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Although richness and distribution of woody species in the Cerrado physiognomies have been extensively studied, the shifts of woody species from savanna physiognomies to dry forests have not yet been addressed. Here, we investigate the effect of soil physical-chemical traits on the woody species turnover between adjacent cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest physiognomies. Woody species were surveyed, and soil and topographic variables measured, in 30 10×40 m plots systematically distributed, with 15 plots in each physiognomy. We found a spatially structured distribution of woody species, and differences of soil traits between cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest areas, mainly related to the aluminum saturation, base saturation, and available phosphorus. Aluminum saturation increased toward the savanna area, while base saturation increased toward the dry forest. Most woody species predominated in one physiognomy, such as Callisthene major in the cerrado stricto sensu and Anadenanthera colubrina in the dry forest. Only 20% of the species were widely distributed across both physiognomies or, not often, restricted to the intermediary values of the soil gradient. General results indicate that contrasting soil traits between cerrado stricto sensu and dry forest produce a strongly spatially organized and sharp transition in terms of species distribution between these physiognomies. Resumo Embora a distribuição e a riqueza em espécies arbóreas nas fitofisionomias do Cerrado venham sendo bastante estudadas, a transição entre savanas e florestas deciduais ainda não foi abordada. Investigamos o efeito de características físico-químicas do solo sobre a distribuição de espécies arbóreas em região de contato entre cerrado sentido restrito e floresta estacional decidual (FED). As espécies arbóreas foram amostradas sistematicamente, e variáveis de topografia e características do solo foram medidas em 30 parcelas de 10×40 m, sendo 15 parcelas em cada fisionomia. A distribuição das espécies arbóreas foi espacialmente estruturada, e as características do solo diferiram entre as áreas de cerrado sentido restrito e FED, principalmente relacionadas à saturação de alumínio, saturação de bases e teores de fósforo. A saturação de alumínio aumentou em direção ao cerrado sentido restrito, enquanto a saturação de bases aumentou em direção à FED. A maioria das espécies arbóreas predominou em uma das fisionomias, como Callisthene major em cerrado sentido restrito e Anadenanthera colubrina em FED. Apenas 20% das espécies foram amplamente distribuídas em ambas as fisionomias ou, em poucos casos, restritas aos valores intermediários do gradiente de solo. Os resultados indicam um forte contraste de características do solo entre o cerrado sentido restrito e a FED, assim como uma transição acentuada e espacialmente organizada quanto à distribuição de espécies arbóreas.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:34:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Mites of the family Melicharidae comprise 13 genera and 220 species often associated with edaphic environments and found in association with insects, birds and mammals. Two genera, Proctolaelaps and Tropicoseius, have been recorded in Brazil in association with birds and bromeliads. In this study, we add new locality and host-association records for Proctolaelaps superagui and Tropicoseius braziliensis in the country. Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas Instituto Butantan Departamento de Patologia Reprodução e Saúde Única Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias-UNESP Laboratório de Ecologia Instituto de Biologia Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul Museu Biológico Instituto Butantan Independent Researcher Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia ESALQ-Universidade de São Paulo Department of Entomology University of Arkansas Departamento de Patologia Reprodução e Saúde Única Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias-UNESP

Most Asteraceae species are pollinated by insects, mainly bees and butterflies, although pollination by birds has been documented and pollination by bats has been suggested for some species. Here, we investigated the pollination of Gongylolepis martiana, a species supposedly pollinated by bats. We assessed floral traits and visitors in a population of G. martiana in the Brazilian Amazon, measuring pollen removal from anthers and deposition on stigmas by diurnal and nocturnal visitors. Florets opened at dusk and lasted for 4 days, with the male phase starting on the first night and the female phase on the third night. Accumulated nectar per capitulum was 69.6 μl per night and sugar concentration was 15%. Nectar-feeding bats and hummingbirds contacted the sexual parts, but pollen removal and deposition were greater throughout the night than during the day, when Meliponini bees considerably reduced pollen availability. Other nocturnal visitors of G. martiana were rare, including nocturnal bees and moths that foraged for pollen and nectar, respectively. Our results support that nectarivorous bats are the main pollinators of G. martiana, confirming Vogel's hypothesis of bat pollination in Asteraceae, particularly in the genus Gongylolepis. Since anthesis and each sexual floral phase started in the evening, nectarivorous bats and diurnal bees caused additive priority effects, preventing hummingbirds from being efficient pollinators. The high density of flowering individuals of G. martiana in patches from white-sand forests likely increases bat attraction, while the small amount of nectar per plant favours cross-pollination.

Functional traits can determine pairwise species interactions, such as those between plants and pollinators. However, the effects of biogeography and evolutionary history on trait-matching and trait-mediated resource specialization remain poorly understood.We compiled a database of 93 mutualistic hummingbird-plant networks (including 181 hummingbird and 1,256 plant species), complemented by morphological measures of hummingbird bill and floral corolla length. We divided the hummingbirds into their principal clades and used knowledge on hummingbird biogeography to divide the networks into four biogeographical regions: Lowland South America, Andes, North & Central America, and the Caribbean islands. We then tested: (a) whether hummingbird clades and biogeographical regions differ in hummingbird bill length, corolla length of visited flowers and resource specialization, and (b) whether hummingbirds' bill length correlates with the corolla length of their food plants and with their level of resource specialization.Hummingbird clades dominated by long-billed species generally visited longer flowers and were the most exclusive in their resource use. Bill and corolla length and the degree of resource specialization were similar across mainland regions, but the Caribbean islands had shorter flowers and hummingbirds with more generalized interaction niches. Bill and corolla length correlated in all regions and most clades, that is, trait-matching was a recurrent phenomenon in hummingbird-plant associations. In contrast, bill length did not generally mediate resource specialization, as bill length was only weakly correlated with resource specialization within one hummingbird clade (Brilliants) and in the regions of Lowland South America and the Andes in which plants and hummingbirds have a long co-evolutionary history. Supplementary analyses including bill curvature confirmed that bill morphology (length and curvature) does not in general predict resource specialization.These results demonstrate how biogeographical and evolutionary histories can modulate the effects of functional traits on species interactions, and that traits better predict functional groups of interaction partners (i.e. trait-matching) than resource specialization. These findings reveal that functional traits have great potential, but also key limitations, as a tool for developing more mechanistic approaches in community ecology.A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

Recent theories suggest that processes shaping species diversity are the same shaping genetic diversity, leading to a correlation between the two levels of diversity. Using Neotropical bat assemblages, and considering the genetic diversity of two co-distributed Chiroptera species with distinct life-history traits, Artibeus planirostris and Carollia perspicillata, we evaluated the correlation between metrics of taxonomic (species richness, evenness, and community divergence) and genetic diversity (number of haplotypes, haplotype diversity, allelic richness, expected heterozygosity and genetic divergence) in these two species. Landscape variables potentially affecting those correlations (distance to the nearest conservation unit, forest area, forest border length and number of forest fragments) were also analysed. For A. planirostris, we found a negative correlation between evenness and expected heterozygosity and also between mean presence-absence assemblage divergence and mean genetic divergence based on microsatellites. Our results indicate that the genetic diversity in A. planirostris is not explained by the landscape variables considered. For C. perspicillata, we found a positive correlation between species richness and haplotype richness and between evenness and expected heterozygosity. Genetic differentiation based on microsatellites in C. perspicillata was positively related to geographic distance and landscape differentiation. Allelic richness and expected heterozygosity in C. perspicillata were negatively related to distance from the conservation unit and forest area, but significance changed according to the spatial scale. We conclude that species-genetic diversity correlations may vary according to the species under study. Thus, A. planirostris appears to be ecologically different to other species in assemblages, while C. perspicillata seems to be ecologically similar.

The consumption of fruits and floral resources, as core or complementary food items, occurs in 75% of phyllostomid species. If phylogenetically related bat species have similar plant species in their diets, then it is expected that vegetal resources composition influences the phylogenetic structure of phyllostomid assemblages. We ask here if the phylogenetic structure of phyllostomid assemblages is associated with vegetation structure and resources. Our results showed that proportions of plant sources consumed by phyllostomids in the Pantanal wetland have phylogenetic signal, and that variation of the available vegetal resources influences the phylogenetic structure of phyllostomid assemblages. Considering the availability of their principal food resources, the two major phyllostomid clades (Phyllostominae and Stenodermatinae) responded in opposite ways to the vegetal resources gradient, formed by plant species with distinct adaptations to inundation. Our results indicate that the use of different habitats based on variation of vegetal resources is the main driver of phylogenetic structure of phyllostomid assemblages in the Pantanal wetland. O consumo de frutos e de recursos florais como itens principais ou complementares da dieta ocorre em 75% das espécies de filostomídeos. Se morcegos filogeneticamente mais próximos apresentam maior similaridade de espécies de plantas em suas dietas, espera-se que a composição de recursos vegetais influencie a estrutura filogenética das comunidades de filostomídeos. Perguntamos neste estudo se as comunidades de filostomídeos são filogeneticamente estruturadas em resposta à variação da disponibilidade de recursos e da estrutura da vegetação. Os resultados mostraram que a porcentagem de recursos vegetais consumidos pelos filostomídeos no Pantanal apresenta sinal filogenético, e que a variação da composição dos recursos disponíveis influencia a estrutura filogenética das comunidades. Em resposta à disponibilidade de seus principais recursos alimentares, os dois principais clados de filostomídeos (Phyllostominae e Stenodermatinae) respondem de forma oposta ao gradiente de composição de recursos vegetais, formado por espécies de plantas com diferentes adaptações à inundação. Nossos resultados indicam que o uso de diferentes hábitats, baseado na variação dos recursos vegetais, é o principal direcionador da estrutura filogenética das comunidades de filostomídeos no Pantanal.

For parasites in natural systems, the most common pattern of spatial distribution is aggregation among hosts. The main causes of such aggregation are variable exposure of hosts to parasites and heterogeneity in host susceptibility. The objective of this study was to determine if there are differences in the aggregation pattern of two species of ectoparasitic flies between the Pantanal and Cerrado regions of Brazil on the batArtibeus planirostris.We collected the ectoparasites from bats captured between 2002 and 2017 with mist nets in 21 sites in the Pantanal and 15 sites in the surrounding plateaus. The results showed that the aggregation of ectoparasitic flies in Pantanal was more pronounced than in Cerrado. The discrepancy aggregation index (D) of the bat flyMegistopoda araneawas 0.877 in Pantanal and 0.724 in Cerrado. The D values ofAspidoptera phyllostomatiswas even higher, with 0.916 and 0.848 in the Pantanal and Cerrado, respectively. Differences in the shelters used may be the main factor shaping variation in aggregation, since the Pantanal does not have rock formations, with only foliage, crowns and hollow tree trunks. These differences likely affect host exposure to the parasites, leading to an increase in parasite aggregation.

Human activities have led to global changes with direct consequences for biodiversity. For this reason, special concerns have arisen, particularly in respect to global threats such as habitat loss and fragmentation, because they decrease population size, promote the loss of species genetic diversity, contract species geographical distribution and facilitate species loss. Interest in the genetic consequences related to habitat changes has increased in the last decades, so it became crucial to understand how genetic diversity changes due to habitat loss and fragmentation and if the degree of genetic losses is related with species traits. Thus, we conduct a meta-analysis to test if genetic diversity of mammalian populations that live in fragments is lower than those living in continuous habitats and we also explore which species traits could be related with the observed patterns. Through this meta-analysis we detected an overall decrease in allelic diversity, allelic richness, observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity in mammalian species that live in situations of high habitat fragmentation. However, not all species are affected the same way. We found that species with larger body mass are the most negatively affected by fragmentation; terrestrial and arboreal mammals are more negatively affected than flying species; herbivores suffer consistent negative effect of fragmentation in the four genetic measures analysed; and forest-dependent species are the most susceptible to the negative effects of fragmentation. We expected to detect an increase in inbreeding coefficients in fragments when compared to continuous habitats; however, this pattern did not arise, probably because time since fragmentation was not enough and/or species have ways to avoid inbreeding. The patterns here described allow a better understanding of which mammalian species are more susceptible to the negative effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, potentially giving support for the conservation and management of their populations.

Flowering plant species and their nectar-feeding vertebrates exemplify some of the most remarkable biotic interactions in the Neotropics. In the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, several species of birds (especially hummingbirds), bats, and non-flying mammals, as well as one lizard feed on nectar, often act as pollinators and contribute to seed output of flowering plants. We present a dataset containing information on flowering plants visited by nectar-feeding vertebrates and sampled at 166 localities in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. This dataset provides information on 1902 unique interactions among 515 species of flowering plants and 129 species of potential vertebrate pollinators and the patterns of species diversity across latitudes. All plant-vertebrate interactions compiled were recorded through direct observations of visits, and no inferences of pollinators based on floral syndromes were included. We also provide information on the most common plant traits used to understand the interactions between flowers and nectar-feeding vertebrates: plant growth form, corolla length, rate of nectar production per hour in bagged flowers, nectar concentration, flower color and shape, time of anthesis, presence or absence of perceptible fragrance by human, and flowering phenology as well as the plant's threat status by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classification. For the vertebrates, status of threat by IUCN classification, body mass, bill or rostrum size are provided. Information on the frequency of visits and pollen deposition on the vertebrate's body is provided from the original source when available. The highest number of unique interactions is recorded for birds (1771) followed by bats (110). For plants, Bromeliaceae contains the highest number of unique interactions (606), followed by Fabaceae (242) and Gesneriaceae (104). It is evident that there was geographical bias of the studies throughout the southeast of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and that most effort was directed to flower-hummingbird interactions. However, it reflects a worldwide tendency of more plants interacting with birds compared with other vertebrate species. The lack of similar protocols among studies to collect basic data limits the comparisons among areas and generalizations. Nevertheless, this dataset represents a notable effort to organize and highlight the importance of vertebrate pollinators in this hotspot of biodiversity on Earth and represents the data currently available. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications or scientific events.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T16:16:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-02-01 Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. Instituto de Ciências da Natureza Universidade Federal de Alfenas (UNIFAL), Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700 Departamento de Botânica Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, S/n - Martelos Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915 Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUC-PR), Escola de Ciências da Vida, Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rodovia Jorge Amado Km 16 Departamento de Botânica Centro Politécnico Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Caixa Postal 19031, Jardim das Américas Instituto de Florestas Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Rodovia BR-465, Km 07 Centro de Ciências Biológicas Departamento de. Botânica Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, s/n - Trindade Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Campus Experimental de Registro, Av. Nelson Brihi Badur, 430 Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes (UMC) Núcleo de Ciências Ambientais, Avenida Doutor Cândido Xavier de Almeida e Souza, 200 Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Praça Infante Dom Henrique, São Vicente Prefeitura Municipal de Olaria, Meio Ambiente, Praça 1° de Março 13, Centro Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano (IF-Baiano), Campus Itaberaba, Av. Rio Branco, 1003, Centro Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB), Rua Antônio da Veiga, 140 Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia (UFRB) CCAAB, Rua Rui Barbosa, 710 Instituto de Biociências Cidade Universitária Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) Departamento Biociências (DBCI) Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Campus Universitário Prof. Alberto Carvalho,Av. Vereador Olímpio Grande, S/N - Bloco D, Centro Floresce Consultoria Ambiental, Rua Dr. Alexandre Gutierrez, 332 Departamento de Ecologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), CP. 199 Ciências Naturais Departamento de Ciências Naturais UESB Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Estrada do Bem-Querer km 4, s.n., Bairro Universitário Centro de Ensino Superior em Juiz de Fora (CESJF), Campus Arnaldo Janssen, Luz Interior, 345, Santa Luzia Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo Núcleo de Pesquisas Orquidário do Estado, Avenida Miguel Stefano Faculdade de Engenharia Arquitetura e Urbanismo e Geografia Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Caixa Postal 594, 79070-900, Cidade Universitária Departamento de Genética Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 pr 43312 JB Consultoria Ambiental, Rua Joaquim Firmino, 1318 Departamento de Ciências Florestais Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Avenida Prefeito Lothário Meissner, 632 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazônia (INPA) PPG-Botânica, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Aleixo Empresa Brazileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) Florestas, Estrada da Ribeira, Km 111 Departamento de Ciências Florestais Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (ESALQ) Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida Pádua Dias 11 Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Campus I, Bairro São José, BR 285 Departamento de Botânica Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Rua do Matão, 277 Instituto de Biociências Herbário CGMS Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Avenida Costa e Silva s/n Instituto de Ecología Regional (UNT-CONICET), Casilla de Correo, 34, Yerba Buena Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde - Rodovia Washington Luís Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCAR), Km 335 - SP 310, 13565-905/C.P 676 Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), CP. 199 Departamento de Botânica Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Avenida 24 A, 1515, CP. 199 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Avenida Universitária, 1105, Bairro Universitário Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIFASF) NEMA, Brazil 407, Km 12, lote 543, Projeto de Irrigação Nilo Coelho, s/n Departamento de Biologia Vegetal Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), C. P. 6109 Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Museu Nacional, Horto Botânico, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão Laboratory of Palynostratigraphy and Paleobotany CICyTTP (CONICET-Entre Ríos-UADER), Dr. Matteri y España Diamante Departamento de Ecologia Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524 Ministério do Planejamento Desenvolvimentos e Gestão Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco K, Sala 352 Departamento de Biologia Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Campus de Ribeirão Preto, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900 Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Cidade Universitária Departamento de Biodiversidade Evolução e Meio Ambiente Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Campus, Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro Departamento de Ecologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Jorge Amado Km 16 Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Avenida Alberto Lamego 2000, Parque Califórnia, 28013602 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ecossistemas Universidade Vila Velha (UVV), Rua Comissário José Dantas de Melo, s/n, Boa Vista Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental e Ornitologia Departamento de Zoologia Centro Politécnico Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Caixa Postal 19031, Jardim das Américas Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Clima Temperado (Embrapa Clima Temperado), Rodovia BR-392, Km 78, 9° Distrito, Postal Code 403 Instituto de Humanidades Artes e Ciências and Herbário Centro de Pesquisa do Cacau - CEPEC Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia (UFSB), Campus Jorge Amado, Km 29 Rod. Ilhéus-Itabuna, CP. 07 Departamento de Zootecnia e Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Independência, n° 3751 Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária - INCRA/SR22 - Alagoas Setor de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais, Rua do Imperador, N° 105 Centro Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Botânica - Avenida Antônio Carlos, Pampulha Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Laboratório de Ecologia e Restauração Florestal (LERF) Universidade de São Paulo (USP) Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (ESALQ), Avenida Pádua Dias 11, 13.418-900 Herbarium Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Centro Universitario Regional del Este Universidad de la República, Tacuarembó y Bvar Departamento de Ciências e Matemática (DCM) Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo (IFSP), Campus São Paulo, Rua Pedro Vicente, 625, Canindé Centro de Ciências Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Campus do PICI, Bloco 906 Reservas Votorantim, Rua Amauri, 255, 12° andar Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 3, 64st Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Biomas Tropicais Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Campus Morro do Cruzeiro Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo Núcleo de Pesquisas Curadoria do Herbário, Avenida Miguel Stefano Instituto Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS), Rodovia RS 135, Km 25, Distrito Engenheiro Luiz Englert, Caixa Postal 21 Departamento de Botânica Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500 pr 43433 Conselho Superior de Ensino Pesquisa e Extensão Universidade Paulista (UNIP), Avenida Paulista, 900, 1°. Andar – Herbário, UNIP - Núcleo de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade - Bela Vista, 01310100 Laboratorio de Planificación Territorial Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales Facultad de Recursos Naturales Universidad Católica de Temuco, Rudecindo Ortega, 02950 Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia – ECZ Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), AC/Cidade Universitária. Trindade. CEP 88.040-970 Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia (INPA), Rua Horizontina, 104, Centro Woods Hole Research Center, 149, Woods Hole Road Embrapa Cerrados/Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária dos Cerrados, BR-020, Km 18 Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca (CEFET-RJ), Rua Voluntários da Pátria, 30, Bairro Belo Horizonte Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), Campus de São Miguel do Oeste, Rua Oiapoc, 211, Bairro Agostini São Miguel do Oeste Facultad de Ciencias Iguá y Mataojo Universidad de la República Departamento de Biologia Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, S/N Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo (IFES), Rod. ES-080, Km 93, São João de Petrópolis Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA) Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Florestal, Caixa Postal 3037 Departamento de Microbiologia Imunologia e Parasitologia Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário, s/n, Sala 05, MIP - Córrego Grande Faculdades Integradas do Vale do Ribeira Laboratório de Biologia Rua Oscar Yoshiaki Magário União das Instituições de Serviços Ensino e Pesquisa Ltda (UNISEP), 185, Jardim das Palmeiras Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais - Rua João Rosa Góes Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), 1761 Reserva Natural Vale, Rodovia Brazil 101 Norte, Interior Divisão de Florestas e Estações Experimentais Instituto Florestal do Estado de São Paulo, Seção de Bauru, Av. Rodrigues Alves, 38-25, Horto Florestal Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Avenida Transnordestina s.n. División Plantas Vasculares CONICET Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia, Avenida Ángel Gallardo 470 Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões (URI), Ciências Biológicas Instituto Tecnológico Vale Biodiversidade e Serviços Ecossistêmicos, Rua Boaventura da Silva, 955 Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES) Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Florestais, Avenida Governador Lindemberg, 316, Centro Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Campus Experimental de Registro, Av. Nelson Brihi Badur, 430 Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Praça Infante Dom Henrique, São Vicente Departamento de Ecologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), CP. 199 Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), CP. 199 Departamento de Botânica Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Avenida 24 A, 1515, CP. 199 Departamento de Biologia Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, S/N

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:50:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Chiggers of the genus Parasecia Loomis parasitize birds, mammals, and reptiles in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. In the present review, we examined 18 species previously included in the genus, 15 of them being retained in the genus Parasecia, one genus is created, Nahuacarus bulbocalcarn. gen. (Trombidiformes: Trombiculidae), and new combinations are proposed for two species: Lorillatum lasiurusn. comb. and Lorillatum orphanan. comb. (Trombidiformes: Trombiculidae). In addition, Parasecia kansasensis (Loomis) (Trombidiformes: Trombiculidae) is synonymized with Parasecia gurneyi (Ewing) (Trombidiformes: Trombiculidae), Parasecia gilbetoin. sp. (Trombidiformes: Trombiculidae) is described and new locality and host records are added for Parasecia chara (Wharton), Parasecia longicalcar (Brennan and Jones), Parasecia manueli (Brennan and Jones), and Parasecia thalurania (Brennan) (Trombidiformes: Trombiculidae). Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science University of São Paulo Laboratório Especial de Coleções Zoológicas Instituto Butantan Departamento de Parasitologia Animal Instituto de Veterinária Universidade Federal Rural Do Rio de Janeiro Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do sul Museu Biológico Instituto Butantan Florida State Collection of Arthropods Division of Plant Industry Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Systematic Entomology Laboratory Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do sul Departamento de Patologia Veterinária Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias-UNESP Departamento de Patologia Veterinária Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias-UNESP FAPESP: 2010/51875-9 FAPESP: 2017/01416-7 FAPESP: 2018/24667-8 CNPq: 307016/2015-3 CNPq: 377976/2014-8 CNPq: 440639/2015-8 CNPq: 454907/2014-1

Incluye contenido parcial de los autores Abstract.Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecologicalhealth and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carni-vores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide managementand conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropicalregion: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; andUrsidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropicalcarnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTRO-PICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data wereobtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organi-zations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including cameratrapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature(peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated inthis compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n=79,343; 79.7%) butalso includes non-detection data (n=20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data(n=43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute tomacroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspec-tives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distri-bution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans andsafeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combinedwith other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and relatedecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restric-tion for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of theinformation used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data.

Structural characteristics of vegetation can influence the use of space by Neotropical bats, affecting their local abundance and patterns of activity. In this study, we ask whether vegetation structure determines the occupancy by and detectability of the fruit-eating bat Artibeus planirostris among habitats in the Pantanal wetland. We mistnetted bats in the wet and dry seasons, and measured vegetation structures in 36 sites systematically established each 1 km. The probability of occupancy was negatively influenced by the mean distance between trees, with a pronounced decrease in sites with less than about 16 trees per hectare, and the detectability was negatively influenced by moonlight. Artibeus planirostris tended to widely occupy the available vegetation gradient, from savannas with scattered trees to dense forest patches during the wet season, and to reduce general occupancy of all sites during the dry season. Considering the threshold of 16 trees ha−1, ongoing replacement of savannas and forested areas by exotic pastures for cattle ranching has converted suitable habitats into unhospitable areas for A. planirostris in the Pantanal wetland.

Understanding the effects of land conversion for livestock grazing on species diversity and functional groups continues to be urgently needed to assess how ranching affects animal assemblages and provide guidelines for managing landscapes under this omnipresent type of land use. Given Neotropical bats' high diversity of feeding habits and flying abilities, and that they play multiple, important ecological roles in ecosystems, they are an ideal study system to address such a need. We investigated the effects of livestock ranching on Neotropical bat species and functional groups composition via meta-analyses of published information. We used the odds-ratio metric to compare the frequency of occurrence of bat species in old-growth forest vs. areas influenced by livestock. Our results show no effects when considering bats as a group. However, significant effects emerge when they are assessed separately, on the basis of taxonomic family, feeding habit, conservation status and flying ability, showing that considering bats as a black box mutes relevant patterns. Molossid and phyllostomid species with high movement ability or omnivorous habit showed an increased frequency in livestock areas. In contrast, frugivores and aerial insectivores with low movement ability, carnivores, gleaning insectivores, nectarivores, sanguivores and species considered under some degree of extinction risk were significantly more frequent in old-growth forest. Overall, our results support that areas converted for livestock production retain only a subset of the Neotropical bat functional diversity while most of the functional groups are negatively impacted. Such heterogeneity of responses seems critical for our understanding of the effects of land use change on animal communities.

In this study, we describe for the first time facultative hemiepiphytism in Cecropia pachystachya Trecul growing on palms in the “Pantanal” wetland of Brazil and investigate ecological factors associated with this unexpected phenomenon. We sampled C. pachystachya seeds lodged in palm stems and recorded the seed rain to low stems, high stems and to the ground below and away from palms. We also tested seed germination on soil and stem substrates and measured the chemical composition of both substrates. Compared to freestanding conspecifics, hemiepiphytes of C. pachystachya were rare and displayed wider trunks but similar height. All hemiepiphytes were fixed on low stems by aerial roots encircling the palms and coalesced branches rooted into the ground. Most palm stems contained C. pachystachya seeds but a few concentrated seeds massively. Dispersal of seeds was 15 times greater to lower than higher portions of stems, and seven times higher below palms than elsewhere. Germination rates of C. pachystachya seeds did not differ between soil and stem substrates. The clayey stem substrate presented more Zn, K, P, Ca, Mg and Al than the sandy soil, which in turn presented more Fe and Cu. The exceptional occurrence of C. pachystachya as a facultative hemiepiphyte in the “Pantanal” wetland results from massive seed rain to lower regions of palm stems, where germination, mechanical stability and access to nutrients are conducive to establishment and subsequent growth. However, the rarity of hemiepiphytism in C. pachystachya indicates that opportunities for successful establishment rely on a combination of uncertain spatiotemporal conditions.

Xenarthrans -anteaters, sloths, and armadillos- have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. Have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become. Fil: Marques Santos, Paloma. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Brasil Fil: Bocchiglieri, Adriana. Universidade Federal de Sergipe; Brasil Fil: Garcia Chiarello, Adriano. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Pereira Paglia, Adriano. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Brasil Fil: Moreira, Adryelle. Amplo Engenharia e Gestão de Projetos ; Brasil Fil: Abba, Agustin Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores; Argentina Fil: Paviolo, Agustin Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical; Argentina Fil: Gatica, Ailin. Universidad Nacional de San Luis; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Ochoa, Ana Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina Fil: de Angelo, Carlos Daniel. Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto. Facultad de Cs.exactas Fisicoquimicas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Biodiversidad y Ambiente. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Cordoba. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Biodiversidad y Ambiente.; Argentina Fil: Tellaeche, Cintia Gisele. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Centro de Estudios Ambientales Territoriales y Sociales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; Argentina Fil: Varela, Diego Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina Fil: Vanderhoeven, Ezequiel Andres. Ministerio de Salud. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Caruso, María Flavia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Administración de Parques Nacionales. Delegación Regional del Noroeste; Argentina Fil: Arrabal, Juan Pablo. Secretaria de Gobierno de Salud. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical - Sede Puerto Iguazú Misiones; Argentina. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina Fil: Iezzi, María Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina Fil: Di Bitetti, Mario Santiago. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina Fil: Cruz, Paula Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina Fil: Reppucci, Juan Ignacio. Administración de Parques Nacionales. Delegación Regional del Noroeste; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Benito Santamaria, Silvia. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina Fil: Quiroga, Verónica Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; Argentina Fil: Di Blanco, Yamil Edgardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina Fil: Marás, Gustavo Arnaldo. Administración de Parques Nacionales. Delegación Regional del Noroeste; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Camino, Micaela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral; Argentina Fil: Perovic, Pablo Gastón. Administración de Parques Nacionales. Delegación Regional del Noroeste; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Martínez Pardo, Julia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina Fil: Costa, Sebastián Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina Fil: Pinheiro, Fabiana. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasil Fil: Volkmer de Castilho, Pedro. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Brasil Fil: Bercê, William. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Camara Assis, Julia. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho. Faculdade de Engenharia.; Brasil Fil: Rodrigues Tonetti, Vinicius. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Alves Eigenheer, Milene. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Chinem, Simonne. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Honda, Laura K.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Bergallo, Helena de Godoy. Universidade do Estado de Rio do Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Alberici, Vinicius. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Wallace, Robert. Wildlife Conservation Society; Estados Unidos Fil: Ribeiro, Milton Cezar. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Galetti, Mauro. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil

Food habits of yellow armadillos have been reported to include mainly plant material and invertebrates. Although predation on medium vertebrates is unexpected, yellow armadillos present strategies to subjugate medium vertebrates. Here, we report events of predation upon domestic chickens by yellow armadillos in the Brazilian Pantanal. We installed 20 Tomahawk traps, each baited with one live chicken to capture felines and, throughout 15 days of trapping, we captured two yellow armadillos. Both killed the chickens and ate most of them. These events represent a new uppermost limit of prey size for yellow armadillos.

Author(s): Araujo, AC; Martin Gonzalez, AM; Sandel, B; Maruyama, PK; Fischer, E; Vizentin-Bugoni, J; de Araujo, FP; Coelho, AG; Faria, RR; Kohler, G; Las-Casas, FMG; Lopes, AV; Machado, AO; Machado, CG; Machado, IC; McGuire, JA; Moura, AC; Oliveira, GM; Oliveira, PE; Rocca, MA; Rodrigues, LDC; Rodrigues, M; Rui, AM; Sazima, I; Sazima, M; Varassin, IG; Wang, Z; Dalsgaard, B; Svenning, JC | Abstract: Aim: We examined the effects of space, climate, phylogeny and species traits on module composition in a cross-biomes plant–hummingbird network. Location: Brazil, except Amazonian region. Methods: We compiled 31 local binary plant–hummingbird networks, combining them into one cross-biomes metanetwork. We conducted a modularity analysis and tested the relationship between species’ module membership with traits, geographical location, climatic conditions and range sizes, employing random forest models. We fitted reduced models containing groups of related variables (climatic, spatial, phylogenetic, traits) and combinations of groups to partition the variance explained by these sets into unique and shared components. Results: The Brazilian cross-biomes network was composed of 479 plant and 42 hummingbird species, and showed significant modularity. The resulting six modules conformed well to vegetation domains. Only plant traits, not hummingbird traits, differed between modules, notably plants’ growth form, corolla length, flower shape and colour. Some modules included plant species with very restricted distributions, whereas others encompassed more widespread ones. Widespread hummingbirds were the most connected, both within and between modules, whereas widespread plants were the most connected between modules. Among traits, only nectar concentration had a weak effect on among-module connectivity. Main conclusions: Climate and spatial filters were the main determinants of module composition for hummingbirds and plants, potentially related to resource seasonality, especially for hummingbirds. Historical dispersal-linked contingency, or environmental variations not accounted for by the explanatory factors here evaluated, could also contribute to the spatial component. Phylogeny and morphological traits had no unique effects on the assignment of species to modules. Widespread species showed higher within- and/or among-module connectivity, indicating their key role connecting biomes, and, in the case of hummingbirds, communities within biomes. Our results indicate that biogeography and climate not only determine the variation of modularity in local plant–animal networks, as previously shown, but also affect the cross-biomes network structure.

Ecological disturbances caused by roadways have previously been reported, but traffic speed has not been addressed. We investigate effects of traffic speed on pollination of Centratherum punctatum (Asteraceae) along an Amazonian highway roadside. We hypothesised that frequency of flower visitors, duration of single visits and pollen deposition on stigmas will vary negatively as traffic speed increases. After measuring vehicle velocities, we classified three road sections as low-, mid- and high-velocity traffic. The main pollinator bee, Augochlora sp., visited C. punctatum inflorescences with decreasing frequency from low- to high-velocity roadside sections, whereas the nectar thief butterflies did the opposite. Duration of single visits by bees and butterflies was shorter, and arrival of pollen on C. punctatum stigmas was lower, in high- than in low-velocity roadside. Air turbulence due to passing vehicles increases with velocity and disturbed the flower visitors. Overall, results support that traffic velocity negatively affects foraging of flower visitors and the pollination of C. punctatum on roadsides.

Scientists have long been trying to understand why the Neotropical region holds the highest diversity of birds on Earth. Recently, there has been increased interest in morphological variation between and within species, and in how climate, topography, and anthropogenic pressures may explain and affect phenotypic variation. Because morphological data are not always available for many species at the local or regional scale, we are limited in our understanding of intra- and interspecies spatial morphological variation. Here, we present the ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS, a data set that includes measurements of up to 44 morphological traits in 67,197 bird records from 2,790 populations distributed throughout the Atlantic forests of South America. This data set comprises information, compiled over two centuries (1820–2018), for 711 bird species, which represent 80% of all known bird diversity in the Atlantic Forest. Among the most commonly reported traits are sex (n = 65,717), age (n = 63,852), body mass (n = 58,768), flight molt presence (n = 44,941), molt presence (n = 44,847), body molt presence (n = 44,606), tail length (n = 43,005), reproductive stage (n = 42,588), bill length (n = 37,409), body length (n = 28,394), right wing length (n = 21,950), tarsus length (n = 20,342), and wing length (n = 18,071). The most frequently recorded species are Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 1,837), Turdus albicollis (n = 1,658), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 1,468), Turdus leucomelas (n = 1,436), and Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 1,384). The species recorded in the greatest number of sampling localities are Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 243), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 242), Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 210), Platyrinchus mystaceus (n = 208), and Turdus rufiventris (n = 191). ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS (ABT) is the most comprehensive data set on measurements of bird morphological traits found in a biodiversity hotspot; it provides data for basic and applied research at multiple scales, from individual to community, and from the local to the macroecological perspectives. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications or teaching and educational activities.

In the New World genus Leishmania parasites are etiological agents of neglected zoonoses known as leishmaniasis. Its epidemiology is very complex due to the participation of several species of sand fly vectors and mammalian hosts, and man is an accidental host. Control is very difficult because of the different epidemiological patterns of transmission observed. Studies about Leishmania spp. infection in bats are so scarce, which represents a large gap in knowledge about the role of these animals in the transmission cycle of these pathogens, especially when considering that Chiroptera is one of the most abundant and diverse orders among mammals. Leishmaniasis in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil are remarkably frequent, probably due to the abundance of its regional mastofauna. The recent record of L. braziliensis in bats from this state indicates the need to clarify the role of these mammals in the transmission cycle. In this study we evaluated the presence of Leishmania parasites in the skin of different species of bats, using PCR directed to Leishmania spp. kDNA for screening followed by PCR/RFLP analysis of the hsp70 gene for the identification of parasite species. Leishmania species identification was confirmed by PCR directed to the G6PD gene of L. braziliensis, followed by sequencing of the PCR product. Samples from 47 bats were processed, of which in three specimens (6.38%) was detected the presence of Leishmania sp. kDNA. PCR/RFLP and sequencing identified the species involved in the infection as L. braziliensis in all of them. This is the first report of Leishmania braziliensis in bats from Pantanal ecosystem and the first record of this species in Platyrrhinus lineatus and Artibeus planirostris, bats with a wide distribution in South America. These results reinforce the need to deepen the knowledge about the possibility of bats act as reservoirs of Leishmania spp. especially considering their ability of dispersion and occupation of anthropic environments.

Multiple studies at a local scale on food items consumed by coexisting species are necessary to determine patterns of resource partitioning among phyllostomid bats. Here we report the food items consumed by 11 phyllostomid bats and the similarity among the diets of the six most abundant species in the Pantanal wetlands of Brazil. We identified food items from fecal samples collected from 347 bats captured between 2002 and 2007. Most individuals (76%) fed on fruits. Arthropods and pollen were present in 56% and 37% of the fecal samples, respectively. Fruits of Ficus species and Cecropia pachystachya were mainly consumed by Artibeus jamaicensis, Platyrrhinus lineatus and Glossophaga soricina, whereas Piper species were the main fruits consumed by Sturnira lilium and Carollia perspicillata. Bauhinia ungulata was the most common source of pollen consumed by ten bat species, including Chrotopterus auritus for which pollen consumption has never been described before. Lepidoptera occurred in higher frequencies than other arthropod orders among fecal samples, but Coleoptera was the most important order for the insectivorous Lophostoma silvicolum. Overall, phyllostomids in the Pantanal fed on a low diversity of fruit and pollen species, and representatives of arthropod orders, appearing to induce a more ‘omnivorous’ diet regarding food types (fruits, floral resources, and arthropods) with a high overlap of food sources.

Polydactyly in bats has rarely been observed; a few cases are recorded for insectivorous molossid and vespertilionid species in North America. Here we report polydactyly in the foliage-roosting phyllostomid Artibeus lituratus, in the southern Pantanal floodplain and adjacent uplands, Brazil. Bats were mist-netted in six populations, and capture rate per population was estimated. Of 444 A. lituratus individuals sampled, one female and one male exhibited supernumerary toes. These cases occurred in the two densest populations, in sites where forests are distributed in small disconnected fragments. This situation could favour increased inbreeding in A. lituratus and, indirectly, the manifestation of polydactyly.

Streblidae flies are specialised parasites of bat hosts, mainly phyllostomids. There is a high richness of streblids in the savannah-like Cerrado region; however, there is little quantitative data available in parasitological indices. Here, we describe the component community, prevalence and intensity of a streblid infestation on a phyllostomid bat assemblage in Serra da Bodoquena, a Cerrado region in Southwest Brazil. We conducted surveys by capturing and inspecting bat hosts during the seven-month period between October 2004-December 2005. All the ectoparasites found on the bats were collected in the field and then counted and identified in the laboratory. We captured 327 bats belonging to 13 species, of which eight species were parasitized by 17 species of streblids. Carollia perspicillata and Glossophaga soricina were infested with seven streblid species, whereas the other bat species were infested with four or fewer streblid species. Megistopoda proxima and Aspidoptera falcata flies were found on Sturnira lilium, and Trichobius joblingi was the most prevalent fly on C. perspicillata. Megistopoda aranea and Aspidoptera phyllostomatis were highly prevalent and had a high intensity of infestation on Artibeus planirostris. Overall comparisons of the available data suggest that the component communities of streblids vary more between the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest phytogeographical regions than between localities within the same phytogeographical region.

Campo Grande é a maior cidade do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, localizada no domínio do Cerrado, um hotspot de biodiversidade. A fauna de morcegos urbanos tem sido pouco estudada no Brasil, principalmente em cidades na região do Cerrado. O principal objetivo aqui é descrever a composição, a riqueza e a diversidade da fauna de morcegos em remanescentes de Cerrado na região urbana de Campo Grande. Amostragens de morcegos foram feitas entre março e agosto de 2009 em oito parques urbanos com auxílio de redes-de-neblina. Em cada local, exceto um, foi realizada uma noite de amostragem por mês; ao todo foram 47 noites. A cada noite, seis redes de 2,6 × 12 m foram mantidas abertas por seis horas a partir do ocaso; o esforço total de captura foi de 52.790,4 m2/h. Foram capturados 701 morcegos pertencentes a 14 espécies, das quais 12 foram filostomídeos (98,6% das capturas). Artibeus lituratus foi a espécie dominante, semelhante ao reportado para outras regiões urbanas no Brasil. Artibeus planirostris foi a segunda espécie mais abundante em Campo Grande, característica incomum em outras comunidades urbanas de morcegos. Chiroderma doriae, C. villosum, Phyllostomus hastatus e Platyrrhinus helleri foram raras, e registradas pela primeira vez em Campo Grande. Somados outros estudos, 24 espécies de morcegos foram encontradas em Campo Grande, valor alto dentre as cidades nos domínios do Cerrado. A diversidade (H' = 1,65) de morcegos em Campo Grande também foi maior que a reportada para outras cidades em regiões de Cerrado ou Mata Atlântica. A ampla presença de parques florestados na zona urbana pode explicar, em parte, a grande riqueza e diversidade de morcegos na cidade de Campo Grande. Campo Grande is the largest city of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, located in the Cerrado domain, a biodiversity hotspot. Urban bat faunas have been poorly studied in Brazil, markedly in cities in the Cerrado region. The main objective here is describing composition, richness, and diversity of bat species which occur in the urban Cerrado remnants of Campo Grande. Bat samplings were carried out with mist-nets from March to August 2009 in eight urban parks. One sampling night was performed per month in each site, except in one; 47 nights at all. Each night, six 2.6 × 12 m nets were kept open for six hours after sunset; the capture effort was 52.790.4 m2/h. We captured 701 bats belonging to 14 species of which 12 were phyllostomids (98.6% of captures). Artibeus lituratus was the dominant species, such as reported in other urban regions in Brazil. Artibeus planirostris was the second most abundant species, in contrast to other urban bat assemblages. Chiroderma doriae, C. villosum, Phyllostomus hastatus e Platyrrhinus helleri were rare and registered for the first time in Campo Grande. Gathering other studies, 24 bat species are known to occur in Campo Grande, a high value among cities in the Cerrado. Bat diversity (H' = 1.65) in Campo Grande was also higher than that reported for other cities in the Cerrado or Atlantic Forest domains. The wide presence of forested parks in the urban zone may partially explain the great richness and diversity of bats in the Campo Grande city.

No abstract available

Measures of traits are the basis of functional biological diversity. Numerous works consider mean species-level measures of traits while ignoring individual variance within species. However, there is a large amount of variation within species and it is increasingly apparent that it is important to consider trait variation not only between species, but also within species. Mammals are an interesting group for investigating trait-based approaches because they play diverse and important ecological functions (e.g., pollination, seed dispersal, predation, grazing) that are correlated with functional traits. Here we compile a data set comprising morphological and life history information of 279 mammal species from 39,850 individuals of 388 populations ranging from −5.83 to −29.75 decimal degrees of latitude and −34.82 to −56.73 decimal degrees of longitude in the Atlantic forest of South America. We present trait information from 16,840 individuals of 181 species of non-volant mammals (Rodentia, Didelphimorphia, Carnivora, Primates, Cingulata, Artiodactyla, Pilosa, Lagomorpha, Perissodactyla) and from 23,010 individuals of 98 species of volant mammals (Chiroptera). The traits reported include body mass, age, sex, reproductive stage, as well as the geographic coordinates of sampling for all taxa. Moreover, we gathered information on forearm length for bats and body length and tail length for rodents and marsupials. No copyright restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data. Fil: Gonçalves, Fernando. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Bovendorp, Ricardo S.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Beca, Gabrielle. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Bello, Carolina. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Costa Pereira, Raul. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Muylaert, Renata L.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Rodarte, Raisa R.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Villar, Nacho. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Souza, Rafael. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Graipel, Maurício E.. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Brasil Fil: Cherem, Jorge J.. Caipora Cooperativa, Florianopolis; Brasil Fil: Faria, Deborah. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Brasil Fil: Baumgarten, Julio. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Brasil Fil: Alvarez, Martín R.. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Brasil Fil: Vieira, Emerson M.. Universidade do Brasília; Brasil Fil: Cáceres, Nilton. Universidade Federal de Santa María. Santa María; Brasil Fil: Pardini, Renata. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Leite, Yuri L. R.. Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo; Brasil Fil: Costa, Leonora Pires. Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo; Brasil Fil: Mello, Marco Aurelio Ribeiro. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: Fischer, Erich. Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul; Brasil Fil: Passos, Fernando C.. Universidade Federal do Paraná; Brasil Fil: Varzinczak, Luiz H.. Universidade Federal do Paraná; Brasil Fil: Prevedello, Jayme A.. Universidade do Estado de Rio do Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Cruz-Neto, Ariovaldo P.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Carvalho, Fernando. Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense; Brasil Fil: Reis Percequillo, Alexandre. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Paviolo, Agustin Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina Fil: Duarte, José M. B.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil. Fundación Oswaldo Cruz; Brasil Fil: Bernard, Enrico. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Brasil Fil: Agostini, Ilaria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina Fil: Lamattina, Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentina. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación; Argentina Fil: Vanderhoeven, Ezequiel Andres. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentina

The doline Buraco das Araras is a peculiar environment and important destiny for ecotourism in the Serra da Bodoquena region, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Here we describe the bat fauna of the doline and surrounding areas, and report its use as dayroost by the bat Nyctinomops laticaudatus. Bats were mist-netted during two field expeditions, in November 2007 and January 2008. We captured 153 individuals of 10 species, mainly N. laticaudatus (n = 90) and Artibeus planirostris (n = 28). This is the first record of N. laticaudatus in the Serra da Bodoquena region; it was captured only in January when leaving the doline in dense flocks at dusk. Phyllostomus hastatus, Micronycteris sanborni, and Molossops temminckii are also new records for the Serra da Bodoquena region. Three individuals - A. planirostris, Carollia perspicillata and Glossophaga soricina - tagged in November were recaptured in January, indicating that these species are residents. The doline and bordering vegetation appear to be important sources of shelter and food for bat fauna maintenance. A dolina Buraco das Araras é um ambiente peculiar e importante destino para o ecoturismo na região da Serra da Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Descrevemos aqui a fauna de morcegos da dolina e entorno, e reportamos sua utilização como abrigo diurno pelo morcego Nyctinomops laticaudatus. Os morcegos foram capturados em redes de neblina durante duas expedições, em novembro de 2007 e janeiro de 2008. Capturamos 153 indivíduos de 10 espécies, principalmente N. laticaudatus (n = 90) e Artibeus planirostris (n = 28). Este é o primeiro registro de N. laticaudatus na região da Serra da Bodoquena; a espécie foi capturada apenas em janeiro quando indivíduos deixavam a dolina em denso agrupamento ao anoitecer. Phyllostomus hastatus, Micronycteris sanborni e Molossops temminckii também são novos registros para a região da Serra da Bodoquena. Três indivíduos - A. planirostris, Carollia perspicillata e Glossophaga soricina - marcados em novembro foram recapturados em janeiro, indicando que estas espécies podem ser residentes. A dolina e a vegetação de entorno parecem representar importantes fontes de abrigo e alimento para a manutenção da fauna de morcegos.

The breeding system of Eichhorniaazurea (Pontederiaceae) has been described as being both self- and heteromorphic incompatible based on crossing experiments performed on plants grown in an experimental garden. We studied the breeding system of tristylous E. azurea population under natural conditions in the Pantanal wetlands, Brazil. Controlled pollinations were conducted using 35 individuals of each floral morph. Legitimate pollinations produced more fruits than self- and illegitimate pollinations, except for the mid-styled morph which was highly self- and heteromorphic compatible. The number of seeds per fruit was higher under legitimate pollinations than in the other treatments, but self- and illegitimate pollinations produced more fruits and seeds in the Pantanal than for individuals of E. azurea in other populations. The higher fruit and seed production resulting from legitimate pollinations corroborate previous studies, but self-compatibility of mid-styled plants was not previously reported. Overall results indicate a partially self- and heteromorphic compatible system for this species in the Pantanal.

We studied the assemblage of seed species and other food items defecated by juvenile and adult male and female individuals of Artibeus jamaicensis (Phyllostomidae) in three habitats in the Pantanal wetlands. The most frequent item in A. jamaicensis fecal samples were seeds (65%), followed by fruit pulp (30%), insects (20%), leaves (8%), and pollen (7%). Seeds of Ficus pertusa, F. gomelleira, Ficus sp., and Cecropia pachystachya were recorded in fecal samples from all three habitats while seeds of Banara arguta were exclusive to riparian forests. The relative occurrence of seed species in the fecal samples did not differ among sex or different‐aged individuals. Ficus pertusa was the most common seed species and presented fast germination after passing through bats. Seeds of C. pachystachya which passed through A. jamaicensis had a lower germination rate than those uneaten. Overall results support that A. jamaicensis feeds on a relatively poor assemblage of fruits in the Pantanal.

The lesser bulldog bat, Noctilio albiventris, and the greater bulldog bat, N. leporinus (Noctilionidae) occur from Mexico to Argentina and Uruguay and are known to forage over water courses and ponds (Hood and Pitocchelli, 1983; Hood and Jones, 1984; Fenton et al., 1993; Kalko et al., 1998; Nogueira and Pol, 1998). Noctilio albiventris (20–40 g) feeds mainly on insects whereas N. leporinus (45–90 g) primarily eats fish, but both species are able to feed on insects and fish (Howell and Burch, 1974; Hood and Pitocchelli, 1983; Hood and Jones, 1984; Lewis-Oritt et al., 2001; Bordignon, 2006). Noctilio albiventris often captures insects in the air but notably gleans them from water surfaces (Kalko et al., 1998; Nogueira and Pol, 1998). Compared to other Neotropical insectivorous bats, N. albiventris prey upon a wider variety of insect orders and a wider range of prey size (Aguirre et al., 2003). Although most available data do not indicate herbivory for N. albiventris, seeds of Brosimum and Morus (Moraceae) and pollen of Ceiba (Bombacaceae) have been recorded in their faeces or stomachs (Howell and Burch, 1974). Data on N. albiventris feeding habits, however, are very scarce and limited to Central America and only Bolivia in South America (Hooper and Brown, 1968; Howell and Burch, 1974; Whitaker and Findley, 1980; Aguirre et al., 2003). Here, we studied food items recorded from faecal samples of N. albiventris in three sites in the Pantanal wetlands in Brazil. We describe orders of insects, and plant species (seeds and pollen) consumed by this bat.

Ticks associated with bats have been poorly documented in the Neotropical Zoogeographical Region. In this study, a total of 1028 bats were sampled for tick infestations in the southern portion of the Brazilian Pantanal. A total of 368 ticks, morphologically identified as Ornithodoros hasei (n = 364) and O. mimon (n = 4), were collected from the following bat species: Artibeus planirostris, Platyrrhinus lineatus, Phyllostomus hastatus, Mimon crenulatum and Noctilio albiventris. Morphological identification of O. hasei was confirmed by molecular analysis. Regarding the most abundant bat species, only 40 (6.2%) out of 650 A. planirostris were infested by O. hasei, with a mean intensity of 7.2 ticks per infested bat, or a mean abundance of 0.44 ticks per sampled bat. Noteworthy, one single P. hastatus was infested by 55 O. hasei larvae, in contrast to the 2.5-7.2 range of mean intensity values for the whole study. As a complement to the present study, a total of 8 museum bat specimens (6 Noctilio albiventris and 2 N. leporinus), collected in the northern region of Pantanal, were examined for tick infestations. These bats contained 176 ticks, which were all morphologically identified as O. hasei larvae. Mean intensity of infestation was 22, with a range of 1-46 ticks per infested bat. Our results suggest that A. planirostris might play an important role in the natural life cycle of O. hasei in the Pantanal.

Bats have been increasingly studied in the last 15 years in Mato Grosso do Sul, and several records were not yet considered in reviews of South American bat distributions. Here, we present the bat species and their distributions in Mato Grosso do Sul based mainly on data compilation from literature, but also on complementary information from zoological collections, and our and colleagues’ unpublished records. We found 74 species of bats within 42 genera and seven families already reported in Mato Grosso do Sul. Bat species in this state represent 44% of the Brazilian’s bat species (≅ 169) and 7% of the world’s bat richness (≅ 1120). Phyllostomidae (42) and Molossidae (17) were the richest families. Four species formerly cited for Mato Grosso do Sul are not supported by our compilation, and other 15 species recorded in the vicinity are listed as potential occurrences in this state. We additionally found controversial traits for specimens of Platyrrhinus helleri, and report Eumops dabbenei for the first time in Brazil. Most species were recorded in the regions of Cerrado (60) or Pantanal (57) in Mato Grosso do Sul, but only 16 in the Atlantic Forest. Records of Phyllostomidae species were mostly found in Cerrado and those of Molossidae, in Pantanal. Records in Mato Grosso do Sul determine edges of distribution for at least 22 species of South American bats. The overall known chiropteran fauna of Mato Grosso do Sul is highly diverse and new findings are expected through additional surveys. Morcegos têm sido estudados intensivamente em Mato Grosso do Sul nos últimos 15 anos, e vários registros ainda não foram considerados em revisões sobre a distribuição de morcegos sul-americanos. Apresentamos aqui as espécies de morcegos e suas distribuições em Mato Grosso do Sul principalmente com base em dados compilados da literatura, mas também com base em dados complementares de coleção zoológica, e de registros inéditos nossos e de colegas. Encontramos 74 espécies de morcegos pertencentes a 42 gêneros e sete famílias em Mato Grosso do Sul. A riqueza de morcegos nesse estado representa 44% das espécies brasileiras de morcegos (≅ 169) e 7% da riqueza mundial de morcegos (≅ 1120). Phyllostomidae (42) e Molossidae (17) foram as famílias mais ricas. Quatro espécies reportadas anteriormente para Mato Grosso do Sul não são sustentadas com base em nossa compilação, e outras 15 espécies registradas na vizinhança são listadas como ocorrências potenciais no estado. Adicionalmente, encontramos características controversas em espécimes de Platyrrhinus helleri, e reportamos Eumops dabbenei pela primeira vez no Brasil. A maioria das espécies foi registrada nas regiões de Cerrado (60) ou Pantanal (57) em Mato Grosso do Sul, e apenas 16 em Mata Atlântica. Registros de Phyllostomidae foram encontrados principalmente em Cerrado e de Molossidae, no Pantanal. Sítios em Mato Grosso do Sul determinam limites de distribuição para pelo menos 22 espécies de morcegos sul americanos. A fauna de morcegos conhecida em Mato Grosso do Sul é bastante diversa, e novos registros são esperados por meio de inventários adicionais.

In this study we describe the ant assemblage visiting both foliar and bracteal extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) of Passiflora coccinea, investigate the protective role provided by ants against both herbivores and nectar-thief butterflies, and analyze possible fitness benefits for the plant (i.e., fruit and seed production) resulting from the presence of ants. Experiments and observations were performed in two Amazonian terra firme forest sites. Twenty-two ant species were recorded visiting the EFNs of P. coccinea. Camponotus aff. blandus was the most frequent and subordinate among the EFN-visiting ant species, accounting for 20% of the ant attacks on simulated herbivores (termites) and 50% on butterflies. Both the number of ant individuals and the number of species were positively correlated with the combined number of buds and flowers of P. coccinea. Moreover, ant protection behaviour against termites was stronger on flowers than on leaves. Finally, seed set almost doubled among fruits originating from ant-visited flowers as compared to flowers from which ants were artificially excluded. Our results suggest a protective role of ants for flowers of P. coccinea against both herbivores and nectar thieves, improving plant reproductive success. Keywords: Amazon forest, ant-plant interaction, extrafloral nectaries, flower protection, nectar thieves, plant fitness. Resume : Dans cette etude, nous decrivons l'assemblage de fourmis visitant les nectaires extrafloraux des feuilles et des bractees de Passiflora coccinea, nous etudions le role protecteur des fourmis contre les herbivores et les papillons voleurs de nectar et analysons les benefices possibles pour la plante, resultant de la presence de fourmis, au niveau de la production de fruits et de graines. Des experiences et observations ont ete realisees dans deux sites terrestres forestiers de l'Amazone. Vingt-deux especes de fourmis ont ete observees visitant les nectaires extrafloraux de P. coccinea. Camponotus aff. blandus etait l'espece de fourmi la plus frequente tout en etant subordonnee aux autres fourmis visitant les nectaires extrafloraux, elle produisait environ 20% des attaques contre les herbivores simules (termites) et 50% contre les papillons. Autant le nombre d'individus que les nombre d'especes de fourmis etaient correles positivement avec le nombre combine de bourgeons et de fleurs de P. coccinea. De plus, le comportement protecteur des fourmis contre les termites etait plus important pour les fleurs que les feuilles. Finalement, la production de graines etait presque le double dans les fruits provenant de fleurs visitees par les fourmis en comparaison avec les fleurs desquelles les fourmis avaient ete artificiellement exclues. Nos resultats suggerent que les fourmis jouent un role protecteur pour les fleurs de P. coccinea contre les herbivores et les voleurs de nectar augmentant ainsi le succes reproducteur des plantes. Mots-cles : foret amazonienne, interactions fourmi-plante, nectaires extrafloraux, protection des fleurs, voleurs de nectar, valeur adaptative des plantes. Nomenclature: Ribeiro et al., 1999.

Although recognized as highly diverse, the bat fauna of the Amazon basin has been only patchily sampled. This paper combines data from five short surveys conducted between 1998 and 2001 in Jau National Park, 220 km east of Manaus, central Amazonia. We used mistnets, recordings of echolocation calls and roost visits to provide the first bat inventory for this area. A total of 53 bat species in 33 genera and five families were documented, including several species that are regarded as rare, in particular Saccopteryx gymnura, Vampyriscus brocki, Molossops neglectus, and Promops centralis. The Chao 1 index indicates that sampling is about 72% complete, suggesting that around 73 bat species might co-exist in Jau. We compare the composition of Jau's bat fauna to those of other sites in Amazonia and interpret the resulting patterns of diversity. Data on reproduction are given for 14 species.

Neotropical frugivorous bats are common seed dispersers of several pioneer plant species, conferring to the bats an important role for conservation purposes. However, the effects of bats on seed germination have been scarcely addressed. Here, we evaluate effects of passage of seeds through guts of Artibeus lituratus bats on the germination of the pioneer tree Cecropia pachystachya, accounting for seed storage time and fruit maturity as covariates. To control for seed sources, we collected infructescences and offered them partially to captive bats in order to obtain seeds passed through bats and seeds unpassed from the same infructescences. We then stored in glycerol subsets of seeds of both treatments through time until the beginning of the germination experiment. Germination success responded to storage time and fruit maturation stage. Among seeds from unripe fruits, those passed through the bat guts showed higher percentage of germination than seeds unpassed, but no difference occurred between treatment...

Neotropical fruit bats are important dispersers of endozoochorous seeds, and the passage of seeds through their guts can affect germination. We asked whether the passage of Cecropia pachystachya (U...

It has been suggested that bats selectively ingest viable rather than wasp-parasitized fig seeds, but such a differential ingestion has not been demonstrated for Neotropical bats yet. We ask whether the fruit bat Platyrrhinus lineatus selectively ingests viable rather than parasitized Ficus citrifolia and F. crocata seeds, based on the proportion of parasitized seeds in three types of samples: ripe syconia, dry oral pellets and faeces. The proportion of parasitized seeds per F. citrifolia and F. crocata syconium ranged from 56 to 80% and from 66 to 93%, respectively. Most of the pellet samples presented more than 90% of parasitized seeds, and most of the faecal samples presented less than 5% of parasitized seeds. Results show that P. lineatus exhibits differential ingestion of F. citrifolia and F. crocata seeds, representing the first direct evidence of this phenomenon for Neotropical bats.

†Background and Aims The balance between stochastic forces and frequency-dependent mating largely governs style morph frequencies in heterostylous populations. In clonal species, deviations from equal morph ratios often result from founder events and unfavourable conditions for sexual reproduction. The aim of this study was to investigate whether different flooding regimes, because of their influence on sexual vs. clonal reproduction, are associated with regional variation in morph frequencies and floral trait differentiation in populations of the clonal, tristylous, aquatic Eichhornia azurea (Pontederiaceae) in the Pantanal wetlands of Brazil. †Methods Style morph frequencies were sampled from 73 populations distributed across four flooding regimes differing in depth and duration. Measurements of flower size, sex-organ dimension, pollen size and pollen production were made in selected populations, and pollinator assemblages and their functional traits were recorded. †KeyResults Most populations of E. azurea were tristylous (78 %), but the majority exhibited uneven morph ratios. The frequency of the mid-styled morph was significantly lower than that of the long- and short-styled morphs. Morph evenness was positively associated with population size but not with flooding regime. There were significant phenotypic differences among flooding regimes for all floral traits, including populations with reduced flower size, sexorgan length and smaller pollen. Pollinator assemblages varied with flood duration. †Conclusions The similar morph structure and evenness of populations, regardless of flooding regime, suggest that sexual reproduction and clonal dispersal are sufficiently common to prevent the signature of founder events from dominating in a region. However, the pervasive occurrence of biased morph ratios in most populations suggests that many are in a non-equilibrium state. The reduced frequency of the mid-styled morph in trimorphic and dimorphic populations may be associated with the weak self-incompatibility of this morph resulting in selfing and inbreeding depression. Clonality in E. azurea and the weak self-incompatibility of the mid-styled morph may make it more vulnerable to geitonogamous selfing.

Further studies on growth and reproduction of many tree species are needed to know the regeneration patterns of tropical forests (Clark & Clark 1987, Heideman 1989). Thus, the need for studies on the c. 3% of Atlantic forest that remains in Brazil is acute, particularly in the rarely studied swamp habitats (Scarano et al. 1997). We studied the canopy tree species Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. (Clusiaceae) in flooded and unflooded habitats of a coastal lowland rain forest, in order to describe demography, sexual expression, phenology and flower and fruit production. We report the differences of such traits among three contiguous habitats found in the lowlands - unflooded forest, freshwater-flooded forest and mangrove.

Several crab species have been reported as herbivorous (e.g., Beever et al., 1979; Wolcott & Wolcott, 1987), but flowers have not been mentioned as a food item. In Mexico, Garc?a-Franco et al. (1991) observed pr?dation of bromeliad seeds and seedlings by the land crab Gecarcinus lateralis. Many species of Grapsidae were, however, mentioned as living in bromeliads (Laessle, 1961; McWilliams, 1968; Abele, 1972). In this note, we report bromeliad flowers as food for the crab Metasesarma rubripes (Rathbun, 1897) (Grapsidae). The study was carried out in a coastal rainforest at the Rio Verde estuary, Ecological Station of Jur?ia, south-eastern Brazil (for area description, see Fischer & Araujo, 1995). Metasesarma rubripes occurs in sheltered habitats such as tropical and subtropical salt marshes and estuaries of Central and South America. The species feeds on vegetable debris, mainly roots and stems of Spartina sp. (Capitoli et al., 1977). Individuals live inside burrows built by themselves in muddy substrates, but they can reach stems of trees and epiphytic bromeliads in the adjacent forest (R. C. Nalesso, personal communication). We registered the feeding behavior of the crabs on the inflorescences and ascertained which bromeliad species are used by the crabs throughout the year. We hypothesized that the frequency of crabs per bromeliad species could be affected by the density of flowering plants and/or the density of flowers available. We directly observed individuals of M. rubripes foraging on bromeliad flowers from February 1989 to April 1992. The floral parts eaten and the daylight period in which the crabs were found on the inflorescences were recorded. Some crabs were collected from these inflorescences and the analysis of their gastric con tents confirmed that their diets were composed of flower tissues, mainly pollen. Metasesarma rubripes occurs up to 4 m off the ground (mean = 1.0 m, sd = 0.8, N = 61 records) in the habitats "restinga" scrub and rocky shore (see Fischer & Araujo, 1995 for habitat descriptions). In both habitats, M. rubripes was com monly found on the forest floor (more frequently the small-sized individuals)

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The habit, shade-tolerance and dispersal agent of 19 bromeliad species were studied in a rainforest community in order to relate specific traits to the spatial occurrence of the species. Highest density was found in riparian forest (RF), followed by restinga scrub (RE), rocky shore (RS) and dense canopy forest (DF). Terrestrial bromeliads occurred in open sites (RE and RS), epiphytes were absent in RS and facultative species occupied all four habitats. Bird-dispersed bromeliads occurred in the upper canopy, whereas those dispersed by mammals were low in the forest profile. Bromeliads which are dispersed by similar fauna fruit sequentially through the year. Differences in traits may allow the sharing of habitats and strata among species.

† Background and Aims Seeds can accumulate in the soil or elsewhere, such as on the stems of palms when these are covered by persistent sheaths. These sheaths could act as a safe site for some species. Here, we studied whether persistent sheaths of the palm Attalea phalerata (Arecaceae) are available sites for seed accumulation in the Pantanal wetland of Brazil. We also investigated whether the composition, richness and diversity of species of seeds in the persistent sheaths are determined by habitat (riparian forest and forest patches) and/or season (wet and dry). † Methods All accumulated material was collected from ten persistent sheaths along the stems of 64 A. phalerata individuals (16 per habitat and 16 per season). The material was then individually inspected under a stereomicroscope to record seed species and number. † Key Results Of the 640 sheaths sampled, 65 % contained seeds (n ¼ 3468). This seed bank included 75 species belonging to 12 families, and was primarily composed of small, endozoochoric seeds, with a few abundant species (Cecropia pachystachya and Ficus pertusa). Moraceae was the richest family (four species) and Urticaceae the most abundant (1594 seeds). Stems of A. phalerata in the riparian forest had 1.8 times more seeds and 1.3 times more species than those in forest patches. In the wet season we sampled 4.1 times more seeds and 2.2 more species on palm stems than in the dry season. Richness did not differ between habitats, but was higher in the wet season. Abundance was higher in forest patches and in the wet season. † Conclusions Attalea phalerata stems contain a rich seed bank, comparable to soil seed banks of tropical forests. As most of these seeds are not adapted to grow in flooding conditions, palm stems might be regarded as safe sites for seeds (and seedlings) to escape from the seasonal flooding of the Pantanal.

The Cerrado (savanna) is a wide Neotropical formation, but the knowledge on the occurrence and distribution of bat species for this phytogeographic region is scarce, especially in the western portion. Here we address what are the bat species and their relative abundances in a western Cerrado site, municipality of Sonora, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Bats were mist-netted in eight non consecutive months over the course of two years. Sampled bats (n = 507) belonged to 18 species. The estimator Jackknife 1 estimated 22 species, and diversity (H') was 1.6. Richness and diversity of bats in Sonora were slightly higher than in the southern Cerrado, and similar to or lower than in the central Cerrado. Frugivorous species predominated, as expected, however richness and abundance of nectarivorous were unexpectedly high. Carollia perspicillata was the dominant species. The endemic bat Lonchophylla dekeyseri was highly abundant in Sonora, which enhances the importance of conserving the savanna remnants in this region. O Cerrado (savana) é uma ampla formação neotropical, porém o conhecimento sobre a ocorrência e distribuição de espécies de morcegos é escasso para esta região fitogeográfica, principalmente na porção oeste. Estudamos aqui quais são as espécies de morcegos e suas abundâncias relativas em uma localidade da porção oeste do Cerrado, no município de Sonora, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Morcegos foram capturados em redes-de-neblina em oito meses não consecutivos ao longo de dois anos. Os morcegos amostrados (n = 507) pertenceram a 18 espécies. O estimador Jackknife 1 estimou 22 espécies, e a diversidade (H') foi 1,6. A riqueza e a diversidade de morcegos em Sonora foram pouco maiores que na porção sul do Cerrado, e semelhantes ou menores que no Cerrado central. Espécies frugívoras predominaram, como esperado, porém a riqueza e abundância de nectarívoras foram inesperadamente altas. Carollia perspicillata foi a espécie dominante. O morcego endêmico Lonchophylla dekeyseri foi muito abundante em Sonora, fato que aumenta a importância de conservar os remanescentes de savana dessa região.

The aim of this paper is to provide a checklist of flying and non-flying mammal species which occur in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, delimiting species by vegetation domains and vulnerability. Records were based on specimens in museums, literature, and only eventually on photos (by camera traps). There are 151 mammal species reported or collected in the state, comprising 10 orders and 29 families. The richest orders were Chiroptera (61 spp.), Rodentia (35), Carnivora (18), and Didelphimorphia (16). The richest families were Phyllostomidae (33 species), Cricetidae (23), Didelphidae (16), Molossidae (13), Vespertilionidae (9), Felidae (7), and Dasypodidae (6). Cerrado was the richest domain (117 spp.) followed by Pantanal (110). According to the Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 17 species are threatened; they are species of Felidae (n = 6), but also include Canidae (2), Didelphidae (2), Cervidae (1), Dasypodidae (1), Dasyproctidae (1), Mustelidae (1), Myrmecophagidae (1), Phyllostomidae (1), and Tapiridae (1).