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The evaluation of the level of alkaloids in edible Lupinus species is crucial from a food safety point of view. Debittering of lupin seeds has a long history; however, the control of the level of alkaloids after processing the seeds is typically only evaluated by changes in the bitter taste. The aim of this study was to evaluate the profile and residual levels of quinolizidine alkaloids (QA) in (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) after aqueous debittering process. Samples from 10 ecotypes from different areas of Peru were analyzed before and after the process. Based on results obtained by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, from eight alkaloids identified before the debittering process, only small amounts of lupanine (avg. 0.0012 g/100 g DM) and sparteine (avg. 0.0014 g/100 g DM) remained in the seeds after the debittering process, and no other alkaloids were identified. The aqueous debittering process reduced the content of alkaloids to levels far below the maximal level allowed by international regulations (≤ 0.2 g/kg DM). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11130-020-00799-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

En el presente trabajo, es estudiada la diversidad genética de tres poblaciones atribuidas a ecotipos de aguaymanto, Physalis peruaviana. Las tres poblaciones eran atribuidas a los ecotipos Agroandino (provincia de San Pablo), Celendino (provincia de Celendín) y Cajabamba (provincia de Cajabamba) del departamento de Cajamarca. Se realizó la cuantificación proteica y evaluó el polimorfismo de las proteínas de reserva seminal (SSPs) mediante electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida denaturante (SDS-PAGE). Además, se identificaron características bioquímicas de las proteínas seminales en esta especie. No se hallaron diferencias entre las tres poblaciones basados en la cuantificación proteica. Las globulinas (82.4%) fueron la fracción mayoritaria seguida por las albuminas (13.9%), glutelinas (3.7%) y prolaminas (0.7%). Sólo las albuminas mostraron polimorfismo, hallándose 21 proteínas entre ~ 6.5 a ~45 kDa y tres perfiles electroforéticos diferentes, los cuales fueron compartidos entre las poblaciones. Se identificaron las leguminas y vicilinas en la fracción globulina. Las glutelinas mostraron proteínas de mismo peso molecular (PM) a las leguminas; y las prolaminas sólo una banda de bajo PM. La población de San Pablo fue completamente homogénea a diferencia de la población de Cajabamba que mostró la mayor diversidad genética seguida de Celendín. No fue posible diferenciar las poblaciones designadas como ecotipos Agroandino, Cajabamba y Celendino basados en el análisis de proteínas seminales. The genetic diversity of three populations designated as ecotypes of golden berry (Physalis peruaviana) is studied using protein quantification and polymorphism of seed storage proteins (SSPs) by denaturating polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). As well, biochemical characteristics of seed proteins were identified. The populations were from San Pablo province (Agroandino ecotype), Celendín province (Celendino ecotype) and Cajabamba province (Cajabamba ecotype), all from Cajamarca Department. There was not difference among the three populations based on protein quantification. Globulins (82.4%) were the majority fraction followed for albumins (13.9%), glutelins (3.7%) and prolamins (0.7%). Only albumins showed polymorphism, showing 21 proteins between ~6.5 to ~45 kDa and three different electrophoretic profiles, which were share among the three populations. Legumins and vicilins were identified in globulin fraction. Glutelins showed proteins of same molecular weight (MW) to legumins; and prolamins only a band of low MW. San Pablo province population (Agroandino ecotype) was completely uniform, while Cajabamba population showed higher genetic diversity followed by Celendin population. Our results shows that, based on seed proteins analyses is not possible to distinguish the three populations designated as Agroandino, Cajabamba and Celendino ecotypes.

Introducción y Objetivos: Ruprechtia apetala (Polygonaceae) es una especie que presenta una gran variabilidad morfológica entre individuos a lo largo de su rango de distribución. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar dicha variabilidad morfológica dentro del territorio argentino. M&M: se colectaron 42 individuos en seis provincias argentinas correspondientes a las regiones Chaqueña serrana, Selva Pedemontana y a la zona de transición entre ellas. Fueron analizados numerosos caracteres morfológicos, tanto vegetativos como reproductivos. Se realizaron Análisis de Componentes Principales y de Conglomerados para detectar morfogrupos; estos últimos se evaluaron mediante análisis univariados (Prueba de Kruskal-Wallis y descripción de clusters mediante R) y multivariados (ANOSIM y PERMANOVA), para evaluar posibles diferencias intraespecíficas significativas. Adicionalmente, se confeccionó un mapa de distribución biogeográfica de los individuos. Resultados: a partir del análisis multivariado se detectaron dos grupos morfológicos, principalmente a niveles foliar y de hábito de crecimiento. Los Análisis ANOSIM y PERMANOVA muestran que existe una diferencia global significativa entre ambos grupos (p-valor < 0,05); no obstante, los estadísticos correspondientes indican una elevada similitud entre ellos. Adicionalmente, mediante la descripción de cada conglomerado, se corroboró que no existen estados de caracteres mutuamente excluyentes para uno u otro grupo. Conclusiones: La variabilidad morfológica encontrada entre ejemplares de distintas regiones biogeográficas, y la no exclusividad de caracteres morfológicos para cada grupo particular, permite postular la existencia de ecotipos en la especie.

En este estudio se analizó la calidad y el comportamiento germinativo de semillas de diferentes poblaciones localizadas en un gradiente de precipitación anual oeste-este (500 a 150 mm) en cuatro especies de gramíneas forrajeras nativas (Bromus setifolius, Hordeum comosum, Festuca pallescens y Poa ligularis), del NO de Chubut. Se estimó el peso y el porcentaje de semillas llenas a nivel inter- e intra-específico. Las semillas fueron sembradas en un ambiente común y se calculó el porcentaje de germinación y la velocidad de emergencia para las especies y las poblaciones. En este trabajo se presentan datos relacionados a la germinación de semillas recolectadas en un año en particular (2015) de estas cuatro especies y se discuten principalmente los resultados obtenidos para P. ligularis, la especie que presentó mayor variabilidad entre las poblaciones analizadas. En P. ligularis un gran porcentaje de semillas de la población del sitio más árido germinaron/emergieron en menos días. Esta característica podría estar asociada a adaptaciones fisiológicas de las plantas para germinar, emerger y establecerse rápidamente ante la escasa disponibilidad de agua en este sitio. Los genotipos de esta población particular podrían ser utilizados para programas de restauración de ambientes áridos con precipitación media anual menor a 150 mm. Finalmente, debido a la variabilidad observada al menos en P. ligularis, se sugiere que para futuros programas de mejoramiento con estas especies nativas sería necesario analizar un mayor número de poblaciones para seleccionar los potenciales bancos de semilla. In this study, we analyzed the quality and germination behavior of seeds from different populations located on a west-east annual precipitation gradient (500 to 150 mm) in four species of native Patagonian forage grasses (Bromus setifolius, Festuca pallescens, Hordeum comosum and Poa ligularis), from NW Chubut. We observed differences in weight and percentage of filled seeds at inter- and intra-specific level. The seeds were sown in a common environment and the germination percentage and emergence speed were calculated for species and populations. We present data related to the germination of seeds (harvested in 2015) of these four species and we discuss primarily the results obtained from P. ligularis, the species that presented the highest inter-populational variability. In P. ligularis, a large percentage of seeds from the population of the driest site germinated/emerged in fewer days. This characteristic could be associated with these plants adapting physiologically to germinate, emerge and establish themselves quickly in response to the limited availability of water in this area. The genotypes of this particular population could be used for restoration programs in arid environments with annual rainfall less than 150 mm. Finally, due to the variability observed at least in P. ligularis, it is suggested for future breeding programs with these native species it would be necessary to analyze a greater number of populations to select potential seed banks. Fil: Nagahama, Nicolas. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Esquel; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: García Martínez, Guillermo Carlos. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Esquel; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Buduba, Carlos Guillermo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Esquel; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Opazo, Walter. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Esquel; Argentina Fil: Caruso, Cecilia Alejandra. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Esquel; Argentina Fil: Ciari, Georgina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Esquel; Argentina

Background and Aims Several studies show apparently contradictory findings about the functional convergence within the Mediterranean woody flora. In this context, this study evaluates the variability of functional traits within holm oak (Quercus ilex) to elucidate whether provenances corresponding to different morphotypes represent different ecotypes locally adapted to the prevaling stress levels. Methods Several morphological and physiological traits were measured at leaf and shoot levels in 9-year-old seedlings of seven Q. ilex provenances including all recognized morphotypes. Plants were grown in a common garden for 9 years under the same environmental conditions to avoid possible biases due to site-specific characteristics. Key Results Leaf morphometry clearly separates holm oak provenances into 'ilex' (more elongated leaves with low vein density) and 'rotundifolia' (short and rounded leaves with high vein density) morphotypes. Moreover, these morphotypes represent two consistent and very contrasting functional types in response to dry climates, mainly in terms of leaf area, major vein density, leaf specific conductivity, resistance to drought-induced cavitation and turgor loss point. Conclusions The 'ilex' and 'rotundifolia' morphotypes correspond to different ecotypes as inferred from their contrasting functional traits. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the combined use of morphological and physiological traits has provided support for the concept of these two holm oak morphotypes being regarded as two different species. © 2014 The Author 2014., We thank Juli G. Pausas for his assistance with the statistical analyses of the cavitation curves. This work was supported by Gobierno de Aragón (A54 research group), the projects AGL2010–21153-C02-02, CGL-2011–30531-CO2-02 and CSD2007-00067 funded by the Spanish government, and GA243888 funded by the EC. CEAM is supported by the Generalitat Valenciana. The work of J.J.P.P. is supported by a ‘Juan de la Cierva’-MINECO post-doctoral contract. J.J.C. acknowledges the support of ARAID.

Este estudo objetivou comparar características biométricas de frutos e sementes e o efeito de diferentes escarificações, temperaturas e luz na germinação de Plathymenia reticulata Benth. e Plathymenia foliolosa Benth. Foram registrados comprimento, largura, espessura, massa da matéria seca e fresca de frutos (n = 100) e sementes (n = 100) de cada espécie. Os diferentes tratamentos foram escarificações mecânica e química e temperaturas (fotoperíodo/nictoperíodo) de 20, 30 e 35/15 °C (12/12 e 0/24) e 25 e 35 °C (12/12). Os frutos de P. foliolosa mostraram-se mais largos, espessos e pesados e as sementes, mais compridas e espessas do que as de P. reticulata. As sementes de ambas as espécies não apresentaram fotoblastismo. A escarificação ácida não aumentou significativamente a germinabilidade das sementes em relação ao grupo-controle, enquanto a escarificação mecânica incrementou significativamente a germinabilidade apenas de P. foliolosa. As germinabilidades a 25 °C das sementes de P. reticulata intactas, escarificadas com ácido e lixa foram, respectivamente, de 55%, 60% e 89%. Para as sementes de P. foliolosa esses valores foram 48%, 37,5% e 83%, respectivamente.Esses resultados apontam limitações na germinação de P. foliolosa impostas pelo tegumento, entretanto o efeito deste restringindo a germinação das sementes intactas decresceu com a elevação da temperatura. This study aimed to compare the biometry of fruits and seeds, as well as the effect of different scarification, temperature and light conditions on the germination of Plathymenia reticulata Benth. and Plathymenia foliolosa Benth. We measured the length, width, thickness, and fresh mass of fruits (n= 100) and seeds (n= 100) of each specie. The different treatments were mechanic and acid scarification, temperatures (photoperiod/nictoperiod) of 20, 30 and 35/15 °C (12/12 and 0/24) and 25 and 35 °C (12/12). P. foliolosa fruits were wider, thickener and heavier. Its seeds are longer and thicker than those of P. reticulata. Seeds of both species were not photosensitive. Acid scarification did not increase significantly the percentage of seed germination of both species, but mechanic scarification increased significantly the percentage of seed germination for P. foliolosa. The percentage of germination at 25 °C of intact seeds of P. reticulata, scarified with acid and with sandpaper was, respectively, 55%, 60% and 89%. For seeds of P. foliolosa values obtained were, respectively, 48%, 37.5% and 83%. These results indicate limitations of germination of P. foliolosa imposed by the tegument but the effect of tegument restringing the germination of intact seeds decrease with the increase of temperature.

Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a ocorrência de ecótipos e o potencial plástico de Eugenia calycina em uma área com gradiente de transição entre vereda e cerrado propriamente dito (ppd). Os ecótipos foram caracterizados quanto ao peso de sementes, número de sementes por fruto e número de flores por planta. Além disto, foram detectadas diferenças nas densidades de ocorrência e taxas de parasitismo por larvas de Diptera Tephritidae em cada área. Houve também assincronia temporal na floração, iniciada tardiamente nas áreas de cerrado ppd. Utilizando-se um modelo de genética quantitativa, a partir de um experimento de replicação recíproca de “sementes irmãs” em solos provenientes de cada área, avaliou-se o potencial para plasticidade em três caracteres: altura da parte aérea, número e comprimento de folhas das plântulas. Diferenças nestes caracteres foram geradas não somente por divergências genéticas entre plantas, mas também por plasticidade fenotípica. Os genótipos (indivíduos) apresentaram diferentes respostas plásticas, diferindo em sua habilidade de responder às influências ambientais. Os dados obtidos confirmam o papel da plasticidade fenotípica como mecanismo gerador de variabilidade fenotípica e apontam sua importância nos processos adaptativos e evolutivos na formação de ecótipos nas áreas de cerrado, recortadas por veredas. The aims of this work were to verify the incidence of ecotypes and the plastic potential of Eugenia calycina in a transitional savanna/palm swamp area. Ecotypes were characterized by seed weight, number of seeds per fruit and number of flowers per plant. Moreover, density of occurrence and fruits parasitism rate by a Diptera Tephritidade larvae on each area were signifícant difíerent. Asynchrony of the flowering period, being later for the savanna area was also observed. A genetic quantitative model was used to measure phenotypic plasticity based on a reciprocai transplantation experiment of sibling-seeds into soils deriving from each area. Three aspects of plastic potential were evaluated: height of stem and number and width of the seedlings leaves. Obseved differences in these characters were attributed not only by genetic divergences but also by phenotypic plasticity. The individuais showed different plastic responses, diverging in their ability to respond to environmental influences. The data confirm the role of phenotypic plasticity in the adaptive and evolutionary process involved in ecotype formation in savanna/palm swamp transitional vegetation. Dissertação (Mestrado)

Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) is a perennial forage legume appreciated for its feed value and rusticity. Two types are characterized via their growth habit and persistence: the common form which does not flower in the sowing year, and the giant form that does. In order to evaluate the degree of belonging to either of these types, thirty-eight Spanish sainfoin accessions and six foreign cultivars (44 accessions) were studied. The study involved three trials of 36 plants per accession in three locations in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula during 2002-2004. Two locations received no irrigation while one was irrigated. The variables analysed were: percentage flowering in the sowing year, autumn regrowth, stem length at the end of winter, and the capacity for summer regrowth after the first cut. A cluster dendrogram showed two large groups encompassing common or giant sainfoins. These could be divided into three subgroups each according to the degree of contamination or crossing between the two major groups. Two easily identified characteristics —percentage flowering in the sowing season, and the speed of regrowth after the spring cut— help in the classification of these plants into one or the other form, and could facilitate cultivar selection. La esparceta (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) es una leguminosa forrajera plurianual, apreciada por su valor nutritivo y rusticidad. Existen dos tipos caracterizados por su hábito de crecimiento y persistencia: "común", que no florece el año de siembra, y "gigante", que sí florece. Con el fin de determinar su grado de pertenencia a uno de los dos tipos, se estudió la variabilidad de 38 procedencias nacionales y seis extranjeras de la esparceta. El estudio se realizó en plantas individuales, utilizando 36 plantas por procedencia en dos localizaciones de secano y una de regadío en el noreste de la Península Ibérica, durante 2002-2004. Los parámetros analizados fueron: porcentaje de plantas florecidas a lo largo del año de siembra, desarrollo otoñal y capacidad de rebrote después del primer corte. El análisis cluster distribuyó las 44 entradas en dos grandes grupos, definidos como "común" y "gigante". Estos grupos pudieron dividirse a su vez en tres subgrupos, según el grado de contaminación o de cruzamientos habidos entre dichos grupos. Dos de los caracteres evaluados, el porcentaje de plantas florecidas el año de siembra y la rapidez del rebrote tras el corte de primavera, pueden contribuir a clasificar las plantas como de uno u otro tipo y facilitar la selección de cultivares.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:42:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1519-69842010000100013.pdf: 218566 bytes, checksum: 6eed8e0e9b20092c0064282fe14d972d (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:42:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1519-69842010000100013.pdf: 218566 bytes, checksum: 6eed8e0e9b20092c0064282fe14d972d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:48:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1519-69842010000100013.pdf: 218566 bytes, checksum: 6eed8e0e9b20092c0064282fe14d972d (MD5) S1519-69842010000100013.pdf.txt: 49049 bytes, checksum: 681c1da97234ff4cc504262b893e2189 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:57:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1519-69842010000100013.pdf: 218566 bytes, checksum: 6eed8e0e9b20092c0064282fe14d972d (MD5) S1519-69842010000100013.pdf.txt: 49049 bytes, checksum: 681c1da97234ff4cc504262b893e2189 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:57:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1519-69842010000100013.pdf: 218566 bytes, checksum: 6eed8e0e9b20092c0064282fe14d972d (MD5) S1519-69842010000100013.pdf.txt: 49049 bytes, checksum: 681c1da97234ff4cc504262b893e2189 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Teorias que tentam explicar a origem do bioma cerrado baseiam-se, principalmente, na ação isolada de três fatores principais: o clima, o fogo e o solo. Outro fator mencionado ainda é a interferência humana. Quanto à origem evolutiva desse bioma, o presente estudo propõe uma hipótese que considerou a complexa interação dos três primeiros fatores, mencionados acima, considerando o clima como elemento desencadeador dessa possível interação. O fogo e solos ácidos e distróficos teriam atuado como fatores de seleção de espécies savânicas, ao longo das oscilações climáticas durante o terciário e o quaternário, e.g. Plioceno e Pleistoceno. A gênese das fisionomias que passariam a compor o chamado cerrado sensu lato, em detrimento de formações florestais, teria resultado da forte pressão exercida pela redução da disponibilidade hídrica e da seleção de espécies adaptadas às novas condições impostas pelo ambiente. As características do solo, que passariam a manter o cerrado sensu lato, oriundas do empobrecimento edáfico pela lixiviação e sucessivos incêndios pretéritos, permaneceriam, mesmo com o restabelecimento de uma maior disponibilidade hídrica, após as glaciações do Pleistoceno. Theories that attempt to explain the origin of the cerrado biome are mostly based on the isolated action of three major factors: climate, fire and soil. Another factor that has been mentioned is that of human interference. We hypothesise that the evolutionary origin of this biome resulted from the complex interaction of climate, fire and soil, with climate being the triggering agent of this assumed interaction. Fire, as well as acid and dystrophic soils, would be factors involved in the selection of savanna species throughout climatic events, during the Tertiary and the Quaternary, e.g. Pliocene and Pleistocene. The genesis of the physiognomies that would give rise to cerrado sensu lato, rather than forest formations, could have occurred due to the strong pressure exerted by the reduction in water availability, and the selection of the species adapted to the new conditions imposed by the environment. The characteristics of cerrado sensu lato soil, originated from edaphic impoverishment caused by lixiviation and successive past fires, would remain, even after hydric availability increased following the Pleistocene glaciations. Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Faculdade de Ciências Integradas do Pontal Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências, Campus de Rio Claro Departamento de Botânica Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências, Campus de Rio Claro Departamento de Botânica

Introduction: The study of the ecology of the bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops truncatus ) in the Gulf of California has been based on the distribution and abundance of the coastal ecotype; therefore there are no comparative studies of the ecology and seasonality of coastal and oceanic ecotypes in the central coast of Sonora. The aim of this study is to determine if seasonal changes have an effect on the relative abundance of the number of herds and the number of individuals of the two ecotypes (coastal and ocean) that inhabit the Guaymas Basin in the Gulf of California. Methods: 13 trips to the coast and 16 to the ocean area where the number of herds and individuals were registered during one year to determine their seasonality. Seasonal relative abundance was obtained by the number of dolphins/hour, and the number of herds/hour. To determine the seasonality of dolphins, first we obtained the seasonal abundance by dividing the number of herds and the number of individuals, and second we made a hypothesis tests, with the number of herds and number of individuals and obtained a likelihood ratio for each ecotype. Results: The greater abundance of coastal dolphins was during spring (18.52 dolphins/hour) and for the oceanic ones it was in winter (51.43 dolphins/hour; Tables 1 and 3). The seasonal analysis determined that the expected herd counts could be similar while the individuals count will be different for each season (Coastal: herds D = 4.92 ( P = 0.1781); individuals D = 61.50 ( P < 0.001); and for Oceanic: herds D = 7.78 ( P = 0.0501); individuals D = 547.42 ( P < 0.001; Tables 2 and 4). Seasonally coastal dolphins present a greater number of herds and fewer individuals than the oceanic dolphins with the exception of spring season in both cases (Tables 5 and 6). Discussion and conclusions: Areas of high primary productivity are of great importance to marine mammals and due to that, their distribution and overall relative abundance obtained for coastal dolphins/hour is one of the highest that we have found reported for other coastal regions (Baumgartner et al. 2001; Bazua and Delgado 2014). These results agree with the characteristics of both ecotypes of dolphins, the oceanic dolphins presenting larger groups; and the coastal dolphins having a larger number of herds, except in spring, this is probably due to the movement of the oceanic dolphin’s prey towards the continental shelf. Key words: Bottlenose dolphins; ecotypes; relative abundance; seasonality.