Search

Congenital hypothyroidism is inadequate production of thyroid hormone in infants from birth. Treatment of hypothyroidism often involves an iodine-rich diet since iodine is a vital precursor for thyroid hormone synthesis. Red snapper fish is a saltwater fish that contain a high amount of iodine and other beneficial macro/micronutrients, yet no report was found on the effect of this fish consumption on hypothyroidism. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of red snapper (Lutjanus sp.) fish on thyroid gland activity, manifested by low FT4 level and high TSH level, two diagnostic indicators of hypothyroidism. This study used a post-test and controlled group design. Pregnant female rats were given propylthiouracil orally for four weeks to induce hypothyroidism in their offspring. All hypothyroid offspring were divided into five treatment groups, i.e., negative control, positive control (thyroxin therapy), red snapper enriched diet at 25% and 50% dosage, also a combination of levothyroxine and red snapper. The thyroid gland activity was detected by measuring blood serum FT4 and TSH and histological examination of the thyroid gland using HE staining. The level of FT4 and TSH in each treatment group were analyzed with the one-way ANOVA test. The results showed that the group that received a 50% red snapper diet has a normal level of FT4 and TSH, whereas the FT4 level increased two-fold; the TSH level decreased significantly. The organization of the thyroid gland showed a remarkable change of the lumen diameter, indicating a higher amount of hormone production by the gland.

Parasitic disease in aquaculture brings a great challenge to fish production. Appropriate control measure and treatment can be carried out if farmers are equipped with sufficient information on the existence of infection and its consequences on fish health. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of endoparasites in the intestine of Nile tilapia (Oreochrois niloticus) and any histological changes associated with the infection. Forty fishes were collected using purposive sampling technique at two location of aquaculture ponds in Janti village from September to December 2019. Each sampling size consisted of 10% of the total fish population in the pond. Identification of parasites was performed based on their morphology according to the standard method. Three genera of nematodes were found from fishes cultured at aquaculture ponds from local farmers, but not from that of PBIAT (Hatchery and Freshwater Fish Aquaculture). The endoparasites were identified as Cichlidogyrus sp., Acanthocephalus sp., and Ceratomyxa sp. with prevalence of 25% and intensity of 1.2%. Histological sections of the intestine of fish infected with these parasites showed alteration in the mucosa layers, such as edema and extension of the mucosa. Information on the presence of endoparasites and its effect on nile tilapia culture is important for fish farmers because it can be used as reference to control fish parasites effectively.

The V-shaped arrangement of hair bundles on cochlear hair cells is critical for auditory sensing. However, regulation of hair bundle arrangements has not been fully understood. Recently, defects in hair bundle arrangement were reported in postnatal Dishevelled-associating protein (ccdc88c, alias Daple)-deficient mice. In the present study, we found that adult Daple−/− mice exhibited hearing disturbances over a broad frequency range through auditory brainstem response testing. Consistently, distorted patterns of hair bundles were detected in almost all regions, more typically in the basal region of the cochlear duct. In adult Daple−/− mice, apical microtubules were irregularly aggregated, and the number of microtubules attached to plasma membranes was decreased. Similar phenotypes were manifested upon nocodazole treatment in a wild type cochlea culture without affecting the microtubule structure of the kinocilium. These results indicate critical role of Daple in hair bundle arrangement through the orchestration of apical microtubule distribution, and thereby in hearing, especially at high frequencies.

Sutarno, Zahrah S, Astirin OP, Herawati E, Setyawan AD. 2019. Genetic diversity of Ongole Grade, Aceh, and Sumbawa cattle based on polymorphism on ND-5 fragment mitochondrial DNA using PCR-RFLP technique. Biodiversitas 20: 783-788. Genetic diversity is the basis of livestock breeding because it can be used as an initial improvement in livestock quality through artificial selection. This study aims to determine polymorphism in ND-5 fragment of mitochondrial DNA in Ongole Grade, Aceh, and Sumbawa cattle and their genetic diversity. The total DNA from the blood of the local cattle was extracted using the Wizard genomic DNA purification system from Promega and amplified using the PCR technique. The PCR product was then digested with HindIII enzyme using the RFLP technique to detect polymorphism. The genetic diversity of the Ongole Grade, Aceh, and Sumbawa cattle was analyzed using the formula from Nei and its genetic relationship was evaluated with the 2.02i NTSYSpc version program. Our findings showed there were polymorphisms in the ND-5 fragment of mitochondrial DNA. Digestion with HindIII restriction enzyme produces two types of haplotypes. Haplotype B is a 453 bp-sized DNA fragment that is not truncated by the HindIII enzyme, and haplotype A is a DNA fragment cut by HindIII enzyme into two with fragments of 336 bp and 117 bp. Polymorphism was found in Ongole Grade cattle, but not in Sumbawa and Aceh cattle. Haplotypes diversity in ND-5 fragments of mitochondrial DNA of Ongole Grade was 0.6250 while Sumbawa and Aceh cattle displayed no diversity of haplotypes. The genetic relationship shows that Sumbawa cattle belonged to the same cluster with Ongole Grade but separated from Aceh cattle.

Nakayama et al. show that Daple is responsible for the increased microtubule (MT) density on the Frizzled side of the apical junctional complex (AJC) in multiciliated cells via bundling and stabilizing MTs and mediating interactions between MTs and the AJC., Multiciliated cells (MCCs) in tracheas generate mucociliary clearance through coordinated ciliary beating. Apical microtubules (MTs) play a crucial role in this process by organizing the planar cell polarity (PCP)–dependent orientation of ciliary basal bodies (BBs), for which the underlying molecular basis remains elusive. Herein, we found that the deficiency of Daple, a dishevelled-associating protein, in tracheal MCCs impaired the planar polarized apical MTs without affecting the core PCP proteins, causing significant defects in the BB orientation at the cell level but not the tissue level. Using live-cell imaging and ultra-high voltage electron microscope tomography, we found that the apical MTs accumulated and were stabilized by side-by-side association with one side of the apical junctional complex, to which Daple was localized. In vitro binding and single-molecule imaging revealed that Daple directly bound to, bundled, and stabilized MTs through its dimerization. These features convey a PCP-related molecular basis for the polarization of apical MTs, which coordinate ciliary beating in tracheal MCCs.

Sutarno, Kurnianingrum N, Herawati E, Setyawan AD. 2018. Interspecies and intraspecies genetic diversity of Ongole Grade cattle and Madura cattle based on microsatellite DNA markers. Biodiversitas 19: 1593-1600. DNA microsatellite has been extensively employed for estimating the degree of kinship between genotypes and improving the quality of cattle products. Microsatellite markers are short-patterned DNA sequences and repeated tandem (sequentially) with 2-5 nucleotide units scattering the entire genome. The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic characteristics of inter and intraspecies of Ongole Grade cattle and Madura cattle using microsatellite DNA markers. Blood samples from 20 individuals of each species were extracted by the method referring to Wizard Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Promega, USA) and PCR amplification was performed using 5 microsatellite loci, i.e., BM1824, ETH225, INRA005, MM12, and TGLA227. Results of the genetic characteristics of both species were calculated using the POPGENE program version 1.31. The data suggest that there is a genetic diversity of inter and intraspecies of Ongole Grade cattle and Madura cattle. The average value of Shannon's Information Index (I) at all microsatellite loci for Ongole Grade cattle was 0.76 and for Madura cattle was 1.12. Meanwhile, the average interspecies I value was 1.03. The mean intraspecies Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) of Ongole Grade and Madura cattle was 0.43, and 0.63, respectively, and the mean interspecies PIC value was 0.57. The data altogether suggest that all loci meet the standards as being informative markers in the assessment of genetic population because it has a PIC value> 0.5 especially for intraspecies of Madura cattle.

Congenital hypothyroidism in infants results from partial or complete loss of thyroid glands, resulting in thyroid hormone deficiency. The untreated low thyroid hormone levels induce impairment in the maturation of the developing brain by regulating neurogenesis. Proper treatment in the specific onset timing and duration have shown to increase the chances of brain recovery. In this study, we examined the effect of daily intake of red snapper fish to improve the profile of brain cerebrum on hypothyroidic rat model, particularly on the number and distribution of pyramidal cells. Hypothyroid pups were produced by propylthiouracil induced female rats during pregnancy from E14 until P21. The rats were randomly divided into four groups, which include negative (congenital hypothyroidism) and positive control (thyroxine therapy) as well as red snapper-enriched diet at dosage 25% and 50%. After four weeks treatments, the rats were dissected and brain sections were made using paraffin embedding and hematoxylin-eosin staining to observe pyramidal cell numbers and distribution in cell layer III of the cerebral cortex. The result showed that the consumption of 50% red snapper diet increased the number of pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex, parallel to the elevated thyroid hormone levels which was nearly equal to control.

The availability of in vitro cell culture derived from local breed provides an opportunity for tackling problems related to the preservation of its genetic materials and can potentially be applied for downstream in vitro-based studies. Here, we established primary fibroblast cell culture from Pelung chicken, then explored its growth characteristic and potential uses for wound healing assay and cytotoxicity tests of medicinal bioactive compounds. Fibroblast cells were isolated from embryonic skin tissue and maintained in DMEM-FBS media. Wound healing assay was performed by creating a “scratch” in the cell monolayer, followed by capturing periodic images of migrating cells. Cell viability was measured using trypan blue dye exclusion assay in various doses of Centella asiatica L. leaf extract. Cells outgrowth from the skin explant revealed a typical morphology of fibroblast-like cells that reached maximum growth at 7.95 × 104 cells/cm2 after 5 days. With continuous passage, the population of the cells became more homogeneous and population doubling time increased. In the wound healing assay, cells migrated towards the wound area within 24 hours, suggesting their ability to normally respond to chemical cues. In cytotoxicity test, cells’ viability corresponded in a dose-dependent manner with the amount of C. asiatica extract tested into the culture.

Herawati et al. developed a long-term and high-resolution live imaging system for cultured mouse tracheal multiciliated cells. Using both experimental and theoretical studies, they reveal the developmental principle of ciliary basal body alignment directed by apical cytoskeletons., Multiciliated cells (MCCs) promote fluid flow through coordinated ciliary beating, which requires properly organized basal bodies (BBs). Airway MCCs have large numbers of BBs, which are uniformly oriented and, as we show here, align linearly. The mechanism for BB alignment is unexplored. To study this mechanism, we developed a long-term and high-resolution live-imaging system and used it to observe green fluorescent protein–centrin2–labeled BBs in cultured mouse tracheal MCCs. During MCC differentiation, the BB array adopted four stereotypical patterns, from a clustering “floret” pattern to the linear “alignment.” This alignment process was correlated with BB orientations, revealed by double immunostaining for BBs and their asymmetrically associated basal feet (BF). The BB alignment was disrupted by disturbing apical microtubules with nocodazole and by a BF-depleting Odf2 mutation. We constructed a theoretical model, which indicated that the apical cytoskeleton, acting like a viscoelastic fluid, provides a self-organizing mechanism in tracheal MCCs to align BBs linearly for mucociliary transport.

Sari DS, Pangastuti A, Elisa Herawati E. 2013. Infection prevention of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by providing ethyl acetate extract of temu ireng (Curcuma aeruginosa) rhizome. Biofarmasi 11: 31-35. In tilapia aquaculture, some diseases can disturb the growth and production of fish. Aeromonas hydrophila is one of the pathogenic bacteria that can cause a disease in tilapia. Aeromonas hydrophila uses a quorum sensing system and the virulence of organisms as a controller to other organisms. The one of infection prevention effort of A. hydrophila that efficient enough is to use a compound of natural ingredients, i.e. Curcuma aeruginosa rhizome. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal concentration of ethyl acetate extract of Curcuma aeruginosa rhizome that needed to prevent the infection of A. hydrophila bacterial in tilapia. The method used in this study was an immersion method. Tilapia was soaked in water mixed with A. hydrophila and the ethyl acetate extract of C. aeruginosa rhizome with the concentrations of 0 mL/L, 10 mL/L, 20 mL/L, 30 mL/L, 40 mL/L, 50 mL/L and control for 90 minutes. At the end of the study, it was observed for the fish behavior after immersion, the reaction of fish, the type and morphology of fish, and the number of bacteria in the water conservancy. The results showed that the A. hydrophila infection could be prevented by using the ethyl acetate extract of the C. aeruginosa rhizome with the concentration of 40 mL/L. During immersion, tilapia was get an experience stress, often to the surface of water, and then quietly at the bottom of aquarium. The response to eat of tilapia decreased by 50% after soaking, but after 2-3 days of immersion time, the fish feeding was normally again.

Gram-positive bacteria of the genus Streptomyces are industrially important microorganisms, producing >70% of commercially important antibiotics. The production of these compounds is often regulated by low-molecular-weight bacterial hormones called autoregulators. Although 60% of Streptomyces strains may use γ-butyrolactone–type molecules as autoregulators and some use furan-type molecules, little is known about the signaling molecules used to regulate antibiotic production in many other members of this genus. Here, we purified a signaling molecule (avenolide) from Streptomyces avermitilis —the producer of the important anthelmintic agent avermectin with annual world sales of $850 million—and determined its structure, including stereochemistry, by spectroscopic analysis and chemical synthesis as (4 S ,10 R )-10-hydroxy-10-methyl-9-oxo-dodec-2-en-1,4-olide, a class of Streptomyces autoregulator. Avenolide is essential for eliciting avermectin production and is effective at nanomolar concentrations with a minimum effective concentration of 4 nM. The aco gene of S. avermitilis, which encodes an acyl-CoA oxidase, is required for avenolide biosynthesis, and homologs are also present in Streptomyces fradiae , Streptomyces ghanaensis , and Streptomyces griseoauranticus , suggesting that butenolide-type autoregulators may represent a widespread and another class of Streptomyces autoregulator involved in regulating antibiotic production.

Domestication and nutrient analysis of Schizopyllum commune were studied to find out its function as an alternative source of natural food for the people in East Kalimantan. S. commune that commonly growth on surface of palm oil empty fruit bunch waste during the natural decomposition was artificial cultivated and domesticated to produce the high quality of mushroom using the simple and daily techniques that known by people. Cultivation was done using bag log model as well as we used on oyster mushroom cultivation. The results showed that the mushroom growth was very fast to achieve the first flush of fruit body production just after 16 days of inoculated and the total production of mushroom was 1,198.71 g. We also found that the biological efficiency ratio was 3.73%. Domestication was also increased size of fruit body and nutrient contents of mushroom such as rise of carbohydrate from 35.39% to 37.42%, respectively. Even, ash, fat, protein and fiber contentsof mushroom were not significantly different rather than the wild one.

Two-steps utilization of residual Shorea wood biomass (Meranti) from saw mill industry in Balikpapan, East Kalimantan, Indonesia was studied to point out its potential as the feedstock for the production of food and energy. For this purposes, oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus was cultivated on mixed sawdust of Shorea wood (major species; Shorea leprosula ), and then the residual wood obtained from mushroom production (spent waste) was subjected to methane fermentation by mixing with cow dung in two steps utilization process. The effects of the bio treatment on biogas production and correlation with compositional changes in the wood by mushroom cultivation were evaluated. P. ostreatus preferentially decomposed lignin in the tropical wood with high productivity of matured fruiting body. During 44 days, fruiting bodies were harvested and collected four times, and lignin and holocellulose in the Shorea wood decreased by 24.7% and 15.8%, respectively. Biological activity expressed as yields of the fruiting body was the maximum at the first flush, and decreased gradually. In methane fermentation, addition of pretreated wood waste increased production of biogas by 2-3 times higher than those without the bio-treated wood. The combination of mushroom and biogas production of residual Shorea wood biomass creates a new industrial application of unutilized wood biomass from tropical rainforests, with a great deal of advantages supplying value-added foodstuff and also renewable energy for the local community.