Antibacterial activity determined by disc diffusion method against four Gram negative and two Gram positive bacteria, showed effects against all strains. Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) inhibitory activity studied for the first time was evaluated against three CYP isozymes namely CYP1A2, CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. The extract was a potent inhibitor against CYP2D6 (IC50 = 3.88 ± 0.02 μg/mL). Highlights Salicornia herbacea have a nutritional property as food plant due to its phytochemical composition. Its methanol extract showed several biologic activities. This extract exhibited antioxidant and antibacterial activities. It was also a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 CYP1A2, CYP3A4 and CYP2D6.

International audience; The essential oil of Chrysanthemum coronarium (Garland) flowerheads was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and essayed for its in vitro scavenging activity on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and its antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhymurium, Candida albicans, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. The aqueous extracts were tested for their allelopathic properties on seed germination and seedling growth of two annual weeds (Sinapis arvensis and Phalaris canariensis) and two crops (Triticum durum and Zea mays) and the identity of the phenolic components was determined by using HPLC-PDA-MS. A total of 40 components, representing 96.58% of the total oil were identified, and the most plentiful constituents were found to be cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (21.82%), trans-chrysanthenyl acetate (12.78%), (E)-β-farnesene (8.97%), germacrene-D (8.92%) and camphor (6.03%). The oil was unable to reduce the DPPH radical, while it exhibited a good antimicrobial activity against the gram-positive bacteria B. aereus and S. aureus. The aqueous extracts suppress the germination and reduce the seedling growth of the target species. The phytotoxic effect was found to be selective towards weeds with the effects being more pronounced in S. arvensis and P. canariensis. HPLC-PDA-MS analysis allowed the identification of chlorogenic acid acid, di-cafeoylquinic acids isomers, rutin, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, myricetin-3-O-galactoside and tricin. The latter components were reported in C. coronarium for the first time. It is suggested that the identified components may be at least, a key factors in the observed phytotoxic activity and the data presented may contribute to the development of naturally occurring herbicides. Highlights The chemical composition of the essential oil of Chrysanthemum coronarium flowerheads was investigated. cis-Chrysanthenyl acetate, trans-chrysanthenyl acetate, (E)-β-farnesene, germacrene-D and camphor were the major components. The oil had a weak antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The aqueous extract showed a strong and selective allelopathic activity against weeds. The main bioactive components di-cafeoylquinic acids isomers, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, myricetin-3-O-galactoside and tricin.

Volatile constituents obtained by hydrodistillation of the leaves of the Malagasy endemic plant Psiadia lucida (Cass.) Drake, were investigated by GC and GC/MS. A total of 50 constituents, representing 96.9% of the oil, were identified. The main compounds were mono- and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons: terpinolene (38.0%), limonene (10.2%) and α-humulene (21.2%). The oil was also found to possess interesting antimicrobial activities.

The hydrodistilled essential oils from herbal parts of three varieties of Chrysothamnus nauseousus were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. All oils were found to consist of mainly monoterpenes. A total of 51, 46 and 59 compounds were identified from C. nauseousus var. albicaulis, C. nauseousus var. consimilis and C. nauseousus var. glabratus, respectively, representing 97.1%, 96.0% and 96.2% of each of the oils listed. The major constituents of C. nauseousus var. albicaulis were β-pinene (16.8%), limonene (18.6%) and β-phellandrene (26.0%); the main constituents of C. nauseousus var. consimilis were limonene (33.2%), β-phellandrene (18.0%) and (Z)-β-ocimene (14.6%). The major constituents of C. nauseousus var. glabratus were β-pinene (30.3%), myrcene (10.5%), limonene (16.5%) and β-phellandrene (10.9%).

International audience; A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the major and minor sugars of 400 Royal Jellies (RJs). Their contents were compared in relation to the geographical origins and different production methods. A reliable database was established from the analysis of 290 RJs harvested in different French areas that took into account the diversity of geographical origin, harvesting season, forage sources available in the environment corresponding to natural food of the bees: pollen and nectar. Around 30 RJ samples produced by Italian beekeepers, about sixty-ones from French market, and around thirty-ones derived from feeding experiments were analysed and compared with our database. Fructose and glucose contents are in the range 2.3-7.8% and 3.4-7.7%, respectively, whatever the RJ's origin. On the contrary, differences in minor sugar composition are observed. Indeed sucrose and erlose contents in French RJs are lesser than 1.7% and 0.3%, respectively, whereas they reach 3.9% and 2.0% in some commercial samples and 5.1% and 1.7% in RJs produced from feeding experiments. This study could be used to discriminate different production methods and provide an additional tool for identifying unknown commercial RJs.

International audience; The methanol extracts of leaves, flowers, stalks and bulbs of the North African endemic Allium roseum var. odoratissimum were analyzed for their phenolic profiles and screened for their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Colourimetric analysis revealed that the highest levels of total phenols content (TPC) and total flavonoids content (TFC) were found in the flowers and leaves. The use of HPLC-PDA-MS allowed the identification of kaempferol 3,7-di-O-rhamnoside, kaempferol-3-Glucuronide, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-beta-d-glucoside-7-O-alpha-l-rhamnoside, luteoline and apigenine, while four components remained unidentified. The flowers and leaves were found to possess the highest antioxidant activity with the exception in metal chelating ability. Antibacterial assay showed that Enterococcus feacium was the most susceptible bacterial strain and the stalk extract had the most effect in the inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus feacium, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. Conclusively, this study allows a clear chemical differentiation between A. roseum var. odoratissimum and the other Allium species. Highlights The phenolic constituents of Allium roseum var. odoratissimum were analyzed. kaempferol 3,7-di-O-rhamnoside and kaempferol-3-glucuronide were the prominent constituents. A good or moderately antioxidant activity was observed. All extracts have weak antibacterial activity.

Item does not contain fulltext Major botanical and scientific references currently identify two species of frankincense, Boswellia carterii and Boswellia sacra, as being synonymous. We evaluated the Somalian (B. carterii) and Omani/Yemeni (B. sacra) species by chemical analyses to determine if there were any minor or major differences between the two species of frankincense. Components identified with their average percent for B. sacra are alpha-thujene (0.6%), alpha-pinene (68.2%), camphene (2.1%), sabinene (2.9%), beta-pinene (2.0%), myrcene (0.7%), limonene+beta-phellandrene (6.2%). Components identified with their average percent for B. carterii are alpha-thujene (7.9%), alpha-pinene (37.3%), camphene (0.8%), sabinene (4.9%), beta-pinene (1.8%), myrcene (7.3%), limonene+beta-phellandrene (14.4%). Initially, GC-MS analysis did not reveal major statistical differences. However, optical rotation values, B. Sacra (+30.1 degrees ) and B. carterii (-13.3 degrees ), demonstrated a greater significant difference. Enantiomeric ratio (+)/(-) values of alpha-pinene for B. sacra and B. carterii are 8.24 and 0.68, respectively, were also calculated aiding our conclusion that B. sacra and B. carterii are not synonymous but rather two distinct and individual frankincense species.

Analytical results from enantiomeric and isotopic analyses of four typical raspberry aroma compounds, α- and β-ionones, δ-decalactone and raspberry ketone, are reported. Different raspberry cultivars and commercial raspberry flavoured products were analysed, and a principal component analysis was carried out on the results. Using these methods, a cultivar discrimination was possible and significant information was obtained on the flavour of different cultivars. It was also possible to discriminate between natural and adulterated samples.

International audience; Water distilled essential oils from leaves of Plectranthus tenuicaulis (Hook. f.) J. K. Morton collected in Gabon were analyzed using GC-FID and GC-MS. The main constituent, unusual within the genus Plectranthus, was isolated and formally identified as being the (+)-(R)- enantiomer of (E)-6,7-epoxyocimene [(E)-myroxide]. This enantiomer, which represents about 75% of the essential oil, has been previously identified as a pheromone emitted by the male fruit-spotting bug Amblypelta nitida; this insect is responsible of destruction of most fruit crops in tropical and subtropical areas. The potential application of P. tenuicaulis essential oil in crop protection programs is discussed and the atypical chemical profile of the gabonese essential oil is compared with those previously reported in the genus Plectranthus (or Coleus).

International audience; Marine macroalgae are important ecological and commercial biomass resources to many regions of the world. They are valuable food resources and are most promising sources of bioactive compounds for the cosmetic industries. Phytochemical off-line investigation by the separation and identification of secondary metabolites are time, material and human resource consuming. Thus, in our studies, a rapid gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) on-line analysis with pretreatment (chemical derivatisations) was adapted for chemical profiling of two wild growing algae: Gracilaria dura and Hypnea musciformis from Corsica (France). Two GC-MS derivatisation methods were used: transmethylation for the fatty acids (FAs), and trimethylsilylation for compounds which bear -OH/-NH function. The application of the method on Gracilaria dura, and Hypnea musciformisleads to an identification of FAs, phytosterols, esters, simple phenolic compounds, and sugars from n-pentane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and n-butanol (n-BuOH) extracts. This method is quick and low-cost for chemical profiling of marine biomass. It could be applied not only by the fundamental but also cosmetic industrial research. In addition, this study showed that all algae extracts had modest DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activities and the n-BuOH extract of Hypnea musciformis had a high total phenol content.

International audience; Isotope ratio mass spectrometry online coupled with capillary gas chromatography (GC-Py-IRMS) on column INNOWAX is used in the origin specific analysis and the authenticity control of the phenolic essential oils (EOs). Isotopic data delta(2)H(V-SMOW) of thymol and carvacrol in natural essential oils were evidently more depleted than synthetic products (from -49 to 7 per thousand for thymol and -61 per thousand for carvacrol). delta(2)H(V-SMOW) values of p-cymene, gamma-terpinene and thymol in authentic thyme oils (Thymus vulgaris L. and Thymus zygis L.) were found from -300 to -270 per thousand, from -285 to -248 per thousand and from -259 to -234 per thousand, respectively. delta(2)H(V-SMOW) values of carvacrol and p-cymene in authentic oregano oils (Origanum heracleoticum L., Coridothymus capitatus L. and Origanum compactum L.) varied from -223 to -193 per thousand and from -284 to -259 per thousand, respectively. For authentic Satureja montana subsp. montana essential oils, the mean delta(2)H(V-SMOW) value for aromatic compounds were found to be the following: gamma-terpinene -273 per thousand (SD=4.6 per thousand) and p-cymene -283 per thousand (SD=3.0 per thousand), thymol -245 per thousand (SD=1.8 per thousand) and carvacrol -226 per thousand (SD=1.7 per thousand). In addition, p-cymene was previously found as a precursor of the biosynthesis of thymol and carvacrol in thyme oil, thus, we considered p-cymene as an endogenous reference compound (ERC) for D/H ratio analysis. The isotopic fractionation factors alpha(thymol/p-cymene)=1.05 and alpha(carvacrol/p-cymene)=1.08 were obtained and also used to control the authenticity of the phenolic EOs.

International audience; Enantioselective capillary GC on a Supelco beta-DEX 225 column (heptakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-beta-cyclodextrin SPB 20poly--20% diphenyl, 80% dimethylsiloxane) and isotope-ratio mass spectrometry, coupled online with capillary GC on an HP5 column have been used for origin-specific analysis and authenticity control of essential oils, for example lemon (Citrus limon), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus and Cymbopogon flexuosus), citronella (Cymbopogon nardus L.--Ceylon type and Cymbopogon winterianus--Java type), Litsea cubeba, Lippia citriodora, lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora), lemon gum (Eucalyptus citriodora), and, especially, precious lemon balm oil (Melissa officinalis L.). Isotope data (delta13C(PDB) and delta2H(V-SMOW)) for citral (neral + geranial) and citronellal from on-line GC-C/Py-IRMS and chiral data for citronellal in these essential oils are reported. The possibility of using these data to determine the origin of these essential oils and to detect adulteration is discussed. Principal-components analysis (PCA) of specific compounds in two essential oils of lemongrass and Litsea cubeba was performed as a practical statistical method for distinguishing between these two types of oil.

International audience; Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of seeds, pericarps, leaves and rhizomes of Aframomum dalzielii, A. letestuianum and A. pruinosum grown in Cameroon were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. The seed oils of the three species were characterized by a high content of (E)-(R)-nerolidol (>88.0 %), which was fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy and chiral GC analysis. The main constituents of the pericarp and rhizome oils were monoterpene hydrocarbons, mainly beta-pinene (0.8%-22.9%) and sabinene (29.0%-42.3%), along with 1,8-cineole (4.5%-23.7%); leaf oils were characterized by sesquiterpenes, namely (E)-beta-caryophyllene (18.4%-82.4%) and caryophyllene oxide (4.5%-23.7%). The antibacterial activities of these essential oils and of nine pure compounds (sabirtene, beta-pinene, 1,8-cineole, linalool, racemic (E)-nerolidol, (E)-(R)-nerolidol, (E)-beta-caryophyllene, a-humulene and caryophyllene oxide) were assessed against Micrococcus luteus and Escherichia coli. The strongest activities were observed against E. coli. The seed essential oils and their major component, (E)-(R)-nerolidol, exhibited the lowest MIC values (0.19-0.39 mu L/mL), justifying their traditional use and their potential application as natural food preservatives.