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As doenças que acometem a pele e anexos de equídeos no semiárido nordestino foram analisadas mediante um estudo retrospectivo dos registros de atendimento na Clínica de Grandes Animais do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, de janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2012. Dos 2.054 atendimentos 1.786 eram equinos, 200 eram asininos e 58 eram muares. Os diagnósticos de dermatopatias totalizaram 535 casos (26,05%) dos quais 447 foram em equinos, 68 em asininos e 20 em muares. Nos equinos as dermatopatias mais frequentes foram a pitiose (24,38%), as feridas traumáticas (23,04%), os abscessos (12,75%), o tecido de granulação (8,5%) e a habronemose (7,38%). Juntas essas enfermidades totalizaram 76,05% dos diagnósticos de dermatopatias para essa espécie. Em asininos as doenças mais frequentes foram feridas traumáticas (47,5%), sarcoide (19,11%) e abscessos (13,23%). Estas enfermidades juntas representaram 79,84% das doenças de pele nesta espécie. Os muares apresentaram feridas traumáticas em 30% dos casos e carcinoma de células escamosas e habronemose em 15% cada. As três enfermidades representaram 60% dos diagnósticos de doenças de pele nesta espécie. Conclui-se que as doenças de pele são uma das principais causas de atendimento clínico em equídeos na região semiárida do nordeste do Brasil e os conhecimentos gerados neste estudo são importantes para o reconhecimento, diagnóstico e tratamento das mesmas. Diseases that affect the skin and appendages of equidae in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil were analyzed through a retrospective study of records of the Large Animal Clinic of the Veterinary Hospital at the Federal University of Campina Grande, from January 2002 to December 2012. At all, 2054 equidae entered the hospital being 1786 horses, 200 donkeys, and 58 mules. A total of 535 (26.05%) were affected by skin diseases, 447 horses, 68 donkeys and 20 mules. In horses the more prevalent skin diseases were pythiosis (24.38%), traumatic injuries (23.04%), abscesses (12.75%), granulation tissue (8.5%), and habronemiasis (7.38%); together, these diseases represented 76% of dermatological problems observed in this species. In donkeys the more frequent diseases, representing 79.84% of the skin diseases, were traumatic wounds (47.5%), sarcoid (19.11%), and abscesses (13.23%). In mules the most frequent disease was traumatic wounds (30%) and habronemiasis and squamous cell carcinoma (15% each), which together accounted for 60% of the skin diseases in this species. It is concluded that skin diseases are important in equidae in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil and the knowledge generated in this work is important for the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases.

Habronemiasis is a parasitic disease of horses and other equids which is caused by the invasion of Draschia megastoma, Habronema majus, and H. muscae nematodes and is transmitted by house flies, face flies, and stable flies. The adult nematodes live in the horse's stomach, laying eggs, which pass out in the horse's feces. The carrier flies lay eggs in the horse's manure, which becomes infested with larvae while the flies feed in the manure. The nematode larvae molt while in the fly larvae and develop into infective L3 larvae by the time the adult flies emerge from their pupal stage. The infective larvae are then transmitted to the horse when flies feed on secretions or discharges from hosts' eyes, nostrils, mouths, wounds, and other openings. The L3 larvae are ingested by the horse and are then able to complete their lifecycle. The most common aberrant forms (conjunctival and cutaneous habronemiasis) are associated with the nematode larvae being deposited in these areas, not completing its life cycle, with resultant signs probably associated with local hypersensitivity. This article details the biology of nematode parasites, diagnosis and treatment of this condition, and methods of prevention and control of the transmitting flies.

Habronema muscae (Spirurida: Habronematidae) occurs in the stomach of equids, is transmitted by adult muscid dipterans and causes gastric habronemiasis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the morphological aspects of adult worms of this nematode in detail. The worms possess two trilobed lateral lips. The buccal cavity was cylindrical, with thick walls and without teeth. Around the mouth, four submedian cephalic papillae and two amphids were seen. A pair of lateral cervical papillae was present. There was a single lateral ala and in the female the vulva was situated in the middle of the body. In the male, there were wide caudal alae, and the spicules were unequal and dissimilar. At the posterior end of the male, four pairs of stalked precloacal papillae, unpaired post-cloacal papillae and a cluster of small papillae were present. In one case, the anterior end showed abnormal features.

O trabalho teve como objetivo comparar a técnica de Grocott metanamina de prata (GMS) com o método imunoistoquímico de streptavidina-biotina marcada (LSAB) no diagnóstico da pitiose. Fragmentos de feridas cutâneas suspeitas de pitiose provenientes de 55 eqüinos foram processados pelas técnicas de hematoxilina/eosina, GMS e imunoperoxidase (LSAB). Trinta e quatro casos foram positivos pelo GMS, dos quais 28 apresentaram imunomarcação (LSAB) positiva para Pythium insidiosum. Os seis casos restantes apresentaram diagnóstico compatível de zigomicose. Foram diagnosticados como tecido de granulação com infiltração de eosinófilos sem áreas de necrose (nove casos), tecido de granulação com infiltrado de eosinófilos e presença de áreas de necrose (sete), habronemose (quatro) e sarcóide (um). Concluiu-se que a imunoperoxidase pelo método LSAB apresenta maior especificidade no diagnóstico de infecção pelo P. insidiosum do que pelo método GMS. The main goals of this study were to perform an anatomopathological evaluation of equine tissue naturally infected with Pythium insidiosus and to compare the reliability of Grocott methenamine silver nitrate (GMS) and the labeled streptavidin-biotin (LSAB) techniques for the diagnosis of pythiosis. Samples of cutaneous wounds suggestive of pythiosis obtained from 55 horses were histologically studied using hematoxylin-eosin and GMS stains, and LSAB. Twenty eight, out of 34 GMS-positive samples, were LSAB-positive for Pythiuminsidiosum. The six LSAB-negative samples were apparently cases of zygomicosis. The remaining samples were diagnosed as follow: granulation tissue with eosinophilic infiltration without necrotic areas (nine cases); granulation tissue with eosinophilic infiltration and necrotic areas (seven); habronemiasis (four); sarcoid (one). In conclusion, the LSAB method was more specific for the diagnosis of P. insidiosum when compared to GMS.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la presencia de habronemosis gástrica en la población de caballos peruanos de paso de la zona sur de Lima. Se colectaron muestras fecales a 264 equinos de diferentes edades, sexo y procedencia, las cuales fueron procesadas mediante la técnica de Xenodiagnóstico. Se encontraró 45 equinos positivos a habronemosis que representan el 17.1 ± 2.0% (I.C. 95%) de los animales muestreados. Se halló una relación significativa entre la presencia de Habronema muscae con el sexo y el distrito de procedencia de los animales (p

Objective—To describe clinical manifestations of cutaneous and ocular habronemiasis in horses and evaluate outcome of treatment. Design—Retrospective study. Animals—63 horses. Procedure—The diagnosis was made on the basis of history, clinical signs, and identification of calcified concretions (sulfur granules) in lesions. Histologic examination of biopsy specimens was used to confirm the diagnosis. Case horses were compared with a control population of 12,720 horses examined during the same period. Results—Arabians, gray horses, and horses with diluted coat colors were overrepresented; Thoroughbreds were underrepresented. Lesions were identified most often during the summer and early fall. The medial canthus of the eye, male genitalia, third eyelid, and distal portions of the extremities were the most commonly affected locations. Twenty-five lesions were biopsied, and results of histologic examination were consistent with a diagnosis of habronemiasis. However, nematode larvae were seen in only 11 (44%) biopsy specimens. Treatment consisted of surgical removal (7 horses) or medical treatment (56) consisting of debulking granulation tissue and topical, intralesional, or systemic treatment with corticosteroids. All horses were treated with ivermectin. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that cutaneous and ocular habronemiasis should be considered when examining a horse during the summer months with a proliferative, moist, granulomatous lesion. Treatment should be aimed at decreasing the size of the lesion, reducing inflammation, and preventing recurrence. In general, the prognosis was good, and healing occurred within a few weeks. Fly control and regular deworming with ivermectin are recommended to reduce the incidence of habronemiasis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;222: 978–982)