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Kandungan protein dan karbohidrat pada makroalga diperlukan untuk mengoptimalkan pemanfaatan makroalga di Pantai Sepanjang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan protein dan karbohidrat pada makroalga di Pantai Sepanjang, Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Agustus-September 2020 di Pantai Sepanjang, Yogyakarta. Materi penelitian ini meliputi makroalga jenis Ulva lactuta, Palmaria palmata, Sargassum crassifolium, Gelidium spinosum, Gelidiella acerosa, dan Gracilaria verrucosa. Sampel makroalga secara purposive sampling pada zona intertidal Pantai Sepanjang. Analisis kandungan protein menggunakan metode Biuret, sedangkan analisis kandungan karbohidrat menggunakan metode by difference. Hasil menujukkan bahwa kandungan protein dan karbohidrat tertinggi terdapat pada G. spinosum di bagian tengah Pantai Sepanjang masing-masing sebesar 3,08% dan 19,38%. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, G. spinosum memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan dalam berbagai produk olahan dengan penelitian lebih lanjut.

Background Lung adenocarcinoma is the most common subtype of Non small cell lung cancer in which the PI3K/Akt cascade is frequently deregulated. The ubiquitous expression of the PI3K and the frequent inactivation of PTEN accounts for the prolonged survival, evasion of apoptosis and metastasis in cancer. This has led to the development of PI3K inhibitors in the treatment of cancer. Synthetic PI3K inhibitors undergoing clinical and preclinical studies are toxic in animals. Hence, there is a critical need to identify PI3K inhibitor(s) of natural origin. The current study aims to explore the efficacy of the red algae Gelidiella acerosaon inhibition of cell proliferation, migration and the expression of cell survival genes in lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549. Methods The phytoconstituents of Gelidiella acerosa were extracted sequentially with solvents of different polarity, screened qualitatively and quantitatively for secondary metabolites and characterized by GC-MS. The in-vitro studies were performed to check the efficacy of the extract on cell proliferation (MTT assay), cell invasion (scratch assay and colony formation assay), apoptosis (fluorescent, confocal microscopy and flow cytometry) and expression of apoptosis and cell survival proteins including PI3K, Akt and GSK3β and matrix metalloproteinase MMP2 and MMP9 by Western blot method. The antitumor activity of GAE was analyzed in a tumor model of Zebrafish. Results The outcomes of the in vitro analysis showed an inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of cell migration and colonization by the crude extract. The analysis of protein expression showed the activation of caspases 3 and Pro apoptotic protein Bax accompanied by decreased expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. On the other hand, subsequent activation of GSK3β and down regulation of PI3K, Akt were observed. The decreased expression of MMP2 correlated with the antimetastatic activity of the extract. The in vivo studies showed an inhibition of tumor growth by GAE in Zebrafish. Conclusion The phytoconstituents of algal extract contributed to the anticancer properties as evidenced by in vitro and in vivo studies. These phytoconstituents can be considered as a natural source of PI3K/Akt inhibitor for treatment of cancers involving the PI3K cascade. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-018-2165-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Polysaccharides extracted from six red seaweed species growing in Vietnam have been studied. Characterisation of their structure by chemical and spectroscopic methods showed that all of them have a basic repeating structure of alternating 3-linked b-D-galactopyranosyl and 4-linked 3,6-anhydro a-L-galactopyranosyl units with substituted methyl ether groups. The native agar offers only weak gelling abilities owing to the 4-linked a-L-galactopyranosyl 6-sulfate as its precursor. Conversion of this unit into the corresponding 3,6-anhydride by treating with hot alkali generally led to gel strength increasing. The agars from G. fisheri and G. firma are poorly substituted, while those from G.asiatica, G.tenustipitata and G. heteroclada are partly methylated on position 6 of the 3-linked b-D- galactose. Agar from Gelidiella acerosa is partlly methylated on both positions 6 and 2 of the 4linked 3,6-anhydro a-L-galactose. The alkali- modified agars have been obtained in acceptable quantities with gel strength of 300932 g/cm2. The obtained results showed that all the six algal species are suitable as raw material for commercial agar production and worthy of further cultivation

Gelidioid specimens from Singapore were analyzed using sequences of cox1 and rbcL to identify the species. Both datasets revealed the presence of four species: Gelidiella acerosa, Pterocladiella bartlettii, Pterocladiella caerulescens and Gelidium sentosaense sp. nov., described here. Gelidium sentosaense formed small tufts up to 1 cm high and occurred in monospecific patches on cement beds at the outlet of drainpipes at intertidal areas. A morphological investigation of fresh specimens collected from Singapore revealed that G. sentosaense was similar to Gelidium pusillum, which is limited to North Atlantic coasts. However, it was distinguished by longitudinal striations present on the surface of branches and rhizines scattered in the inner cortex and medulla. Phylogenetic analyses of rbcL and cox1 sequences revealed that G. sentosaense consistently formed a clade with Gelidium sp. from Oman and Gelidium pluma from Hawaii but it was distinct from previously described Gelidium species.

Tissue cultured progenies of callus regenerated Gelidiella acerosa were successfully transferred from the laboratory, then were cultivated in the exposed sea. Four plantlets (approx. 0.04 ± 0.01 g fresh wt. and 2–3 cm length) cultured initially in closed net bags in the lagoon waters were multiplied to produce 73 plantlets each with an average biomass of 70 ± 20 g fresh wt.plant − 1 . These plantlets were then shifted to exposed sea and cultivated using the suspended stone method along with wild harvested plantlets. The biomass, Daily Growth Rate, agar yield and quality of the wild and tissue cultured farm plants grown under identical conditions were compared. Biomass of the tissue cultured farm plants ranged from 1.86 ± 1.0 to 2.97 ± 0.7 kg fresh wt.m − 2 , while wild farm plants ranged from 0.44 ± 0.12 to 0.62 ± 0.31 kg fresh wt.m − 2 . Similarly, DGR of the tissue cultured farm plants ranged from 1.81 ± 0.70% to 2.00 ± 0.50% whereas wild farm plants ranged from 1.0 ± 0.40% to 1.2 ± 0.30%. The gel strength of agar extracted from tissue cultured farm plants was higher (2400 ± 250 g cm − 2 than wild farm plants (1900 ± 135 g cm − 2 ). Agar extracted from tissue cultured G. acerosa was found to be suitable for microbial culture and DNA electrophoretic applications. The increased growth and gel strength of the agar recorded in tissue cultured progenies suggested their possible use as improved seed stock for the large scale cultivation of G. acerosa .

Studies on the production of bioethanol from red algae (Gelidiella acerosa) by dilute acid pretreatment and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation were performed. The non-cellulosic compounds were significantly reduced during dilute acid pretreatment. Results obtained in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation showed that the ethanol yield was affected by the changes in pretreatment, liquid to solid ratio, enzyme concentration, and pH. Kinetic study was also performed with experimental value to analyze the production rate and their actual means of production process. The maximum 91.62% of theoretical yield of ethanol was obtained at 36 h of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation under optimized conditions.

This study describes a suspended stone (SS) method developed for in situ propagation of Gelidiella acerosa. The biomass yield potentials with various growth parameters were studied and compared to the floating raft method that was regarded as a superior method for Gelidiella propagation. The biomass of G. acerosa produced by the SS method consistently increased from the first to the fourth harvest (r = 0.940; P 0.05). The biomass of an individual plant harvested from the SS method was significantly higher (P

Citric acid (CA) is the most important commercial product which is produced by using various sugar substrates in the terrestrial environment. The present study made an attempt to produce citric acid by the fungal strain Aspergillus niger from red seaweed Gelidiella acerosa is the best alternative to sugar substrate in the marine environment. In this study three types of production media were prepared including control (sucrose) by following standard fermentation conditions. The acid production was indicated by the reduction of pH levels. The control medium gave the highest yield of 80 g/l at pH 1.5 and the medium containing crude seaweed powder and other compositions gave the yield of 30 g/l at pH 3.5 whereas the medium containing crude seaweed and 10% sucrose gave the yield of 50 g/l at pH 3.0. When calculating the benefit cost ratio, crude seaweed powder and 10% sucrose yielded 50 g of citric acid at the lower cost of Rs. 35, whereas the other two media gave the yield of 80 and 30 g respectively with the cost of Rs. 77 and 28. In economic point of view, the medium containing seaweed and 10% sucrose showed more benefit with lower cost.

Four cultivation methods: raft, bottom net, coral block and cement block were evaluated for the propagation of Gelidiella acerosa in the open sea. Of the 4 methods, the raft method resulted in significantly (p < 0.001) highest daily growth rate (DGR) of 1.11 to 1.31% and biomass of 973 to 1288 g fresh weight (wt) m -2 . Biomass values showed direct correlation with initial seedling densities. Initial seedling densities ≥500 g fresh wt m -2 registered maximum yields of 1425 ± 90 g fresh wt m -2 , while lower initial seedling density (200 g fresh wt m -2 ) showed higher DGR values (0.71 ± 0.07 and 0.48 ± 0.06% during the 1st and 2nd harvests respectively). The 180 d cultivation period registered the highest yield of 367 ± 45 g fresh wt m -2 , which significantly differed (p < 0.001) from values obtained for the 30, 60 and 90 d cultivation periods. The germplasm collected from Sethukarai (sub- tidal reef) showed the highest yield (525 ± 34.6 g fresh wt m -2 , p < 0.001) and DGR (0.54 ± 0.04%) compared with those collected from Pudumadam (intertidal rock), Ervadi (intertidal reef) and Rameswaram (subtidal rock). The findings of this study indicate that the raft method of cultivation using germplasm from Sethukarai, an initial seedling density of ≥500 g fresh wt m -2 and a 180 d cul- tivation period are important criteria for the successful cultivation of G. acerosa. The augmentation of exploited seaweeds through cultivation practices will help preserve natural biodiversity and eco- system functioning.

S.-M. Lin and D.W. Freshwater. 2008. The red algal genus Gelidiella (Gelidiales, Rhodophyta) from Taiwan, including Gelidiella fanii sp. nov. Phycologia 47: 168–176. DOI: 10.2216/07-30.1In this stu...

Seventeen agar samples were extracted from Gelidiella acerosa (Forsskal) Feldmann and Hamel (Rhodophyta, Gelidiales) specimens collected from nine different sites on the Indian coast—five from southeast coast and four from the west coast. The agar samples were analysed. The stability characteristics of the gels of selected agar samples were studied by rheometry under applied stress conditions, i.e. variation of the storage (G′) and loss moduli (G″) were studied under varying frequency and duration (time) of the stress applied. Yield, apparent and dynamic viscosities, gelling and melting temperatures, 3,6-anhydrogalactose (3,6-AG), sulphate contents and TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis) measurements of the products were done. It was observed that the best quality agar was produced by G. acerosa occurring in the Gulf of Mannar region in the southeast coast. The gel strengths and the viscosities of agars extracted from Gelidiella acerosa occurring in the Gulf of Mannar ranged from 500 to 700 g cm −2 and 33 to 45 cP for 2001 collections and for 2002 collections the corresponding values were 450 to 845 g cm −2 and 55 to 67 cP respectively. On the other hand, for the agar samples extracted from the west coast of India, the gel strength and viscosities values ranged from 225 to 400 g cm −2 and from 15 to 30 cP, respectively. The agars obtained from G. acerosa collected from southeast coast have been found to be suitable for bacterial culture and molecular biology. This is the first report of superior quality of agar from the Indian agarophytes.

SUMMARY A gelidialean red alga that was newly found in Japanese waters is referred to as Gelidiella ligulata Dawson. It is characterized by erect lanceolate blades developing from a creeping axis that are relatively large in the genus Gelidiella. Among the 22 species currently recognized in the genus, Gelidiella indica Sreenivasa Rao is most similar to G. ligulata and a further comparative study is needed to elucidate the status of G. indica. Gelidiella ligulata and the type species of the genus, Gelidiella acerosa (Forsskal) Feldmann et Hamel, have the unicellular independent attachments that are common to the members of Gelidiella investigated to date. This type of attachment is unique in the Gehdiales and this feature may be a useful taxonomic criterion in distinguishing Gelidiella from other genera.

This work provides the first information about the stomach contents of juvenile green turtles (Chelonia mydas) on the coast of Rio de Janeiro State, south-eastern Brazil (22°50′S–23°00′S). Between June 2009 and May 2010, we obtained 49 stomach contents of specimens that were stranded, of which 37 contained food items. Among food items, macroalgae stood out with 83.7% frequency of occurrence in the stomachs analysed and 37 species were identified. The most representative macroalgae in the stomach contents were: Sargassum vulgare, Ulva lactuca, Gelidiella acerosa and Pterocladiella capillacea. Teleosts and molluscs were also recorded in the stomach contents of the species in the region; however, with low representativeness. Analysis of stomach contents confirmed herbivory as the preferred dietary pattern of C. mydas.

This study investigates the potential post-coital contraceptive mechanisms of the crude extract of Sri Lankan marine red algae, Gelidiella acerosa, using rats. The dose used was 1000 mg/kg/day and the route of administration was oral. The results showed that the crude extract possessed potent post-coital contraceptive activity when administered on days 7-8 of pregnancy indicating the presence of a narrow window in its action. The post-coital contraceptive activity was due to an elevated post-implantation loss (by 89%) resulting from fetal death between days 9-14 of pregnancy. The extract was neither estrogenic nor anti-estrogenic nor stressor but appeared to be anti-progestational (reduced ovarian progesterone output). It is suggested that the crude extract may reduce the ovarian progesterone release possibly via anti-platelet and PGE2-depressing activity.

This study investigates the potential of marine red algae as a source for post-coital contraceptive agents using three varieties: Gracilaria corticata, Gelidiella acerosa and Jania sp. Methanol: methylene chloride (1:1) extracts of these red algae were made and were orally administered (500 or 1000 mg/kg/day) to female rats from day 1 to day 7 of pregnancy. The higher dose of Gracilaria corticata and both doses of Gelidiella acerosa extracts produced significant post-coital contraceptive activities without any marked side effects. Furthermore, the post-coital contraceptive activity of the latter extract was dose-dependent. On the other hand, extract made from Jania sp. had no significant post-coital contraceptive action. The post-coital contraceptive activity of Gracilaria corticata was due to enhanced pre-implantation loss and of Gelidiella acerosa was due to elevated post-implantation loss. These findings indicate that marine red algae is a useful source to be harvested for potential post-coital contraceptive drugs.The potential of marine red algae as a source for postcoital contraceptive agents was investigated using three varieties: Gracilaria corticata, Gelidiella acerosa, and Jania sp. collected from the coastal waters around Beruwala of Southern Sri Lanka. Methanol:methylene chloride (1:1) extracts of these red algae were orally administered (500 or 1000 mg/kg/day) to female rats from day 1 to day 7 of pregnancy. Nulliparous female (200-225 g) and male (200-250 g) mixed bred albino rats of proven fertility were used. Compared to polyvinylpyrolidone lower- and higher-dose control treatments, none of the crude extract (CE) significantly (p 0.05) inhibited the quantal pregnancy. Furthermore, both doses of the CE of Jania sp. and the lower dose of CE of Gracilaria corticata had no effect on any of the reproductive parameters determined. The higher dose of Gracilaria corticata and both doses of Gelidiella acerosa extracts produced significant postcoital contraceptive activities without any marked side effects. The higher dose of the CE of Gracilaria corticata significantly (p 0.05) reduced (by 35.0%) the number of postcoital uterine implantation sites, and this treatment produced a significant (p 0.05) enhancement (by 152.5%) of preimplantation loss. In contrast, CE of Gelidiella acerosa significantly (lower dose p 0.01; higher dose p 0.001) increased the number of resorption sites in a dose-related manner (p 0.001): lower dose = 23 out of 44 embryos and higher dose = 58 out of 58 embryos. CE of Gelidiella acerosa also caused a significant (lower dose p 0.01 ; higher dose p 0.001) elevation in postimplantation loss (lower dose by 43.8% and higher dose by 98%). As a consequence, there was a significant reduction (lower dose p 0.05; higher dose p 0.01) in the litter index of the rats treated with this CE (lower dose by 43.5% and higher dose by 100%). On the other hand, extract made from Jania sp. had no significant postcoital contraceptive action. These findings indicate that marine red algae are potential postcoital contraceptive drugs.

The responses of Gracilaria corticata and Gelidiopsis gracilis (agarophytes) to different concentrations of sea water, pH range and lights of different colours have been studied to understand the ecological amplitudes. Both algae had a very narrow range of salinity tolerance from 29.0 to 33.1‰. With respect to pH also, they could thrive only under pH values from 7.0 to 8.0. Growth of these algae was retarded under all coloured lights. However, under yellow light growth was nearer to that of controls.

From describing the agars of Gelidiella acerosa Forssk., Gelidium pluma Loomis, G. pusillum (Stackh.) Lejolis, Gracilaria abbottiana Hoyle, G. bursapastoris (Gmelin) Silva, G. canaliculata (Kutzing) Sonder, G. coronopifolia J.Ag., G. epihippisora Hoyle, Pterocladia caerulescens (Kutzing) Santelices and P. capillacea (Gmelin) Born. & Thur. as found in Hawaiian samples of these species, it is concluded that the species of Gelidium and especially Pterocladia and Gelidiella may merit more consideration for usage due to their agar gel strengths. The nature of the gel from Gracilaria abbottiana suggests the generic status might well be reexamined. The agars from the Gelidiella and the other Gracilaria species should be studied further for their prospective values to the food industry other than gel strength. Mixtures of the agars from G. bursapastoris and G. coronopifolia would merit attention for the taste texture of their mixtures.

SUMMARY The effects of different concentrations of salinity, pH, and nutritional and growth-promoting sub-stances on the production of proliferations in Gelidiella acerosa were investigated, with a view of increasing the production rule of the alga in its aquiculture.