1. Epigenetic Regulators of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell Lineage Determination
- Author
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Dimitrios Cakouros and Stan Gronthos
- Subjects
Transcriptional Activation ,0301 basic medicine ,Aging ,Lineage (genetic) ,Stromal cell ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Epigenetic Repression ,Methylation ,Histone methylation ,Epigenesis, Genetic ,MSC ,Weight-Bearing ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Humans ,Cell Lineage ,Epigenetics ,Skeletal Biology and Regulation (M Forwood and A Robling, Section Editors) ,Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells ,DNA methylation ,biology ,Skeletal stem cells ,Mesenchymal stem cell ,Acetylation ,Cell Differentiation ,Mesenchymal Stem Cells ,Chromatin ,Cell biology ,Histone Code ,030104 developmental biology ,Histone ,Histone acetylation ,Gene Expression Regulation ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,biology.protein ,Osteoporosis - Abstract
Purpose of ReviewAlthough many signalling pathways have been discovered to be essential in mesenchymal stem/stromal (MSC) differentiation, it has become increasingly clear in recent years that epigenetic regulation of gene transcription is a vital component of lineage determination, encompassing diet, lifestyle and parental influences on bone, fat and cartilage development.Recent FindingsThis review discusses how specific enzymes that modify histone methylation and acetylation or DNA methylation orchestrate the differentiation programs in lineage determination of MSC and the epigenetic changes that facilitate development of bone related diseases such as osteoporosis. The review also describes how environmental factors such as mechanical loading influence the epigenetic signatures of MSC, and how the use of chemical agents or small peptides can regulate epigenetic drift in MSC populations during ageing and disease.SummaryEpigenetic regulation of MSC lineage commitment is controlled through changes in enzyme activity, which modifies DNA and histone residues leading to alterations in chromatin structure. The co-ordinated epigenetic regulation of transcriptional activation and repression act to mediate skeletal tissue homeostasis, where deregulation of this process can lead to bone loss during ageing or osteoporosis.
- Published
- 2020