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Insects such as Tenebrio molitor have been considered an alternative source of nutrition for animals and have also been adopted as human food throughout history, especially in Asia and Africa. Lipids are the second most abundant component followed by proteins. However, studies focusing on comprehensive lipid composition analsysis of these widely reared species are limited. The untargeted lipidomic analysis of yellow mealworm larvae (T. molitor) led to the identification of several lipid molecular species from lipid classes such as: free fatty acids, sphingolipids, phospholipids, and triacylglycerols. The results revealed that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (45%) are the most abundant fatty acids, followed by monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) (42%) and saturated fatty acids (13%). Fatty acids such as FA 18:1 and FA 18:2 are the most abundant fatty acids and are substantially enriched in other complex lipids in the form of esters. Moreover, functional lipids such as sphingomyelins, ceramides, cardiolipins, phosphatidylinositols, and phosphatidylethanolamines were characterised for the first time, with a large number of MUFAs and PUFAs as their main acyl chains. Overall, our data showed the occurrence of multiple structurally diverse lipids in T. molitor, suggesting that mealworms are not only enriched with proteins but also have several functional lipids, which are highly beneficial to human and animal health. Thus, the larvae of T. molitor could serve as a promising candidate for the development of functional food and feed products.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) has been reported most often in recent days. In a clinical aspect there are various reasons for this cause. Out of 100 samples tested (Clinical samples from Rashi Diagnostic Center- Bangalore NABL laboratory), under the analytical aspect several comparative analysis was done. Urine was tested within half an hour of the collection. Physical characteristics of Urine sample were studied initially. Laura M is the device used to analyses the Uro-dip. Sugar and the presence of albumin was also found. Sediment of the centrifuged sample was subjected to gram staining and direct microscopic analysis. Pus cells, epithelial cells, yeast cells and rod shaped bacteria. It was found that epithelial cells are visualized in female samples and very less or not visualized in male samples. Bilirubin content, Bile salt content and ketone bodies were analyzed and compared in each of the samples. Sample is then subjected to culturing were the T streak is done on the Mac Conkey agar and Blood agar. This will differentiate between the lactose and Non-Lactose fermenting bacteria. Each of the colony is subjected to Gram staining. Yeast cells are also reported often. Though the yeast cells are the commensals they are considered non- pathogenic. But it was found that the yeast with pseudo-hyphae are pathogenic in nature. Both Lactose and Non-Lactose fermenting bacterial colonies from Blood agar is subjected to various biochemical methods to identify the organism. The most commonly noticed non-lactose fermenting organism was Pseudomonas spp. And Lactose fermenting organisms were Escherichia coli, Enterobacteria spp and Klebsiella spp. Each Colony from the culture plate was picked and streaked on the MHA agar and Kirby Bauer method has been performed (Disc diffusion method) under the McFerland standard. Zone of inhibition of each organism towards the antibiotic in the disc was recorded.

Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn (E. coracana) is one of the highest consuming food crops in Asia and Africa. E. coracana is a plant with several medicinal values including anti-ulcerative, anti-diabetic, anti-viral and anti-cancer properties. However, the anti-inflammatory property of E. coracana remains to be elucidated. Therefore, the objective of present study was to investigate the potential in isolated molecule from E. coracana via a combination of in vitro, in vivo and in silico methods. In this study we have isolated, purified and characterized an anti-inflammatory molecule from E coracana bran extract known as syringol. Purification of syringol was accomplished by combination of GC-MS and RP-HPLC techniques. Syringol significantly inhibited the enzyme activity of sPLA2 (IC50 = 3 µg) and 5-LOX (IC50 = 0.325 µg) in vitro. The inhibition is independent of substrate concentration, calcium ion concentration and was irreversible. Syringol interacts with purified sPLA2 enzymes as evidenced by fluorescence and molecular docking studies. Further, the syringol molecule dose dependently inhibited the development of sPLA2 and carrageenan induced edema. Furthermore, syringol decreases the expression of cPLA2, COX-2, IκBα, p38 and MPO in edematous tissues as demonstrated by western blots. These studies revealed that syringol isolated from E coracana bran may develop as a potent anti-inflammatory molecule.

Background and Aim: Anthrax, caused by the soil-borne spore-forming bacteria called Bacillus anthracis, is a zoonotic disease that persists worldwide in livestock and wildlife and infects humans. It is a great hazard to livestock; henceforth, evaluating the global concerns about the disease occurrence in livestock is essential. This study was conducted to estimate the global prevalence of anthrax and predict high-risk regions, which could be an input to veterinarians to take necessary steps to control and avoid the disease. Materials and Methods: A literature review was performed using online databases, namely, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Biomed Central, and Science Direct, to extract relevant publications worldwide between 1992 and 2020. Initially, 174 articles were selected, and after scrutinizing, 24 articles reporting the prevalence of anthrax were found to be adequate for the final meta-analysis. The statistical study was accompanied by employing fixed effects and random effects models using R. Results: The pooled prevalence of anthrax globally was 28% (95% confidence interval, 26-30%) from 2452 samples through the fixed effects model. Continent-wise subgroup analysis through the random effects model revealed that the pooled prevalence of anthrax was highest in Africa (29%) and least in North America (21%). Conclusion: In these publications, anthrax causes economic loss to farmers and, thus, to the world. Hence, controlling anthrax infections in high-risk regions are essential by implementing appropriate control measures to decrease the effect of the disease, thereby reducing economic loss.

Finger millet is gaining importance as a food crop with the increasing emphasis on nutritional aspects and drought resilience. However, yield improvement has stagnated. Therefore, popular varieties have been examined for the purpose of whether direct selection for grain yield can be continued or an alternate trait-based approach using the germplasm is necessary. Direct selection for grain yield over the ruling variety, cv. GPU-28 (Germplasm Unit) has not been satisfactory. The path analysis has revealed a high direct effect of mean ear weight on grain yield followed by a moderate direct effect of photosynthetic rate and leaf area index. Furthermore, backward stepwise regression analysis revealed that among the independent traits, the mean ear weight made a significant contribution (60.8%) towards grain yield, followed by the photosynthetic rate (39.2%). The regression equation predicts the inclusion of mean ear weight by 1.0 g extra (as in GE-2672) to cv. GPU-28 will increase grain yield by 4.74%. The trait-specific genotypes are superior to the cv. GPU-28 were GPU-67 (photosynthetic rate) and GE-2672 (mean ear weight) and they could be used as donors for yield improvement. Future selection would aim for genotypes having 70–75 days for flowering with 4−5 productive tillers and mean ear weight of more than 8−9 g/ear. The possible approaches for enhancing grain yield are also discussed.

Little is known about whether risk classification at diagnosis predicts post-hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) outcomes in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We evaluated 8709 patients with AML from the CIBMTR database, and after selection and manual curation of the cytogenetics data, 3779 patients in first complete remission were included in the final analysis: 2384 with intermediate-risk, 969 with adverse-risk, and 426 with KMT2A-rearranged disease. An adjusted multivariable analysis detected an increased risk of relapse for patients with KMT2A-rearranged or adverse-risk AML as compared to those with intermediate-risk disease (hazards ratio [HR], 1.27; P = .01; HR, 1.71; P < .001, respectively). Leukemia-free survival was similar for patients with KMT2A rearrangement or adverse risk (HR, 1.26; P = .002, and HR, 1.47; P < .001), as was overall survival (HR, 1.32; P < .001, and HR, 1.45; P < .001). No differences in outcome were detected when patients were stratified by KMT2A fusion partner. This study is the largest conducted to date on post-HCT outcomes in AML, with manually curated cytogenetics used for risk stratification. Our work demonstrates that risk classification at diagnosis remains predictive of post-HCT outcomes in AML. It also highlights the critical need to develop novel treatment strategies for patients with KMT2A-rearranged and adverse-risk disease.

The present study was performed to find out the structural similarity of hydroalcoholic extract of abutilon indicum and standard non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) using various analytical and chromatography techniques. The characterization was performed by fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), UV–Vis spectrophotometer, thin layer chromatography (TLC), and reverse-phase high phase liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Paracetamol and aceclofenac were used as standard NSAIDs. The FTIR peaks obtained for abutilon indicum were at wavenumber 2933.81, 2359.61, 1459.90, 762.73, 1640.09, 1559.74, and 3253.75 cm−1 confirms the presence of aromatic acid, hydroxyl group, and carboxylic groups. In addition, the UV–Vis profile showed peaks at 274 nm and 244.5 nm for abutilon indicum in methanol and sodium hydroxide respectively. Further, the TLC method showed the retention factor (Rf) values at 0.38 and 0.36 for abutilon indicum which were almost similar to Rf values of paracetamol and aceclofenac. The peak and retention time from RP-HPLC for abutilon indicum showed the values at 3.640 and 2.603 that were in accordance with standard NSAIDs. Thus, this study can give an insight that abutilon indicum does contain structures similar to paracetamol and aceclofenac which are responsible for their analgesic activity.

Aim Biomimetic implant surface coatings can improve osteoblast response and enhance osseointegration. This study aimed to assess the response of osteoblast-like cell line (MG-63) coating of injectable platelet-rich fibrin on titanium discs. Materials and methods Injectable-PRF (i-PRF) was prepared by centrifugation of blood at 700 rpm for 3 minutes without any anti-coagulant in i-PRF tubes. Ten commercially pure titanium discs were divided into control groups comprising plain discs, and test group, titanium discs were coated with i-PRF. These were then added to the cultured MG-63 cells. Cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase production, and mineralization were assessed in both groups at day 1, 7, 14, and 21. Results The cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase production, and mineralization increased significantly from day 1 to day 21 in both test and control groups and was significantly higher in the test group than in control group at day 1, 7, 14, and 21 (p Conclusions Coating of titanium discs with i-PRF causes increased proliferation, alkaline phosphatase production, and increased mineralization at day 1, 7, 14, and 21 in MG-63 osteoblast-like cells. Clinical significance Improved osteoblast proliferation and mineralization demonstrate enhanced activity on the surface of an implant, which in turn may lead to increased bone to implant contact and faster/ and/or enhanced osseointegration.

High-risk B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is an aggressive disease, often characterized by resistance to chemotherapy. A frequent feature of high-risk B-ALL is loss of function of the IKAROS (encoded by the IKZF1 gene) tumor suppressor. Here, we report that IKAROS regulates expression of the BCL2L1 gene (encodes the BCL-XL protein) in human B-ALL. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments demonstrate that IKAROS binds to the BCL2L1 promoter, recruits histone deacetylase HDAC1, and represses BCL2L1 expression via chromatin remodeling. In leukemia, IKAROS’ function is impaired by oncogenic casein kinase II (CK2), which is overexpressed in B-ALL. Phosphorylation by CK2 reduces IKAROS binding and recruitment of HDAC1 to the BCL2L1 promoter. This results in a loss of IKAROS-mediated repression of BCL2L1 and increased expression of BCL-XL. Increased expression of BCL-XL and/or CK2, as well as reduced IKAROS expression, are associated with resistance to doxorubicin treatment. Molecular and pharmacological inhibition of CK2 with a specific inhibitor CX-4945, increases binding of IKAROS to the BCL2L1 promoter and enhances IKAROS-mediated repression of BCL2L1 in B-ALL. Treatment with CX-4945 increases sensitivity to doxorubicin in B-ALL, and reverses resistance to doxorubicin in multidrug-resistant B-ALL. Combination treatment with CX-4945 and doxorubicin show synergistic therapeutic effects in vitro and in preclinical models of high-risk B-ALL. Results reveal a novel signaling network that regulates chemoresistance in leukemia. These data lay the groundwork for clinical testing of a rationally designed, targeted therapy that combines the CK2 inhibitor, CX-4945, with doxorubicin for the treatment of hematopoietic malignancies.

Genetic purity is one of the quality criteria required for successful seed production of maize. In hybrid seed production, genetic purity is contaminated due to out-crossing from other varieties or selfing events. In this study, Single nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) and Grow-out test (GOT) method was used for the objective to assess genetic purity of maize hybrid varieties with their parents produced by various seed growers in the country. Six three way cross hybrid (3WCH) maize varieties and seven single crosses were collected from different sources then planted with their parents in 2019. Genetic purity analysis by SNP revealed that 74% of an inbred line showed an acceptable genetic purity level (>95%). However, five inbred lines (CML395, A7033, F7215, SC22 and 124-b(113)) revealed heterogeneity >0.05 ranged from 0.13 to 0.20. All single crosses except A7033/F7215 and all the 3WCH varieties showed the genetic purity level ranging from 40 to 66% and 44 to 63% across seed sources, respectively. Based on GOT results, the level of type in single crosses and 3WCH variety across seed sources ranged from 7.1 to 46.4% and 3.6 to 35.7%, respectively. Generally, in the current result both SNP and GOT showed both heterogeneity and homogeneity of seed. This implies the presence of variation among seed producers in terms of producing high quality seed. Therefore, awareness should have to be given for each individual seed producers on quality seed production techniques and procedures that they have to follow. Similarly, genetic purity analysis could be conducted further in the seed system to provide error correction and to ensure seed quality assurance and control.

The heterogeneity of breast tumors presents a challenge in disease management, necessitating an understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving breast tumorigenesis. Aberrant expression of microRNAs is known to promote tumor growth and progression. Our previous RNA-sequencing dataset revealed the upregulation of miR-362-5p and miR-454-3p in breast tumors. We investigated potential role of miR-362-5p and miR-454-3p in breast cancer using MDAMB231 and MCF7 cell lines. The expression of miR-362-5p and miR-454-3p were altered in MCF7 and MDAMB231 using mimics and inhibitors. The effect on cell viability, cell cycle progression and migration was assessed using Alamar blue assay, flow cytometry and wound healing assay. Further, the expression of potential target genes were measured using real-time PCR. Our results indicated that an increased expression of miR-362-5p promoted cell growth and survival in MCF7, but decreased cell migration. In contrast, miR-362-5p overexpression reduced cancer cell growth, survival and migration in MDAMB231. Overexpression of miR-454-3p was oncogenic in both cell lines but suppressed migration in the aggressive cell line MDAMB231. Two microRNAs, miR-362-5p and miR-454-3p, were evaluated for functional activity in breast cancer cell lines and they showed increased proliferative signals and tumorigenic properties.

Natural phytochemicals isolated from medicinal plants acts as inhibitors for pathogenic microorganisms which causes contagious diseases to human beings. The present study was done to explore the antimicrobial activity of aqueous and aqueous-ethanol extract of Punica grantum leaves. The phytochemical analysis of both the extracts revealed the presence of total phenolics & flavonoids at varied concentration. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was carried out by disc diffusion method. Both the aqueous and aqueous-ethanol extract showed the antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, Shi. dysentriae & Shi. flexineri. The antimicrobial activity of the Punica grantum leaves extracts could be attributed by the presence of phenolics and flavonoids.

Background A major challenge in bone tissue regeneration is the use of right combination of stem cells with osteoinductive biomaterials. Hence, the present in vitro study was aimed at evaluating the effect of mineralized teeth matrix (MTM) and demineralized teeth matrix (DTM) on the selected cellular and biological characteristics of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). Methods Established DPSCs were cultured in conditioned media (CM) of MTM and DTM and analyzed on their morphology, proliferation rate, population doubling time (PDT), viability, migration ability, ploidy and expression of cell surface markers, Further, the effect of MTM and DTM on the biocompatibility and osteogenic differentiation ability of DPSCs was evaluated. Results The DPSCs exhibited a fibroblast-like morphology with >80% viability. Cells were highly proliferative with an average PDT of 61 ​± ​12 ​h. A greater proliferation of DPSCs in the scratched area was observed when cultured in CM of teeth matrix compared to the cells in basal media. Moreover, no chromosomal abnormalities were induced during the culture of DPSCs. Flow cytometry analysis showed that DPSCs in basal media and CM of MTM and DTM were positive for CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90 (>70%), and negative for CD34 and CD45 ( Conclusion MTM and DTM-derived CM enhanced the proliferation and selected phenotypic markers expression with no chromosomal abnormalities in DPSCs. In addition, both matrices were biocompatible with DPSCs and increased the osteogenic differentiation through higher nodule formation.

Chillies are widely used throughout the world in the form of spice and are also used in making beverages and medicines. They are rich in vitamins, especially in vitamin A and C. Chillies contain lots of minerals like potassium, magnesium, and iron. They have been employed for pain relief as they are known to inhibit pain messengers and hence their extracts are used to alleviate the pain of arthritis, headaches, burns, and neuralgia. It is also claimed that they have the power to boost the immune system and lower cholesterol. They are also helpful in getting rid of gut parasites. In this regard we attempted to do a geographical survey about the chilly varieties and chilly growing states in India. We collected the local varieties of chillies available in Karnataka and performed genetic variation studies to understand their relationship at the genetic level. PCR analysis was done using the selected random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker to identify the polymorphic loci between the genotypes taken. DNA Barcoding was done to validate the species using basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) and Clustal Omega, further dendrogram was constructed which guide the joining linkage rule of unweighted pair group average (UPGMA) and the genetic distance to compute from matrix table. The results obtained highlight the relationship between species of Capsicum annum, Capsicum frutescens which are closely related followed by Capsicum pubescens and Capsicum baccatum providing knowledge about its application in genetics and plant breeding in developing efficient hybrid variety.

Contrast between marker-assisted backcross (MABC) and doubled haploid (DH) methods in transferring genes for resistance to maize lethal necrosis (MLN) in maize (Zea mays L.) is not well understood....

Around the world, Indigenous peoples have stories about wildlife that reflect knowledge and feelings about animals and their relationship to humans. Different people's experiences speak to the variety of interactions people have with animals in the spaces where humans and non-human animals live and interact. These stories are often told by women, reflecting the ways in which gender mediates human–environment relations. Yet gendered differences in knowledge and experience are rarely addressed in wildlife conservation research and action. Even community-based conservation efforts often ignore or marginalize the knowledge and experiences of women. We present women's stories and experiences of wildlife from Maasai communities in Tanzania and Soliga communities in India. We show that women have the desire and knowledge to participate in conservation decision-making but are currently marginalized from community conservation practice. We argue that including women in research and action is key for successful community-based wildlife conservation.

— Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (COVID-19) is associated with uncontrolled inflammatory responses. Loss of pulmonary angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) function has been associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aberrant signalling and dysregulated inflammation characteristic of lung cancer have marked similarities with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Spearman’s correlation analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets indicated an inverse correlation between ACE2 and IL6 in lung adenocarcinoma. qRT-PCR analysis revealed CoV-2-SRBD-mediated diminished ACE2 expression in lung cancer cells that was concomitant with increased IL6 expression. Western blot and qRT-PCR analysis suggested that treatment with methotrexate (MTx) dampened CoV-2-SRBD-mediated increase in JAK1/STAT3 phosphorylation, gp130, IL6, and folate-binding protein (FBP) expressions. MTx also rescued the diminished expression of ACE2 in CoV-2-SRBD transfected cells. As lung tissue injury in severely affected COVID-19 patients is characterised by aberrant inflammatory response, repurposing MTx as an effective therapy against critical regulators of inflammation in SARS-CoV-2 infection warrants investigation.

Genomic prediction models are often calibrated using multi-generation data. Over time, as data accumulates, training data sets become increasingly heterogeneous. Differences in allele frequency and linkage disequilibrium patterns between the training and prediction genotypes may limit prediction accuracy. This leads to the question of whether all available data or a subset of it should be used to calibrate genomic prediction models. Previous research on training set optimization has focused on identifying a subset of the available data that is optimal for a given prediction set. However, this approach does not contemplate the possibility that different training sets may be optimal for different prediction genotypes. To address this problem, we recently introduced a sparse selection index (SSI) that identifies an optimal training set for each individual in a prediction set. Using additive genomic relationships, the SSI can provide increased accuracy relative to genomic-BLUP (GBLUP). Non-parametric genomic models using Gaussian kernels (KBLUP) have, in some cases, yielded higher prediction accuracies than standard additive models. Therefore, here we studied whether combining SSIs and kernel methods could further improve prediction accuracy when training genomic models using multi-generation data. Using four years of doubled haploid maize data from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), we found that when predicting grain yield the KBLUP outperformed the GBLUP, and that using SSI with additive relationships (GSSI) lead to 5–17% increases in accuracy, relative to the GBLUP. However, differences in prediction accuracy between the KBLUP and the kernel-based SSI were smaller and not always significant.

Resistance to cancer chemotherapy is a major global health burden. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a proven therapeutic target for multiple cancers of epithelial origin. Despite its overexpression in >90% of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients, tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as erlotinib have shown a modest response in clinical trials. Cellular heterogeneity is thought to play an important role in HNSCC therapeutic resistance. Genomic alterations alone cannot explain all resistance mechanisms at play in a heterogeneous system. It is thus important to understand the biochemical mechanisms associated with drug resistance to determine potential strategies to achieve clinical response. We investigated tyrosine kinase signaling networks in erlotinib-resistant cells using quantitative tyrosine phosphoproteomics approach. We observed altered phosphorylation of proteins involved in cell adhesion and motility in erlotinib-resistant cells. Bioinformatics analysis revealed enrichment of pathways related to regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix (ECM)–receptor interaction, and endothelial migration. Of importance, enrichment of the focal adhesion kinase (PTK2) signaling pathway downstream of EGFR was also observed in erlotinib-resistant cells. To the best of our knowledge, we present the first report of tyrosine phosphoproteome profiling in erlotinib-resistant HNSCC, with an eye to inform new ways to achieve clinical response. Our findings suggest that common signaling networks are at play in driving resistance to EGFR-targeted therapies in HNSCC and other cancers. Most notably, our data suggest that the PTK2 pathway genes may potentially play a significant role in determining clinical response to erlotinib in HNSCC tumors.

Background Angiogenic ocular diseases address the main source of vision impairment or irreversible vision loss. The angiogenesis process depends on the balance between the pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors. An imbalance between these factors leads to pathological conditions in the body. The vascular endothelial growth factor is the main cause of pathological conditions in the ocular region. Intravitreal injections of anti-angiogenic drugs are selective, safe, specific and revolutionized treatment for ocular angiogenesis. But intravitreal injections are invasive techniques with other severe complications. The area of targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptors progresses with novel approaches and therapeutically based hope for best clinical outcomes for patients through the developments in anti-angiogenic therapy. Main text The present review article gathers prior knowledge about the vascular endothelial growth factor and associated receptors with other angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors involved in ocular angiogenesis. A focus on the brief mechanism of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors in the treatment of ocular angiogenesis is elaborated. The review also covers various recent novel approaches available for ocular drug delivery by comprising a substantial amount of research works. Besides this, we have also discussed in detail the adoption of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems in ocular angiogenesis by comprising literature having recent advancements. The clinical applications of nanotechnology in terms of ocular drug delivery, risk analysis and future perspectives relating to the treatment approaches for ocular angiogenesis have also been presented. Conclusion The novel ocular drug delivery systems involving nanotechnologies are of great importance in the ophthalmological sector to overcome traditional treatments with many drawbacks. This article gives a detailed insight into the various approaches that are currently available to be a road map for future research in the field of ocular angiogenesis disease management.

This chapter provides an overview of structures and functions of complex carbohydrates (commonly called glycans) that are covalently linked to proteins or lipids to form glycoconjugates known as glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans. To understand the complexity of the glycan structures, the nature of their monosaccharide building blocks, how the monomeric units are covalently linked to each other, and how the resulting glycans are attached to proteins or lipids are discussed. Then, the classification, nomenclature, structural features, and functions of the glycan moieties of animal glycoconjugates are briefly described. All three classes of glycoconjugates are constituents of plasma membranes of all animal cells, including those of the nervous system. Glycoproteins and, particularly, proteoglycans are also found abundantly as constituents of tissue matrices. Additionally, glycan-rich mucin glycoproteins are the major constituents of mucus secretions of epithelia of various organs. Furthermore, the chapter draws attention to the incredible structural complexity and diversity of the glycan moieties of cell surface and extracellular glycoconjugates. Finally, the involvement of the glycans as informational molecules in a wide range of essential functions in almost all known biological processes, which are crucial for development, differentiation, and normal functioning of animals, is discussed.

Limited or low Nitrogen is a wanting abiotic stress in maize mainly in Sub-Sahara Africa, affecting yields and quality development of maize crop. As an approach to getting a breeding solution; mapping of QTLs and understanding the heritability factor can provide useful information and guide for breeders in developing low nitrogen resilient maize. QTL mapping which is a molecular breeding component forms an actual basis in estimation of genomic regions associated to the expression of quantitative traits, and how heritable are such traits. Conducting a selection for Low N-tolerance is challenging due to its complex nature with strong interaction between genotypes and environments; therefore, marker assisted breeding is key to improving such complex traits, but at the same time requires markers associated with the trait of interest. In this study, three bi-parental populations were subjected to either or both low and optimum N conditions to detect and determine the QTLs heritability for grain yield and other agronomic traits. Essential to the study; genotype by environmental interaction, significance and heritability was examined for each population with most traits expressing low (). These QTLs with high heritabilities across environments will be of great value for rapid introgression into maize populations using marker assisted selection approach. The study was a preliminary and therefore require further validation on heritability and fine mapping for them to be useful in MAS.

Although CAMKK2 is overexpressed in several cancers, its role and relevant downstream signaling pathways in gastric cancer (GC) are poorly understood. Treatment of AGS GC cells with a CAMKK2 inhibitor, STO-609, resulted in decreased cell proliferation, cell migration, invasion, colony-forming ability, and G1/S-phase arrest. Quantitative phosphoproteomics in AGS cells with the CAMKK2 inhibitor led to the identification of 9603 unique phosphosites mapping to 3120 proteins. We observed decreased phosphorylation of 1101 phosphopeptides (1.5-fold) corresponding to 752 proteins upon CAMKK2 inhibition. Bioinformatics analysis of hypo-phosphorylated proteins revealed enrichment of MAPK1/MAPK3 signaling. Kinase enrichment analysis of hypo-phosphorylated proteins using the X2K Web tool identified ERK1, cyclin-dependant kinase 1 (CDK1), and CDK2 as downstream substrates of CAMKK2. Moreover, inhibition of CAMKK2 and MEK1 resulted in decreased phosphorylation of ERK1, CDK1, MCM2, and MCM3. Immunofluorescence results were in concordance with our mass spectroscopy data and Western blot analysis results. Taken together, our data reveal the essential role of CAMKK2 in the pathobiology of GC through the activation of the MEK/ERK1 signaling cascade.

A series of chalcones (1-14) were synthesized, characterized (using IR and 1H NMR techniques), and evaluated with an objective to manage rice root-knot nematode (RRKN) (Meloidogyne graminicola) both under pluronic gel and field conditions. Out of these fourteen compounds, 1-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-phenyl-propenone (13) and 1,3-diphenyl-propenone (14) showed promising and dose dependent activity at 10, 20, and 40 mg L-1. A significant reduction in penetration of second stage juveniles (J2s) in rice roots was observed in compounds 13 (9.5-12.0 J2s/plant) and 14 (10.5-13.4 J2s/plant) compared to control plants (PB1121) (13.5-23.6 J2s/plant) in pluronic gel study. The results of field trials indicated that 14, showed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) better plant growth on 28 days after sowing (DAS) compared to 13. Both 13 and 14 reduced gall formation significantly than carbofuran 3 G @1 kg a.i./ha. However, lower concentrations were less effective in field in reducing the gall formation. Also, a significant reduction in the number of galls was observed when soil was drenched with 14 @ 40 mg L-1. However, root dipping was not as effective as soil drenching. The study revealed that both the chalcones have the potential for effective management of RRKN in fields, and can be a better alternative to carbofuran.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is spread through the air from person to person and mainly targets the lungs. The tuberculosis epidemic has been complicated by the emergence of drug-resistant TB and HIV-associated TB. In Malaysia, there were an estimated 0.4% of 40,000 TB cases with MDR-TB in 2014. The acquisition of drug resistance in M. tuberculosis is mainly depending on the efflux mechanisms which allow the bacteria to tolerate higher levels of a drug. The evolutionary pathway of drug resistance is influenced by epistasis and bacterial fitness. There are a few risk factors that responsible for the occurrence of drug-resistant TB. Keywords: Tuberculosis, Drug­resistant Tuberculosis, Malaysia.

Aims Elimination of microorganisms and prevention of recurrence of infection from the complex root canal system of primary teeth requires an obturating material with broad antimicrobial activity. Hence, the purpose of the study is to assess and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of Triclosan, Amoxicillin and Eugenol individually and in combinations against a resistant microorganism viz., Enterococcus faecalis. Materials and methods A two-fold serial dilution method was used to check the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of triclosan, amoxicillin and eugenol against thirty E. faecalis (isolated from oral lesions). The resistant strains were subjected to different combinations of three agents by modified checkerboard method. MIC was determined after incubation for 24 hours at 370°C. Then the three dilutions from MIC were inoculated on BHI agar plates and incubated overnight to determine minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Results The mean MIC and MBC of triclosan was 3.43 μg/mL and 3.75 μg/mL respectively. Whereas for amoxicillin, it was 3.43 μg/mL and 3.85 μg/mL. Eugenol did not show any inhibition up to a concentration of 3200 μg/mL. In combination, eugenol showed good synergistic effect with both triclosan and amoxicillin. In combination with triclosan, eugenol showed much promising result as compared with amoxicillin. But triclosan and amoxicillin combination showed inhibition at higher concentrations. Conclusion Triclosan and eugenol combination showed better effectiveness against E. faecalis in comparison to amoxicillin and eugenol. Triclosan and amoxicillin showed antagonism when used in combination against E. faecalis. How to cite this article Gowda J, Tavarageri A, Kulkarni R, et al. Comparative Assessment of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Triclosan, Amoxicillin and Eugenol against Enterococcus faecalis. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(1):59-62.

The experiment was laid out in a Factorial Randomized Block Design with sixteen treatments and replicated three times. There was no significant difference among the treatments with respect to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of leaves under different levels of planting geometry and interaction effect. But different nutrient levels had significant influence in the N, P and K content in isabgol plant. Higher N (3.76%), P (0.7%) and K (3.59 %) content in the leaves was observed when plants supplied with 75 % RDF (37.5:18.75:22.50 + 7.5 t FYM). The maximum uptake of N (229.11 kg /ha), P (43.98 kg /ha) and K (218.46 kg /ha) was found at row spacing of 22.5 cm, which was significantly superior to other spacing levels.Nutrients had significantly influenced the N, P and K uptake. The 75 % RDF (37.5:18.75:22.50 + 7.5 t FYM) level recorded maximum uptake of N (166.36 kg /ha), P (32.13 kg /ha) and K (158.39 kg /ha), which was significantly superior to all other nutrient levels.Among the interactions, 22.5 cm row spacing + 75 % RDF (37.5:18.75:22.50 + 7.5 t FYM) recorded significantly maximum N, P and K uptake (252.05, 49.31 and 238.85 kg/ha respectively). Where, RDF= recommended dose of fertlizer, FYM = Farm yard manure

Sandalwood is now became a component of agro forestry in Karnataka. A field survey was conducted in sandalwood plantation to know the influence of sandalwood and associated cultivation practice on enrichment of plant diversity. Till planting of sandalwood, farmer has followed clean cultivation later allowing the weeds to grow. Sample survey was conducted through grid method. The major biodiversity was contributed by naturally regereated plant species. Seventeen tree species, ten shrub species, five climbers and forty six herbs, mainly belonging to fabaceae, amaranthaceae and poacea were found in the studied plantation indicating positive association of local flora with sandalwood.

The experiment was laid out in a Factorial Randomized Block Design with sixteen treatments and replicated three times. The result indicated that the spacing of 22.5cm recorded significantly maximum number of spikes (36.50), seed yield (1221 kg /ha), husk yield (305 kg/ha), swelling factor (13.70 cc /g) and protein content (11.91%) in the seeds. Among the different nutrient levels, maximum number of spikes (35.79), seed yield (904 kg /ha), husk yield (225 kg/ha), swelling factor (13.93 cc /g) and protein content (12.24 %) of seeds were obtained with the application of 75 % RDF (37.5:18.75:22.50 + 7.5 t FYM.) and the interaction of row spacing of 22.5 cm and 75% RDF recorded maximum yiled and quality parameters found non significant.

Mutations in ALDH3A2 cause Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome (SLS), a neuro-ichthyotic condition that is caused by deficiency of fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH). We screened for novel mutations causing SLS among Indian ethnicity, characterized the identified mutations in silico and in vitro; and retrospectively evaluated their role in phenotypic heterogeneity. Interestingly, asymmetric distribution of non-classical traits was observed in our cases. Nerve conduction studies suggested intrinsic-minus-claw hands in two siblings, a novel neurological phenotype to SLS. Genetic testing revealed 5 novel homozygous ALDH3A2 mutations in six cases: Case-1-NM_000382.2:c.50C>A, NP_000373.1:p.(Ser17Ter); Case-2-NM_000382.2:c.199G>T, NP_000373.1:p.(Glu67Ter); Case-3-NM_000382.2:c.1208G>A, NP_000373.1:p.(Gly403Asp); Case-4-NM_000382.2:c.1325C>T, NP_000373.1:p.(Pro442Leu); Case-5&6-NM_000382.2:c.1349G>A, NP_000373.1:p.(Trp450Ter). The mutations identified were predicted to be pathogenic and disrupts the functional domains of the FALDH. p.(Pro442Leu) at the C-terminal α-helix, might impair substrate gating process. Mammalian expression studies with exon-9 mutants confirmed the profound reduction in the enzyme activity. Diminished aldehyde oxidizing activity was observed with cases-2&3. Cases-2 & 3 showed epidermal hyperplasia with mild intracellular edema, spongiosis, hypergranulosis, and perivascular-interstitial lymphocytic infiltrate and a leaky eosinophilic epidermis. The presence of keratin-milia like lipid vacuoles implies defective lamellar secretion with p.(Gly403Asp). This study improves our understanding of the clinical and mutational diversity in SLS, which might help to fast-track diagnostic and therapeutic interventions of this debilitating disorder. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The continuous rise in global population demands more food production under limited land resources accompanied by climate change. More oversupply of quality seeds to meet ever-growing food demand is a highly challenging task. Seeds with low vigour level limit the growth and yield of crops at varied field conditions. Hence, an experiment was conducted to develop a technique for the fast and homogeneous growth of kabuli chickpea seeds. The priming treatments evaluated in the present study enhanced the various seed quality parameters of kabuli chickpea significantly when compared to control. Hydro-priming for 4 hours (at 20°C) and air drying for 72 hours showed better results compared to rest of the treatments both in fresh seeds which recorded higher first count (66.38%), germination (92.50%) root length (11.85 cm), shoot length (6.16), mean seedling length (18.01), dry seedling weight (747 mg), seedling vigour index-I (1665), higher speed of emergence (0.3992) and old seeds with higher first count (61.88%), germination (74.13%) root length (8.15 cm), shoot length (5.85 cm), mean seedling length (14.00 cm), seedling dry weight (611 mg), seedling vigour index-I (1056), higher speed of emergence (0.3814). The aged seeds have recorded 29 % increase in germination percentage in contrast to 8 percent increases in fresh seeds. Kabuli chickpea seeds could be subjected to hydropriming, an affordable, alternative, and eco-friendly technique for improving seed and seedling vigour of kabuli chickpea.

Objectives: The garlic and its principle sulfur compound, diallyl disulfide (DADS), have been claimed to have hypoglycemic activity and are helpful in achieving glycemic control in diabetes mellitus. The exact uric acid mechanism about the DADS controls on glucose level in diabetes mellitus is not clearly established though it is known that DADS does influence insulin action probably by improving insulin half-life. A study was undertaken to examine the role of DADS on purine metabolism and their metabolites in the diabetic condition and the probable connection of uric acid, xanthine oxidase and adenosine deaminase (ADA) enzymes in rat model. Materials and Methods: The induction of diabetes was done by alloxan and diabetic rats were treated with DADS for 30 days and compared with the standard hypoglycemic drug metformin. Purine metabolites alteration was measured by the activities of ADA, xanthine oxidase, and uric acid in the diabetes induced rats. Results: DADS which exhibits its strong action on glucose utilization in the liver tissues by regulating the purine metabolites in diabetic condition showing favorable changes in the levels of xanthine oxidase, ADA, and uric acid levels. Conclusion: This establish the possible effect of DADS on purine metabolites in alloxan diabetic liver tissues and to associate this action of DADS with metformin which is a common drug used for treating type-2 diabetes mellitus. DADS can be used as a therapeutic drug for glycemic control in diabetes mellitus.

Delineating species distribution comprising information on habitat suitability is vital for developing conservation strategies. Like many other snake species Lycodon flavicollis is a poorly studied peninsular Indian endemic species known only from few locality records. We used MaxEnt following the small sampling approach to determine the probable distribution of the species. We found that the majority of the predicted area falls under Deccan Peninsular (Central Plateau and Deccan South) region of India followed by parts of Western Ghats. Isothermality and mean temperature of wettest quarter had considerable influence on the predicted distribution range of the species. The findings of the present work show that, our modelling approach may help in identifying new areas where this species may occur. We discussed the usefulness of this approach in determining potential distribution of data deficient species such as L. flavicollis. Additionally, we have also provided significant information on morphology and natural history to enrich our current knowledge on the species.

Mutation breeding is a key method of generating a large number of heritable variations. Effective dose (LD50) needs to be standardized for inducing sufficient variation in a crop. In the present study, seeds were irradiated with different doses of Gamma rays and found that 66.94 Gy could suppress germination close to 50 percent (LD50) in pummelo. This 60 Gy gamma dose can effectively be used for raising the mutant populations to identify a desirable mutation in pummelo.

Citrus, mainly mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco), is an economically important fruit crop in Bhutan. Despite having favorable agroclimatic conditions for citrus cultivation, the early decline of fruit-bearing orchards coupled with low crop productivity is a major concern among citrus growers. During a recent survey, an association of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (citrus greening) and citrus tristeza virus (CTV), either singly or as mixed infections in declined citrus trees, was recorded in all four major citrus-growing districts (Tsirang, Dagana, Zhemgang, and Sarpang). Using PCR-based diagnosis, a higher incidence of citrus greening (27.45%) and tristeza (70.58%) was observed in symptomatic field samples. Detection and characterization of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ was performed based on the 16S ribosomal DNA, prophage gene, 50S ribosomal rplA-rplJ gene, and tandem repeats of the CLIBASIA_01645 locus. Similarly, the coat protein, p23, and p18 genes were used as genetic markers for the detection and characterization of Bhutanese CTV. The ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ isolates from Bhutan segregated into classes II and III based on the CLIBASIA_01645 locus, analogous to Indian isolates from the northeast region and Term-A based on the CLIBASIA_05610 locus. CTV isolates of Bhutan were observed as closely related to the VT strain, which is considered to be the most devastating. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on molecular characterization of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ and CTV isolates and their association with citrus decline in Bhutan.

Surgical management of node positive breast cancer requires axillary dissection. Interpectoral nodes (IPNs) or Rotter’s nodes removal is controversial as there is hardly any tissue in this region. IPNs involvement is rarely seen among breast cancer patients. Developing an effective protocol for surgical management of axilla is necessary for uniformity, to reduce the risk of regional recurrence and to avoid the morbidity of interpectoral lymphatic tissue clearance. This study aimed to evaluate the detection of lymph nodes in Rotter’s region and positive metastasis rate of IPNs in patients with node positive breast cancer for analyzing the prognostic and therapeutic value of IPN excision during axillary clearance. Fifty-six patients undergoing axillary clearance, aged ≥ 18 years, were studied. Patients with recurrence or those who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy were excluded. Baseline investigations were done pre-operatively along with core needle biopsy, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and Ki-67 status. Association between IPN status, age, and clinicopathological parameters were assessed by Kruskal Wallis and Chi-square test using R v 3.6.0. P value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Majority of patients had upper outer quadrant tumor location (22/56), and the most common histopathological type was invasive ductal carcinoma (46/56). IPNs were identified in 35.71% (20/56) of 56 patients, with metastasis prevalence of 27.27% (9/33 node positive patients). Patients having IPN metastasis had larger tumor size, later TNM classification, lower ER/PR, and higher Ki-67 positivity. Dissection of IPNs can be practiced routinely during axillary clearance and should be subjected to histopathological examination separately.

Agriculture has always been affected by intractable pests. Conventional agriculture still relies on the use of several pesticides to control various pests to ensure the yield of the crop and to feed a constantly growing population. To reduce the pest menace, the fatuous behavior of people as well as a natural proclivity towards the use of pesticides in a non-judicious manner, has caused several ecological backlashes such as secondary pest outbreak, pest resurgence and non-target organism's exploitation. Effects of pesticides on non-target organisms area worldwide concern and contention are the basis for most legislation regarding usage of specific pesticides. Pesticides, besides their effect on pests, would also affect several beneficial non-targets. The effect of pesticides could be lethal and may prove catastrophic or sublethal and stimulate the growth and development of non targeted biota's. Hence, this review approaches well-analyzed hindsight regarding the effect of pesticides on the natural enemies as well as other non-target organisms present in the rice agroecosystem.

Background The release of triphenylmethane dyes, like malachite green (MG) and crystal violet (CV), into the environment is a cause of concern due to its toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. Result A bacterial strain that is capable of decolorizing both dyes was isolated from the composted neem oil-seed cake. The strain was characterized as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence and designated as isolate TPMD-1. The kinetic study of the dye degradation revealed the efficiency of the above isolate to degrade MG. The effect of substrate concentration, pH, temperature, and agitation on the decolorization of MG by the isolate was also studied. The MG degradation rate was slightly more in neutral pH at 28–30 °C and 150 rpm. The UV-spectroscopy, HPLC, and FTIR analyses of the dye sample before and after bacterial treatment revealed the high ability of S. maltophilia TPDM-1 in the removal of MG from the media. The genetic snapshot of the isolate by PCR amplification and sequencing showed the presence of genes 'lac’ and ‘tmr’ that codes for laccase and triphenylmethane reductase. Conclusion This study presented the first report of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in the degradation and detoxification of MG dye by oxidoreduction, which could be used for the bioremediation of aquatic environments contaminated by MG.

—A new gesneriad species, Didymocarpus vickifunkiae is described here from the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot. The new species is morphologically similar to D. aureoglandulosus, but differs from it in having a corolla tube with indumentum, eglandular and ovate to oblanceolate bracteoles, slightly broader calyx lobes, and a bearded anther. We provide a detailed morphological description of the newly described species along with images and compare it with species that are morphologically similar to it. Here, we also lectotypify D. aureoglandulosus and provide a brief history on its collection and taxonomy. Finally, we provide a dichotomous identification key for all the Didymocarpus species from Mizoram, India.

Loss of cell differentiation is a hallmark for the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Archival Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) tissues constitute a valuable resource for studying the differentiation of OSCC and can offer valuable insights into the process of tumor progression. In the current study, we performed LC–MS/MS-based quantitative proteomics of FFPE specimens from pathologically-confirmed well-differentiated, moderately-differentiated, and poorly-differentiated OSCC cases. The data were analyzed in four technical replicates, resulting in the identification of 2376 proteins. Of these, 141 and 109 were differentially expressed in moderately-differentiated and poorly differentiated OSCC cases, respectively, compared to well-differentiated OSCC. The data revealed significant metabolic reprogramming with respect to lipid metabolism and glycolysis with proteins belonging to both these processes downregulated in moderately-differentiated OSCC when compared to well-differentiated OSCC. Signaling pathway analysis indicated the alteration of extracellular matrix organization, muscle contraction, and glucose metabolism pathways across tumor grades. The extracellular matrix organization pathway was upregulated in moderately-differentiated OSCC and downregulated in poorly differentiated OSCC, compared to well-differentiated OSCC. PADI4, an epigenetic enzyme transcriptional regulator, and its transcriptional target HIST1H1B were both found to be upregulated in moderately differentiated and poorly differentiated OSCC, indicating epigenetic events underlying tumor differentiation. In conclusion, the findings support the advantage of using high-resolution mass spectrometry-based FFPE archival blocks for clinical and translational research. The candidate signaling pathways identified in the study could be used to develop potential therapeutic targets for OSCC. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version of this article contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12079-021-00609-3

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients with complex chromosomal translocations as well as non-compliant CML patients often demonstrate short-lived responses and poor outcomes on the current therapeutic regimes using Imatinib and its variants. It has been derived so far that leukemic stem cells (LSCs) are responsible for Imatinib resistance and CML progression. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling has been implicated in proliferation of this Imatinib-resistant CD34(+) LSCs. Our work here identifies the molecular mechanism of Shh-mediated mutation-independent Imatinib resistance that is most relevant for treating CML-variants and non-compliant patients. Our results elucidate that while Shh can impart stemness, it also upregulates expression of anti-apoptotic protein—Bcl2. It is the upregulation of Bcl2 that is involved in conferring Imatinib resistance to the CD34(+) LSCs. Sub-toxic doses of Bcl2 inhibitor or Shh inhibitor (<

Background: Gene regulation represents a very complex mechanism in the cell initiated to increase or decrease gene expression. This regulation of genes forms a Gene regulatory Network GRN composed of a collection of genes and products of genes in interaction. The high throughput technologies that generate a huge volume of gene expression data are useful for analyzing the GRN. The biologists are interested in the relevant genetic knowledge hidden in these data sources. Although, the knowledge extracted by the different data mining approaches of the literature is insufficient for inferring the GRN topology or does not give a good representation of the real genetic regulation in the cell. Objective: In this work, we are interested in the extraction of genetic interactions from the high throughput technologies, such as the microarrays or DNA chips. Methods: In this paper, in order to extract expressive and explicit knowledge about the interactions between genes, we used the method of gradual patterns and rules extraction applied on numerical data that extracts the frequent co-variations between gene expression values. Furthermore, we choose to integrate experimental biological data and biological knowledge in the process of knowledge extraction of genetic interactions. Results: The validation results on real gene expression data of the model plant Arabidopsis and human lung cancer shows the performance of this approach. Conclusion: The extracted gradual rules express the genetic interactions composed of a GRN. These rules help to understand complex systems and cellular functions.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is known for its aggressiveness associated with poor prognosis. The molecular mechanisms underlying the invasion and metastasis are still poorly understood. An improved understanding of these mechanisms shall precede the development of new diagnostic tools and targeted therapies. We report an integrated approach using bioinformatics to predict candidate genes, coupled with proteomics and immunohistochemistry for validating their presence and involvement in OSCC pathways heralding invasion and metastasis. Four genes POSTN, TNC, CAV1 and FSCN1 were identified. A protein–protein interaction network analysis teamed with pathway analysis led us to propose the role of the identified genes in invasion and metastasis in OSCC. Further analyses of archived FFPE blocks of various grades of oral cancer was carried out using TMT-based mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry. Results of this study expressed a strong communiqué and interrelationship between these candidate genes. This study emphasizes the significance of a molecular biomarker panel as a diagnostic tool and its correlation with the invasion and metastatic pathway of OSCC. An insight into the probable association of CAF's and these biomarkers in the evolution and malignant transformation of OSCC further magnifies the molecular-biological spectrum of OSCC tumour microenvironment.

Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae) is commonly referred to as Siam Weed, a major medicinal plant found in tropical Asia, Australia, and West Africa. The medicinal use of Chromolaena odorata had been documented in the conventional system such as the Siddha, Unani, Ayurveda. The pharmacological properties of this plant are widely varying. A wide variety of attractive but limited compounds were extracted from this Chromolaena odorata and the pharmacological activities were screened out. This review the various properties of Chromolaena odorata and focus on its various medicinal properties. It is an attractive subject for further experimental and clinical investigations. This article will give an exhaustive summary and analysis of Chromolaena odorata pharmacological activities. The present article including the detailed exploration of pharmacological properties of C. odorata is an attempt to provide a direction for further research.