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The in vitro embryo production (IVP) technology has emerged as a potential biotechnological approach to multiply genetically high yielding dairy cows. Its commercial application is increasing in many developed and developing countries over the years. Bangladesh livestock Research Institute (BLRI) adopted in vitro embryo production protocol from bovine ovaries of slaughterhouse. However, the risks of transmission of contagious diseases like Brucella abortus with embryos are not evaluated so far. Considering these facts, the present experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of in vitro embryo production protocol with slaughterhouse ovaries as well as risk of contamination of produced embryos with Brucella abortus. To identify sources of contamination of embryos with Brucella abortus (if any), the laboratory water, different media used in the IVP process, semen, and follicular fluids were evaluated for confirmation of the organisms. In addition, vaginal swabs were collected from 2 buffaloes aborted due to suspected Brucella abortus infection. Molecular test were used to detect Brucella abortus contamination. Brucella abortus specific PCR product was not detected on agarose gel electrophoresis. The efficiency of IVP measured by cleavage and blastocyst development rates were 75.5±2.7% and 16.6±3.9%, respectively. The present study inferred that the in vitro produce embryos are free from Brucella abortus infection. Bang. J. Livs. Res. Vol. 27 (1&2), 2020: P. 105-112

This study was conducted to know the biomass yield, nutritional qualities and production costs of hydroponic sprout of maize, wheat and oats compared to their whole grains as feed. Weighed amount of seeds were soaked in water for 12, 24 and 2 hours, respectively followed by wrapping in cotton cloths for 48 h for maize and wheat, and 24 h for oats to germinate.Then germinated seeds were spread on plastic trays fitted in hydroponic racks for 7 days. At harvest, fresh yield was found 2.74, 3.5 and 2.5 kg for maize, wheat and oats, respectively from each kilogram of respective seed (p0.05) in wheat sprout (900.7 vs 872.0 g/kg) compared to their respective grain. In contrary, concentration of CP was significantly increased in wheat (126.1 vs 183.3 g/kg DM; P

This study aimed to identify the genetic variation among different generations of BLRI Cattle Breed-1 (BCB-1) and its relationship with indigenous Pabna cattle. A total of 20 ISAG-FAO recommended microsatellite DNA markers were used for this study. Blood samples were collected randomly from fifteen animals of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th generation of BCB-1, Pabna cattle and RCC as reference cattle breed. The DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification by using microsatellite markers and finally capillary based fragment length analysis was performed by genetic analyzer. The allele number per locus ranged from 5 to 14 in the studied populations. The mean numbers of alleles ranged from 4.95 in 3rd generation of BCB-1 to 7.55 in indigenous Pabna cattle. The mean numbers of alleles per locus decreased in 3rd and 4th generation. Both observed and expected heterozygosity decreased in subsequent generations in BCB-1. The observed heterozygosity decreased in BCB-1 from 2nd to successive generations (0.7257 in 2nd generation to 0.6232 4th generation). The average observed heterozygosity was highest in indigenous Pabna cattle (0.7393). Genetic distance between 3rd and 4th generation of BCB-1 are very low they are more homogenous. Indigenous Pabna cattle and RCC showed more genetic distance from all generations of BCB-1. Dendrogram based on DA genetic distance using unweighted pair group method of arithmetic means (UPGMA) indicated segregation of the four generations of BCB-1 into cluster 1 and 2 which are grouped together and separated from the cluster 3 of indigenous Pabna cattle and cluster 4 RCC population. According to genetic structure of BCB-1, it may treat as a unique cattle population of Bangladesh. Bang. J. Livs. Res. Vol. 26 (1&2), 2019: P. 8-14

This study was conducted to investigate basic biometric information on organs of female reproductive system of indigenous cows. Ovaries were grouped on the basis of corpus luteum (CL) and ovarian position in the tract. Visible follicles were counted and graded as small (8.0mm). Oocytes were recovered from all visible follicles and graded into four groups (grade 1 to 4). Results showed that the oviduct, horn, body of the uterus and cervix of cow’s reproductive system were longer and wider than heifers, respectively. Except length, the width and visible follicle numbers in the ovary did not vary with ovarian position or CL. Weight of left and right ovaries did not differ. Weight of ovary was increased (P>0.01) in presence of CL. Each ovary possessed 9.65±5.91visible follicles belonging to small (5.38±0.37), medium (3.57±0.23) and large (0.72±0.07) groups. Oocyte recovery rate was 62.16±1.46%. Among the recovered oocytes 52.01±1.63% were belonging to grade 1 and 2. This study provides baseline on biometry of female reproductive system along with follicular statistics of indigenous cows. Bangladesh J. of Livestock Res. 20(1-2): 1-7, Jan-Dec 2013

Buffalo is a highly potential animal species in terms of milk and meat production but traditionally they are regarded as poor breeder. In vitro embryos production technology has been introduced in many countries to improve reproductive efficiency of buffalo. Considering the above fact, the present study was undertaken aiming to produce in vitro buffalo embryo in the laboratory. Ovaries of slaughtered buffaloes were collected from abattoir and transported to the laboratory within 4 to 5 hr of slaughter. Cumulusoocyte- complexes (COCs) possessing an even cytoplasm and covered with minimum 3 layers of compact cumulus cells was selected for in vitro maturation (IVM) for 24 hr (5% CO2 in air at 38.5°C with maximum humidity). After IVM, the presumptive matured COCs were co-cultured with capacitated fresh spermatozoa for 18 hr After IVF, the presumptive zygote were denuded, washed and transferred in to in vitro culture medium (IVC 1) for 3 days. After three days cleavage were recorded and 4 cell embryos were transferred in to in vitro culture media II for next 2 days. The development of embryos was evaluated on day 6. A total of 227 buffalo ovaries were collected from the slaughterhouse and categorized into 2 groups based on presence (n=83) or absence (n=144) of corpus luteum (CL). A total of 1464 follicles were counted on the ovarian surface, 1066 being from CL absent and 398 from CL-containing ovaries. A significantly higher (P

Red Chittagong Cattle (RCC) is one of the renowned varieties of cattle which is indigenous and most potential type of domestic animal genetic resource in Bangladesh with distinct phenotypic characteristics. Reproductive management might be a process for multiplying this cattle variety. Therefore, the goals of this study were to characterize the follicular waves of RCC and to determine the Progesterone (P4), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) profile during three consecutive estrus cycle. Follicular wave emergence (Day 0) was identified using trans-vaginal ultrasound technique and follicular growth was then monitored from Day 0 to Day 23 during three consecutive estrus cycle and blood samples were collected. After measuring the growth and diameter of the follicles, hormonal assays of collected blood samples were performed using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). We found that, both RCC cows and heifers showed two waves inter-ovulatory intervals. The length of inter-ovulatory intervals and the diameter of the ovulatory follicle of RCC cows and heifers were slightly different from each other. The identification of the dominant follicle was confirmed from the start of its deviation from other subordinate follicles till it reached to the maximum diameter and identified as dominant follicle which increases linearly for approximately six days (growing phase). This dominant follicle is remained approximately same size for five days (static phase), and then begins to regress (regressing phase) decreasing the antral diameter. The follicular waves are first detectable as 4 - 5 mm follicles approximately at day 0 and day 10 both for RCC cows and heifers which showed two waves inter-ovulatory intervals. The circulating varied concentrations of LH, FSH and P4 were determined using ELISA in case of both cows and heifers and the concentration curves followed the similar pattern of change during the estrus cycle. Hence, the knowledge about ovarian follicular waves will create a base line for reproductive management of RCC as well as to allow reproductive biotechnologies to improve and multiply this cattle variety.

The study was conducted to investigate the genetic relationships among indigenous sheep population of Bangladesh (Barind, Jamuna river basin, Coastal and Garole sheep) using microsatellite markers. A total of 96 blood samples were collected from adult sheep of Barind (24), Jamuna River Basin (24), Coastal (24), Garole(10) and available Chotanagpuri (10) sheep. Chotanagpuri sheep was used as an outgroup population. DNA was extracted from blood samples using QIAGEN DNA Mini extraction kit and was quantified using a nanodrop. FAO recommended 13 labeled microsatellite markers were used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR product was confirmed by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis and visualized by staining with ethidium bromide.The exact allele sizes in each primer were determined by GeneMaker V1.85 demo. Microsatellite tool kit and Dispan software package were used for calculation of allele frequency, number of alleles per locus, observed and expected heterozygosity and genetic distances (DA). The Dispan software was used to calculate inter-individual genetic distances. These distance values were used to construct an UPGMA tree. Results showed that average number of polymorphic alleles per locus varied from4 in HUJ616 to 12 in MAF70. Observed heterozygosity was also varied from 0.54±0.04 in Coastal to 0.63±0.03 in Barind sheep population. Genetic distance between Jamuna river basin and Barind was lowest (0.01) and between Garole and Costal was highest (0.17). Garoleand Chotonagpuri sheep has higher genetic distance from other three sheep populations. Phylogenetic dendogram showed that sheep of Jamuna river basin and barind were belonged to same genetic group. Whereas, coastal, garole and Nagpur sheeps were shown higher genetic distances from Jamuna river basin and coastal sheep. Considering findings of this study it may be concluded that the Barind and Jamuna river basin sheep belongs to a similar genetic group while, Garole and Coastal sheep are belonging to two distinct genetic groups. Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2019. 48 (1): 17-22

The study was conducted to investigate nutrient metabolism and semen quality of bulls fed with moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaves, twigs, and branches as a major concentrate ingredient. Twenty-one Red Chittagong bulls of about 204 (±50) kg initial live weight (LW) were randomly divided into three equal LW groups. They were fed maize silage as a basal feedstuff for 65 days with the supplementation of concentrate mixtures at 1% of LW, consisting of either 0, 25, or 50% moringa mash on a fresh basis. Moringa mash was a sun-dried ground preparation of leaves, twigs, and branches of moringa. The results indicated that different levels of moringa in concentrate mixtures (0, 25, and 50%) did not change daily DM intake, digestibility, and LW gain of bulls (p > 0.05). However, increasing dietary moringa (up to 203 g/kg DM) significantly decreased production cost of methane (CH4) (methane emission [kg/kg gain] = 1.6422—[0.0059 × moringa intake, g/kg DM], n = 12, R2 = 0.384, P = 0.032) in a similar metabolizable energy intake level (0.21 ± 0.01 MJ/kg LW). Also, higher dietary moringa significantly reduced urinary nitrogen loss (urinary nitrogen [% digested nitrogen] = 43.0 – 0.069 × moringa intake [g/kg DM]; R2 = 0.3712, P = 0.034). Thus, increasing moringa by 1 g/kg DM decreased CH4 emission by 6 g/kg gain and absorbed nitrogen loss by 0.069 %. Also, progressive motility of sperm increased significantly (33.0, 51.0, and 60.1%, respectively; p = 0.03) in bulls fed with concentrate mixtures containing moringa at 0, 25, or 50%. It may be concluded that feeding moringa mash at 203 g/kg DM may decrease energy loss as methane and urinary nitrogen loss without impacting the production of beef cattle. Feeding moringa mash to beef cattle may abate dietary energy and nitrogen loss and consequently decrease the environmental pollution.

Simple Summary Indigenous cattle have extraordinary adaptation capability to diverse environments under low input production system. However, the population size is declining rapidly in Bangladesh due to massive imports of high yielding dairy breeds. The genetic diversity measures are important for assessing population architecture as well as for development of conservation strategies. The aim of this study was to investigate genetic variability and population structure of indigenous cattle genetic resources of Bangladesh using Illumina Bovine SNP50K BeadChip genotyped data. Similar to other zebu populations, low genetic diversity measures were found in Bangladeshi cattle populations. Our findings revealed their distinct genetic structure but showed low levels of genetic differentiation among the six indigenous cattle populations. Moreover, admixture and phylogenetic analysis highlighted historical gene flow among the studied populations. Altogether, our findings provide a comprehensive genomic information on indigenous cattle populations of Bangladesh that could be utilized in their future conservation and breeding research. Abstract Understanding the genetic basis of locally adapted indigenous cattle populations is essential to design appropriate strategies and programs for their genetic improvement and conservation. Here, we report genetic diversity measures, population differentiation, and structure of 218 animals sampled from six indicine cattle populations of Bangladesh. Animals were genotyped with Illumina Bovine SNP50K BeadChip along with genotyped data of 505 individuals included from 19 zebu and taurine breeds worldwide. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed clear geographic separation between taurine and indicine lineages where Bangladeshi indigenous cattle clustered with South Asian zebu populations. However, overlapped clusters in PCA, heterozygosity estimates, and Neighbor-Joining phylogenetic tree analysis revealed weak genetic differentiation among the indigenous cattle populations of Bangladesh. The admixture analysis at K = 5 and 9 suggests distinct genetic structure of the studied populations along with 1 to 4% of taurine ancestry. The effective population size suggested a limited pool of ancestors particularly for Sahiwal and North Bengal Grey cattle. In conclusion, these findings shed insights into the genetic architecture of six indigenous cattle populations of Bangladesh for the first time and suggested as distinct gene pools without potential admixture with zebu or taurine populations.

In FY 2014-15, the buffalo population was 1.46 million indicating 3 per cent of the total ruminants (small & large) produced in the country, but its’ socioeconomic importance is remarkable. So, the present study was attempted to identify the socioeconomic profile of the buffalo keeping farmers as well as to estimate the profitability from buffalo farming. To achieve the objectives 10 (ten) districts namely: Mymensingh, Jamalpur, Moulvibazar, Bhola, Patuakhali, Noakhali, Lakshmipur, Chattogram, Tangail and Sirajganj were selected purposively on the basis of buffalo population density and project implementation areas and 01 (one) Upazila was taken from each district. A total of 500 (50 from each district) buffalo farmers were interviewed following simple random sampling technique. Data were collected during the month of January 2016 to April 2016 and analyzed using STATA software tools. In this study, ‘Logit model’ was adopted using binary dependent variable. Study revealed that the highest per cent of farmers were in age group 31-45 years and engaged in agriculture sector as primary occupation. The highest number of farmers had primary level education and had above 15 years of experience of rearing buffalo. Average farm size was calculated 1.05 hectare; average family size was 6.17 persons per family. Per lactation total cost was estimated BDT 24,507, lactation period was 255 days and average milk production per day was 2 liters. The highest return from milk production was BDT 27,189 and the BCR was 1.31(undiscounted). It was found that about 64 per cent farmers had access to artificial insemination (AI) and seventy per cent farmers vaccinated their buffaloes where 66 per cent FMD, 24 per cent BQ and 20 per cent HS. Ninety-eight per cent farmers feed colostrum to the new born buffalo calves and almost 90 per cent farmers had done D-warming practices. Buffalo population was found highest in Ramgoti and lowest in Haluaghat and on average per farm buffalo number was 18.91. The highest (33%) family income was derived from buffalo rearing followed by service, business, farming and livestock (except buffalo). Measurement of benefit cost ratio (BCR) from buffalo rearing was estimated greater than unity indicated that buffalo rearing is a profitable enterprise. The value of coefficient of Binary Logistic Regression Model showed that most of the prediction was justified and statistically significant and buffalo development program was helpful and necessity for the buffalo farmers. &nbsp

The objective of this research was to generate baseline information on follicular statistics of Red Chittagong Cattle (RCC).Ten heifers and ten regular breeder RCC cows were selected randomly from BLRI Research Herd. The ovary was grasped by inserting left hand through the rectum and the follicles were visualized by inserting a sectorial probe through the vagina. Ovarian follicles were visualized and recorded by counting on the screen of ultrasonography machine. All visible follicles (>2.0mm) were counted and graded as small (8.0mm). The follicles were measured 3 times at a 3-day interval period without considering the stage of the reproductive cycle of the experimental animals. During this experiment, a total of 137 follicles (66 in Heifers and 71in cows) were observed from 10 heifers and 10 cows. The corpus luteum was observed either in the left or right ovary of 25.0% heifers and 35.0% cows. In heifer, 40.91, 45.45 and 13.64% of the observed follicles were belonged to small, medium and large groups, respectively. The percentage of small, medium and large follicles in the cow ovaries were 54.93, 39.44 and 5.63% accordingly. The number of follicles in an ovary did not vary (P>0.05) between right and left ovary of a heifer or cow. The diameter of the largest follicle on the ovary was smaller (P

Objectives: This experiment was conducted on buffaloes to see effect of showering on maintaining good quality of buffalo semen in hot season. Materials and methods : This study was conducted on 6(six) indigenous buffalo bulls in hot summer of March and April 2017. The effect of multiple showering vs single shower alone on fresh and equilibrated semen quality was observed. The buffalos were divided into similar two groups (according to age and weight) and housed in half-walled openshed with adequate spacing and the feeding management being identical. The bulls in the control group were allowed to a single shower at 10.00 am and experimental bulls were allowed to four showers at 07.00, 10.00, 13.00 and 16.00. Temperature and humidity were recorded during this time. The average temperature was around 35°C along with 72% relative humidity. The quality of experimental bull’s semen was evaluated in terms of volume, live sperm, sperm concentration, sperm motility, motion parameters and morphology for normal and abnormal sperm. For this analysis Computer Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA) system was used. Results: Between experimental group and control group semen quality differs significantly for volume (2.04±0.13 mL; 2.53±0.27 mL) ( P

A N-S trending, lenticular, and dismembered ultramafic unit is found emplaced within the multiply deformed metapelites of the North Singhbhum Mobile Belt, belonging to the Singhbhum Craton, eastern India. Their occurrence in an orogenic belt, lack of evidences of intrusive activity and close proximity to the Singhbhum Shear Zone suggest emplacement by thrust control. These rocks have experienced extensive serpentinization which has obscured and obliterated some of the features of the protolith. Relict areas of the Bangriposi wehrlite rocks indicate that the protolith might have been a cumulate clinopyroxene-dunite/wehrlite from an oceanic magma chamber. Detailed petrography and mineralogy reveal numerous metasomatic features which are separate from the serpentinization event: (i)Very high Ni-content of the relict olivines which does not correlate with Fo contents, (ii) Presence of secondary clinopyroxene (Cpx2) rims around primary olivine and replacing primary clinopyroxene (Cpx1), which have major and trace element compositions similar to clinopyroxenes from diopsidites of crustal origin (iii) Occurrence of secondary calcic hornblendes as tiny blebs within the Cpx2 rims (iv) Occurrence of secondary Mg-chlorite as interstitial patches between olivine rimmed by Cpx2 and inter-mixed with antigorite in the matrix, (v) Modifications of original Cr-spinels to ferri-chromite cores rimmed by magnetite. These features indicate these rocks have experienced fluid-rock interaction at temperatures above the serpentinization process. Primary Cpx1 grains exhibit elevated LREE compositions and can either reflect effects of cryptic metasomatism or crystallization from an enriched melt. Both groups of clinopyroxenes exhibit LILE enrichment and HFSE depletion. P-T estimates from Cpx1 and Cpx2 yield values of ~1200 °C and 0.5–1.2 GPa. The calcic hornblendes provide more realistic estimates of ~1000 °C and ~ 1.0 GPa, which suggest that the Cpx2 + hornblende assemblage formed during high temperature fluid-rock interaction. Presence of interstitial chlorite, chlorite+antigorite in the matrix and Cr-spinel recrystallization suggests successively decreasing temperatures during the fluid-rock interaction episode. Modeled trace element characteristics of fluids which are supposed to be in equilibrium with Cpx2 show similarities with high-temperature, ore-forming basinal brines. Similar basinal brines formed Cu-U ores in the Singhbhum Shear Zone and was likely the metasomatic agent of the Bangriposi wehrlite rocks. These rocks were originally cumulate ultramafic units from an oceanic crustal magma chamber, which experienced prolonged fluid-rock interaction in a retrogressive regime, until its emplacement as a dismembered unit in an orogenic belt.

The study was conducted to standardize the desire level of papaya ( Carica papaya ) latex on quality of cottage cheese prepared from buffalo milk. Cheese sample was prepared using whole milk collected from Lal Teer Livestock Development (BD) Ltd. Dairy farm. This experiment was conducted on five treatments named as sample BC 2 : buffalo control; A 2 : 5 drops (0.16g); B 2 : 6 drops (0.18g); C 2 : 7 drops (0.21g); and D 2 :8 drop (0.24g). Overall score of cheese samples, B 2 was highest (91.67±0.58) and A 2 was lowest (77.67±9.29). Chemical analysis showed that, highest protein value 24.00±1.00 was found in B 2 and lowest value 21.00±1.00 was in C 2 . On the other hand C 2 content the maximum fat percent18.00±1.00 and A 2 content the minimum fat percent 12.00±1.00. Results indicate that carbohydrate, ash and acidity have significant differences (p

This study was designed to adopt in vitro embryo production (IVP) protocol using abattoir ovary. Ovaries were collected from local abattoir; cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs) were aspirated from 3 to 8 mm diameter follicles using a 10 ml disposable syringe attached with a 21G needle. The COCs were selected based on morphological characteristics and selected COCs were transferred into in vitro maturation (IVM) medium for 22 to 24 hrs. The matured COC were fertilized in vitro (IVF) using fresh semen capacitated through incubation with heparin sodium salt (20 ?g/ml). After IVF, the presumed denuded zygotes were cultured in in vitro culture medium-I (IVC-I) for 3 days. After 3 days, the ?8 cell embryos were transferred into IVC-II medium until day 8 of embryonic development (day 0: day of IVF). Cleavage and blastocyst development rates were evaluated at day 3 and day 7. The maturation rates of COC were examined through detection of first polar body and cumulus cell expansion. Results showed that 74.16 ± 5.49% of the total immature COCs were matured as detected by the presence of first polar body. The diameter of matured COC was 2.21 times higher than that of the immature COC. Moreover, about 64.30 ± 6.71% COC showed full expansion of their cumulus cell. The cleavage rate of presumed zygotes was 62.05 ± 7.07%. Among the cleaved embryos, 26.67 ± 11.78%, 10.84 ± 6.13%, 22.51 ± 9.57% and 39.98 ± 5.25% embryos were at 2-, 4-, 8- and 16 to 32-cell embryonic stages, respectively at day 3. Blastocyst development rates were 14.95 ± 4.39%. This study inferred that the BLRI adopted culture system supports development of bovine embryo in vitro.Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2016. 45 (1): 31-35

The study was executed to explore the present husbandry management practices of cattle rearing in selected areas of Bangladesh. A total 719 of samples were selected using simple random sampling technique from 14 selected upazilas of 9 districts. Data were collected through well-developed, pre-tested objective-based questionnaire and on-farm face to face direct interview. Data were analyzed using MS Excel and SPSS 20 software with descriptive statistics. From the study it was found that farmers were used half grazing (39.97%), full grazing (33.63%) and stall feeding (26.40%) cattle rearing systems. Most of the cattle sheds were found shabby type (47.89%). The average time of grazing and taking care of cattle were found 6.08 and 5.25 hours/day respectively. However, in intensive system straw and concentrate feed (8.04% and 14.94%) and in semi-intensive system grass and concentrate (5.67% and 7.47%) were provided. Most of the farmers (52.02%) used chopped roughage followed by balance ration (9.64%) of feeding technology. Moreover, most of the farmers irrespective of areas used wheat bran (65.07%) and rice police (49.92%) to feed their cattle. The scenarios of fodder cultivation of different study areas were found poor. Furthermore, the farmers had taken animal quarantine (24.19%), used cleaning farm premises (90.26%) and controlled rodents and external parasite (52.26%). Irrespective of areas regular cleaning, de-worming, vaccination, disinfect and did not take any kind of measure were 88.52%, 67.61%, 63.37%, 17.44% and 11.72% respectively. It may be concluded that there was a lack of knowledge found about scientific management practices in rearing cattle and scope for improvement of management practices of cattle for better milk and meat production in the context of Bangladesh.

The Black Bengal goat (BBG) is a dwarf sized heritage goat (Capra hircus) breed from Bangladesh, and is well known for its high fertility, excellent meat and skin quality. Here we present the first whole genome sequence and genome-wide distributed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the BBG. A total of 833,469,900 raw reads consisting of 125,020,485,000 bases were obtained by sequencing one male BBG sample. The reads were aligned to the San Clemente and the Yunnan black goat genome which resulted in 98.65% (properly paired, 94.81%) and 98.50% (properly paired, 97.10%) of the reads aligning, respectively. Notably, the estimated sequencing coverages were 48.22X and 44.28X compared to published San Clemente and the Yunnan black goat genomes respectively. On the other hand, a total of 9,497,875 high quality SNPs (Q ≥ 20) along with 1,023,359 indels, and 8,746,849 high quality SNPs along with 842,706 indels were identified in BBG against the San Clemente and Yunnan black goat genomes respectively. The dataset is publicly available from NCBI BioSample (SAMN10391846), Sequence Read Archive (SRR8182317, SRR8549413 and SRR8549904), with BioProject ID PRJNA504436. These data might be useful genomic resources in conducting genome wide association studies, identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and functional genomic analysis of the Black Bengal goat.

The water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is considered an efficient converter of poor quality forages into high quality milk and meat. This species is ubiquitous, with prevalence though in Asian and Mediterranean countries. From a genetic standpoint, the species is characterized by two main subspecies: river and swamp type. The former to be found predominantly in Mediterranean countries, whereas the latter is found only in the Asia continent. At present, the majority of the total world buffalo population is distributed in Asia, holding around 97% of the available stock. There, animals are mostly fed on low quality roughages and crop residues with poor nutritive value, resulting inevitably in reduced productive and reproductive performances. A distinctive differential production system is in effect between river and swamp type buffaloes, due to a significant production capacity of the two sub-species. An overview of production systems and their sustainability in the two sub-species with an emphasis on country of origin and feed availability is presented.

Problem statement: Red Chittagong Cattle (RCC) is a potential genetic resource in Bangladesh having dairy potentialities, high resistance to disease and survive harse environmental condition while require low input supply. This resource is now disappearing due to indiscriminate crossing with other local and exotic cattle. To conserve this resource, find out the genetic diversity of RCC is prime concern. Approach: To determine the genetic variation of Red Chittagong Cattle and to find out the genetic present status for their future improvement and conservation program. The experiment was conducted in the Molecular Genetics Laboratory under Animal Production Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Saver, Dhaka, Bangladesh. DNA was extracted from 100 RCC blood samples and the extracted DNA was observed by gel electrophoresis. Randomly 16 primers were tested among them three primers were matched and found polymorphic. Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RAPD-PCR) analysis was carried out using DNA samples of RCC. Only unambiguous, reproducible and scorable polymorphic fragments were taken into consideration for analysis. Data were analyzed by using a computer program POPGENE (Version 1.31). Results: The highest and the lowest level of gene frequency value (0.9590 and 0.0440) were observed in allele 0 and 1 with BMC1222-2 locus and only one monomorphic locus (OPB07-1) was found. The Nei’s gene diversity and Shannon’s information indicated that the highest and the lowest diversity were found in Anwara (0.2925) and Chandonish (0.2147) respectively. The pair-wise mean genetic distance value ranged (below diagonal) from 0.0092-0.0279. The minimum distance was found between Satkania and Chandonish. On the other hand maximum distance was found between RCC BLRI and Potia. The dendrogram segregated the five population of RCC into two clusters: RCC BLRI and Anwara is one cluster whereas Satkania, Chandonish and Potia made another cluster. Conclusion: The genetic diversity of RCC is relatively higher for a prescribed breed and therefore, have an opportunities to improve them using selective breeding like ONBS.