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Alternative protocols for the treatment of skin lesions have been developed with the use of techniques such as photobiomodulation and phytotherapy, aiming to optimize this process. To evaluate the effectiveness of copaiba (Copaiferalangsdorffii) oil-resin and low-level laser therapy for treating cutaneous wounds, 15 Wistar rats (Rattusnorvergicus) were used, in whom five 8-mm lesions were produced. The following protocols were applied: negative control group (T1); positive control group (T2); laser therapy with AsGa (904 nm), continuous, focal mode for 10 s, dosage of 4 J/cm² (T3); copaiba oil-resin (T4); and association group (copaiba and low-level laser) (T5). The efficacy of each technique was evaluated based on macroscopic aspects of the lesion, wound healing rate, and histopathological analysis (inflammatory infiltrate and collagen expression). The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for statistical analyses (P> 0.05). Copaiba treatment showed an advantage in type III collagen expression, whereas laser therapy demonstrated an enhanced capacity for tissue regeneration. The significant advantage obtained from the association treatment is the improvement of the macroscopic aspect of the wound, with a reduction in crust formation.

Copaifera spp. (copaiba) oleoresin is traditionally used as a medicinal compound since the 16th century, which is primarily indicated for its anti-inflammatory properties being widely sold in free fairs and medicinal herbal houses in Brazil. However, copaiba oleoresin toxicity information is still limited. In this study, we aimed to investigate the acute (in mice and rats) and 28 day—repeated doses (in rats) oral toxicity of commercial copaiba oleoresin. In the acute toxicity test, copaiba oleoresin oral administration at 2000 mg/kg dose did not induce mice or rat lethality. In the subacute toxicity tests, we administered copaiba oleoresin at daily doses of 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg for 28 days. We observed no toxicological effects in body weight gain, feed and water intake, gross necropsy, relative organ weight, histopathology, hematology, or biochemistry parameters. At the three copaiba oleoresin tested doses, we observed an alkaline phosphatase reduction, which might indicate hepatic protection. In conclusion, the commercial copaiba oleoresin has a low risk of toxicity and did not induce treatment-related adverse effects after short-term daily exposures to a dose two thousand times higher than folk use, showing safety doses for further pharmacological investigations.

Background. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical and microbiological efficacies of (C. langsdorffii) dental varnish in children at high risk of dental caries.. Methods. This is a longitudinal, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Ninety high-risk caries-free children (ICDAS II = 0) were recruited and randomly divided into three groups: C. langsdorffii, chlorhexidine, or fluoride. The varnishes were applied on the second deciduous molars for three times: baseline (D0), after 90 days (D90), and after 180 days (D180). Saliva was collected on D0, D90, D180, and D360 to evaluate S. mutans reduction. Statistics were carried out by ANOVA, Tukey’s test, and the paired t-test. Results. Copaiba varnish demonstrated significant S. mutans reduction: D360 versus D0 p < 0.0001 , D180 versus D0 p < 0.001 , D360 versus D90 p < 0.001 , D180 versus D90 p < 0.001 , and D360 versus D180 p < 0.05 . Chlorhexidine varnish significantly reduced S. mutans at D180 versus D0 p < 0.05 . Fluoride reduced at D180 versus D0 p < 0.001 . Conclusions. Three annual applications of this varnish showed substantial antimicrobial activity against S. mutans and caries prevention for up to 12 months.

Endodontic infections are polymicrobial and predominantly caused by anaerobic bacteria and some facultative bacteria. The list of microorganisms involved in endodontic infections keeps expanding and has the potential to become increasingly more accurate during the next few years. Copaiba oil is an important Amazonian herbal medicine commercialized worldwide. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of copaiba oil and substances used in the treatment of endodontic infections against anaerobic microorganisms such as Prevotella melaninogenica; Prevotella intermedia; and Clostridium acetobutylicum. The MIC was determined by thioglycollate broth dilution. The data were statistically analyzed by Tukey's parametric and non-parametric methods of Cochran and Kruskal-Wallis test with a confidence level of 99%. The analysis of the antimicrobial activity showed that the samples of Copaiba oil, Sodium Hypochlorite, Otosporin, Tricresol formalin, Chlorhexidine and PMCC showed high antimicrobial activity (p

This study investigated the potential of shading to mitigate the stressful effects of different periods of flooding, favoring the recovery of seedlings in the post-flooding period. Copaifera langsd...

This study investigates the immersion impregnation process of the copaiba oleoresin and leaf extract into SpongostanTM gelatin dressings to be used in wound healing treatment. Copaiba oleoresin and leaf extract were characterized by spectroscopic analyses in order to confirm the identity of bioactive compounds and their compatibility with dressing material. Their antibacterial properties were evaluated and oleoresin activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was confirmed while the leaf extract showed activity against S. aureus. Solubility assays in organic solvents revealed that copaiba oleoresin is miscible into dichloromethane, while leaf extract showed a 20 g/ml solubility coefficient at 35 °C in the same solvent. These miscibility and solubility conditions were selected for the impregnation process. Using the organic solvent immersion method, 11 mg of copaiba oleoresin and 19 mg of leaf extract were impregnated into 1 cm3 of 3D matrix. The main bioactives from copaiba products, such as β-caryophyllene and lupeol, were tracked in the gelatin dressing. DSC and TGA assays showed no thermal changes in the samples after impregnation. Furthermore, the spatial organization of foam structure of the dressings was preserved after superficial distribution of oleoresin, as well as amorphous-like particulate deposition of leaf extract. The main compound of copaiba oleoresin, β-caryophyllene, which exhibits well-known anti-inflammatory activities, and the main compound of copaiba leaf extract, lupeol, also an anti-inflammatory agent, were successfully impregnated using organic solvent in wound dressings and are promising for further application on tissue wound healing.

In-situ dispersion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the presence of scCO2 is investigated as an alternative technique to load copaiba (Copaifera ssp.) oil in poly (methyl methacrylate...

The oleoresin of Copaifera reticulata Ducke, Fabaceae, is a traditional Brazilian remedy used for a wide range of applications. Commonly named copaiba, the oleoresin has been found to exhibit strong antimicrobial effects in our previous study, which could be attributed to some of its diterpenoid constituents. In order to find new biological activities and to eventually enhance the before observed effects, (−)-polyalthic acid (1) and kaurenoic acid (2), together with eight prepared semi-synthetic derivatives (1a–1c and 2a–2e) were evaluated for their cytotoxic, antibacterial and antifungal properties. Regarding the gram-positive bacteria Enterococcus faecium and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, we found that both the exocylic methylene group and the carboxyl group were crucial for the activity against these two clinically relevant bacterial strains. Investigation of the antifungal activity, in contrast, showed that the carboxyl group is unnecessary for the effect against the dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum and Cryptococcus neoformans, indicated by low micromolar IC50 values for both (−)-polyalthic acid diethylamide (1a) as well as (−)-polyalthic acid methyl ester (1b). Apart from studying the biological activity, the structure of one semi-synthetic derivative, compound 1c, is being reported for the first time. During the course of the structure elucidation of the new compound, we discovered inconsistencies regarding the stereochemistry of polyalthic acid and its stereoisomers, which we clarified in the present work.

There are a diversity and variability of oil producing plants and different extraction methods. These vegetable and essential oils are substances stored and released by plants from their fruits, leaves, flowers, bark and stem, being complete of plant origin that provides some benefits. In the plant these oils are also known as antioxidant substances, which have the function of natural protection. It is known that the extraction method has a strong influence on its quality and composition due to its variability and environmental conditions, besides possible adulteration. Oils that are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids are the most relevant to the cosmetic industry but are most sensitive to oxidation. The oxidation of these oils generates what is known as rancidity, with the presence of smaller and undesirable molecules, thus reducing the quality of the oil beyond its nutritional value, making them harmful to human health. Stocking conditions, such as exposure to sunlight and heat, are major phenomena that accelerate the degradation of these oils. Infrared spectrometry with Fourier transform (FTIR) is a tool with potential to evaluate the degradation effect of vegetable oils. Infrared spectra of Almond (Prunus dulcis), Andiroba (Carapa guianensis aubl.), Copaiba (Copaifera langsdorffi) and Rosehip (Rosa aff. Rubiginosa) oils before and after exposure to sun light for 90 days were analyzed, with objective of evaluating the effect of the degradation on the composition of the oil, which were acquired in local commerce of the city Porto Velho. The spectra trends show the occurrence of oxidation, with the reduction of unsaturation, in addition to the fractionation of carbon chains and appearance of functional groups such as aldehyde and alcohol.

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a disease caused by fungi of the genus Paracoccidioides. The disease is responsible for high rates of premature deaths and socioeconomic repercussions. The limitations of antifungal agents against PCM have motivated the search for new compounds. In our ongoing exploration of Cerrado plants as potential sources of new antifungal agents, we selected Copaifera langsdorffii oil (Copaíba resin oil) in order to explore its bioactive potential and test a formulation to increase oil stability and solubilization employing Pluronic F-127 to obtain the nanoemulsion of the oil. We aim at testing both Copaíba resin oil and its nanoemulsion against four species of the Paracoccidioides genus. We performed cytotoxicity test in Balb/C3T3 cells, hemolytic activity and interaction of Copaíba resin oil and Copaíba resin oil nanoemulsion (CopaPlu) with the antifungal agents such as amphotericin B, co-trimoxazole, and itraconazole. Moreover, the Copaíba resin oil was analyzed by mass spectrometry to identify its chemical profile. Eventually, a new methodology to prepare the nanoemulsion is presented. The Copaíba resin oil and CopaPlu nanoemulsion inhibited Paracoccidioides sp. growth efficiently, and no cytotoxicity or hemolytic effect was observed at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). When combined with amphotericin B, Copaíba resin oil and its nanoemulsion showed an additive effect with reduction of MIC values. The Copaíba resin oil and CopaPlu nanoemulsion is a promising antifungal agent against Paracoccidioides.

Besides being used in the wood industry, copaiba has medicinal properties. However, continuous and excessive extraction both of wood and of oil may impair the regeneration and make the product scarce. It is very important to produce quality seedlings, both for sustainable exploitation and for the recovery of degraded and disturbed areas. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the initial growth and nutrition of Copaiba seedlings, incorporating organic residues into different classes of soils. The treatments were disposed in a design of entirely randomized blocks using the 5x4 factorial scheme, with four organic residues (rice husks in natura, carbonized rice husks, goat manure, carnauba residue), plus a treatment with soil only and four classes of soil (Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, Neossolo Quartzarênio, Gleissolo Háplico e Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo), with four repetitions. At 90 days, the morpho-physiological variables of the seedling and macronutrient contents of the aerial part were evaluated. As to the morpho-physiological variables, the carnauba residue was outstanding among the residues tested in the present study. There was an increase in the quantities of P, K, Ca and Mg in the aerial part of copaiba seedlings resulting in the combination between the organic residues and the soil classes.

Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. has been used in the traditional medicine of Brazil for centuries to treat a wide range of conditions, including infections, wounds and inflammation. The aim of this st...

Introduction: Dental caries is the most prevalent disease in humans and its incidence is particularly high during childhood. The use of medicinal plants is a common practice in Brazil. Objective: To evaluate the optimal antimicrobial concentration of Copaifera langsdorffii (copaiba) oil-resin, in the form of dental varnish, against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in children. Methods: Twenty-four children, caries-free, aged until 6 years old, were selected to participate in this study. The varnish was applied to the occlusal surfaces of all deciduous molars. The antimicrobial activity was analyzed in saliva, whose collection was conducted in two phases: before applying the copaiba varnish and after use to verify the instantaneous effectiveness of Copaifera langsdorffii dental varnish in the reduction of S. mutans. The microbiological analysis was repeated twice, establishing dilutions of 1:10 mL and 1:100 mL. Results: Comparisons between different times within the same dilution were carried out by repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) associated with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. Comparisons of conditions prior to and after treatment were performed using the t test for paired samples and it indicated that the 1% formulation promoted a more significant decrease in the number of S. mutans colonies (p = 0,0026). Conclusion: Copaiba oil-resin, in the form of dental varnish, has antimicrobial activity against S. mutans in all the concentrations studied. Further studies to identify the long-term activity and anticaries effect of this varnish are required to establish its use in caries prevention. Keywords: Dental caries, Saliva, Streptococcus mutans

Non-renewable chemical products are still the most used for wood protection, however, they have negative aspects. Several problems associated with the extensive use of these substances have been reported, such as intoxication of animals and plants, and environmental contamination. This has led to a search for alternative methods of control that cause less impact on the environment. In this context, the use of natural products extracted from different plants can be an alternative to this industrial activity. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of andiroba, copaiba and jatropha oils, either pure or enriched with iodine (I2), to improve the biological resistance of Pinus elliottii wood to wood-decay fungi causing brown, white and soft rot. The andiroba and copaiba oils came from the state of Pará and the jatropha oil came from Paraíba. Thus, we performed resistance tests to accelerated decay (brown and white rot fungi) and soft rot tests in the laboratory. We used pure natural oils and those enriched with sublimated iodine in assessing efficiency. In turn, we evaluated the effects of volatilization and leaching on the efficiency of solutions against decaying fungi. Pure andiroba and jatropha oils were the least efficient in controlling the Trametes versicolor fungus in the accelerated decay biological assay. Moreover, the wood treated with pure copaiba oil (normal situation) was classified as non-resistant for controlling Postia placenta fungus. In the soft rot test, we observed that there was a tendency to improve the wood resistance (normal situation) with an increase in the iodine concentration (I2). RESUMO Os produtos químicos não renováveis ainda são os mais utilizados para proteção da madeira, porém possuem aspectos negativos. Diversos problemas associados ao uso extensivo dessas substâncias são relatados, como a intoxicação de animais e plantas e contaminação ambiental. Isto tem levado à procura por métodos alternativos de controle que ocasionem menor impacto ao ambiente. Neste contexto, o uso de produtos naturais extraídos de diferentes plantas pode ser alternativa a esta atividade industrial. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência dos óleos de andiroba, copaíba e pinhão manso, puros ou enriquecidos com iodo (I2) para melhorar a resistência biológica da madeira de Pinus elliottii a fungos apodrecedores, causadores das podridões parda, branca e mole. Os óleos de andiroba e copaíba foram oriundos do estado do Pará e o de pinhão-manso da Paraíba. Foram realizados os ensaios de resistência ao apodrecimento acelerado em laboratório (fungos de podridão parda e branca) e ensaio de podridão mole. Na avaliação da eficiência, os óleos naturais foram empregados puros e enriquecidos com iodo sublimado. Foram avaliados os efeitos da volatilização e lixiviação na eficiência das soluções contra os fungos aprodrecedores. No ensaio biológico de apodrecimento acelerado, os óleos de andiroba e pinhão manso puros foram os menos eficientes no controle do fungo Trametes versicolor. No controle do fungo Postia placenta, a madeira tratada com o óleo de copaíba puro (situação normal) foi classificada como não resistente. No ensaio de podridão mole observou-se que com o aumento da concentração de iodo (I2) houve tendência de melhoria da resistência da madeira (situação normal).

The objective of the present experiment was to evaluate the effects of including the essential oil of copaiba and oregano as a possible replacement for synthetic butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) additives in fish meat ball. PH, cooking loss, texture, color, sensory acceptability and chemical composition were evaluated. The addition of oregano essential oil had an effect on the color of the fish meat ball (P 0.05) on the chemical composition of the fish meat ball. The essential oils of copaiba and oregano are promising natural antioxidants to increase the useful life of fish by-products, in addition to being a viable solution to replace the synthetic antioxidant BHT, bringing benefits to its commercialization. El objetivo del presente experimento fue evaluar los efectos de incluir el aceite esencial de copaiba y orégano como posible reemplazo de los aditivos sintéticos de hidroxitolueno butilado (BHT) en la bola de carne de pescado. Se evaluó el PH, la pérdida de cocción, la textura, el color, la aceptabilidad sensorial y la composición química. La adición de aceite esencial de orégano tuvo un efecto sobre el color de la bola de carne de pescado (P 0.05) sobre la composición química de la bola de carne de pescado. Los aceites esenciales de copaiba y orégano son antioxidantes naturales prometedores para aumentar la vida útil de los subproductos del pescado, además de ser una solución viable para reemplazar el antioxidante sintético BHT, aportando beneficios a su comercialización. O objetivo do presente experimento foi avaliar os efeitos da inclusão do óleo essencial de copaíba e orégano como possível substituição de aditivos sintéticos butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), em fish meat ball. Foram avaliadas o pH, perda por cocção, textura, cor, aceitabilidade sensorial e composição química. A adição de óleo essencial de orégano apresentou efeito sobre a cor dos fish meat ball (P< 0,05), apresentando melhores resultados de a* e Hue em relação ao BHT, e b* e Croma em comparação ao controle (COM). Além disso, os óleos essenciais de copaíba e orégano apresentaram as menores perdas de água por cocção e o óleo essencial de orégano melhorou o aroma das fish meat ball (P< 0,05). Os tratamentos não tiveram efeito (P> 0,05) na composição química dos fish meat ball. Os óleos essenciais de copaíba e orégano são antioxidantes naturais promissores para aumentar a vida útil de subprodutos do pescado, além de ser uma solução viável para substituir o antioxidante sintético BHT, trazendo beneficios para sua comercialização.

Plastic surgeries are considered clean or potentially contaminated procedures. The incidence of infection in reduction mammoplasty is 1.1 to 22% and the main etiological agents are bacteria found on the skin and mucous membranes such as Staphylococcus aureus. Due to the increase in bacterial resistance with the widespread use of antibiotics, identify natural compounds with antibacterial action on postoperative surgery wounds are fundamental. Thus, the objective of this research was the identification of compounds and assessment of the antibacterial action of Copaifera spp. (copaiba) oil against standard strains and bacterial pathogens isolated from postoperative mammoplasty surgery. For this, four commercial copaiba oils (1, 2, 3 and 4) were submitted to a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. The in-vitro antimicrobial activity and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of oils on standard strains and clinical samples, as well as the disk antibiotics sensitivity and the synergistic effect of the oils and antibiotics, were assessed. A total of 72 compounds were identified, accounting for ~99% of the volatile constituents in the oils. Sesquiterpenes comprised 67.24– 90.11% of the components, with β-caryophyllene being the most common. Oils 1 and 2 were the most active on the S. aureus strain, with MIC similarto Oil 3, while Oil 4presented no activity. The same pattern was observed in the clinical samples. In addition, Oil 2 presented synergism when associated with amoxicillin. The synergistic effects of Copaiba oils may represent a source of therapeutic compounds against bacterial infections in surgical wound. Las cirugías plásticas se consideran procedimientos limpios o potencialmente contaminados. La incidencia de infección en la mamoplastia de reducción es del 1,1 al 22% y los principales agentes etiológicos son las bacterias presentes en la piel y mucosas como Staphylococcus aureus. Debido al aumento de la resistencia bacteriana con el uso generalizado de antibióticos, identificar compuestos naturales con acción antibacteriana sobre las heridas de la cirugía postoperatoria es fundamental. Así, el objetivo de esta investigación fue la identificación de compuestos y la evaluación de la acción antibacteriana de Copaifera spp. (copaiba) contra cepas estándar y patógenos bacterianos aislados de la cirugía de mamoplastia postoperatoria. Para ello, cuatro aceites de copaiba comerciales (1, 2, 3 y 4) se sometieron a un análisis de cromatografía de gases / espectrometría de masas. Se evaluó la actividad antimicrobiana in vitro y la concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) de los aceites en cepas estándar y muestras clínicas, así como la sensibilidad a los antibióticos de disco y el efecto sinérgico de los aceites y antibióticos. Se identificaron un total de 72 compuestos, que representan ~ 99% de los constituyentes volátiles de los aceites. Los sesquiterpenos comprendieron entre el 67,24 y el 90,11% de los componentes, siendo el β-cariofileno el más común. Los aceites 1 y 2 fueron los más activos en la cepa de S. aureus, con CMI similar al aceite 3, mientras que el aceite 4 no presentó actividad. El mismo patrón se observó en las muestras clínicas. Además, Oil 2 presentó sinergismo cuando se asoció con amoxicilina. Los efectos sinérgicos de los aceites de Copaiba pueden representar una fuente de compuestos terapéuticos contra infecciones bacterianas en heridas quirúrgicas. As cirurgias plásticas são consideradas procedimentos limpos ou potencialmente contaminados. A incidência de infecção na mamoplastia redutora é de 1,1 a 22% e os principais agentes etiológicos são bactérias presentes na pele e nas mucosas, como o Staphylococcus aureus. Devido ao aumento da resistência bacteriana com o uso generalizado de antibióticos, identificar compostos naturais com ação antibacteriana em feridas pós-operatórias é fundamental. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi a identificação de compostos e avaliação da ação antibacteriana do óleo de Copaifera spp. (copaíba) contra cepas padrão e patógenos bacterianos isolados do pós-operatório de cirurgia de mamoplastia. Para tanto, quatro óleos comerciais de copaíba (1, 2, 3 e 4) foram submetidos à análise por cromatografia gasosa / espectrometria de massa. A atividade antimicrobiana in vitro e a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de óleos em cepas padrão e amostras clínicas, bem como a sensibilidade a antibióticos em disco e o efeito sinérgico dos óleos e antibióticos, foram avaliados. Um total de 72 compostos foram identificados, representando ~ 99% dos constituintes voláteis dos óleos. Os sesquiterpenos representaram 67,24–90,11% dos componentes, sendo o β-cariofileno o mais comum. Os óleos 1 e 2 foram os mais ativos na cepa de S. aureus, com CIM semelhante ao óleo 3, enquanto o óleo 4 não apresentou atividade. O mesmo padrão foi observado nas amostras clínicas. Além disso, o óleo 2 apresentou sinergismo quando associado à amoxicilina. Os efeitos sinérgicos dos óleos de copaíba podem representar uma fonte de compostos terapêuticos contra infecções bacterianas em feridas cirúrgicas.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:43:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-09-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) The oily resin produced by Copaifera langsdorffii, commonly called oil of copaiba, is widely exploited by the drug, cosmetic, and biodiesel industries. The distribution of oily secretory cavities and canals (secretory spaces) over the vegetative body characterizes this species. Oil is stored inside the lumen of the secretory spaces and only reaches the organ surface after injuries. Nonetheless, translucent oily deposits occur on the adaxial surface of intact young leaves. In this study, we searched for further sources of oil production in C. langsdorffii leaves in addition to the well-known secretory cavities and investigated the mechanisms of secretion. Leaves in different developmental stages were collected from adult plants and processed for studies on light and transmission electron microscopies. The primary finding of this study was the involvement of the chlorenchyma cells in lipid biosynthesis, in addition to the secretory cavities. The secretory activity of cavities and chlorenchyma cells overlapped in young leaves. Ultrastructurally, secretory cavity cells exhibited abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum profiles and oleoplasts, whereas the chlorenchyma cells had large chloroplasts with oil inclusions. Our data suggest that the oily material on the leaf surface arose from the chlorenchyma and was transported via the apoplast. These findings open new avenues for understanding oil biosynthesis regulation in mesophyll cells and planning of future strategies for the biotechnological application of C. langsdorffii leaves. Graduate Program in Biological Sciences (Botany) Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Goiás State University (UEG) Department of Botany Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Graduate Program in Biological Sciences (Botany) Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Botany Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) CAPES: 001 CNPq: 02657/2011-8 FAPESP: 2008/55434-7 CNPq: 303981/2018-0

Copaiba oil is a natural product used by Amazonian populations and recognized for its medicinal properties because it has significant antimicrobial activity for several pathogenic microorganisms. The present work aimed to evaluate and characterize the effect of natural oil produced by copaiba – Copaifera multijuga against multiresistant isolates of bubaline mastitis. The nitrocefin test was performed with isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from bubaline mastitis, which were 100% positive for beta-lactamase enzyme detection. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of 25% to 3.12% was obtained for Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli and 50% and 25% for S. aureus, but Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis were resistant. MBC with 12.5% and 6.25% oil were obtained for most multiresistant bubaline mastitis isolates from the states of Pernambuco, Ceará, Bahia and Alagoas. The results demonstrated the great potential of using copaiba natural oil in the treatment of buffalo mastitis.

One of the great challenges in the post-nursery phase is to plant seedlings in the field. It is, therefore, important to produce them to a high standard of quality aiming to achieve an economically feasible and environmentally sustainable process. For this purpose, the use of organic residues in the composition of substrates, associated with biotechnologies available on the market, is a feasible alternative, which, however, requires further research for process optimization. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the morphophysiological characteristics, nutrition and quality of Copaifera langsdorffii seedlings in substrates formulated with organic residues and Fertbokashi premium®. The treatments were distributed in a randomized block design, with four repetitions, in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, with four substrates (carnauba residue, goat manure, unprocessed and carbonized rice husks) and one control (soil) with or without applying bokashi. A part of the results, the highest values observed in the morphophysiological and nutritional variables, were for plants grown in the substrate with carnauba residue, followed by goat manure, both in association with bokashi. Among the residues studied, carnauba residue had the highest N and P contents and the lowest C:N ratio, raising the quality variables. The use of bokashi associated with the residues promotes the best results for most of the morphophysiological and nutritional parameters of the Copaiba seedlings. The substrates formulated with carnauba residue and goat manure are the most appropriate for seedling production. The regional residues can be used as a substrate to produce Copaiba seedlings to a high standard of quality.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-01T00:03:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Copaifera langsdorffii is a Brazilian native plant that is used for wound healing or as an anti-inflammatory agent. Non-healing wounds are an important health problem, particularly in horses, because they can cause the animal invalidity or even lead to death. In addition, horses respond to skin wounds with chronic inflammatory response and intense wound granulation, thereby delaying the healing process. By this way, our aim was to evaluate the healing potential of Copaifera langsdorffii hydroalcoholic extract (HE) and oil-resin creams (OR) in horse skin wounds. Four wounds were performed bilaterally in the lumbar region of six horses with a 2 cm punch and treated daily with the respective treatments: saline solution, vehicle, 10% HE creams or 10% OR cream. Daily planimetry analyses were performed to measure the wound area and clinical parameters. In four different experimental periods (3, 7, 14 and 21 d), wound biopsies were removed and used for microscopic analyses. SS wounds presented a significant small area at day 3 and 7, OR wounds presented significant small area in comparison with HE at 14 d, and no significant difference was observed between treatments at 21 d. A better microscopic and clinical healing activity of HE and OR was identified in comparison with the controls. The OR group showed better healing quality, specifically after 7 d of treatment. Therefore, Copaifera langsdorffii formulations demonstrated their wound healing potential in horse skin lesions, exhibiting an improvement of the macro-and microscopic parameters. Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências FAPESP: 2011/13630-7 FAPESP: 2014/23684-5

The effectiveness of rice protein coatings enriched with essential oils on maintaining interior quality of fresh eggs was evaluated during storage at 20°C for 6 wk. Egg quality was assessed by weight loss, Haugh unit (HU), albumen pH, and yolk index (YI) in uncoated eggs (control treatment) and eggs coated with rice protein concentrate at 8% enriched or not with different essential oils (1%): tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), copaíba (Copaifera langsdorffii), or thymo (Thymus vulgaris). The HU and YI were higher in coated eggs (P < 0.001). Data were submitted to variance analysis, and the statistical models included the effects of treatments (coating types), storage periods (weeks), and interaction (treatments by storage periods). Weight loss increased (P < 0.001) during long-term storage. Uncoated eggs showed the highest weight loss (5.43%), whereas coatings of rice protein alone (4.23%) or enriched with tea tree (4.10%), copaíba (3.90%), and thymo (4.08%) solutions were effective in preventing weight lost (P < 0.001). The coating use preserved the internal quality of the eggs for up to 3 wk longer than uncoated eggs in terms of HU, YI, and pH. Uncoated eggs had the worst (P < 0.001) HU (58.46), albumen pH (9.48), and YI (0.33) after 6 wk of storage. In conclusion, the use of coatings based on rice protein concentrate enriched with different essential oils influences the internal quality of eggs during storage and may be an effective alternative for increasing the shelf life of commercial eggs.

The properties of oil-resin of copaiba, Copaifera multijuga are commonly mentioned in the literature, but there are few studies on extracts from its stem bark. We evaluated the antioxidant effects of ethanolic (EE) and ethyl acetate (EA) crude stem bark extracts from copaiba and compared them to rutin in a paracetamol (PCM)-induced oxidative stress model in mice. All test comparisons differed significantly. Hepatic catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity decreased in the PCM group, and there was an increase of protein carbonyls in the liver, kidney and brain. However, the protein carbonyls decreased in the liver for the PCM + EE group, in the kidneys for the PCM + EA and PCM + Rutin groups, and in the brain for all treatments. Hepatic GSH decreased in the PCM group and increased in the PCM + EE group. The extracts showed a positive effect on ascorbic acid (ASA), since they were able to restore the levels of parameters that had been changed by PCM. There was an increase of ALT and AST activity in the plasma within the PCM group. Even though ALT decreased in the PCM + Rutin, PCM + EE and PCM + EA groups, EE and EA did not have an effect on AST. The strongest antioxidant effect was observed for EE, due to the presence of the phenolic compounds epicatechin and epiafzelechin, as well as the highest concentration of total phenols and an excellent antioxidant potential observed in the DPPH· test. RESUMO As propriedades do óleo-resina da copaíba, Copaifera multijuga são comumente citadas na literatura, mas há poucos estudos sobre extratos da casca do caule. Avaliamos os efeitos antioxidantes de extratos brutos etanólico (EE) e acetato de etila (EA) da casca do caule da copaíba e os comparamos à rutina no modelo de estresse oxidativo induzido por paracetamol (PCM) em camundongos. Todas as comparações de teste diferiram significativamente. A atividade da catalase hepática (CAT) e da glutationa-S-transferase (GST) diminuiu no grupo PCM, e houve um aumento de proteínas carboniladas no fígado, rim e cérebro. No entanto, as proteínas carboniladas diminuíram no fígado no fígado para o grupo PCM + EE, nos rins para os grupos PCM + EA e PCM + rutina, e no cérebro para todos os tratamentos. A GSH hepática diminuiu no grupo PCM e aumentou no grupo PCM + EE. Os extratos mostraram um efeito positivo sobre o ácido ascórbico (ASA), uma vez que foram capazes de restaurar os níveis dos parâmetros que foram alterados pelo PCM. Houve um aumento da atividade de ALT e AST no plasma dentro do grupo PCM. Embora a ALT tenha diminuído nos grupos PCM + rutina, PCM + EE e PCM + EA, EE e EA não afetaram a AST. O efeito antioxidante mais forte foi observado para o EE, provavelmente devido à presença dos compostos fenólicos epicatequina e epiafzelequina, assim como à maior concentração de fenóis totais e um excelente potencial antioxidante observado no teste DPPH·.

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of copaiba oils (Copaifera reticulata and Copaifera duckei) on the health and performance of broiler chicks along with their anti-inflammatory activity. The experiment was performed in duplicate, using 60 chicks at a time. Groups were formed by broiler chicks fed with basal diet (control); basal diet and antibiotic (zinc bacitracin, 25 mg/kg of feed); basal diet and copaiba oil (0.15 mL/kg of feed); and basal diet and copaiba oil (0.30 mL/kg of feed) for 15 days. Sampling was performed on days 7 and 15 of life. Animals treated with 0.15 mL/kg of copaiba showed higher body weight (p 0.05); however, glucose and triglyceride levels were reduced on days 7 and 15 in animals that received copaiba oil, respectively (p

Ethnopharmacological relevance The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes the potential of plants used in secular traditional medicine and considers this an important source of evidence to assess their effectiveness and safety. Brazil is rich in biodiversity and traditional uses based on the Amerindian culture. However, many processes started with the arrival of the Portuguese in the year 1500. The successive economic cycles, for example, led to destruction of native vegetation and an intense cultural erosion. As a consequence, the information about the use of plants in the past centuries are dispersed and without interpretation. In this study a methodology to evidence the traditionality of Brazilian plants was demonstrated using data about barbatimao barks (Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville - Fabaceae) and Copaiba oleoresin (Copaifera spp. - Fabaceae) in wound healing, was established. Material and methods Data about use of the plants were recovered from bibliography published between 1576 and 2011. The books (101) were classified using weights, considering the date of publication and the source of Information. Older books that describe primary information received weight 10, while books written more recently and with secondary information received weight 0.4. A score for each category of medicinal use was calculated based on the books weights and the frequency of citation. A review about the current use of both plants was also performed from ethnobotanical studies published in journals. Results and discussion The traditional secular use of barks of barbatimao and oleoresin of copaiba to treat wounds was confirmed based on the historic bibliographic research. The most frequent use of barbatimao in a timeline of 500 years of Brazil’s history, was as astringent, whereas for copaiba was as healing of skin and mucosal lesions. The continuous and current use of these plants to treat wounds, confirmed by recent ethnobotanical studies, is an indicative of the resilience of these remedies and their effectiveness. Conclusion The use of preparations containing barbatimao barks and copaiba oleoresin can be considered effective in the treatment of wounds. Nonetheless, it is necessary to improve the quality of the formulas as established by WHO.

Wood has been used by mankind for many years in many purposes specially in construction and manufacture. It is necessary to characterize unknown species as an alternative for human use due to predatory harvest of well-known wood species; in consequence, possible shortage of this wood. This study intended to determine, under the Brazilian Standard ABNT NBR 7190, the mechanical properties of Copaiba wood (Copaifera sp.), and with the analysis of variance (ANOVA), handling the regression models, predict the values of strength and stiffness as a function of apparent density. Twelve models were used for each test, totalizing 180 experimental results. The mechanical properties of Copaifera sp. presented on tests demonstrated compatible performance with common wood species used in civil construction. According the regression models, any properties were considered significant with apparent density estimation.

On this research, the potential of oleoresin extracted from the tree Copaifera reticulata was analyzed for the production of biofuel starting from the transesterification process. Properties like viscosity, acid, moisture, flash point and melt fluidity index were determined for both the raw and the chemically modified oleoresin. Its behavior on low temperatures and its oxidative stability were included on the characterization. It was determined that the route used for the production of biodiesel is not suitable because it generates a high loss of oleoresin, since the overall performance in biofuel production was approximately 10 %. Still, refining processes and transesterification had a positive effect on the oxidative stability of oleoresin. With respect to raw oleoresin, the stability of refined oleoresin and copaiba biodiesel increased to 46 and 47 oC, respectively. According to the fluidity points, in all cases the behavior on cold fluidity significantly exceeds the established ranges. Copaiba biodiesel showed a fluidity point below –39 oC. According to the values of viscosity and density, the use of oleoresin in its raw or modified forms, although directly conditioned, could be considered in mixtures with gasoil or other biofuels to improve their low temperature properties. Further studies are needed to establish efficient routes for the chemical modification of oleoresin.

SUMMARY The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplemental copaiba or sucupira oils on broiler performance and intestinal health. A total of 600 one-day old Cobb 500 male broilers were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replicates with 25 broilers each. To increase the health challenge, the broilers were reared on reused litter. The treatments consisted of: control diet; diet with a performance enhancing antibiotic (avilamycin); diet with 2,000 mg/kg copaiba oil and a diet with 500 mg/kg sucupira oil. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey test (5%). The addition of sucupira oil at 500 mg/kg decreased broiler performance at 21, 33, and 40 days of age, whereas the addition of copaiba oil resulted in similar performance relative to the antibiotic. Dietary supplementation of copaiba or sucupira oils did not change the intestinal epithelium of broilers. The addition of sucupira oil negatively affected broiler performance. Copaiba oil can be used in broiler diets as a performance enhancer. RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar a utilização de óleo de copaíba ou sucupira na ração de frangos de corte, sobre o desempenho e saúde intestinal. Foram utilizados 600 pintos de corte machos, da linhagem Cobb500 com um dia de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições com 25 aves cada. Com o objetivo de aumentar o desafio, as aves foram criadas sobre cama reutilizada. Os tratamentos consistiram de: ração controle; ração com antibiótico melhorador de desempenho avilamicina; ração com 2.000 mg/kg de óleo de copaíba e ração com 500 mg/kg de óleo sucupira. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste Tukey (5%). A adição de 500 mg/kg do óleo de sucupira resultou em queda do desempenho das aves no período de 21, 33 e 40 dias de idade, já a adição do óleo de copaíba proporcionou resultados de desempenho semelhantes ao antibiótico. A suplementação com óleo de copaíba ou sucupira não promoveu alterações no epitélio intestinal dos frangos avaliados. A adição do óleo de sucupira foi prejudicial ao desempenho das aves. O óleo de copaíba pode ser utilizado em dietas para frangos como melhorador de desempenho.

The Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. seedlings, popularly known as “copaiba” or diesel tree, present a natural occurrence in the riparian forests of the Brazilian Cerrado, however, not much is known about their capacity to recover from flooding, particularly when the focus is on their establishment and use in programs for the recovery of degraded areas near watercourses and subject to flooding. The objective of this study was to evaluate over time the recovery of the efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus and the antioxidant activity of C. langsdorffii seedlings flooded during different periods. The pots with the seedlings were placed in a plastic tank and submerged with water, and were removed from the flood condition every 21 days (0, 21, 42, 63 and 84 days), and evaluated every 30 days (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days). The seedlings tolerated the flooding for up to 42 days, recovering after suspension of this condition. Seedlings flooded for 63 and 84 days showed lower recovery capacity after flooding, independently of the evaluation period. Under these conditions, lower efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus, gas exchange, photo assimilate production and seedling quality were observed.

A espécie Copaifera martti (Hayne) possui grande importância na medicina popular, visto que o óleo extraído da planta contém princípios ativos que servem de base para a produção de medicamentos. Neste sentindo, o objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento fenológicos (floração, frutificação, queda foliar e brotamento) da espécie Copaifera martii (Hayne) em uma área de floresta secundária e correlacionar com os dados climáticos (precipitação, temperatura, insolação total e umidade relativa do ar) e analisar a significância desses eventos fenológicos através do Teste de Coeficiente de Correlação de Spearman (rs), Matriz de Correlação e análise de regressão linear múltipla, este monitoramento foi realizado semanalmente durante o período de três anos (2018 a 2020). Nesta pesquisa foi possível registrar que o desfolhamento ocorreu com maior força nos meses (junho a outubro) período de menor intensidade de chuvas na região. Nos aspectos dos dados de temperatura no mesmo período, constatou-se que altas temperaturas e insolação total apontam para maior desfolhamento nas árvores estudadas. No que diz a respeito à fenofase brotamento em relação ao agente abiótico precipitação, observa-se que o percentual de brotamento acompanhou o período de altas chuvas, nos três períodos que compreendem os meses de janeiro a maio (2018, 2019 e 2020). Em relação ao teste estatístico de correlação de Spearman (rs), revelou que não houve uma relação positiva da precipitação e da umidade relativa do ar no período avaliado para a fenofase "queda foliar", uma vez que nenhum dos resultados com essa variável demonstrou-se significativo. Entretanto, essa fenofase foi positiva e significativa em relação ao fator abiótico temperatura e insolação total, registrando uma correlação de (rs)= 0,5860 e (rs)= 0,709 respectivamente. A variável "brotamento" demonstrou-se também positiva e bastante significativa para os fatores abióticos precipitação e umidade relativa do ar, registrando um coeficiente de correlação de (rs)=0,838 e (rs)=0,871 respectivamente. Através da análise da matriz de correlação no que se refere a fenologia da Queda foliar os dados apontaram uma correlação positiva de 0,762 em relação ao fator abiótico Insolação total e 0,657 para a variável temperatura. A fenofase brotamento teve uma alta correlação positiva com a precipitação e umidade relativa do ar, registrando o valor de 0,805 e 0,888 respectivamente. Made available in DSpace on 2021-09-23T02:14:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fenologia-Copaiba-Martii2021.pdf: 608572 bytes, checksum: 5fd37a8d5294c35902e8f57b82aa02f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

Copaiba oil is a non-timber forest product utilized in popular medicine, in addition to the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Brazil is a chief producer and supplier of this oil, and due to an increasing demand and elevated market value, it causes for this product to be subject to adulterations. Thus, the goal of this study was to develop a direct, fast, and simple method to quantify the purity of the oil extracted from Copaifera langsdorffii Desf., specifically, when the oil was adulterated with soybean oil. Quantification was performed utilizing a portable NIR spectrometer and partial least squares regression (PLSR). In the development and validation of the method, 53 samples of copaiba oil expressing a purity ranging from 50 up to 100% were used. Of the 53 samples, 15 were pure, 31 were adulterated with unused soybean oil, 6 were adulterated with soybean oil used for frying, and 1 adulterated with an unknown vegetable oil. Four models were developed and the best among them presented RMSEP = 1.5%, R 2 = 0.991, and REP lower than 2.0% and expressed precision with deviations below 0.7%. These results indicate that the method is suitable for quality control analysis. In addition, it was accurate in the identification of samples with that were not present in the developed model.

The aim of this study was to evaluate dietary monensin (MON) and incrementing levels of copaiba ( Copaifera spp .) essential oil (CO) on nutrient intake, time spent eating and ruminating, performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of feedlot lambs. Sixty non-castrated Crossed White Dorper lambs were randomly assigned to the following treatments: control (CON), basal diet with no feed additives; MON, dietary inclusion of 25 mg/kg DM of MON (Rumensin ® , Elanco Eli Lilly and Company, Sao Paulo, Brazil); and copaiba essential oil (CO), dietary inclusion of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g/kg DM of CO diluted into isopropyl alcohol (7 mL). Animals were fed a diet with 53:47 of forage to concentrate ratio. Monensin dietary inclusion was compared with the other treatments through Dunnett’s test, and the effects of CO levels were evaluated through linear and quadratic contrasts. Dry matter intake, average daily gain (ADG), and time spent eating were recorded through the feedlot period. Immediately after slaughtering and at 24 h postmortem, carcass traits were assessed and meat samples were taken to meat quality analyses, respectively. Control and MON-treated lambs had lower ADG in comparison with those fed CO at 0.5 g/kg DM. There was a positive quadratic effect on feed efficiency and ADG according to CO levels, wherein the highest values were observed in lambs fed CO at 0.5 g/kg. Nutrient intake was not affected by treatments. Copaiba essential oil provision linearly increased the time spent eating and quadratically affected the time spent ruminating while lambs were lying, wherein the highest value of time spent ruminating was found in lambs fed CO at 0.5 g/kg. Neither carcass traits nor subprimal yield were affected by CO levels, but MON-fed lambs had lower fat thickness and external length compared to CON and those CO-fed lambs. Copaiba essential oil provision at 1.5 g/kg increased cooking losses of Longissimus dorsi in comparison with MON. Further, CO supply at 1.5 g/kg increased Warner Bratzler shear force and decreased L* intensity in Semimembranosus meat in relation to MON. Copaiba essential oil had a negative quadratic effect on the ether extract content in Gluteo biceps . This study demonstrated that CO supplementation ranging from 0.5 to 0.75 g/kg can improve feed efficiency and ADG, consequently decreasing the feedlot time of lambs, and CO can be used in place of MON in feedlot lamb diets.

Copaiba oil has been used for more than 390 years, however, considering the time of empirical use, there are a scarce number of publications on its activities. This essential oil is a phytomedicine proven to be efficient against some microorganisms. However, different from other phytomedicines which are well established, antimicrobial studies on copaiba oil can present some bias due to the lack of standardization. This review; summarizes recent works, from 2009 to 2016, into the antibacterial and antifungal activities of copaiba oil; discusses issues affecting studies on this oil; and calls for more in vitro and clinical studies.

There is little information about the influence of the environment on seed morphological and physiological characteristics, especially on desiccation tolerance. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the loss of desiccation tolerance in germinating orthodox seeds of the tree species Copaifera langsdorffii from different provenances. Seeds were harvested from the Cerrado stricto sensu in Montes Claros and Lavras, and the riparian forest in Lavras. These cities are located, respectively, in the north and south of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The climate in the north of the State shows higher temperatures and lower precipitation than the south. For each provenance, a seed imbibition curve was constructed by measuring the increase in seed water content with incubation time. Seeds were then imbibed for different periods of time, dried and subsequently rehydrated in order to assess survival (desiccation tolerance). Additionally, the effect of pre-imbibition over water and scarification on desiccation tolerance was assessed for seeds from Montes Claros. It was observed that seeds from the Cerrado of Montes Claros are more desiccation-tolerant than those from Lavras, highlighting that the maternal environment influences desiccation tolerance. Pre-imbibition and scarification did not influence desiccation tolerance.

O Brasil é um dos grandes produtores de tomate, porém a maior parte da produção destina-se ao consumo interno por não se enquadrar nos padrões internacionais. Neste estudo foi avaliado o efeito de óleos essenciais sobre parâmetros físico-químicos, bem como no controle de patógenos pós-colheita em frutos de tomateiro. Os tratamentos avaliados foram Cantus® (testemunha positiva), água destilada (testemunha negativa), óleos essenciais a 1% de Alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis), Canela (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), Cravo-da-índia (Caryophillus aromaticus), Copaíba (Copaifera sp.). Os frutos foram imergidos nos tratamentos, incubados em câmara úmida por 24 horas e mantidos em sala climatizada com temperatura de 25ºC. Avaliou-se a redução de massa, cor, potencial hidrogeniônico (pH), sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez total titulável (ATT), relação sólidos solúveis totais e acidez total titulável (SST/ATT), índice de maturação e incidência de patógenos. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quarenta e oito parcelas, totalizando 192 frutos. Foram realizadas análises físico-químicas em três períodos, sendo uma avaliação anterior à incubação e duas após. As análises físico-químicas após a incubação foram realizadas ao 3º e 7º dias de armazenamento. As avaliações de incidência de patógenos e maturação foram realizadas diariamente. Para os parâmetros de ATT, SST, pH e SST/ATT não houve alteração decorrente da aplicação dos óleos essenciais, assemelhando-se aos resultados encontrados na literatura. Os tratamentos com óleos essenciais não apresentaram eficiência no controle de patógenos pós-colheita, porém observa-se que óleo de alecrim controlou a maturação dos frutos em pós-colheita.

A rapid, simple, precise and economic method for the quantification of main compounds of copaiba resin and essential oils (Copaifera langsdorffii Desf.) by gas chromatography (GC) has been developed and validated. Copaiba essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation from the copaiba resin. Resin derivatization allowed the identification of diterpenes compounds. A gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) method was developed to identify compounds composing the copaiba resin and essential oil. Then the GC/MS method was transposed to be used with a flame ionization detector (FID) and validated as a quantitative method. A good correlation between GC/MS and GC/FID was obtained favoring method transposition. The method showed satisfactory sensitivity, specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection and limit of quantitation for β-caryophyllene, α-humulene and caryophyllene oxide analyses in copaiba resin and essential oils. The main compounds identified in copaiba essential oil were β-bisabolene (23.6%), β-caryophyllene (21.7%) and α-bergamotene (20.5%). Copalic acid methyl ester (15.6%), β-bisabolene (12.3%), β-caryophyllene (7.9%), α-bergamotene (7.1%) and labd-8(20)-ene-15,18-dioic acid methyl ester (6.7%) were diterpenes identified from the derivatized copaiba resin. The proposed method is suitable for a reliable separation, identification and quantification of compounds present in copaiba resin and essential oil. It could be proposed as an analytical method for the analysis of copaiba oil fraction in raw and essential oil parent extracts and after they have been incorporate in pharmaceutical formulations.

Copaiba oleoresins are used in alternative medicine as anti-inflammatory, antitumoral, and antimicrobial treatments. (-)-Copalic acid (CA) is the major diterpene found in exudates from Copaifera species. We have examined the genotoxicity and the chemopreventive potential of Copaifera multijuga oleoresin (CM) and CA. Genotoxicity assessment was examined with the peripheral blood micronucleus test and the comet assay (male Swiss mouse hepatocytes). In the chemoprevention study, we evaluated the effects of CM and CA on the formation of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in male Wistar rat colon. Neither agent caused a significant increase in micronucleus frequency relative to controls, but the highest CM dose tested (400mg/kg b.w.) caused DNA damage in the comet assay. Both agents significantly reduced the frequency of DMH-induced ACF. Both CM and CA suppressed ACF formation and may have a protective effect against colon carcinogenesis.

Background The regeneration of integrity and tissue homeostasis after injury is a fundamental property and involves complex biological processes fully dynamic and interconnected. Although there are medications prescribed to accelerate the process of wound healing by reducing the exaggerated inflammatory response, comes the need to search for different compounds of Amazonian biodiversity that can contribute to the acceleration of the healing process. Among these products, the copaiba oil-resin is one of the most prominent feature in this scenario, as they have been reported its medicinal properties. Methods Aiming to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and healing effect of copaiba oil-resin (Copaifera reticulata Ducke) in transfixing injury of rats’ tongues first proceeded up the copaiba oil-resin oral toxicity test in 5 male mice to stipulate the therapeutic dose which was established at 200 mg/kg/day. Then it was induced transfixing injury in a total of 15 Wistar rats. The animals were randomly divided into three groups based on the treatment: control group, dexamethasone group and copaiba oil-resin group. After 7 days of treatment, histological slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin was prepared. Immunohistochemistry for CD68 (macrophage marker) was performed and analyzed by the cell counter Image J. Results The acute toxicity test showed that the oil-resin copal has low toxicity. Furthermore, copaiba oil-resin therapy modulates the inflammatory response by decreasing the chronic inflammatory infiltrate, edema and specifically the number of macrophages. Conclusions The results indicate the potential of the Amazon region and showed up relevant because therapy with this extract modulates the inflammatory process.

The control of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. SMITH) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) has been carried out mainly with pyrethroids and organophosphates insecticides. The continuous and indiscriminate use of synthetic insecticides, for decades, has led to the selection of resistant populations and has caused concerns for human health and the environment. An alternative is the use of botanical insecticides, including through the mixtures with synthetic insecticides. This study aimed to investigate the toxicity of copaiba oil-resin mixtures (COR) with deltamethrin, beta-cyfluthrin, beta-cypermethrin, methomyl, triazophos and chlorpyrifos for S. frugiperda. Bioassays were performed in the laboratory using newly hatched caterpillars on a contaminated surface (filter paper). Initially, concentration–mortality curves were established for each insecticide and COR. Based on the results, experiments were conducted to verify the effect of the COR mixtures with synthetic insecticides in the proportions of 1:1 (LC25 + LC25) on larvae of S. frugiperda. Additionally, COR concentration-response curves were established by adding 1/8 of the recommended rate of each insecticide. Notably, the use of this concentration for all insecticides was previously determined in bioassays, and no significant toxicity was found for S. frugiperda caterpillars. It was found that the toxicity of COR increased substantially by adding synthetic insecticides, especially with lower mixtures with beta-cypermethrin, methomyl and triazophos. O controle de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. SMITH) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) tem sido realizado principalmente com inseticidas piretróides e organofosforados. O uso contínuo e indiscriminados de inseticidas sintéticos, durante décadas, tem ocasionado a seleção de populações resistentes, bem como preocupações em relação à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente. Uma alternativa é o emprego de inseticidas botânicos, inclusive por meio de misturas com inseticidas sintéticos. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo investigar a toxicidade de misturas do óleo-resina de copaíba (ORC) com os inseticidas deltametrina, beta-ciflutrina, beta-cipermetrina, metomil, triazofós e clorpirifós para S. frugiperda. Foram realizados bioensaios em laboratório utilizando-se lagartas recém-eclodidas em superfície contaminada (papel filtro). Inicialmente, foram estabelecidas curvas de concentração-mortalidade para cada inseticida e para o COR. A partir dos resultados obtidos foram realizados bioensaios para verificar o efeito das misturas do ORC com os inseticidas sintéticos nas proporções de 1:1 (CL25 + CL25) sobre lagartas de S. frugiperda. Adicionalmente, foram estabelecidas curvas de concentração-resposta do ORC adicionando-se 1/8 da dose comercial de cada inseticida. Vale destacar que o uso desta fração para todos os inseticidas foi determinada em bioensaios preliminaries, não tendo apresentado toxicidade considerável para as lagartas de S. frugiperda. Constatou-se que a toxicidade do ORC aumentou substancialmente adicionando-se os inseticidas sintéticos, com menor destaque para as misturas com beta-cipermetrina, metomil e triazofós.

Nine new methylated galloylquinic acids were isolated from an aqueous fraction of Copaifera langsdorffii (Fabaceae-Caesalpinioideae) leaf hydroalcoholic extract (3-8, 11, 12, and 14), along with three known methylated galloylquinic acids (1, 2, and 15) and four galloylquinic acids (9, 10, 13, and 16). These compounds were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. They were further tested in a gastroprotection assay (Ethanol-HCl induced ulcer model in mice), in which all of them significantly reduced the total lesion area, and increased the cure ratio in comparison with pantoprazole. Also, the tested compounds displayed cytotoxicity against gastric adenocarcinoma cells.

No âmbito do atual tema das mudanças climáticas, ter acesso a ferramentas que permitam a sua análise torna-se essencial para a correta compreensão de tais alterações. A interpretação dos sinais climáticos evidenciados nos anéis de crescimento das árvores é uma das maneiras de entender essas relações. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar como as relações climáticas regionais tem efeito sobre os anéis de crescimento de Copaifera langsdorffii, espécie típica das florestas estacionais semideciduais do Paraná. Foram utilizadas quatro árvores provenientes da supressão da vegetação para formação do reservatório da Usina Hidrelétrica Jayme Canet Júnior, na porção média do rio Tibagi, entre os municípios de Telêmaco Borba e Ortigueira. A partir dos discos transversais de madeira, foram traçados 40 raios com o intuito de identificar e demarcar os limites dos anéis de crescimento. Posteriormente, a largura dos anéis de crescimento foi mensurada, realizando-se o controle de qualidade destas medições e a construção de uma cronologia regional para a espécie. Os dados climáticos utilizados para as correlações foram obtidos junto aos institutos oficiais de meteorologia do Paraná e junto à um banco de dados climatológico global. A cronologia gerada compreende um período de 240 anos, com intercorrelação significativa (r = 0,469; p

Copaifera multijuga Hayne is the main species of the genus in the Amazon region, being exploited for copaiba oil production mainly because of its therapeutic properties. The plant parts (leaves, branches, and barks) are widely used in folk medicine. However, they are little explored in terms of chemical composition. In this study, the polar extracts of leaves, branches, and barks of the species were analysed by direct infusion in ESI-MS with the aid of reference standards and MS2 fragmentation experiments. Twenty-six substances (carboxylic acids, flavonoids, condensed tannins, a diterpene and fifteen isomers of galoylquinic acids) were detected. Metabolic profiles were similar between extracts of leaves and branches, especially with the detection of galloylquinic acids and carboxylic acids. In bark extract, condensed tannins epicatechin-(4β-8)-epiafzelechin (dimer) and epicatechin-(4β-8)-epiafzelechin-(4β-8)-epiafzelechin (trimer) were detected. The PCA showed differences and similarities in the chemical composition of the copaíba mari-mari extracts. Thus, galloylquinic acids and flavonoids kaempferol, 7-O-methyl-kaempferol, quercetin-3-O-L-pentoside, and quercetin-3-O-L-rhamnoside are described for the first time in C. multijuga. The phytotherapeutic properties of teas of the plant parts of the species may be associated with the suggested polyphenols.

A busca de bioinseticidas vegetais tem se intensificado, visto que os inseticidas naturais não são persistentes e degradam com maior velocidade que os sintéticos sem deixar resíduos nos alimentos ou no meio-ambiente. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a ação repelente de óleos essências e vegetais em pulgão-preto (Aphis craccivora Koch) em cultivares de feijão-fava (Phaseolus lunatus L.). Para realização do experimento, discos foliares foram imersos durante 30 segundos em uma solução de 0,05% de cada tratamento e a testemunha em água destilada. Em seguida, os discos foliares foram colocados, dois a dois (tratado e testemunha) em placas de petri com tampas contendo abertura no centro coberta com tecido tipo “voil”, contendo solução ágar-água a 1%, unidos por uma tira de papel. No retângulo de papel foram colocados adultos ápteros de A. craccivora. Foram testados os óleos essenciais: alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis), copaíba (Copaifera langsdorfii), menta (Mentha L.) e citronela (Cymbopogon winterianus) e três óleos fixos de pequi (Caryocar brasiliense), girassol (Helianthus annuus) e mamona (Ricinus communis). Os dados coletados foram registrados no período de 48h. O número de fêmeas atraídas e de ninfas produzidas, foram analisados pelo teste não-paramétrico x2 (qui-quadrado). O óleo essencial de C. winterianus teve maior repelência e menor produção de ninfas, o óleo de R. communis não apresentou efeito significativo de repelência, aumentando a produção de ninfas e os óleos essenciais R. officinalis, C. langsdorfii e Mentha L. e os óleos vegetais C. brasiliense e H. annuus, apresentaram efeito significativo na redução de ninfas.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of soil flooding on photosynthesis, growth, and biomass partitioning of young plants of copaiba (Copaifera lucens Dwyer, Fabaceae ) to investigate the possibility of using this species in restoration projects of riparian forests. Based on our results, we concluded that young plants of C. lucens are able to tolerate soil flooding for a period of approximately one month, despite significant decreases in the growth rate of roots, stomatal conductance to water vapor, and the net photosynthetic rate. These results indicate the possibility of including C. lucens in restoration programs for degraded riparian forests in regions where this species naturally occurs.

Ethnopharmacological relevance The oleoresin of Brazilian Copaifera reticulata is a traditional remedy used for the treatment of skin and urinary tract infections, respiratory diseases, rheumatism, ulcer and tumours; thus, playing an important role in the primary health care of the indigenous population. Aim As most previous pharmacological tests used the crude oleoresin and only a few studies so far dealt with enriched fractions or pure chemically defined compounds, the aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of the Copaifera reticulata oleoresin and to assign traditional uses to specific secondary metabolites. Materials and methods The oleoresin, as well as its neutral and acidic fractions were tested for their activity against six cancer cell lines, two clinically relevant bacterial strains, and two dermatophytes. Both fractions were analysed by GC-MS and UHPLC-ELSD, respectively. The antibacterial acidic phase was further fractionated by preparative chromatography to purify and characterize the compounds responsible for the observed pharmacological effect. Results Whereas no cytotoxic activity was detected, the crude oleoresin and its acidic fraction showed antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria Enterococcus faecium (IC50 values 4.2 and 4.8 µg/mL, respectively) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, IC50 values 5.3 and 7.2 µg/mL, respectively). Purification of the acidic fraction of the C. reticulata oleoresin yielded two dicarboxylic diterpene acids and the four main diterpene acids, comprising three different diterpene scaffolds. Interestingly, the activity was not restricted to a particular diterpene-type but rather depended on the compounds’ lipophilicity, with the most active constituent showing IC50 values of 1.6 (E. faecium) and 2.5 µg/mL (MRSA), respectively. Furthermore, ent-polyalthic acid, the major diterpenoid, was significantly active against dermatophytes with IC50 values of 6.8 µg/mL (Trichophyton rubrum) and 4.3 µg/mL against (T. mentagrophytes). Conclusion The present study proved the antimicrobial effects of the C. reticulata oleoresin and its diterpenoid constituents, confirming its wide use in folk medicine for the treatment of skin and urinary tract infections. The inhibitory activity of copaiba diterpenoids against dermatophytic fungi as well as the gram-positive bacteria E. faecium and MRSA is being reported for the first time, providing potential lead structures for the treatment of these clinically relevant bacterial strains.

The present study aimed at evaluating the effects of a coating based on copaiba oil on the quality of eggs stored for different periods. Eggs were coated with copaiba oil solutions (4, 8, 12, 16, or 20% copaiba oil) or not (control) and stored for 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 or 35 days at room temperature. The following parameters were evaluated: egg weight loss, egg components (albumen, yolk, and eggshell) relative weights, egg specific gravity, Haugh units, eggshell quality, and sensorial attributes. Eggs stored for 35 days presented the highest weight losses. Coating (20% copaiba oil solution) reduced egg weight loss up to 41.02%. Coated eggs presented better internal quality (yolk and albumen heights, specific gravity, and eggshell strength). Sensorial attributes were negatively affected by storage time (aroma and flavor), and copaiba oil solution (aroma, appearance, and flavor), with the natural odor of copaiba described by the tasters. Egg internal, external, and sensorial quality worsened with storage time. Solutions containing 16 and 20% copaiba oil can be used as a biofilm to coat eggs, preserving its internal and external quality, and may affect their sensory characteristics, and therefore, may be a viable alternative for maintaining the internal quality of eggs stored at room temperature for long periods.

Natural products have been studied in order to ensure environmental sustainability, human health, and diminish the use of traditional products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of pure andiroba (Carapa guianensis), copaiba (Copaifera langsdorffii) and jatropha (Jatropha curcas) oils and enriched with iodine (I2) on the biological resistance of Pinus elliottii wood to dry-wood termites (Cryptotermes brevis). The oils were enriched with 1%, 3%, and 5% of I2 and impregnated into the wood by cold immersion. The treated samples were subjected to volatilization and leaching. Volatilization and leaching did not affect the loss of mass caused by termites, except for treatments with pure and enriched with 1% iodine copaiba oil. Leached samples were more damaged. The addition of iodine to the oils resulted in a greater efficiency against termites. Andiroba (3% and 5% I2) and jatropha oils (5%) were the most efficient, providing total termite mortality.

To synthesize and evaluate the physicochemical, antimicrobial, and cytocompatibility properties of experimental resin-based endodontic sealers containing butia or copaiba natural oils.Experimental groups contained butia (Butia capitata) at 0.5 % (B0.5), 1 % (B1), 2 % (B2), and copaiba (Copaifera spp.) at 0.5 % (C0.5), 1 % (C1), and 2 % (C2). The control group contained no added oils (experimental material, EM) and the commercial group was a methacrylate-based resin material (RealSeal™, SybronEndo Corporation, Orange, CA, USA). Degree of conversion, film thickness, setting time, flow, water sorption and solubility, and radiopacity were measured. Meanwhile, antimicrobial (modified direct contact test) and cytotoxicity assays of the experimental groups and controls were performed. One-way ANOVA was used to determine the effect of the independent variable (material) on the degree of conversion, film thickness, radiopacity, flow, setting time, water sorption and solubility, and cytotoxicity. For antimicrobial assays, data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Ŝidák's test.The experimental groups containing natural oils showed higher values of degree of conversion, and lowest water sorption and solubility. EM, B0.5, B1, B2, and RS showed similar film thicknesses. The flow values were statistically similar in all groups. The experimental groups showed adequate cell compatibility. Copaiba oil at 2% increased the antimicrobial effect after 1 and 24 h (p0.05). The incorporation of butia or copaiba resulted in a slight modification in some physicochemical properties of the experimental resin sealers.Novel resin sealers containing natural oils are a promising alternative for endodontics, because of their good physicochemical properties, antimicrobial effects, and cytocompatibility when compared to a commercially available sealer.Endodontic sealers containing butia or copaiba had satisfactory cytocompatibility, antimicrobial effects, and adequate physicochemical properties.

Copaifera langsdorffii has been intensely exploited, since it attracts several interests, and is now on the list of endangered species. Due to this risk of extinction, seedling production of this species has important economic and social value. The aim of this study was to evaluate seed germination of C. langsdorffii subjected to different pre-germination treatments for breaking seeddormancy: i) control; ii) immersion in sulfuric acid (98%) for 2 min; iii) immersion in sulfuric acid for 10 min; iv) removal of the seed coat; v) immersion in distilled water for 24 h; and vi) immersion in boiling water at 80°C for 2 minutes. In the period of 34 days after setting up the experiment, there was 70% germination of the seeds subjected to the method of immersion in sulfuric acid (98%) for 10 minutes, 63% of seeds in which the seed coats were removed, and below 27% in the rest. In this context, it may be concluded that the method of immersion in sulfuric acid for 10 min proved to be more effective and advantageous for overcoming dormancy. Key words: Arboreal species, Copaiba, germination, dormancy.

The demand for seedlings of native forest species for reforestation helps in favor of the need for scale production, since technical techniques for producing native seedlings with quality are incipient, especially when it comes to silvicultural methods such as irrigation, fertilization and substrate preparation. The objective of the work was to evaluate the development of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. seedlings, under different conditions in the substrate. The treatments were: control, commercial substrate; adding hydrogel to the substrate; use of controlled release fertilization; and addition of hydrogel and use of controlled release fertilization. After 150 days after sowing, the biometric characteristics of shoot height, neck diameter, root length, shoot dry weight, root and total, and quality indexes were measured. Individually, controlled fertilization provided greater height of the aerial part, diameter of the neck and quality indexes, however it was similar to the control in some cases. The addition of hydrogel together with controlled fertilization increased the total dry mass of the seedlings. In general, the addition of hydrogel to the commercial substrate showed unsatisfactory results in the development of Copaíba seedlings.

A escassa aplicação de controle fitossanitário às espécies medicinais, como o manjericão, torna as suas sementes em importantes veículos de propagação de fitopatógenos. Neste sentido, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de óleos essenciais sobre a incidência de fungos nas sementes de manjericão utilizando diferentes concentrações de óleos essenciais. Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 3 x 10 (óleo essencial de manjericão, capim citronela e copaíba e dez concentrações dos óleos essenciais: 0; 5; 10; 15; 20; 25; 30; 35; 40 e 100 % v.v). Foram realizados testes com os óleos essenciais para avaliar o efeito sobre a germinação das sementes e a inibição da micoflora presente nas sementes de manjericão pelo Blotter test; e posteriormente, o teste de patogenicidade. Foram identificados seis gêneros de fungos, sendo alguns causadores de manchas foliares, como Curvularia sp.; Colletotrichum sp. e Alternaria sp., e os demais gêneros, como Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp. Penicillium sp., considerados fungos contaminantes de armazenamento. Observou-se inibição da germinação das sementes com o aumento das concentrações dos óleos essenciais.