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A histopathological study using one resistant and one susceptible clone of Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis hybrid showed that the colonization of Ceratocystis fimbriata was limited by rapid and intense host defense responses such as closure of the vessel pits; formation of tyloses and gels; accumulation of amorphous material, starch, phenolic compounds, and calcium oxalate; and tissue lignification. The defense mechanisms of the resistant clone were not lethal to the pathogen because the fungus was reisolated from the diseased tissue. The use of resistant genotypes of eucalypt is widely used to control Ceratocystis wilt caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata. However, little is known regarding the fungal infection process and the host defense responses. Thus, the objectives of this study were to compare the histopathological responses of one resistant and one susceptible clone of Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis to artificial inoculation with C. fimbriata and to identify possible host defense responses against fungal infection. Fungal colonization was analyzed by light and scanning electron microscopy. The host defense responses to artificial fungal inoculation were evaluated through histochemical analysis and determining of the lignin concentration and lesion lengths, whereas the pathogen viability was confirmed by reisolations. Both tested clones showed similar responses against fungal infection but presented defense responses with different speeds and intensities. Fungal colonization was not restricted in the tissue of plants from the susceptible clone, whereas in the resistant clone, fungal colonization was limited to the xylem vessels and parenchyma around the vessels due to closure of the vessel pits; intense formation of tyloses and gels; accumulation of amorphous material, starch, phenolic compounds, and calcium oxalate; and tissue lignification. However, the fungus was reisolated from the inoculated tissues of both clones. The resistance of eucalypt cuttings was found to be based on the rapid and intense defense responses shaped by biochemical and structural mechanisms that contained fungal colonization in the xylem vessels and parenchyma tissues.

Ceratocystis wilt, caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata is one of the most serious limiting factors for mango production in Brazil. Despite efforts in the selection and the identification of mango cultivars resistant to Ceratocystis wilt, the genetic basis of the resistance remains unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to understand the inheritance of resistance to C. fimbriata by artificial inoculations of the pathogen in progenies of six commercial varieties of mango using ?Tommy Atkins? as the male parent. The cultivars ?Keitt?, ?Palmer?, ?Tommy Atkins? and ?Van Dyke? were confirmed as moderately resistant, whereas ?Coquinho?, ?Espada? and ?Haden? were susceptible. The results of the inoculation on the progenies of these cultivars revealed that the resistance in mango is polygenic with a prevalence of genes expressing the effects of dominance and epistasis. The genetic gain with the selection of the 10 more resistant plants was 46%, which indicated a 46% reduction in disease severity. In general, a low frequency of the alleles favorable to disease resistance was observed in the population studied, which suggests the need for the introduction of new sources of genetic materials carrying the genes responsible for resistance. Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-16T22:51:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PinheiroNeto.pdf: 800399 bytes, checksum: 50acdc416bc0895b33665c458658346d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-19

Mango is amongst the most exported fruits worldwide and the mango tree has been cultivated in many countries with tropical and subtropical climates. Currently, Ceratocystis wilt caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata is among the most important diseases on mango tree. Planting of resistant genotypes is the best strategy for disease control. In the selection of resistant plants a highly aggressive isolate should be used in inoculations under controlled conditions. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate whether there are differences in aggressiveness among isolates of C. fimbriata obtained from diseased mango trees in Brazil. Before inoculation, five randomly selected isolates were tested for sporulation and mycelial growth in different culture media in order to select the best conditions for inoculum production. Twenty-four isolates from the States of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and Mato Grosso do Sul were inoculated in the susceptible mango cultivar Espada. Subsequently, the four most aggressive isolates were inoculated in other five different mango cultivars. The culture media MEA provided the best levels of sporulation and mycelial growth for four of the five tested isolates. Isolates SEMG1-1 from Minas Gerais and SESP8-3 from São Paulo were the most aggressive. The response of cultivars to the most aggressive isolates tested in the present work varied from highly resistant to highly susceptible, ‘Ubá’ being the most resistant regardless of the isolate tested. These results demonstrate that there are significant differences in aggressiveness among C. fimbriata isolates from mango in Brazil, as well as cultivar × isolate interaction.

Ceratocystis wilt, caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata, is currently one of the most important disease in eucalypt plantations. Plants infected by C. fimbriata have lower volumetric growth, lower pulp yields and reduced timber values. The physiological bases of infection induced by this pathogen in eucalypt plant are not known. Therefore, this study aims to assess the physiological and metabolic changes in eucalypt clones that are resistant and susceptible to C. fimbriata. Once, we evaluated in detail their leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, water potential, metabolite profiling and growth-related parameters. When inoculated, the susceptible clone displayed reduced water potential, CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, photochemical quenching coefficient, electron transport rate, and root biomass. Inoculated resistant and susceptible clones both presented higher respiration rates than healthy plants. Many compounds of primary and secondary metabolism were significantly altered after fungal infection in both clones. These results suggest that, C. fimbriata interferes in the primary and secondary metabolism of plants that may be linked to the induction of defense mechanisms and that, due to water restrictions caused by the fungus in susceptible plants, there is a partial closure of the stomata to prevent water loss and a consequent reduction in photosynthesis and the transpiration rate, which in turn, leads to a decrease in the plant's growth-related. These results combined, allowed for a better understanding of the physiological and metabolic changes following the infectious process of C. fimbriata, which limit eucalypt plant growth.

Ceratocystis fimbriata causes diseases on a wide variety of plants in Brazil, including rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), on which it causes gray mold or moldy rot on tapping panels affecting latex yield. However, C. fimbriata isolated from rubber tree have not been critically studied. Phylogenetic analyses of sequences of ITS rDNA and a mating type gene placed rubber tree isolates from Acre and Bahia among Brazilian isolates of C. fimbriata from other hosts. In the analyses of 14 microsatellite loci, the rubber tree isolates from Bahia were identical to each other and had alleles similar to those of Brazilian isolates from mango and eucalyptus. The microsatellite alleles of the Acre rubber tree isolates were identical to each other but distinct from other Brazilian isolates. The rubber tree isolates were morphologically indistinguishable from each other and very similar to the isolates of C. fimbriata on Ipomoea batatas, on which the species was originally described. Based on inoculation experiments results, the Bahia and Acre rubber tree isolates do not appear to be host specialized, which is typical for Brazilian isolates of C. fimbriata sensu stricto.

Foi avaliada a reação de 17 genótipos de cacaueiro (Theobroma cacao) à murcha-de-Ceratocystis causada por Ceratocystis cacaofunesta, utilizando três isolados mais virulentos entre os cinco testados. Em condições de casa-de-vegetação, uma suspensão de 3,0x10(4) UFC/mL de cada isolado do patógeno foi inoculada em mudas com seis meses de idade. O ensaio foi realizado em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com 17 tratamentos, três repetições e cinco mudas por parcela. A avaliação foi realizada aos 60 dias após a inoculação, pela contagem de mudas vivas. Os dados foram analisados usando pacote estatístico SAS e os contrastes das médias dos tratamentos foram obtidos pelo teste de Dunnett ao nível de 5% de significância, utilizando a cultivar Theobahia como testemunha. Dos genótipos analisados, o VB 1159 apresentou alta resistência ao patógeno. Os genótipos MUC 43, FL 78, VB 681, FC 101, VB 184, LP 06, ICS 1, VB 902, FA 13, NO 34, PS 5784 e Theobahia apresentaram resistência intermediária, enquanto que CA 1.4, VB 206, LCT 37 A e SJ 02 foram mais suscetíveis. A nova fonte de resistência à murcha-de-ceratocystis identificada neste trabalho pode ser utilizada em programa de melhoramento do cacaueiroe como porta-enxerto pelos produtores de cacau. Seventeen genotypes of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) were tested for reaction to Ceratocystis wilt caused by Ceratocystis cacaofunesta, using the three most virulent isolates among five isolates tested. In greenhouse conditions, a suspension containing 3.0 x 10(4) CFU/mL of each isolate was inoculated on six-month-old seedlings. The assay was carried out using a randomized complete block with 17 treatments, three replications and five seedlings per experimental unit. Assessments were made at 60 days after the inoculation date, by counting the number of healthy seedlings per plot unit. The data were analyzed by SAS statistical procedure and treatment averages were tested by Dunnett test at 5% significance level, using the cultivar Theobahia as control. From the genotypes analyzed, VB 1159 showed high resistance to the pathotype. The genotypes MUC 43, FL 78, VB 681, FC 101, VB 184, LP 06, ICS1, VB 902, FA 13, NO 34, PS 5784 and Theobahia showed moderate resistance, while CA 1.4, VB 206, LCT 37A and SJ 02 were the most susceptible genotypes. The new resistance source to Ceratocystis wilt identified in this work may be used in cocoa breeding programs and as a source of rootstock selection by farmers.

Em uma inspeção de rotina em uma plantação de kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa), constataram-se plantas com sintomas de murcha, morte e escurecimento interno dos tecidos do caule. Isolamentos a partir de tecidos infectados e do solo rizosférico permitiram a obtenção de cultura de um fungo com características morfológicas similares a Ceratocystis fimbriata, cuja identificação foi confirmada a partir do sequenciamento da região ITS do rDNA. O teste de patogenicidade foi realizado nas variedades Monty e Farroupilha. Constatou-se que o agente causal da doença em kiwi pertence ao complexo Ceratocystis fimbriata e ao clado da América Latina, e os isolados inoculados foram patogênicos às duas variedades testadas. In a routine inspection on a plantation of kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) plants were found with wilt symptoms, internal browning and death of the stem tissues. Isolations from infected tissues and soil rhizosphere, allowed to obtain a culture of fungus with morphological characteristics similar to Ceratocystis fimbrita whose identification was confirmed based on the sequencing of the ITS region of rDNA. The pathogenicity test was conducted in Monty and Farroupilha varieties. It was found that the causal agent of the disease in kiwi belong to the C. fimbriata complex and to the group of Latin America and the isolates inoculated were pathogenic to two varieties tested.