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Banten Bay is a developing area that is used by various activities such as fishing ports, industry and hotels. Many activities in the coastal areas of Serang City and Cilegon Regency have a serious impact on the quality of waters and fishery resources along Banten Bay. This study aims to analyze and determine maximum tolerance limit for bandik grouper (C. boenak) meat and gills which are safe for consumption by adults and children. The study was conducted at six stations, namely Panjang Island and Pamujaan Besar Island during the period of May, June and July 2019. Measurement of heavy metal content on meat and gills carried out using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric (AAS). The content of Pb and Cd in water fluctuates. The metal content of Pb and Cd in the meat and gills of bandik grouper has exceeded the quality standards set by BPOM and FAO/WHO, and is classified as polluted mild to moderate Pb bioconcentration factor values in grouper meat ranged from 6.78-72.00 and Pb bioconcentration in grouper gills 32.86-762.61. The maximum weight of grouper meat that can be tolerated for consumption for adults is 3,5 kg/week and children 1.0 kg/week.

One of the food products commonly contaminated by Salmonella is raw chicken. In wet markets in Southeast Asian countries, chicken carcasses frequently were handled and sold at abused temperatures, above the refrigeration temperatures (>5°C), thus could support the growth of Salmonella. One way to extend the shelf life of raw chicken carcasses at room temperature is by reducing the initial contamination using sanitisers such as ozone micro-bubble water (OMBW) or hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution. The other option is by adding bio-preservative agents such as lactic acid bacteria. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sanitisers in reducing the initial contamination and the potential of lactic acid bacteria in inhibiting the growth of Salmonella in raw chicken fillets stored at abused temperatures. Chicken fillets were artificially inoculated with Salmonella (~5 log CFU/g) and rinsed for 5 minutes with sterile water, OMBW (1 and 2 ppm), or NaOCl solution (50 and 100 ppm). The results showed that washing the chicken fillets with NaOCl 100 ppm gave the most reduction of Salmonella counts. However, there were no significant effects regarding the inhibition of Salmonella growth during temperature abuse between those previously washed with OMBW or sterile water. The addition of L. rhamnosus R23 (6 log CFU/g and 8 log CFU/g) did not significantly inhibit the growth of Salmonella as compared to the control.

This study aims to determine the ability of water hyacinth, heartshape false pickerelweed, and water lettuce as phytoremediation of chlorine in water; to determine the ability of those plants, as well as to accumulate and translocate chlorine in water, bioconcentration factor (BCF), and translocation factor (TF). The research method was used, namely the experimental design method to find the effect of certain treatments on controlled conditions. The results of the study concluded that water hyacinth (Eicchorniacrassipes (Mart.) Solms), heart shape false pickerelweed (Monochoria vaginalis (Burm.F) Presi), and water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) have the ability as phytoremediating agents for chlorine in water, with absorption respectively 79.58% for water hyacinth, 73.60% heartshape false pickerelweed, and 87.39% for water lettuce. These plantsare hyperaccumulators if the absorption / accumulation rate is at least 1000 ppm of contaminants. Thus, the three types of plants (Eichhorniacrassipes, Monochoria vaginalis, and Pistia stratiotes) can be categorized as hyperaccumulator plants for chlorine because their accumulation levels are respectively 1492.35 ppm (E.crassipes), 1374 ppm (M. vaginalis), and 1631.28 ppm (P. stratiotes).

Freshwater ornamental fish such as carp, koi, and betta fish is a kind of a very potential happy developed in the Tulungagung district. The total production in the last 3 years is still above the average production of other freshwater ornamental fish. This study aims to know the best influence on the production of freshwater ornamental fish by the influence of capital, cultivation pond, manpower, and technology. The method of research used is by the purposive sampling method of predetermined culture. Furthermore, the data that has been in can be inserted into SPSS 18 which is in multiple linear regression. The results of this research show that on the cultivation of goldfish, the production factor has a significant effect on the production and the technology variable has the highest beta coefficient of 0.364. For the cultivation of Koi fish, the production factor does not have a significant influence on the production, and the technology variable has the highest beta coefficient of 0.462. For betta fish farming, production factors have no significant effect on production variable and capital variables have the highest beta coefficient of 0.353 which means that production variables are heavily influenced by modal variables. Based on the results of the research can be concluded that out of all production factors, technology has the most influential likelihood on the marketing of freshwater ornamental fish.

Sanitation programs for equipment in food production are designed to reduce the number of microorganisms. Food industries verify the fullfilment of sanitation programs using various methods. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of several methods for evaluate of cleanliness of food production equipment. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and protein residues that were artificially contaminated on stainless steel plates and the number of bacteria and or protein were analyzed using microbiological method with chromogenic media EB, ATP method with bioluminesence assay and protein method with semiquantitative method. The sensitivity and correlation of each method was measured using statistical data. The results showed that the chromogenic media EB and ATP bioluminesence were able to detect the contamination of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella at the lowest concentration of 1 log CFU. The result using chromogenic media EB showed correlation values were 0.9846 and 0.9946, while ATP method showed the correlation value is 0.9785 and 0.9681. ATP and protein method are able to detect protein at high concentrations, but ATP method is positively correlated to the amount of protein residue with a correlation value is 0.884. Concluded that the chromogenic media EB, ATP and protein method able to detect contamination on equipment with fullfilment the performance evaluation .

The growth of microorganisms in food, one of which is lactic acid bacteria (LAB), can produce metabolites beneficial to health. It is essential to study the results of LAB metabolism to improve the quality of a functional food product. This study aimed to evaluate the isolates Lactobacillus acidophilus FNCC 0051 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus R23 to metabolize oligosaccharides as a carbon source so that the final fermentation product can benefit health especially in lowering cholesterol. In vitro testing was carried out on MRS media with or without oligosaccharides, either singly or in a combination consisting of galactooligosaccharides (GOS), fructooligosaccharides (FOS), inulin (IN), inulin hydrolyzate (HI), or their combination as prebiotics by adding 0.3 % oxbile (bile salt) and inoculated with 1% v/v LAB isolate culture and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. The results showed that the main product of oligosaccharide metabolism by L. acidophilus FNCC 0051 and L. rhamnosus R23 produced several organic acids (lactic acid), including short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) (acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid). The single and combined carbon sources affected the proportion of lactic acid and acetic acid produced by L. acidophilus FNCC0051 (p

Biocellulose mask sheet is a new found pharmaceutical cosmetic design that widely commercial. Mostly due to it’s biodegradable properties, provide an eco-friendly waste. Combination of Aloe vera essence (AE) and Vit E to provide and determine it’s respective anti-acne properties in biocellulose mask form. Formulation of biocellulose mask with the help of Acetobacter xylinum bacteria varied with different formulae: F1 (Vitamin E 1%), F2 (E 2.5 %), F3 (AE 5%), F4 (AE 2.5%+Vit E 1%) and F5 (AE 5%+Vit E 1%) followed antimicrobials test with common acne bacteria by diffusion disk against Propionibacterium acne (PAC) ATCC 6919 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAA) ATCC 27853. Study revealed that each formulae design F1; F2; F3; F4; F5 tested against PAC diffusion disk resulted 7.86; 11.67; 10.13; 112.10; 10.33 mm respectively. As for PAA diffusion disk resulted 7.76; 11.63; 10.33; 11.67; 11.00 mm respectively. Biocellulose mask containing combination of AE 2.5% and Vit E (F4) would provide the best anti-acne activity amongst other formulae.

Lake Maninjau is one of the tectovulcanic type lakes in West Sumatra Province which is used as a food source in the presence of fauna groups such as mollusks. The main purpose of this study is to determine the distribution of mollusks concerning the substrate in Lake Maninjau. This research was conducted three times from March-September 2015 at seven points of the river estuary around Lake Maninjau. The result of the study shows that Corbicula moltkiana was mostly found at Pandan station, while Melanoides tuberculata and Anodonta woodiana were mostly found at Muko-Muko station. The distribution pattern of Corbicula moltkiana and Melanoides tuberculata shows a tendency to live in groups. The waters of the estuary around Lake Maninjau are dominated by sand with TN and TP concentrations ranged from 0.093 - 0.610 mg kg-1 and 0.427 - 2.137 mg kg-1, respectively.

Background: Euphorbia prostrata constitutes a herbal medication widely used to cure numerous inflammatory diseases occurring either alone or in conjunction with other herbal formulations. The research conducted was devised with the aim of determining the effect of Euphorbia prostrata hydroalcoholic leaf extract on paw swelling, joint destruction, and the formation of inflammation-producing cytokines in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: Hydroalcoholic Euphorbia prostrata extract and a reference drug (indomethacin 3mg/kg), were both administered orally on a daily basis at varying doses; low (50 mg/kg), medium (100 mg/kg), and high (200 mg/kg) for a period of 21 days. Other parameters affecting the functional components of bone include joint diameter measurements and histopathological investigations. Immunohistochemical analysis of Interleukin (IL-1, IL-6) and Nuclear Factor(NF-κB)in ankle joint tissue was performed. Results: The research findings indicated that a significant (p

Increased production of Seabass fish (Lates calcarifer) influences the stocking density used. The purpose of this study was to determine the growth and survival of Seabass (Lates calcarifer) at different densities of low salinity stocking. The study was conductedin May-June 2019 at the Laboratory of Fisheries, University of Muhammadiyah Malang. The material used in the study of Seabass fish (Lates calcarifer) as many as 550 fish with a size of 7 cm and fish feed in the form of B2 Stella. The method used was experimental with a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications, namely 1 fish/2 L as control (A); 2 fish/2 L (B); 3 fish/2 L (C); 4 fish/2 L (D). Data analysis used anova(P

A study was conducted to study the morphology of the forest cloves groups based on their sizes of their leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds, and to determine their potential yield and optimize their production system. The research was conducted for six months from January until June 2018 in Ambon, Maluku Province, Indonesia. The research used a random sampling technique to > 15-year-old trees in productive clove forest maintained by the local farmer in Ambon. The observation and recording was conducted at several stages of clover growth, namely bud sprouting, flower bud, blooming, perianths and anthers senescence, unripe green and ripe fruits. Different size groups of forest cloves have significant differences in the duration of flower and fruit formation. Forest cloves with large leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds had quicker ripening process than the othersize groups, but their fruits were longer to ripen. Flower from the medium size group had the shortest duration to develop its flower and form its fruit, whereas the smallest type took the longest time in fruit formation process but the duration of fruit ripening was similar to those from large morphology. Among the three different sizes of forest cloves in Maluku, the trees with large leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds group are the best to be commercially developed due to its earliest time to harvest and large flower sizes. Forest cloves are best harvested when the flowers are fully matured, indicated by one or two flower buds from one inflorescence have bloomed.

One of the problems in smallholder oil palm plantations was the financing for replanting and loss of revenues during immature oil palm period. One alternative to the problem was the development of an adaptive plant system through intercropping crops planted among immature oil palm crops. The research was conducted in banjar seminai village, dayun subdistrict, siak regency, Riau Province on May to October 2017. The study used a factorial randomized block design with three replications. Annual crops treatment consists of corn, soybean, eggplant and chili. The results showed that there was positive response of oil palm height on intercropping systems. Corn intercropping plants increased the height of oil palm crops. The intercropping plants had no significant effect on the number of leaf midrib and the width of oil palm canopy. Monoculture oil palm crops without intercropping produced average emissions of 8.78 t CO2 ha-1yr-1. Oil palm intercrop with eggplant and soybean produces the highest CO2 emissions of 10.4 and 10.2 t CO2 ha-¹yr-¹, while oil palm in intercrop with chili produced the lowest CO2 emissions of 8.66 t CO2 ha-1yr-¹.

Cantikgrouper is the hybridization results grouper or cross-breeding between Epinephelus fuscoguttatus as a female and Epinephelus microdon as a male. The main barriers faced in the development of this commodity is still low levels of spawning up to seeding grouper. Based on the background, this study aimed to investigate optimum temperature observations against the rate of embryonic development Epinephelus sp.larvae. This study used the results of artificial spawning eggs.The fertilized eggs were incubated on six pieces of the container temperature treatment;each treatment there was repeated three times.The incubation temperature was kept on (A) 21-22°C; (B) 23-24°C; (C) 25-26°C; (D) 27-28°C; (E) 29-30°C; (F) 31-32°C. Results showed that eggswere incubated at a temperature of 21-22 ℃ embryonic development to a halt in the blastula, and temperature 23-24°C stalled on phasemyomere embryos. The low-temperature incubation period lasts a long time. Temperature 25-26°C needed 18 hours 6 minutes by 8.33% abnormality rate. Temperature 27-28°C needed 16 hours to hatch witha degree of abnormality of 7.6%. Temperature 29-30°C needed 15 hours 1 minute for the hatch tothe degree of abnormality of 5.33%. The 31-32°C temperature needed 14 hours 6 minutes to hatch witha degree of abnormality of 17.3%. The limits of tolerance for the incubation of the eggs ofcantik grouper (Epinephelusspp.) were 26-32°C.The best temperature of each treatment were obtained at a temperature of 29-30°C. Based on our results, it concluded that the changing temperature affected how long eggs could hatch.

Cocos nucifera Linn., which contain lauric acid has been known had antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes that usually improve severe of pimple. Current study investigated optimum formula of emulgel mask based on the C. nucifera L. Extract from Kopyor coconut. Extract were tested for antibacterial against P. acnes ATCC 11827. In this research, C. nucifera L. extract of 1 and 5% were formulated as an active agent of peel off antiacne emulgel mask-containing carbomer 940 in various concentration (1% and 1.5%). The peel-off emulgel mask of C. nucifera L extract was then evaluated in terms of viscosity, pH, drying time, spreadability, and antibacterial activity. The selected formula was formula containing 5% of extract and 1% of carbomer 940. This formula had pH that suitable with skin pH 4.5–6.5, had good spreadability, and also produced highest antibacterial activity against P. acnes.

Tea garden waste has been investigated in the form of parasite tea Squrula oortina Species Family: Loranthaceae from the Dempo Pagar Alam tea plantation, Lahat Regency, South Sumatra. Stem and leaf samples are then dried and powdered, then isolated with 70% water-ethanol subfraction. The extract was then dried by vacuum distillation at 70oC until a concentrated extract without ethanol was obtained. The results of the study were tea parasite extract, and the extract was tested for phytochemicals (monounsaturated fatty acids and double, theobromine derivates, quercetin derivates and Epicatekin derivates). Next, it would be taken to the Laboratory of Biological Sciences at Gajah Mada University to be tested for cytotoxic effects on Hella cells, with control positive doxorubicin. The results of the research were tea leaves extract IC50 = 2538 ug/mL and the standard of doxorubicin IC50 = 0.88 ug/mL so that it could be concluded that the parasite of the tea parasite had cytotoxic and proliferative effects.

Indonesian kefir grains are potential sources of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that may act as probiotics with specific functional properties. In this study we explored the potential of the probiotic and cholesterol-lowering effect of LAB isolated from Indonesian kefir grains obtained from Bogor, Bandung, Jakarta, and Yogyakarta. The results revealed that 10 isolates showed considerable survivability at low pH and bile salt with total cell reduction of ~3 log colony-forming units per milliliter after exposure to pH 2.5 and 0.5% (w/v) bile salt for 1 and 3 h, respectively. All strains exhibited strong antimicrobial activities against pathogenic bacteria and were sensitive to a wide spectrum of antibiotics but exhibited weak bile salt hydrolase activity. Identification based on 16S RNA suggested that nine isolates were Lactobacillus kefiri and one was Lactobacillus rhamnosus. The ability of the isolates to reduce cholesterol from the media varied, ranging from 22.08% to 68.75% with the highest reduction shown by L. kefiri JK17. The ability to remove cholesterol from the media decreased greatly in resting and dead cells, ranging from 14.58% to 22.08% in resting cells and from 7.89% to 18.17% in dead cells. It can be concluded that Indonesian kefir grains contain LAB potentially acting as probiotics capable of reducing cholesterol. The cholesterol-lowering effect especially occurs when the cells are metabolically active.

Coffee constitutes a plant product high in economic value. Extremely abundant throughout Indonesia, different varieties can be found in each region. Coffee leaves represent a by-product of coffee production which are disposed of without being subjected to further processing. One advantage of coffee leaf waste is that it can be made into coffee leaf tea, to prevent various diseases. The caffeine and tannin content can be optimized by temperature and brewing time. Research on coffee leaf tea remains limited, with little study of Liberica coffee leaf tea. This investigation was to determine the optimal brewing time and temperature of Robusta (Coffea canephora) and Liberica (Coffea liberica) coffee leaf tea. This research used the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) method with Central Composite Design (CCD). Data analysis using RSM method was conducted incorporating two factors. The first factor was the brewing temperature with a minimum value of 91 °C and a maximum value of 99 °C. The second factor was brewing time with minimum and maximum values of three and seven minutes respectively. Identifying the optimal treatment was based on two factors, caffeine and tannin content. Optimized processes were applied to conduct organoleptic tests on 110 untrained panelists using the Rate-All-That-Apply (RATA) method to highlight the majority attributes experienced by the panelists. The optimal brewing temperature and duration for robusta coffee leaf tea were 93.43 °C and 4.80 minutes which produced caffeine and tannin levels of 74.90 mg.100mL-1 and 293.01 µg.g-1 respectively. In contrast, in the case of Liberica coffee leaf tea, the optimal brewing conditions comprised a temperature of 91.65 °C and duration of 4.84 minutes which produced caffeine and tannin levels of 72.52 mg.100mL-1 and 415.87 µg.g-1. Results of sensory analysis showed that the majority produced five significant characteristics, namely: sweet flavor, fire flavor, sweet taste, bitter taste and astringent mouthfeel.

This study measured the polarised light reflected from the surface of thermally modified Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood using a Stokes imaging polarimeter. The data were analysed using the Mueller matrix method. The Scots pine boards were heat treated in an oven at temperatures of 160 ºC, 200 ºC and 220 ºC, with a heat treatment time of 3 h at the maximum temperature. The results indicated that the chemical composition of the thermally modified wood underwent a permanent transformation, leading to a change in the degree of polarisation of the reflected light. The presented method provides useful information for inspecting the quality of thermally modified wood products.

The quality of red fruit (Pandanus conoideus) oil (RFO) was strongly influenced by the processing and extraction method. The effect of heat treatment of red fruit using steam pressure at 100, 110 and 120°C during 3-45 mins prior extraction using dry method, againts the oil yield, free fatty acid (FFA), total carotenoids and tocopherols of RFO were investigated, using experimental method. Heat treatment of the red fruit drupa (grains) using pressurized steam (autoclave) at the temperatures of 100, 110 and 120°C, with the pressure of 14.9 psi, for 3 to 45 mins before the oil is extracted by compression using Hydraulic Jack. Furthermore, RFO was analyzed for oil yield, FFA level, total content of carotenoids and tocopherols. The results showed that heating treatment prior extraction increased the oil yield, but decreased carotenoid and tocopherol content. Heating treatment also increased the FFA levels; but tend to decrease with the increasing of temperature and heating time. The minimum FFA level was obtained from heat treatment at 120°C for 20 mins, with the highest oil yield (11.5±0.3% of total grains extracted), and the carotenoids and tocopherols content of 6148±65 ppm and 1515±24 ppm, respectively, as well as the FFA level of 0.76±0.1%, no significant difference (P

Indigenous microorganisms effectively accelerate the decomposition of agricultural waste and agricultural waste that has been decomposed properly can be an organic fertilizer containing macro and microelements. The aim of the study was to determine the potential of indigenous cellulolytic fungi in the palm oil stems after replanting. The research was conducted at the Cikabayan Experimental Field Bogor Agricultural University, Dramaga, West Java. The experiment was conducted in October 2018 until January 2019, using a randomized complete block design consisting of four decomposition methods treatment: control, added with decomposer, chopping, and chopping+decomposer. The results showed that four isolates and isolate A were chosen to calculate the number of fungi at a dilution rate of 10-6 because they had the largest diameter. The identification results of isolate A were Trichoderma harzianum fungi and it was concluded that Trichoderma sp. in the palm oil stem after replanting, it has the potential as an indigenous cellulolytic fungus of oil palm trunks. The chopping+decomposer treatment can accelerate the weathering of the oil palm stem with a significant influence between the treatments that have met the requirements of compost maturity as specified in SNI 19-7030-2004 with ratio C/N 16.11 at 3 months after treatment. Keywords: decomposer, Elaeis guineensis Jacq., isolate, Trichoderma sp.

Highlight The sex ratio of giant prawns in the waters of fe- male groceries is 3 times higher than that of males. The growth characteristic of male and female giant prawns is negative allometry, but the male and female body shapes are fat. Total mortality, capture mortality, catch rate, male prawns are higher than females. The male infinitive growth is longer than the female,but the female’s growth rate is faster than male. Abstract Giant prawns ( Macrobrachium rosenbergii ) is a crustacean class that has the larg- est size and its habitat in Sembakung waters included brackish water (estuarine) with a salinity variable of 6.5 + 0.5 ppt and a temperature variable of 28.5 + 0.5OC and a variable pH of 6 (acidic). The objective of this research was to analyze the growth and mortality model of giant prawns ( M. rosenbergii ) that was taken from the catch of fisherman in the estuary, Sembakung sub-district, Nunukan Regency, Indonesia. The study was conducted for 3 months from November 2019 to Janu- ary 2020. The sampling was by using a survey method with purposive judgment sampling based on a catch of 14 fishermen who used the bottom fish pot from Sembakung waters, Nunukan Regency (Indonesia). The data collection included data of sex, total length, and the total weight of giant prawns. While analysis was employed for growth pattern, condition index, Von Bertalanffy growth, and mor- tality. The results obtain the sex ratio of male and female giant prawns 1:3.67. The growth pattern of male and female giant prawns were allometric negative. The growth of the von Bertalanffy model for infinitive growth of male giant prawns were 21.219 cm and female were 18.42 cm, respectively the mortality from giant prawns obtain total male mortality is 2,257, catch mortality is 1.92 and natural mortality is 33.75% with an exploitation rate of 0.85 (85%). The total female mor- tality is 1.528, catch mortality is 120.1% and natural mortality is 32.69% with an exploitation rate of 0.786 (78.6%).

Catfish farming is growing rapidly because the cultivation and marketing technology is relatively easy for the community to master, and the required business capital is relatively small. Pond water waste originating from fish metabolism and dissolved food waste is toxic to fish. One of the efforts that can be done is fish farming that is integrated with plants through an aquaponics system. Research to determine the effect of AB Mix addition on the growth of African catfish and lettuce cultivated by the aquaponics system. The research method used was an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of three treatments and three replications. The addition of AB mixed nutrition did not differ in the growing significance of catfish and lettuce. However, the increase in growth occurred with an increasing dosage of AB mix with the best treatment with AB Mix 3 mL L-1. This treatment resulted in absolute growth in fish of 20.52 g and 4.62 g of watercress. The use of a dosage of AB mix higher than 3 mL L-1 may result in better growth.

Sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus) is a leading commodity of Indonesian freshwater fishery. Production continues to increase in 2016 reached 22%. cultivators experience constraints on seeding and enlargement due to ectoparasites Trichodina sp. this parasite attacks the outer part of the body marked by the spots on the body. Prevention and treatment of many usses of chemicals that can adversely affect the human body and environtment, so it takes another alternative to replace these chemicals that can adversely affect the human body and environment, so it takes another alternative to replace these chemicals. Cherry Leaf contain compounds Flavonoid, Tannin, Triterpenoid, Saponin and Polifenol as antioxidants, Cherry Leaf useful as an antibacterial. The method used in this research is the experimental method and using Completely Randomized Design (RAL). Concentrations of cherry leaf extract (Muntingia calabura) given include 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% there were 5 treatments and 4 replications. The data obtained were analyzed by ANAVA method (variance analysis) followed by LSD test. The results showed that the use of cherry leaf extract (Muntingia calabura) in treating Trichodina sp parasite has a very real effect with the best value on the presentation of Leukocrit is 2% concentration that produces Leukocrit percentage of 2.68% and percentage of Hematocrit 2% with Hematocrit yield of 11.83%. The clinical symptoms are white spots in all body, pale color, decreased appetite of the mucus that comes out, often rubbing the body to the wall. The result of water quality measurement shows temperature: 24 - 27,2oC, DO: 4,1 - 6,9 and pH: 6 - 8.KEY WORDS: Muntingia calabura, Trichodiniasis, Sangkuriang Catfish, Leukocrit, Hematocrit.

Danau Ebony merupakan danau hias buatan yang di sekitarnya terdapat aktivitas domestik yang menghasilkan limbah yang dapat mempengaruhi kualitas perairan dan biota yang ada didalamnya, salah satunya zooplankton. Danau Ebony dijadikan objek studi untuk melihat keterkaitan antara komunitas zooplankton dengan kualitas air. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan April-Agustus 2014 pada 5 stasiun pengambilan contoh dengan interval satu bulan. Berdasarkan hasil, komunitas zooplankton di perairan Danau Ebony terdiri atas kelompok Rotifera (7 genera), Crustacea (3 genera), dan Protozoa (2 genera). Kelimpahan tertinggi adalah genus Brachionus dari kelompok Rotifera. Kelompok Rotifera berkorelasi negatif kuat dengan TSS, kekeruhan, ammonia dan berkorelasi positif kuat dengan pH. Hal ini menandakan tingginya TSS, kekeruhan, ammonia diikuti oleh rendahnya kelimpahan Rotifera, sedangkan tingginya pH diikuti oleh tingginya kelimpahan Rotifera. Kelompok Protozoa berkorelasi positif kuat dengan TSS dan berkorelasi negatif kuat dengan suhu.

Cronobacter spp. has been reported to cause meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and septicemia in a group of infants through the consumption of powder infant formula. These bacteria are reported to withstand various stress conditions such as heating, drying, low water activity, low pH, etc. A local isolate of Cronobacter sakazakii YRt2a was reportedly survived and entered Viable But Non-Culturable (VBNC) conditions during desiccation stress. This study aims to study the behavior of local isolates of Cronobacter spp. in response to acid stress and its resuscitability. C. sakazakii E2 and YRt2a were grown in TSB at pH 3.0±0.2 or 3.5±0.2. The number of culturable cells and viable cells were enumerated by the Total Plate Count and Direct Viable Count methods, respectively. Resuscitation was done by growing the stress or VBNC cells in TSB with or without sodium pyruvate, catalase, Tween 20, or Cronobacter autoinducer. The results showed that C. sakazakii E2 and YRt2a entered VBNC state after 60 mins of exposure to pH 3.0±0.2, while remained culturable after 120 minutes exposure to pH 3.5±0.2. TSB with or without sodium pyruvate, catalase, Tween 20, or Cronobacter autoinducer could resuscitate the stress or VBNC cells of C. sakazakii. Stress or VBNC state experienced by C. sakazakii in response to acid tends to be transient and can be resuscitated. C. sakazakii experiencing stress or VBNC may pose a risk for food safety.

The area of mangrove Segara Anakan has a high economic value so that there is a high interest to various land uses in this area. This condition leads to the change in ecological function of the mangrove which has impacts on the decreased production of mangrove crabs. This study was desighed to analyze the areas of catching crabs related to mangrove ecosystem. This study was conducted for six months in the 3 mudcrab catching areas (Western Area, Central Area, and Eastern Area). The analysis used in this study was a one way ANOVA statistic for the crabs catching in these 3 catching areas, and a simple linear regression to analyxe the correlation betwen annual crab production and mangrove area. The results showsed that mud crabs catchings in the 3 areas is 5861.7; 6072.87; dan 7689.4 kg were significantly different (P

Aim: (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has been reported as inducing apoptosis in cervical cancer. However, EGCG demonstrates low skin permeability. In order to develop topical delivery of EGCG, the partition coefficient, log P, was modified using a reverse micelle method. Results & methodology: During this study, Tween 80 and Span 80 were added to EGCG at hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) values of 4.3, 6 and 8. The results showed that lowering the HLB value increases the log P value of EGCG and results in higher IC50 values in Henrietta Lacks (HeLa) cancer cells than that of EGCG. Surfactant-modified EGCG-HLB 6 produced faster and deeper skin penetration than EGCG. Conclusion: Modification of log P value using a combination of Tween 80 and Span 80 improved cytotoxicity and topical delivery of EGCG.

Liquid waste of tofu production has a high content of organic matter which can lead to a decrease in water quality. This study was aimed to obtain an optimal combination of duration and waste concentration in tofu liquid waste treatment using Chrysopogon zizanioides. Response surface method using Design Expert 7.0 software was applied to optimize combination response of duration (3, 9, 15 days) and waste concentration (20, 40, 60%), aided by Design Expert 7.0 software. The optimum treatment was 15 days with 20% waste concentration, reducing 55.48% of COD, 37.86% BOD, 93.51% TSS, 87.86% Turbidity, increasing DO to 7.2 mg/L and pH to 7.2.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been isolated from Indonesian fermented foods such as tempe and tape. Some lactic acid bacteria are known to have health benefits and as probiotics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria isolated from tempe and tape. LAB isolated from tape were evaluated for their tolerance towards low pH (pH 2.0) and 0.5% bile salt. LAB isolated from tape and tempe resistant to low pH and bile salt were then evaluated for their antimicrobial activities against pathogenic bacteria (E. coli ATCC 25922, S. typhimurium ATCC 14028, L. monocytoge-nes ATCC 7644, S. aureus ATCC 25923 and B. cereus ATCC 11778). The isolates were also tested for their adherence properties, consisting of hidrophobicity test using microbial adhesion to solvents (MATS) assay, autoaggregation as well as coaggregation between LAB and pathogens. The results of this study indicated that three isolates from tape (L. fermentum 1 BK2-5, L. fermentum 2 BK2-7, P. acidilactici NG6-4) showed good tolerance to pH 2.0 and 0.5% bile salt. L. fermentum S21209 isolated from tempe showed the strongest antimicrobial activity against the five pathogens tested. Based on the adhesion to xylene, L. fermentum 1 BK 2-5 was categorized as strong hydrophobic, followed by L. fermentum S21209 and L. fermentum TS4-5. Meanwhile, L. fermentum TS 4-5, L. fermentum S21209, L. fermentum 1 BK 2-5 and P. pentose-ceus 1 W2SR04 have the highest autoaggregation ability. L. fermentum S21209 also had the highest co-aggregation ability to the five pathogenic bacteria tested. The ability of LAB to coaggregate with all pathogens tested correlated with their strong antimicrobial properties. Based on the resistance toward low pH and bile salt, antimicrobial activity and adherence properties, L. fermentum S21209 from tempe and L. fermentum 1 BK 2-5 from tape are the most potential as probiotic candidates.

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of acid stress on the expression of stress regulator (grxB and rpoS) and virulence (ompA, hfq, and cpa) genes of Cronobacter sakazakii Yrt2a. The results showed that C. sakazakii Yrt2a experienced decrease in number during acid stress and was no longer culturable 90 min post exposure to pH 3.0. During acid stress, the expression of grxB, rpoS, ompA, cpa and hfq was upregulated by 2.15; 2.19; 1.55; 1.1 and 1.41 log, respectively. However, all genes expression was downregulated when the bacteria entered the unculturable state. The expression of gene grxB, rpoS, ompA, cpa decreased to 1.04; 0.37; 0.84 and 1.71 log, respectively; while hfq gene expression reached a level lower than that of control. This research implies a supposition that during acid stress, C. sakazakii was capable of maintaining its culturability and pathogenicity until they are no longer culturable.

Lipase-catalyzed transesterification between refined bleached deodorized palm olein (RBDO) and tricaprylin to produce medium-long-medium structured lipid (MLM-SL) in a packed bed reactor has been investigated. A specific sn -1,3 commercial Lipozyme TL IM was used as biocatalyst. Within this study, the progress of transesterification was monitored especially for triacylglycerol (TAG) formation with equivalent carbon number (ECN) of 32, presumably 1,3-dicapryoyl-2-oleoyl- sn -glycerol (COC). Transesterification conditions investigated were residence times ( i.e ., 15, 30, and 60 min) and enzyme loadings (2 and 4.5 g). The highest yield of ECN 32 (13%) and transesterification degree (71%) were obtained at residence time of 15 mins for both enzyme loadings. Longer residence time seemed to facilitate lipid hydrolysis over transesterification. This was indicated by the number of peaks appearing in the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatograms and the reduction of of fat slip melting point (SMP). Additionally, at 4.5 enzyme loading the highest productivity was obtained for one-cycle reaction. Conclusively, this study has demonstrated the potential use of packed-bed reactor with immobilized Lipozyme TL IM for continuous synthesis of MLM-SLs especially TAG ECN32.

Moisture content of tomato (Licopersicon esculentum Mill.) is very high, so easily damaged due to physical impact, enzyme and microbes activity. Further processing is necessary in order to improve shelf life, one way is drying method. This work studied the effect of foaming agent and cake thickness in tomato drying using tray dryer at various temperatures. Foaming agent is used to convert the material into foam, so that the drying temperature can be set relatively low to preserves color, aroma and nutrient composition of the material. The tray dryer is used, because it is simple and the operation cost is relatively cheap. In this work, tomatoes were sliced, crushed for 10 minutes using blender, separated from the seeds and residues with a 60 mesh sieve, and then mixed with dextrin and foaming agent Tween 80 each by 5% weight respectively. Each mixture was blended for 10 minutes. The tray dryer was filled with hot air at 2.0 m/sec with temperature variation of 40, 50, 60 and 70oC and cake thickness variation of 2 and 4 mm. The results obtained, drying at 50° C is faster than 40o C, while 50 to 70o C is relatively the same. The thicker the cake, the slower the drying time. Performance of foaming agent Tween 80 compared to chemical foaming agent is a natural egg white powder. Drying with a foaming agent Tween 80 faster than egg white powder. Keywords: cake thickness ; foaming agent ; tomato ; tray dryer

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kebun Sei Lukut, First Resources Group yang terletak di Desa Maredan Barat, Kecamatan Tualang, Kabupaten Siak, Provinsi Riau dari bulan Maret sampai Juni 2016. Kegiatan penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan, memperoleh pengalaman dan keterampilan kerja tentang budidaya kelapa sawit khususnya dalam manajemen panen. Pengamatan yang dilakukan meliputi angka kerapatan panen, taksasi panen harian, kapasitas panen, tenaga kerja panen, evaluasi panen, sarana dan prasarana panen, dan manajemen transportasi panen. Kebun Sei Lukut secara umum telah melaksanakan prosedur kerja secara baik pada setiap kegiatan budidaya kelapa sawit seperti pada kegiatan pemanenan. Permasalahan dalam kegiatan panen yang ditemukan di Kebun Sei Lukut yaitu, persentase pemakaian alat pelindung diri yang rendah, dan kapasitas panen masih dibawah standar perusahaan.

Cronobacter spp. in powdered infant formula has been etiologically linked to meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis in certain groups of infants. This study aimed to determine whether C. sakazakii Yrt2a strain experiencing desiccation stress could enter viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state as well as to examine the expression of genes associated with stress and virulence during the above states. Stress and VBNC conditions were determined based on viability and culturability assays. Expression of genes related to stress (rpoS) and virulence (hfq and ompA) was evaluated by real-time PCR. The results showed that C. sakazakii Yrt2a entered VBNC 24 days post exposure to 2 h of desiccation treatment. The expression of rpoS, hfq and ompA genes was up-regulated during stress conditions, suggesting that Cronobacter successfully managed stress to maintain its culturability while maintaining its virulence. The expression of the target genes decreased at VBNC state but remained higher than that of a normal state. These findings reinforce the assumption that C. sakazakii undergoing VBNC state maintains its pathogenicity.

Dendrobium is characterized by long pseudobulbs or canes with soft leaves over the entire length, or in some species short or swollen pseudobulbs with two leathery leaves. The inflorescence is composed from dozens of flowers of different sizes and colors. This study aimed to identify the quantitative morphological character of five species of Dendrobium spp. namely D. mirbelianum, D. lamellatum from Java, D. anosmum from South Kalimantan, D. bracteosum from Papua, and D. purpureum from North Sumatera. The resulted dendrogram based on the similarity matrix were divided into two clusters, among the five species the value of similarity coefficient is 1.50. The first cluster is only composed from D. mirbelianum, the second cluster is D. lamellatum, D. purpureum, D. bracteosum, and D. anosmum which have more distant relationship with the other three orchids. Moreover, D. lamellatum and D. purpureum have the closest similarity coefficient with 0.81 value, which have bigger chance to use as the parents for hybridization. There are many Dendrobiums spp. distribution which based on the relationship area. In addition to quantitative properties, it also needs to be expanded to qualitative, anatomy, cytology, and also molecular characteristic to have more comprehensive data.

The use of pesticides and fertilizers containing Pb in agriculture will leave residues in soil, water, and plants. This Pb will be accumulated in the human body and, have a negative impact gradually on human health. The use of gamma-irradiation of Aspergillus niger is expected to reduce the levels of metals and residues triazofos onions. Bioremediation technique using gamma rays against a. niger is still quite a bit or a new research so the research on this is still a little The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of technology A. niger low dose gamma irradiation in reducing heavy metals and low triazofos residue on onion. Apergillus niger low dose gamma irradiated, mixed with organic materials such as Kohe, rice husk and bran. The mixture is fermented for 8 days and then applied to the soil of onion in Bradford to measure levels of Pb and triazofosnya residue. The Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometer (GCMS) was used in this study. The result showed Pb that goes into the water very small and more are stuck in the ground and Pb accumulated in onion is still quite high. Triazofos residue concentrations in onions undetectable or very low in quality standards established under 0,005 ppm. The conclusion of this study, Aspergillus niger were not irradiated and irradiated can withstand heavy metals Pb in soil so it goes into the water a little, but not optimal in Pb which adsorbs into the onion and pesticide residues on onions Triazofos undetected. Keywords: Aspergillus niger , residual triazofos, gamma radiation, onion

The ability of East Manggarai Regency to meet the electricity needs of the region is estimated at only 44.91%. This metter is caused by natural conditions that have a dry climate and critical land, making it difficult to can improve of community economy and generaly region for development of adequate electricity. Therefore, the electrical energi need has been to development challenge, while fossil energi untenable. The construction of a biomass from the Gamal (Gliricidia sepium) plant is a potential alternative to develop. This research aimed to identify the potential lands for Gamal and predict the electricity potency. The method was image analysis from Citra TM 8 using GIS Version 10.1 as an analysis tool. Collecting data was through community interviews with purposive sampling method. The results of this study described the degraded land areas of 187.462,01 hectares which are the potential land for Gamal planting. Prediction of critical lands could produce 98 181.76 m3 of wood products and generate 18.90 MW / year of electricity.

Informasi yang lengkap mengenai reproduksi, perkembangan awal, dan pertumbuhan larva menjadi sangat penting dalam upaya penangkaran dan reintroduksi spesies ikan yang terancam punah. Salah satu di antara spesies yang mulai terancam adalah ikan elangi Arfak, Melanotaenia arfakensis yang sudah berada dalam kategori rentan dan informasinya masih sangat terbatas. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mendeskripsikan aktivitas pemijahan, perkembangan awal, dan pertumbuhan larva spesies ikan elangi ini dalam kondisi laboratorium. Percobaan dalam skala laboratorium dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret-September 2017. Ikan yang digunakan berasal dari Sungai Nimbai. Sebanyak tiga pasang individu jantan dan betina dengan kisaran ukuran 46,5 sampai 60,1 mm dipilih untuk perlakuan. Namun, hanya satu pasangan yang berhasil diamati aktivitas pemijahannya secara lengkap. Pemijahan berlangsung di antara waktu pagi hari sampai siang hari dalam tiga periode pemijahan. Dalam setiap periode, pemijahan berlangsung di antara 8 dan 11 hari. Antarperiode pemijahan membutuhkan waktu 14 sampai 22 hari. Setelah dibuahi, telur dilekatkan dengan filamen pada substrat pemijahan dan diletakkan pada kedalaman 7,3-24,3 cm dari permukaan air. Satu kelompok telur yang dipijahkan terdiri atas 78-116 butir dengan kisaran diameter di antara 1,05 dan 136 mm. Telur menetas dalam periode 4 sampai 10 hari. Panjang tubuh larva yang baru menetas berkisar 4,13-4,40 mm dan akan mencapai ukuran 7,85 mm dengan tingkat sintasan 48,1% setelah 41 hari. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan beberapa kuntungan dari karakteristik pemijahan dan pertumbuhan tahap awal yang bermanfaat untuk upaya penangkaran dan pelepasliaran ikan ini ke habitat aslinya. Dengan demikian, populasinya di sistem Sungai Prafi dapat tetap dilestarikan.

Objectives: The development of oral vaccine formulations has been widely investigated to overcome oral route problems. This research investigated the in vivo immune response of ovalbumin-alginate microspheres by uptake compared with a commercial oral vaccine product. Materials and Methods: Ovalbumin-loaded alginate microspheres were prepared using aerosolization. Ovalbumin antigen in vivo uptake was investigated in order to understand the distribution and uptake by Peyer’s plaque (PP) after oral administration using fluorescence microscopy. The histopathology of ovalbumin-alginate microspheres in the liver and kidney was also investigated. Results: The use of alginate microspheres to deliver vaccines could be a promising delivery system for the development of oral vaccines because uptake by PP is an essential step in oral vaccination. Conclusion: Fluorescence visualization revealed the uptake of ovalbumin-loaded alginate microspheres with and without lyoprotectant maltodextrin by PP was equal to the oral vaccine product and no liver or kidney damage was found.

The degradation of anthocyanins from Clitoria ternatea L. flower (CT) extract at pH 7 bottled with 0% and 50% volume of headspace (HS0 and HS50, respectively) were studied at various temperatures (7, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90°C). The extract was stable at 7°C up to 56 days. The effect of the presence of headspace to accelerate the degradation was significance at ≥30°C. The color and chemical degradation were adequately be described by the first order reaction kinetics. However, the degradation at 30°C was faster than at 45°C. The activation energy for the chemical degradation of HS0 and HS50 extracts at 45-90°C were 83.21 and 101.15 kJ/mol. The decrease of A628 was the fastest, followed by A580 and A550, respectively. By the evidence collected, it was proposed that the degradation of anthocyanins in CT extract was initiated by the unfolding and the deacylation of anionic quinonoidal base species.

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk a)-mengetahui serta mentabulasikan kepemilikan luas lahan dan jumlah tanaman (pohon) cengkeh yang ditanam petani atau pekebun; b)-menganalisis seberapa besar intesitas serangan penyakit BPKC terhadap kerusakan tanaman (pohon) cengkeh yang dimiliki petani atau pekebun; c)-menganalisis seberapa besar kehilangan hasil dan kerugian hasil produksi (dalam rupiah) tanaman cengkeh akibat serangan penyakit BPKC; d)-mendeskripsikan persepsi masyarakat petani atau pekebun terhadap penyakit (BPKC) dan upaya-upaya pencegahan serta menanggulanginya. Jenis penelitian ini adalah studi kasus secara deskriptif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah petani cengkeh di wilayah Kecamatan Wonosalam Kabupaten Jombang. Adapun sampel populasi penelitian ini ditentukan secara purposive sampling dari kelompok petani cengkeh. Responden terdiri dari delapan (8) ketua kelompok tani dan delapan (8) anggota kelompok tani, sehingga total berjumlah 16 orang. Pengumpulan Data, baik data primer maupun data sekunder dilakukan dengan cara wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi.Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan, bahwa total kepemilikan lahan 16 responden seluas 33,3 Ha dengan total populasi tanaman cengkeh 4.435 pohon, yang terdiri dari 2.704 pohon kondisi sehat dan 1.663 pohon kondisi terserang BPKC. Jadi tanaman yang terserang BPKC sebanyak 37,49 % atau nilai Intensitas Serangan (ISR) sebesar 37,49 %.Rerata Kepemilikan lahan per petani seluas 2,1 Ha dengan populasi tanaman cengkeh 277,1 pohon,dimana jumlah pohon yang terserang 108,1 pohon dan yang sehat 169 pohon, maka nilai Intensitas Serangan (ISR) sebesar 39,01 %.Kehilangan Hasil Cengkeh sebesar 22,5 kuintal per tahun atau sekitar 39,01% per tahun, sehingga mengurangi penghasilan atau pendapatan petani atau pekebun tanaman cengkeh sebesar Rp. 276.750.000,- per tahun, apabila harga rerata cengkeh sekarang Rp. 123.000,- per kg kering panen.Persepsi petani cengkeh terhadap serangan BPKC adalah sangat merugikan petani, terutama yang diserang tanaman–tanaman yang produktif. Disamping itu mereka perlu adanya bibit unggul yang tahan terhadap BPKC dan petani merasa putus asa karena tidak berhasil memberantas penyakit tersebut, meskipun sudah berusaha dan berupaya semaksimal mungkin. Kata Kunci : Kehilangan Hasil, Tanaman Cengkeh, BPKC. ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to a) determine and tabulate the ownership of land area and the number of plants (trees) planted clove farmers or planters; b) to analyze how much the intensity of disease BPKC to damage plants (trees) clove owned by farmers or planters; c) to analyze how much yield loss and loss of production (in rupiah) cloves BPKC due to disease; d) describing the public perception of farmers or planters to disease (BPKC) and the efforts to prevent and mitigate them.This research is a descriptive case study. The population in this study is the clove farmers in the District Wonosalam Jombang. The sample of the study population is determined by purposive side of a group of cloves farmers. Respondents consisted of eight (8) farmer groups and eight (8) members of farmer groups, so that a total of 16 people. Data collection, both primary data and secondary data by interview, observation and documentation.The results of this study indicate that the total tenure of 16 respondents covering 33.3 hectares with a total population of clove plant 4435 trees, which consists of 2,704 trees and 1,663 healthy trees attacked BPKC conditions. So the affected plants BPKC as much as 37.49% or intensity values Attacks (ISR) amounted to 37.49%.Average land ownership per farmer area of 2.1 hectares with a population of 277.1 clove plant a tree, where the number of trees attacked by 108.1 healthy trees and 169 trees, then the value of Intensity Attack (ISR) amounted to 39.01%.Losing Results Cloves of 22.5 quintal per year, or approximately 39.01% per year, thus reducing the income or the income of farmers or planters clovesRp. 276 750 000, - per year, if the average price of cloves now Rp. 123,000, - per kg of dry harvest.Perception clove farmers against attacks BPKC is very detrimental to farmers, especially those that attacked the plants productive. Besides, they need their superior seeds that are resistant to BPKC and farmers are desperate because they failed to eradicate the disease, though he tried, and try as much as possible. Keywords: Loss Results, Plant cloves, BPKC

A spectroscopic study was conducted to evaluate the colour degradation mechanism of anthocyanin-rich extract from butterfly pea petal. The extract was diluted in four different solvent systems, which were buffer solution pH 7 (AQ7) and the mixture of organic solvent with buffer solution pH 7 (4:1 v/v). The organic cosolvent involved were methanol (ME7), ethanol (ET7) and acetone (AC7). The samples were stored in containers with 0% and 50% headspace, and their colour intensity, total anthocyanin and hypsochromic shift were evaluated periodically. The rank of colour and anthocyanin degradation from the biggest was AQ7 > ME7 > ET7 > AC7. The longest hypsochromic shift was AQ7 > ME7 > ET7, while in AC7 the shift was absent. There was evidence that the volume of package headspace provoked colour stability. The colour degradation in AC7 was proposed to occur through hydrophobic interaction unfolding, and in AQ7 was through the deacylation, while in ME7 and ET7 was due to both mechanisms.

Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) is palm oil industry waste which has very large volume compared with another commodity of agro-industry waste in Indonesia. Trichoderma sp. and Larva Black Soldier Fly (BSF) with bioconversion method can be used as probelem resolve of EFB. The EFB material was obtained from Palm Oil Factory in Banten. EFB was researched in Indonesian Ornamental Fish Culture Research Institute in Depok and the result test was taken at the Laboratory of Animal Science and Technology of Bogor Agricultural University. The percentage of Trichoderma sp. fermentation (5%, 10% and 20% ) affected EFB palatability of BSF larvae and the fermented EFB with 10 % of Trichoderma sp. has a feasibility to be used as medium of BSF larvae with yield of 73.28 gram on day 4 th from the initial weight of mini larvae BSF 5 grams. At the bioconversion stage using BSF larvae with a dose of 10% Trichoderma sp. (5 gram, 15 gram and 25 gram) was obtained significant result on the initial weight of mini larvae 5 gram to 230.34 gram from fermented EFB weight of 550 gram on day 8 th , so that the average yield of average larvae was obtained By 39%. Result of proximate test of larvae on dry condition 100% obtained crude protein content (PK) 35.40 - 42.31% and crude fats (LK) 3.33 – 36.41%. Therefore, by using this test result, it will be possible to be used as poultry feed ingredient candidate in the future.

Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen reported to cause necrotizing enterocolitis, bacteremia, and meningitis in certain groups of infant. C. sakazakii has been reported to survive at low aw or dryness. Presence of wild-type C. sakazakii in dry product is difficult to be distinguished from naturally occuring C. sakazakii. A pGFPuv mutant of C. sakazakii has been reported to have similar growth pattern, thus has the potential to be used in further investigation. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of initial moisture content and relative humidity (RH) on the survival rate of C. sakazakii pGFPuv in corn kernels during storage at room temperature. The study consists of drying corn kernels to achieve moisture contents of 12 and 16% (w.b), inoculation of C. sakazakii pGFPuv, and storage at RH 50, 70 and 90% for 12 weeks. Every two week, corn kernels were sampled and the moisture content was measured using oven method, water activity was measured with aw meter, and total C. sakazakii pGFPuv was enumerated by spread plate method. Meanwhile, total bacteria, mold and yeast were enumerated by pour plate method. Corn kernels achieved equilibrium moisture content and aw after two weeks of storage. The number of C. sakazakii decreased rapidly during storage at RH 70 and 90%, however they could survived at RH 50% for 12 weeks, especially when the initial moisture content was 16%. The total bacteria decreased by 3.5-3.9 Log CFU/g during storage at three RHs, but mold and yeast increased rapidly at RH 90%.