13,691 results on '"CARBOHYDRATES"'
Search Results
2. [BIOLOGY OF THE SCLEROSIS PROCESS. XX. HETEROGENEITY OF THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE GLUCIDE FRACTIONS OF HUMAN RETICULIN].
- Author
-
VELICAN D, RADU S, and VELICAN C
- Subjects
- Humans, Aging, Biology, Carbohydrates, Histocytochemistry, Reticulin, Sclerosis
- Published
- 1965
3. An evaluation of the role of molds in the comparative biochemistry of carbohydrate oxidation.
- Author
-
FOSTER JW
- Subjects
- Biology, Carbohydrate Metabolism, Carbohydrates, Fungi metabolism, Oxidation-Reduction
- Published
- 1958
4. Using Students' Smartphones as Tools to Determine Total Carbohydrates in Beverages.
- Author
-
Derman, Mustafa
- Subjects
- *
SMARTPHONES , *CARBOHYDRATES , *MOBILE apps , *BIOLOGY teachers , *BIOLOGY students , *BLACKBERRIES - Abstract
Smartphones are used universally in many areas due to their advanced features. Smartphones are also widely used by teachers and students in education. This research aims to design low-cost and easy experiments for biology lessons using smartphones. Colorimetric measurement was made with a smartphone. Mobile applications were used to read color change values. The amount of sugar in beverages was calculated with the students. They could create standard curves, measure with a smartphone, organize the data, and determine sugar concentration. It was determined that the students had positive thoughts about the activity. Self-confidence results indicated that the activity had a positive effect on students' self-confidence. Although there was a decrease in the mean scores of difficulty, it was revealed that the mean scores were over the "moderate" level. As a result, it can be said that the activity may be easily practiced by teachers and students in biology lessons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. DETERMINATION OF MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT CARBOHYDRATES.
- Author
-
Derman, Mustafa
- Subjects
CARBOHYDRATES ,TEXTBOOKS ,MOLECULAR biology ,SCIENCE teachers ,BIOLOGY teachers - Abstract
Concepts are the essential elements of basic sciences. For meaningful learning, these concepts need to be expressed clearly and accurately. Before the teaching methods and techniques are used, the concepts' definitions, limitations, and exceptions should be explained. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to determine whether the definition of carbohydrates is made in the books or not and to determine what characteristics of carbohydrates are used by students and biology teachers to define carbohydrates. The concept of "carbohydrate" was chosen within the research scope. Case study research, one of the qualitative research methods, was used. A purposive sampling technique was used in sample selection. The participants included in the study were selected from pre-service science teachers, molecular biology and genetics students, and biology teachers working in various schools. Open-ended questions and books were used to collect data. To analyze the data, content analysis was used. In light of the data obtained from the books and students, it was determined whether the definition was adequately expressed. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the participants expressed generalizations while defining carbohydrates. When defining carbohydrates, the definitions stated with a maximum percentage were energy sources, the elements in its structure (C, H, and O), and the molecular formula (Cn(H2O)n). In addition, it was determined that the definition of carbohydrates in the textbooks is not made thoroughly and is expressed based on general characteristics. It can be said that general expressions rather than definitions can cause difficulties in learning concepts and establishing relationships between concepts. The explanations made with generalizations confuse classifying the properties that fit the definition or not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
6. Application of tissue culture technology to southern forestry
- Author
-
Brown, C.
- Published
- 2020
7. Advances in Understanding of Metabolism of B-Cell Lymphoma: Implications for Therapy.
- Author
-
Kluckova, Katarina, D'Avola, Annalisa, and Riches, John Charles
- Subjects
- *
RAPAMYCIN , *IMMUNOGLOBULINS , *B cell lymphoma , *METABOLISM , *CELL receptors , *ANTINEOPLASTIC agents , *METHOTREXATE , *BIOLOGY , *CARBOHYDRATES , *AMINO acids , *TUMORS , *DNA damage , *PHOSPHORYLATION , *GLYCOLYSIS - Abstract
Simple Summary: The role of metabolism in normal and malignant B-cell biology is an area of rapid evolution and interest. While previous research has focused on glycolysis, glutaminolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, recent advances have demonstrated the importance of additional metabolic pathways and how these interact with oncogenic drivers and cellular signaling. This article reviews the current understanding of normal germinal center metabolism and how this relates to the metabolism of germinal center-derived lymphomas. There is increasing interest in the potential of targeting metabolic pathways for anti-cancer therapy, with some new agents already entering clinical trials. This article will also review novel enzymatic targets and pathways, and how existing agents modulate metabolism. There have been significant recent advances in the understanding of the role of metabolism in normal and malignant B-cell biology. Previous research has focused on the role of MYC and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and how these interact with B-cell receptor signaling and hypoxia to regulate glycolysis, glutaminolysis, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and related metabolic pathways in germinal centers. Many of the commonest forms of lymphoma arise from germinal center B-cells, reflecting the physiological attenuation of normal DNA damage checkpoints to facilitate somatic hypermutation of the immunoglobulin genes. As a result, these lymphomas can inherit the metabolic state of their cell-of-origin. There is increasing interest in the potential of targeting metabolic pathways for anti-cancer therapy. Some metabolic inhibitors such as methotrexate have been used to treat lymphoma for decades, with several new agents being recently licensed such as inhibitors of phosphoinositide-3-kinase. Several other inhibitors are in development including those blocking mTOR, glutaminase, OXPHOS and monocarboxylate transporters. In addition, recent work has highlighted the importance of the interaction between diet and cancer, with particular focus on dietary modifications that restrict carbohydrates and specific amino acids. This article will review the current state of this field and discuss future developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Tools for mammalian glycoscience research.
- Author
-
Griffin, Matthew E. and Hsieh-Wilson, Linda C.
- Subjects
- *
CARBOHYDRATES , *GLYCANS , *HETEROGENEITY , *BIOLOGY , *GLYCOMICS - Abstract
Cellular carbohydrates or glycans are critical mediators of biological function. Their remarkably diverse structures and varied activities present exciting opportunities for understanding many areas of biology. In this primer, we discuss key methods and recent breakthrough technologies for identifying, monitoring, and manipulating glycans in mammalian systems. Glycans are complex, ubiquitous, and heterogeneous and play important roles in fundamental processes broadly across biology. Griffin and Hsieh-Wilson provide a critical overview and discuss current methods to identify, characterize, monitor, and modulate mammalian glycans, exploring how technological advances have overcome the difficulties of glycan complexity and heterogeneity to provide a clearer picture of central features that underlie glycan activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. 2009 Plant Cell Walls Gordon Research Conference-August 2-7,2009
- Author
-
Mohnen, Debra [Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA (United States)]
- Published
- 2009
10. 2009 Cellulosomes, Cellulases & Other Carbohydrate Modifying Enzymes GRC
- Author
-
Gilbert, Harry [Univ. of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW (Australia)]
- Published
- 2009
11. ESR (electron spin resonance)-determined osmotic behavior of bull spermatozoa
- Author
-
Mazur, P [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (USA)]
- Published
- 1990
12. Glycomimetic, Orally Bioavailable LecB Inhibitors Block Biofilm Formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Author
-
Anne Imberty, Katharina Rox, Thomas Brunner, Stefanie Wagner, Janine Schreiber, Rolf W. Hartmann, Alexander Titz, Annabelle Varrot, Mark Brönstrup, Dirk Hauck, Thomas Ryckmans, Eike-Christian Wamhoff, Roman Sommer, Christoph Rademacher, Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV ), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Division of Immunopathology, University of Bern, Department of Biomolecular Systems [Potsdam], Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Jena Optronik GmbH (Jena Optronik), and entreprise
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,education ,Molecular Conformation ,Carbohydrates ,Administration, Oral ,Biological Availability ,Peptides and proteins ,medicine.disease_cause ,Ligands ,Biochemistry ,Catalysis ,Microbiology ,Structure-Activity Relationship ,03 medical and health sciences ,Colloid and Surface Chemistry ,In vivo ,Glycomimetic ,Lectins ,medicine ,[CHIM]Chemical Sciences ,Pathogen ,Sulfonamides ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,biology ,Chemistry ,Pseudomonas aeruginosa ,Inhibitors ,Biofilm ,General Chemistry ,biology.organism_classification ,In vitro ,3. Good health ,Bioavailability ,Kinetics ,030104 developmental biology ,Cinnamates ,Biofilms ,Thermodynamics ,Bacteria - Abstract
International audience; The opportunistic Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading pathogen for infections of immuno-compromised patients and those suffering from cystic fibrosis. Its ability to switch from planktonic life to aggregates, forming the so-called biofilms, is a front-line mechanism of antimicrobial resistance. The bacterial carbohydrate binding protein LecB is an integral component and necessary for biofilm formation. Here, we report a new class of drug-like low molecular weight inhibitors of the lectin LecB with nanomolar affinities and excellent receptor binding kinetics and thermodynamics. This class of glycomimetic inhibitors efficiently blocked biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa in vitro while the natural monovalent carbohydrate ligands failed. Furthermore, excellent selectivity and pharmacokinetic properties were achieved. Notably, two compounds showed good oral bioavailability, and high compound concentrations in plasma and urine were achieved in vivo.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Virtual Screening Against Carbohydrate-Binding Proteins : Evaluation and Application to Bacterial Burkholderia ambifaria Lectin
- Author
-
Alexander Titz, Elizabeth Yuriev, Emilie Gillon, Paul A. Ramsland, Serge Pérez, Anne Imberty, Tamir Dingjan, HIPS, Helmholtz-Institut für Pharmazeutische Forschung Saarland, Universitätscampus E8.1 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany., Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV ), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), and Département de pharmacochimie moléculaire (DPM )
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Models, Molecular ,Burkholderia ,Protein Conformation ,General Chemical Engineering ,Carbohydrates ,Receptors, Cell Surface ,Peptides and proteins ,Library and Information Sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Microbiology ,Small Molecule Libraries ,03 medical and health sciences ,Bacterial Proteins ,Lectins ,Bacteriology ,[CHIM]Chemical Sciences ,Carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein ,Gene ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,Inhibition ,Virtual screening ,Binding Sites ,biology ,010405 organic chemistry ,Inhibitors ,Burkholderia ambifaria ,Lectin ,General Chemistry ,biology.organism_classification ,0104 chemical sciences ,Computer Science Applications ,Zinc ,030104 developmental biology ,Pseudomonas aeruginosa ,biology.protein - Abstract
Bacterial adhesion to human epithelia via lectins constitutes a therapeutic opportunity to prevent infection. Specifically, BambL (the lectin from Burkholderia ambifaria) is implicated in cystic fibrosis, where lectin-mediated bacterial adhesion to fucosylated lung epithelia is suspected to play an important role. We employed structure-based virtual screening to identify inhibitors of BambL-saccharide interaction with potential therapeutic value. To enable such discovery, a virtual screening protocol was iteratively developed via 194 retrospective screening protocols against 4 bacterial lectins (BambL, BC2L-A, FimH, and LecA) with known ligands. Specific attention was given to the rigorous evaluation of retrospective screening, including calculation of analytical errors for enrichment metrics. The developed virtual screening workflow used crystallographic constraints, pharmacophore filters, and a final manual selection step. The protocol was applied to BambL, predicting 15 active compounds from virtual libraries of approximately 7 million compounds. Experimental validation using fluorescence polarization confirmed micromolar inhibitory activity for two compounds, which were further characterized by isothermal titration calorimetry and surface plasmon resonance. Subsequent testing against LecB from Pseudomonas aeruginosa demonstrated binding specificity of one of the hit compounds. This report demonstrates the utility of virtual screening protocols, integrating ligand-based pharmacophore filtering and structure-based constraints, in the search for bacterial lectin inhibitors.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Synthesis and Antiparasitic Activity of New Trithiolato-Bridged Dinuclear Ruthenium(II)-arene-carbohydrate Conjugates
- Author
-
Isabelle Holzer, Oksana Desiatkina, Nicoleta Anghel, Serena K. Johns, Ghalia Boubaker, Andrew Hemphill, Julien Furrer, and Emilia Păunescu
- Subjects
bioorganometallic ,CuAAC reactions ,antiparasitic ,630 Agriculture ,Organic Chemistry ,carbohydrates ,auxotrophy ,toxicity ,Pharmaceutical Science ,ruthenium(II)-arene complexes ,Toxoplasma gondii ,000 Computer science, knowledge & systems ,Analytical Chemistry ,Chemistry (miscellaneous) ,540 Chemie ,Drug Discovery ,540 Chemistry ,human foreskin fibroblasts ,Molecular Medicine ,570 Life sciences ,biology ,630 Landwirtschaft ,000 Informatik, Wissen, Systeme ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,570 Biowissenschaften ,Biologie - Abstract
Eight novel carbohydrate-tethered trithiolato dinuclear ruthenium(II)-arene complexes were synthesized using CuAAC ‘click’ (Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition) reactions, and there in vitro activity against transgenic T. gondii tachyzoites constitutively expressing β-galactosidase (T. gondii β-gal) and in non-infected human foreskin fibroblasts, HFF, was determined at 0.1 and 1 µM. When evaluated at 1 µM, seven diruthenium-carbohydrate conjugates strongly impaired parasite proliferation by >90%, while HFF viability was retained at 50% or more, and they were further subjected to the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) measurement on T. gondii β-gal. Results revealed that the biological activity of the hybrids was influenced both by the nature of the carbohydrate (glucose vs. galactose) appended on ruthenium complex and the type/length of the linker between the two units. 23 and 26, two galactose-based diruthenium conjugates, exhibited low IC50 values and reduced effect on HFF viability when applied at 2.5 µM (23: IC50 = 0.032 µM/HFF viability 92% and 26: IC50 = 0.153 µM/HFF viability 97%). Remarkably, compounds 23 and 26 performed significantly better than the corresponding carbohydrate non-modified diruthenium complexes, showing that this type of conjugates are a promising approach for obtaining new antiparasitic compounds with reduced toxicity.
- Published
- 2023
15. Effect of Common Ornamental Plants on the Survivorship and Fecundity of the Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae).
- Author
-
Tian, Jiaxin, Mao, Guofeng, Yu, Baoting, Fouad, Hatem, Wang, Chengpan, Ga'al, Hassan, and Mo, Jianchu
- Subjects
- *
ORNAMENTAL plants , *DIPTERA , *MOSQUITOES , *DENGUE viruses , *CARBOHYDRATES - Abstract
Globally, Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) has considerably expanded its habitat from rural areas to urban areas as a result of increased urbanization. In some urban areas, this expansion has resulted in this invasive species being elevated as an important vector of dengue virus. Ornamental plants are often a feature of the urban landscape that may provide harborage for mosquitoes. Because adult mosquitoes require carbohydrates for subsistence, landscape vegetation may provide natural sugar sources to meet those needs. The aim of our study was to determine whether feeding on different ornamental plants from urban areas affects the survivorship and fecundity of Ae. albopictus. Newly emerged mosquitoes were given access to 11 ornamental plant species (6 flowering, 5 nonflowering) as sugar sources under laboratory conditions. Generally, survivorship was greater significantly when mosquitoes fed upon the ornamentals compared with those that were offered only water, whereas survivorship was shortened when individuals fed only on sucrose (P < 0.05). Mosquitoes that fed on nonflowering plants laid fewer eggs compared with those exposed to flowering plants. No significant difference was observed in egg hatch from females feeding on any of the plant species. Our findings provide insight into the potential influence that urban ornamental plants may have on the ecology of adult Ae. albopictus. The results of this study provide new avenues for integrated mosquito management in urban landscaped areas by planting ornamental plant species that contribute to lower survivorship and fecundity of peridomestically produced mosquitoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Ethnopharmacology of Cuscuta epithymum: A comprehensive review on ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity.
- Author
-
Chabra, Aroona, Monadi, Taha, Azadbakht, Mohammad, and Haerizadeh, Seyed Iman
- Subjects
- *
PLANT classification , *ELDER care , *ALKALOIDS , *ANTI-infective agents , *ANTICONVULSANTS , *ANTIOXIDANTS , *BIOLOGY , *CARBOHYDRATES , *DETERGENTS , *DRUG toxicity , *FLAVONOIDS , *GASTROINTESTINAL diseases , *GLYCOSIDES , *HYDROCARBONS , *IMMUNOLOGICAL adjuvants , *JOINT diseases , *KIDNEY diseases , *LAXATIVES , *NEUROLOGICAL disorders , *PLANTS , *RURAL population , *STEROIDS , *TANNINS , *TERPENES , *TRADITIONAL medicine , *UREASE , *URINARY tract infections , *HYDROXY acids , *PHYTOCHEMICALS , *CYTOTOXINS , *CHEMICAL inhibitors , *PHARMACODYNAMICS - Abstract
Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance Cuscuta epithymum (L.) L. (C. epithymum ; Convolvulaceae) is a parasitic plant that has long been used locally and traditionally in Asia, Europe and other regions. Aim of the review The study intends to reflect the significance of the C. epithymum in traditional medicine. This review aims to grant insight into the species' botany, pharmacological activities and phytochemistry with distinctive emphasis on its ethnomedicinal and traditional applications in all over the world. The review endeavors to rule out any inconsistency between the species' traditional application and its pharmacological activity, and presenting any coherence existing. Materials and methods The books on ethnomedicine and the main medieval Persian medicine textbooks including Makhzan Al- Advieh, The canon of medicine, Zakhireh kharazmshahi and etc were explored for C. epithymum. Additionally, information on the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, morphology, taxonomy, modern medicinal uses, and pharmacological activities were collected in electronic databases including Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, and PubMed using the keywords " Cuscuta epithymum," "traditional medicine," "ethnomedicine," "phytochemistry," "pharmacology" and "activity." Then, the available articles from 1975 to 2017 were employed for this study. Results C. epithymum is a rootless plant, widely distributed and available in every continent except Antarctica. It was used traditionally in formularies or by rural people and as geriatric drug, detergent, purgative, disorders in the melancholic humor, joint, kidney, urinary tract, gastrointestinal system, nervous system, etc. In modern medicine, the extract of C. epithymum showed anti-microbial, cytotoxic, anticonvulsant, anti-urease, immune stimulatory, hepatoprotective effect, and antioxidant activity. The main phytochemical constituents are alkaloids; saponins; tannins; triterpenoids; steroids; carbohydrates; aromatic compounds; flavonoids and the hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. Conclusion The modern pharmacological studies have validated the traditional and ethnobotanical uses of C. epithymum. However, many aspects of this herb have not been studied yet. In addition, information about the phytochemistry and toxicological profile is insufficient. Owing to the extensive traditional uses of C. epithymum. Hence further studies on pharmacological activities, phytochemistry, and toxicity and adverse effects seem to be necessary to appraise the medicinal values of C. epithymum. Graphical abstract fx1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus Inflammation in Mice Fed High-Carbohydrate or High-Fat Diets
- Author
-
Laureane Nunes Masi, Guilherme Godoy, Roberto Barbosa Bazotte, Marina Masetto Antunes, and Rui Curi
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Caspase 2 ,Carbohydrates ,Prefrontal Cortex ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Hippocampus ,Caspase 3 ,Diet, High-Fat ,Proinflammatory cytokine ,Mice ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Prefrontal cortex ,education ,Neuroinflammation ,Inflammation ,education.field_of_study ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,biology ,Glial fibrillary acidic protein ,Chemistry ,Endocrinology ,biology.protein ,Allograft inflammatory factor 1 - Abstract
We previously reported that a high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) induced systemic inflammation and higher gene expression of proinflammatory mediators in the liver, skeletal muscle, and brain than a high-fat diet (HFD). However, the differences between the groups were less pronounced in the brain. In this study, we extended the evaluation of inflammation to specific areas of the brain. In this study, we evaluated the gene expression of caspase 2, caspase 3, caspase 9, cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox 2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL), IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-4, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), integrin subunit alpha m (Itgam), S100 protein (S100), allograft inflammatory factor 1 (Aif1), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (Gfap) in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of male Swiss mice that were fed with HCD or HFD for 8 weeks. The HCD group exhibited higher IL-1β expression, whereas the HFD group showed higher TNF-α expression in the prefrontal cortex. In the hippocampus, TNF-α expression was higher in the HFD group. IL-1β and TNF-α are proinflammatory cytokines that have been associated with impaired brain function and numerous brain disorders. Our results indicate that both HCD and HFD promote prefrontal cortex inflammation; however, the hippocampus seems more sensitive to a HFD than HCD.
- Published
- 2022
18. High carbohydrate diet induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress, promoted inflammation and apoptosis, impaired intestinal barrier of juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)
- Author
-
Song Yang, Wei Luo, Zongjun Du, Samad Rahimnejad, Xiaohong Tang, Ji Liang, Zhiqiong Li, Fukai Chen, Jie Luo, Liulan Zhao, Lei Liao, and Qiao Liu
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,food.ingredient ,Carbohydrates ,Apoptosis ,Micropterus ,Inflammation ,Aquatic Science ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Bass (fish) ,food ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Environmental Chemistry ,Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP ,Tight junction ,Endoplasmic reticulum ,Mucous membrane ,General Medicine ,Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress ,biology.organism_classification ,Diet ,Oxidative Stress ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Endocrinology ,Bass ,medicine.symptom ,Oxidative stress - Abstract
This study assessed the effects of feed carbohydrate content on intestinal physical barrier and immunity in juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Triplicate groups of juvenile fish (4.1 ± 0.2 g) were fed low (LCD, 7%), medium (MCD, 12%) and high (HCD, 17%) carbohydrate diets for eight weeks. Gut histology revealed the slight infiltration of inflammatory cells and moderate loss of mucous membrane layer in HCD group. Expression of ZO1, occluding, and claudin7 genes and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene were significantly decreased in HCD group indicating the impairment of tight junction and epithelial cell regeneration. The results showed the significant (P 0.05) reduction of antioxidant capacity in HCD group compared to LCD. Furthermore, expression of intestinal ERS-related genes such as IRE1, Eif2α, GRP78, CHOPα and CHOPβ in HCD group was significantly higher than the LCD group. In addition, HCD induced the up-regulated expression of inflammatory (IL-8, IL-1β, TNFα and COX2) and apoptosis (TRAF2, bax, casepase3, caspase8 and casepase9) related genes in fish intestine. The data generated in this study clearly demonstrated that HCD induced ERS and oxidative stress, which promoted intestinal inflammation and apoptosis in juvenile largemouth bass.
- Published
- 2021
19. Structural changes of lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) from Chinese quince fruits during the sequential fractionation of pectic and hemicellulosic polysaccharides
- Author
-
Xue-De Wang, Chao-Qiang Fu, Chu-Yong Wang, Zhao Qin, Hua-Min Liu, and Ya-Nan Wei
- Subjects
food.ingredient ,Pectin ,Macromolecular Substances ,Carbohydrates ,Chemical Fractionation ,Polysaccharide ,Lignin ,Biochemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Fructan ,food ,Polysaccharides ,Structural Biology ,Hemicellulose ,Food science ,Rosaceae ,Molecular Biology ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,biology ,Spectrum Analysis ,General Medicine ,Carbohydrate ,Galactan ,biology.organism_classification ,Molecular Weight ,chemistry ,Pectins ,Chaenomeles - Abstract
Chinese quince (Chaenomeles sinensis) fruits offer a potential source of pectin and hemicellulose. However, the existence of lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) can negatively impact the extraction of pectin and hemicellulose. In this work, LCCs were sequentially fractionated from Chinese quince during the removal of pectin and hemicellulose. The structures of LCCs were characterized by HPAEC, FT-IR, GPC, Py-GC/MS, TGA and 2D HSQC NMR. The results showed that the carbohydrate content and molecular weight of LCCs was found to be changed significantly after the removal of hemicellulose (KSH). The lignin in Björkman LCCs was found to be linked mainly to galactan and fructan, whereas the lignin LCC-AcOHs was found to be linked mainly to arabinan after the removal of KSH. The isolation of carbonate-soluble pectin (NSP) increased thermal stability of Björkman LCC fraction, however, the isolation of chelator-soluble pectin (CSP) increased the thermal stability of LCC-AcOHs. The S/G ratios of LCC-AcOHs increased and large amounts of S-type lignin released during sequential fractionation of pectin and hemicellulose. These results will be beneficial for understanding the mechanisms of pectin and hemicellulose isolation, thereby facilitating the potential application of Chinese quince as a valuable natural resource for food and other industries.
- Published
- 2021
20. The carbohydrate-active enzyme database: functions and literature
- Author
-
Nicolas Terrapon, Elodie Drula, Vincent Lombard, Marie-Line Garron, Suzan Dogan, Bernard Henrissat, Architecture et fonction des macromolécules biologiques (AFMB), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
- Subjects
MESH: Databases, Protein ,MESH: Enzyme Activation ,CAZy ,AcademicSubjects/SCI00010 ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,MESH: Enzymes ,Carbohydrates ,MESH: Databases, Nucleic Acid ,Biology ,computer.software_genre ,Genetics ,Humans ,Database Issue ,Databases, Protein ,MESH: Humans ,Database ,computer.file_format ,Protein Data Bank ,Enzymes ,Enzyme Activation ,GenBank ,Databases, Nucleic Acid ,computer ,Active enzyme ,Large-Scale Sequencing ,MESH: Carbohydrates - Abstract
Thirty years have elapsed since the emergence of the classification of carbohydrate-active enzymes in sequence-based families that became the CAZy database over 20 years ago, freely available for browsing and download at www.cazy.org. In the era of large scale sequencing and high-throughput Biology, it is important to examine the position of this specialist database that is deeply rooted in human curation. The three primary tasks of the CAZy curators are (i) to maintain and update the family classification of this class of enzymes, (ii) to classify sequences newly released by GenBank and the Protein Data Bank and (iii) to capture and present functional information for each family. The CAZy website is updated once a month. Here we briefly summarize the increase in novel families and the annotations conducted during the last 8 years. We present several important changes that facilitate taxonomic navigation, and allow to download the entirety of the annotations. Most importantly we highlight the considerable amount of work that accompanies the analysis and report of biochemical data from the literature.
- Published
- 2021
21. Quantifying Carbohydrate-Active Enzyme Activity with Glycoprotein Substrates Using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry and Center-of-Mass Monitoring
- Author
-
Duong T Bui, John S. Klassen, Elena N. Kitova, Pavel I. Kitov, Kelley W. Moremen, Matthew S. Macauley, Zhixiong Li, Lara K. Mahal, and Warren W. Wakarchuk
- Subjects
Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ,Glycosylation ,Sialyltransferase ,Electrospray ionization ,Kinetics ,Carbohydrates ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,Analytical Chemistry ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Humans ,Glycoproteins ,030304 developmental biology ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,0303 health sciences ,Chromatography ,biology ,Molecular mass ,Reproducibility of Results ,0104 chemical sciences ,Enzyme ,chemistry ,Mass spectrum ,biology.protein ,Glycoprotein - Abstract
Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) play critical roles in diverse physiological and pathophysiological processes and are important for a wide range of biotechnology applications. Kinetic measurements offer insight into the activity and substrate specificity of CAZymes, information that is of fundamental interest and supports diverse applications. However, robust and versatile kinetic assays for monitoring the kinetics of intact glycoprotein and glycolipid substrates are lacking. Here, we introduce a simple but quantitative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) method for measuring the kinetics of CAZyme reactions involving glycoprotein substrates. The assay, referred to as center-of-mass (CoM) monitoring (CoMMon), relies on continuous (real-time) monitoring of the CoM of an ensemble of glycoprotein substrates and their corresponding CAZyme products. Notably, there is no requirement for calibration curves, internal standards, labeling, or mass spectrum deconvolution. To demonstrate the reliability of CoMMon, we applied the method to the neuraminidase-catalyzed cleavage of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) residues from a series of glycoproteins of varying molecular weights and degrees of glycosylation. Reaction progress curves and initial rates determined with CoMMon are in good agreement (initial rates within ≤5%) with results obtained, simultaneously, using an isotopically labeled Neu5Ac internal standard, which enabled the time-dependent concentration of released Neu5Ac to be precisely measured. To illustrate the applicability of CoMMon to glycosyltransferase reactions, the assay was used to measure the kinetics of sialylation of a series of asialo-glycoproteins by a human sialyltransferase. Finally, we show how combining CoMMon and the competitive universal proxy receptor assay enables the relative reactivity of glycoprotein substrates to be quantitatively established.
- Published
- 2021
22. Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E.Br. extract as a skin preserving agent: From traditional medicine to scientific validation
- Author
-
Antonella Smeriglio, Laura Cornara, Marcella Denaro, Miriam Bazzicalupo, Alberta Cascini, Domenico Trombetta, and Bruno Burlando
- Subjects
Phytochemicals ,Carbohydrates ,Wound healing ,Antioxidants ,Antioxidant ,Polyphenols ,Traditional medicine ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Rutin ,Flavonols ,Carpobrotus edulis ,Hyaluronidase ,medicine ,Gallic acid ,Phenols ,Flavonoids ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,biology ,Plant Extracts ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,chemistry ,Phytochemical ,Polyphenol ,Aizoaceae ,Medicine, Traditional ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Objective Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E.Br. is a succulent perennial plant native to South Africa and grows invasively in the Mediterranean basin. It is commonly used for the treatment of various diseases, including skin wound healing and regeneration, for which experimental validation is lacking. We therefore evaluated the skin healing properties by testing a C. edulis aqueous leaf extract (CAE) on cell cultures and in enzymatic assays. Methods Micro-morphological analysis of leaves was carried out using scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. Phytochemical features and antioxidant activity of CAE were evaluated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry (RP-LC-DAD-ESI-MS), and in vitro cell-free assays. Biological activities were evaluated using keratinocytes and fibroblasts, as well as elastase, collagenase, and hyaluronidase. Results CAE showed high carbohydrates (28.59% ± 0.68%), total phenols ([101.9 ± 6.0] g gallic acid equivalents/kg dry extract [DE]), and flavonoids ([545.9 ± 26.0] g rutin equivalents/kg DE). RP-LC-DAD-ESI-MS revealed the predominant presence of hydroxycinnamic acids (51.96%), followed by tannins (14.82%) and flavonols (11.32%). The extract was not cytotoxic, had a strong and dose-dependent antioxidant activity, and inhibited collagenase (> 90% at 500 µg/mL) and hyaluronidase (100% at 1000 µg/mL). In cell culture experiments, CAE increased wound closure and collagen production, which was consistent with its high polyphenol content. Conclusion Our data support the use of the C. edulis for skin care and the treatment of skin problems. Moreover, use of C. edulis for skin care purposes could be an eco-friendly solution to reduce its invasiveness in the environment.
- Published
- 2021
23. RNASeq analysis of drought-stressed guayule reveals the role of gene transcription for modulating rubber, resin, and carbohydrate synthesis
- Author
-
Daniel C. Ilut, Grisel Ponciano, Yong Gu, Colleen M. McMahan, Naxin Huo, and Chen Dong
- Subjects
Parthenium argentatum ,Molecular biology ,Science ,Carbohydrate synthesis ,Carbohydrates ,Asteraceae ,Article ,Terpene ,Transcriptome ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Fructan ,Biosynthesis ,Natural rubber ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Botany ,RNA-Seq ,Gene ,Plant Proteins ,Multidisciplinary ,biology ,fungi ,technology, industry, and agriculture ,food and beverages ,biology.organism_classification ,Adaptation, Physiological ,Droughts ,Computational biology and bioinformatics ,chemistry ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Medicine ,Rubber ,Plant sciences ,Resins, Plant ,Biotechnology - Abstract
The drought-adapted shrub guayule (Parthenium argentatum) produces rubber, a natural product of major commercial importance, and two co-products with potential industrial use: terpene resin and the carbohydrate fructan. The rubber content of guayule plants subjected to water stress is higher compared to that of well-irrigated plants, a fact consistently reported in guayule field evaluations. To better understand how drought influences rubber biosynthesis at the molecular level, a comprehensive transcriptome database was built from drought-stressed guayule stem tissues using de novo RNA-seq and genome-guided assembly, followed by annotation and expression analysis. Despite having higher rubber content, most rubber biosynthesis related genes were down-regulated in drought-stressed guayule, compared to well-irrigated plants, suggesting post-transcriptional effects may regulate drought-induced rubber accumulation. On the other hand, terpene resin biosynthesis genes were unevenly affected by water stress, implying unique environmental influences over transcriptional control of different terpene compounds or classes. Finally, drought induced expression of fructan catabolism genes in guayule and significantly suppressed these fructan biosynthesis genes. It appears then, that in guayule cultivation, irrigation levels might be calibrated in such a regime to enable tunable accumulation of rubber, resin and fructan.
- Published
- 2021
24. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2017–2018
- Author
-
David Harvey
- Subjects
MALDI imaging ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Glycan ,Chromatography ,biology ,Glycoconjugate ,Lasers ,Carbohydrates ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Mass spectrometry ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Analytical Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization ,chemistry ,Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ,Ionization ,biology.protein ,Sample preparation ,Glycolipids ,Derivatization ,Glycoconjugates ,Spectroscopy ,Glycoproteins - Abstract
This review is the tenth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2018. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to glycan and glycoprotein analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, new methods, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation and the use of arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Most of the applications are presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. The reported work shows increasing use of combined new techniques such as ion mobility and highlights the impact that MALDI imaging is having across a range of diciplines. MALDI is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and the range of applications continue steady progress.
- Published
- 2021
25. Biochemical and morphological characterization of freshwater microalga Tetradesmus obliquus (Chlorophyta: Chlorophyceae)
- Author
-
Jamile Fernanda Silva Cossolin, Cristiane do Carmo Cesário, Jose Jovanny Bermudez Sierra, Allan Victor Martins Almeida, José Eduardo Serrão, Jane Sélia dos Reis Coimbra, Jimmy Soares, Mauricio de Oliveira Leite, Maria Clara Nunes, and Marcio Arêdes Martins
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Chlorophyll b ,biology ,Chlorophyll A ,Carbohydrates ,Chlorophyceae ,Fresh Water ,Cell Biology ,Plant Science ,General Medicine ,Chlorophyta ,biology.organism_classification ,Pyrenoid ,Chloroplast ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Cytoplasm ,Microalgae ,Green algae ,Biomass ,Carotenoid ,Scenedesmus - Abstract
Tetradesmus is a microalgal genus with biotechnological potential due to its rapid production of biomass, which is plenty in proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and bioactives. However, its morphology and physiology need to be determined to guide better research to optimize the species cultivation and biocompounds processing. Thus, this study describes the biochemistry and morphology of the strain Tetradesmus obliquus BR003, isolated from a sample of freshwater reservoirs in a Brazilian municipality. In the T. obliquus BR003 dry biomass, we identified 61.6% unsaturated fatty acids, and 3.4% saturated fatty acids. Regarding other compounds, 28.50 ± 1.47 g soluble proteins/100 g, 0.14 ± 0.009 g carotenoids/100 g, 0.76 ± 0.013 g chlorophyll a/100 g, and 0.42 ± 0.015 g chlorophyll b/100 g with a chlorophyll a/b ratio of 1.8 were detected. The main chemical elements found were S, Mg, and P. The cells of BR003 were elliptically curved at the ends and without appendages. Histochemical tests showed carbohydrates distributed in the cytoplasm and pyrenoids, some lipid droplets, and proteins. The cytoplasm is rich in vacuoles, rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. The nucleus has a predominance of decondensed chromatin, and the cell wall has three layers. Chloroplasts have many starch granules and may be associated with a spherical central pyrenoid. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first biochemical description combined with ultrastructural morphological characterization of the strain T. obliquus BR003, grown under standard conditions, to demonstrate specific characteristics of the species.
- Published
- 2021
26. Drought affects the fate of non-structural carbohydrates in hinoki cypress
- Author
-
Chiaki Tsuji, Daniel Epron, Nicolas Angeli, Yuji Kominami, Dorine Desalme, Masako Dannoura, and Satoru Takanashi
- Subjects
Sucrose ,Physiology ,carbon starvation ,Carbohydrates ,pulse-labeling ,Fructose ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Photosynthesis ,Trees ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Chamaecyparis ,Sugar ,Hinoki Cypress ,starch ,fungi ,food and beverages ,Xylem ,biology.organism_classification ,Carbon ,Droughts ,Plant Leaves ,Horticulture ,Glucose ,chemistry ,carbon allocation ,phloem anatomy ,tree mortality ,Phloem ,Sugars - Abstract
Tree species that close stomata early in response to drought are likely to suffer from an imbalance between limited carbohydrate supply due to reduced photosynthesis and metabolic demand. Our objective was to clarify the dynamic responses of non-structural carbohydrates to drought in a water-saving species, the hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. et Zucc.). To this end, we pulse-labeled young trees with 13CO2 10 days after the beginning of the drought treatment. Trees were harvested 7 days later, early during drought progression, and 86 days later when they had suffered from a long and severe drought. The labeled carbon (C) was traced in phloem extract, in the organic matter and starch of all the organs, and in the soluble sugars (sucrose, glucose and fructose) of the most metabolically active organs (foliage, green branches and fine roots). No drought-related changes in labeled C partitioning between belowground and aboveground organs were observed. The C allocation between non-structural carbohydrates was altered early during drought progression: starch concentration was lower by half in the photosynthetic organs, while the concentration of almost all soluble sugars tended to increase. The preferential allocation of labeled C to glucose and fructose reflected an increased demand for soluble sugars for osmotic adjustment. After 3 months of a lethal drought, the concentrations of soluble sugars and starch were admittedly lower in drought-stressed trees than in the controls, but the pool of non-structural carbohydrates was far from completely depleted. However, the allocation to storage had been impaired by drought; photosynthesis and the sugar translocation rate had also been reduced by drought. Failure to maintain cell turgor through osmoregulation and to refill embolized xylem due to the depletion in soluble sugars in the roots could have resulted in tree mortality in hinoki cypress, though the total pool of carbohydrate was not completely depleted.
- Published
- 2021
27. Structural Characterization of Lignin-Carbohydrate Complexes (LCCs) and Their Biotransformation by Intestinal Microbiota In Vitro
- Author
-
Wen Yu, Lei Wang, Hongbo Yu, Xiaoyu Zhang, Chengcheng Shi, Qipeng Shi, Fuying Ma, and Ran Zhang
- Subjects
biology ,Ginkgo ,Carbohydrates ,food and beverages ,General Chemistry ,White poplar ,Carbohydrate ,Fatty Acids, Volatile ,biology.organism_classification ,Lignin ,Gastrointestinal Microbiome ,Ferulic acid ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nutraceutical ,chemistry ,Biotransformation ,Humans ,Fermentation ,Food science ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences - Abstract
Lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) have recently emerged as natural products with pharmaceutical and nutraceutical potential. Here, we compared the structure of LCCs from ginkgo (GK, gymnosperms), wheat straw (WST, monocotyledons), and aspen white poplar (AW, dicotyledons). We also investigated the biotransformation of LCCs by intestinal microbiota in vitro. We found that human intestinal microbiota could use LCCs as a carbon source for growth, breaking resistant cross-linkages in LCCs to generate a plethora of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and aromatic compounds with putative beneficial effects on human health. The yield of SCFAs reached 1837.8 ± 44.1 μmol/g using AW LCCs as a carbon source. The biomass of intestinal microbiota increased the fastest using GK LCCs. The greatest amounts of phenolics were present at 4 h in a WST LCCs fermentation system. Many phenolic acids with potential bioactivity were obtained after 24 h fermentation using each LCCs, such as ferulic acid.
- Published
- 2021
28. Current perspective on wastewater treatment using photobioreactor for Tetraselmis sp.: an emerging and foreseeable sustainable approach
- Author
-
Komal Agrawal, Pradeep Verma, Sanjeet Mehariya, and Rahul Kumar Goswami
- Subjects
Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Carbohydrates ,Photobioreactor ,Biomass ,Wastewater ,Water Purification ,Industrial wastewater treatment ,Photobioreactors ,Chlorophyta ,Bioenergy ,Microalgae ,Bioreactor ,Animals ,Humans ,Environmental Chemistry ,Tetraselmis ,Ecosystem ,biology ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Pulp and paper industry ,Lipids ,Pollution ,Environmental science ,Sewage treatment - Abstract
Urbanization is a revolutionary and necessary step for the development of nations. However, with development emanates its drawback i.e., generation of a huge amount of wastewater. The existence of diverse types of nutrient loads and toxic compounds in wastewater can reduce the pristine nature of the ecosystem and adversely affects human and animal health. The conventional treatment system reduces most of the chemical contaminants but their removal efficiency is low. Thus, microalgae-based biological wastewater treatment is a sustainable approach for the removal of nutrient loads from wastewater. Among various microalgae, Tetraselmis sp. is a robust strain that can remediate industrial, municipal, and animal-based wastewater and reduce significant amounts of nutrient loads and heavy metals. The produced biomass contains lipids, carbohydrates, and pigments. Among them, carbohydrates and lipids can be used as feedstock for the production of bioenergy products. Moreover, the usage of a photobioreactor (PBR) system improves biomass production and nutrient removal efficiency. Thus, the present review comprehensively discusses the latest studies on Tetraselmis sp. based wastewater treatment processes, focusing on the use of different bioreactor systems to improve pollutant removal efficiency. Moreover, the applications of Tetraselmis sp. biomass, advancement and research gap such as immobilized and co-cultivation have also been discussed. Furthermore, an insight into the harvesting of Tetraselmis biomass, effects of physiological, and nutritional parameters for their growth has also been provided. Thus, the present review will broaden the outlook and help to develop a sustainable and feasible approach for the restoration of the environment.
- Published
- 2021
29. Cotyledon loss of Astragalus membranaceus hindered seedling establishment through mineral element reallocation and carbohydrate depletion
- Author
-
Bing Jiang, Zhonghua Tang, Xiaorui Guo, Hongzheng Wang, Liu Yang, Liu Jia, Nan Yang, and Wanting Jiang
- Subjects
food.ingredient ,Physiology ,Carbohydrates ,Plant Science ,Root system ,Photosynthetic efficiency ,Photosynthesis ,Plant Roots ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,food ,Genetics ,Minerals ,biology ,Chemistry ,fungi ,food and beverages ,Fructose ,Metabolism ,Astragalus propinquus ,biology.organism_classification ,Horticulture ,Seedlings ,Seedling ,Shoot ,Cotyledon - Abstract
Tissue loss of plants caused by herbivores is very common in nature. As the storage and first photosynthetic organ, the loss of cotyledon severely impacts dicot seedling establishment and the subsequent growth. However, it is still not clear how plants adjust their metabolic strategy in response to cotyledon loss. In this study, we employed ICP-OES, GC and LC-MS to examine the effects of cotyledon removal (RC1: remove one cotyledon, RC2: remove two cotyledon) on mineral element distribution and metabolite changes in a traditional Chinese herbal plant, Astragalus membranaceus. The results showed that cotyledon removal had a greater effect on shoot than root growth. Specifically, RC2 revealed a more serious impact on shoot growth than RC1. Microelement Mn and Na in shoot increased more in RC2 than RC1. Macroelement K and microelement B in root increased in RC2. The metabolite results in shoot showed that sugars related to galactose metabolism reduced while amino acids significantly increased in RC2. In root, sugars related to fructose and mannose metabolism decreased in both RC1 and RC2 while most flavonoids increased in RC2. It can be concluded that cotyledon removal triggered different metabolic strategies in both root and shoot. In shoot, more Mn was absorbed to improve the lowered photosynthetic efficiency. Meanwhile, increased Na may have promoted carbohydrate consumption and amino acid synthesis, thereby maintaining shoot growth. In root, K and B participation in cell division and expansion increased, as well as the delivery and metabolism of carbohydrates, to maintain root system growth.
- Published
- 2021
30. Sarcospan increases laminin-binding capacity of α-dystroglycan to ameliorate DMD independent of Galgt2
- Author
-
Kara M Shin, Rachelle L Stark, Aaron M. Beedle, Rachelle H. Crosbie, and Hafsa Mamsa
- Subjects
musculoskeletal diseases ,congenital, hereditary, and neonatal diseases and abnormalities ,Utrophin ,Duchenne muscular dystrophy ,Carbohydrates ,Biology ,Sarcospan ,Dystrophin ,Mice ,Genetics ,medicine ,Dystroglycan ,Animals ,Dystroglycans ,Muscle, Skeletal ,Laminin binding ,Molecular Biology ,Genetics (clinical) ,Sarcolemma ,General Medicine ,musculoskeletal system ,medicine.disease ,Actin cytoskeleton ,Cell biology ,Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne ,Mice, Inbred mdx ,biology.protein ,General Article ,Laminin - Abstract
In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), mutations in dystrophin result in a loss of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) at the myofiber membrane, which functions to connect the extracellular matrix with the intracellular actin cytoskeleton. The dystroglycan subcomplex interacts with dystrophin and spans the sarcolemma where its extensive carbohydrates (matriglycan and CT2 glycan) directly interact with the extracellular matrix. In the current manuscript, we show that sarcospan overexpression enhances the laminin-binding capacity of dystroglycan in DMD muscle by increasing matriglycan glycosylation of α-dystroglycan. Furthermore, we find that this modification is not affected by loss of Galgt2, a glycotransferase, which catalyzes the CT2 glycan. Our findings reveal that the matriglycan carbohydrates, and not the CT2 glycan, are necessary for sarcospan-mediated amelioration of DMD. Overexpression of Galgt2 in the DMD mdx murine model prevents muscle pathology by increasing CT2 modified α-dystroglycan. Galgt2 also increases expression of utrophin, which compensates for the loss of dystrophin in DMD muscle. We found that combined loss of Galgt2 and dystrophin reduced utrophin expression; however, it did not interfere with sarcospan rescue of disease. These data reveal a partial dependence of sarcospan on Galgt2 for utrophin upregulation. In addition, sarcospan alters the cross-talk between the adhesion complexes by decreasing the association of integrin β1D with dystroglycan complexes. In conclusion, sarcospan functions to re-wire the cell to matrix connections by strengthening the cellular adhesion and signaling, which, in turn, increases the resilience of the myofiber membrane.
- Published
- 2021
31. Chemical composition of selected marine microalgae, with emphasis on lipid and carbohydrate production for potential use as feed resources
- Author
-
Kjell Inge Reitan, Håvard Jørgensen, Gunvor Øie, and Xinxin Wang
- Subjects
biology ,Chemistry ,Cultivation ,Marine microalgae ,Prasinophyceae ,Carbohydrates ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Plant physiology ,Plant Science ,Aquatic Science ,Carbohydrate ,biology.organism_classification ,Lipids ,Nitrogen ,Eicosapentaenoic acid ,Docosahexaenoic acid ,Relative growth rate ,β-glucans ,Food science ,Fatty acids ,Tetraselmis - Abstract
Marine microalgae are a promising sustainable source of lipids, omega-3 fatty acids, and carbohydrates. Selected microalgae species belonging to the Bacillariophyceae, Haptophyceae, Eustigmatophyceae, and Prasinophyceae were characterised for cellular content of carbon and nitrogen, and for production yields of lipids, fatty acids, total carbohydrates, and β-glucans. Carbon and nitrogen content showed a hyperbolic decrease with increasing cell numbers for Chaetoceros calcitrans, C. muelleri, Skeletonema costatum, Tetraselmis sp., and Nannochloropsis oculata. Cultures of Pavlova lutheri and Tisochrysis lutea showed an increase in carbon content per cell, but a decrease in nitrogen content. The total lipid content of C. muelleri, C. calcitrans, N. oculata, and T. lutea increased with decreasing relative growth rate; however, the highest productivity of lipids was found in T. lutea grown at 40% of the maximum specific growth rate. The highest content of eicosapentaenoic acid was found in C. muelleri, C. calcitrans, and N. oculata, and the highest content of docosahexaenoic acid was found in T. lutea. The β-glucan fraction of the carbohydrates was highest in C. muelleri and C. calcitrans and was very low in N. oculata. Out of the species investigated, C. muelleri had the highest production yield of β-glucans, obtained when cultivated at a 40% relative growth rate.
- Published
- 2021
32. Human Galectin-1 in Multiple Cancers: A Privileged Molecular Target in Oncology
- Author
-
Ahana Bhattacharya and Nerella Sridhar Goud
- Subjects
Pharmacology ,Galectin 1 ,Melanoma ,Carbohydrates ,Cancer ,Apoptosis ,General Medicine ,Cell cycle ,Biology ,medicine.disease ,Downregulation and upregulation ,Tumor progression ,Neoplasms ,Drug Discovery ,Galectin-1 ,Disease Progression ,Cancer research ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Molecular Targeted Therapy ,Cell adhesion ,Galectin - Abstract
Galectin-1 (Gal-1), a 14kDa carbohydrate-binding protein of the galectin family found in humans, affects intracellular signaling pathways upon interaction with β-galactosides on cell-surface, cytosol, and nucleus. The structural information reveals that it consists of a monovalent dimer composed of subunits with one Carbohydrate Recognition Domain (CRD), which is the main active site to interact with various glycoproteins, and carbohydrates in the body to regulate cellular functions. Gal-1 contributes towards different events associated with cancer biology, including tumor transformation, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, cell adhesion, migration, and inflammation. The extracellular existence and function of Gal-1 have been well-established, and it is known to express in many tumor types, including astrocytoma, melanoma, prostate, colon, bladder, and ovarian carcinomas, etc. Several studies suggested the upregulation of Gal-1 levels in multiple cancer cells. Thus, Gal-1 is a promising molecular target for the development of new therapeutic tools. The present review focuses on the functions of Gal-1 in tumor progression in multiple cancers and its structural insights.
- Published
- 2021
33. Postharvest physiology of cut flowers
- Author
-
Fernanda Ferreira de Araújo, Wellington Souto Ribeiro, Mirelle Nayana de Sousa Santos, Lucas Cavalcante da Costa, and Fernando Luiz Finger
- Subjects
relação hídrica ,Ethylene ,Heliconia ,carbohydrates ,Cold storage ,Plant Science ,Cut flowers ,Horticulture ,1-Methylcyclopropene ,SB1-1110 ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Botany ,ethylene ,Gibberellic acid ,biology ,temperatura ,Vase life ,fungi ,respiração ,Plant culture ,temperature ,food and beverages ,carboidratos ,biology.organism_classification ,chemistry ,Postharvest ,etileno ,water relations ,respiration - Abstract
The longevity of cut flowers is limited by their ephemeral nature and by multiple stresses. Impairment in water uptake, depletion of stored carbohydrates, increases in both respiratory activity and ethylene production are signatures of flower senescence. A wide range of techniques is available to extend flower preservation, including the use of flower preservative solutions, ethylene action inhibitors, growth regulators, and control of temperature and flower dehydration. The use of sucrose in pulsing solution, or as a component of vase solution, extends the vase life of flowers by either improving water balance and energy or delaying the senescence via reductions in ethylene biosynthesis. Inhibitors of ethylene production and action affect the longevity by extending the vase life of some ethylene-sensitive flowers. Flowers have intense respiratory activity, which may deplete the limited reserves of carbohydrates in the tissues. Lower temperatures markedly reduce both carbon dioxide concentration and ethylene production as well as its action. However, chilling-sensitive flowers, such as bird-of-paradise, heliconia, orchid, and ginger, cannot be stored below 10 to 13°C due to the intense development of tissue discoloration. Resumo A longevidade das flores de corte é limitada por sua natureza efêmera e por diversos estresses. De forma geral, a diminuição da absorção de água, esgotamento dos carboidratos armazenados, aumento da atividade respiratória e produção de etileno são reflexos senescência floral. Uma ampla gama de técnicas está disponível para estender a preservação de flores, incluindo o uso de conservantes de flores, inibidores da ação do etileno, reguladores de crescimento e controle de temperatura e desidratação das flores. O uso de sacarose em solução pulsante ou como constituinte de solução de vaso pode estender a vida de vaso das flores, melhorando o balanço hídrico, estimulando a abertura das flores ou retardando a senescência devido à menor síntese de etileno. Os inibidores da produção e ação do etileno afetam a longevidade, estendendo a vida de vaso de algumas flores sensíveis ao etileno. As flores têm intensa atividade respiratória, o que pode esgotar as reservas limitadas de carboidratos armazenados nas hastes cortadas. A redução da temperatura reduz tremendamente a produção de CO2 e etileno, bem como a sua ação. No entanto, em flores sensíveis ao frio como ave-do-paraíso, helicônia, orquídea e gengibre não podem ser armazenadas abaixo de 10 a 13ºC devido ao intenso desenvolvimento de descoloração do tecido.
- Published
- 2021
34. Analysis of microalgal growth kinetic model and carbohydrate biosynthesis cultivated using agro-industrial waste residuals as carbon source
- Author
-
Siti Hawa Ramli, Mohd Asyraf Kassim, and Tan Kean Meng
- Subjects
biology ,Bioconversion ,Chemistry ,Carbohydrates ,Heterotroph ,Industrial Waste ,Biomass ,General Medicine ,Wastewater ,Raw material ,biology.organism_classification ,Biochemistry ,Carbon ,Industrial waste ,Tetraselmis suecica ,Biofuel ,Biofuels ,Microalgae ,Food science ,Sugar ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Microalgal carbohydrate is considered one of the potential feedstock for biofuel produced via the bioconversion process. However, the current cultivation process using commercial medium exhibited low biomass production and its carbohydrate productivity which become a bottleneck for sustainable microalgal-carbohydrate-based biofuel production. Thus, the objective of this study is to assess the utilization of industrial waste including molasses and glycerol on the Halochlorella rubescens and Tetraselmis suecica growth as well as its carbohydrate content under different cultivation modes such as autotrophic, heterotrophic and photoheterotrophic conditions. From this study, the highest maximum biomass of H. rubenscens and T. suecica of 0.653 ± 0.009 and 0.669 ± 0.01gL−1 were obtained when the cultivation was performed under photoheterotrophic using molasses. High carbohydrate content of H. rubescens and T. seucica of 56.81 ± 0.39% and 71.52 ± 0.03% with glucose represent the dominant sugar was observed under this condition. The growth kinetic model of the analysis indicated that Huang and Gompertz Models described well the growth of H. rubescens and T. suecica under photoheteroptroph condition with a high significant R2 of 0.99. The information generated could be beneficial for the future development of low-cost microalgal cultivation media formulation for future microalgal carbohydrate-based products such as bioethanol.
- Published
- 2021
35. Probiotic supplements alleviate gestational diabetes mellitus by restoring the diversity of gut microbiota: a study based on 16S rRNA sequencing
- Author
-
Li Ge, Hai-Wei Wang, Qing-Xiang Zheng, Fan Chen, Xin-yong Jiang, Yu-ting Lai, Xiu-Min Jiang, and Ping-Ping Huang
- Subjects
Male ,endocrine system diseases ,Firmicutes ,Rat model ,Carbohydrates ,Physiology ,Gut flora ,Carbohydrate metabolism ,digestive system ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Microbiology ,law.invention ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,Probiotic ,Pregnancy ,law ,RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ,Diabetes mellitus ,Animals ,Medicine ,Bacteria ,biology ,business.industry ,Probiotics ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Gastrointestinal Microbiome ,Rats ,Gestational diabetes ,Diabetes, Gestational ,RNA, Bacterial ,Dietary Supplements ,Carbohydrate Metabolism ,Female ,business - Abstract
Probiotics effectively prevent and improve metabolic diseases such as diabetes by regulating the intestinal microenvironment and gut microbiota. However, the effects of probiotics in gestational diabetes mellitus are not clear. Here, we showed that probiotic supplements significantly improved fasting blood glucose in a gestational diabetes mellitus rat model. To further understand the mechanisms of probiotics in gestational diabetes mellitus, the gut microbiota were analyzed via 16S rRNA sequencing. We found that compared with the normal pregnant group, the gestational diabetes mellitus rats had decreased diversity of gut microbiota. Moreover, probiotic supplementation restored the diversity of the gut microbiota in gestational diabetes mellitus rats, and the gut microbiota structure tended to be similar to that of normal pregnant rats. In particular, compared with gestational diabetes mellitus rats, the abundance of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria was higher after probiotic supplementation. Furthermore, activating carbohydrate metabolism and membrane transport pathways may be involved in the potential mechanisms by which probiotic supplements alleviate gestational diabetes mellitus. Overall, our results suggested that probiotic supplementation might be a novel approach to restore the gut microbiota of gestational diabetes mellitus rats and provided an experimental evidence for the use of probiotic supplements to treat gestational diabetes mellitus.
- Published
- 2021
36. Carbohydrate epitopes currently recognized as targets for IgE antibodies
- Author
-
Gabriele Gadermaier, Jonas Lidholm, Rob C. Aalberse, Thomas A.E. Platts-Mills, Richard E. Goodman, Ronald van Ree, Behnam Keshavarz, Marianne van Hage, Anna Pomés, Uta Jappe, Christiane Hilger, and Edzard Spillner
- Subjects
Glycan ,alpha-gal ,Immunology ,Carbohydrates ,Cross Reactions ,medicine.disease_cause ,Immunoglobulin E ,Article ,Epitope ,Epitopes ,Allergen ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,O-glycans ,cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants ,MMXF ,biology ,MUXF3 ,Cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants ,Allergens ,clinical relevance ,In vitro ,hapten ,biology.protein ,Allergists ,Hapten - Abstract
Until recently, glycan epitopes have not been documented by the WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee. This was in part due to scarce or incomplete information on these oligosaccharides, but also due to the widely held opinion that IgE to these epitopes had little or no relevance to allergic symptoms. Most IgE-binding glycans recognized up to 2008 were considered to be “classical” cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCD) that occur in insects, some helminths and throughout the plant kingdom. Since 2008, the prevailing opinion on lack of clinical relevance of IgE-binding glycans has been subject to a reevaluation. This was because IgE specific for the mammalian disaccharide galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal) was identified as a cause of delayed anaphylaxis to mammalian meat in the United States, an observation that has been confirmed by allergists in many parts of the world. Several experimental studies have shown that oligosaccharides with one or more terminal alpha-gal epitopes can be attached as a hapten to many different mammalian proteins or lipids. The classical CCDs also behave like haptens since they can be expressed on proteins from multiple species. This is the explanation for extensive in vitro cross-reactivity related to CCDs. Because of these developments, the Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee recently decided to include glycans as potentially allergenic epitopes in an adjunct section of its website (www.allergen.org). In this article, the features of the main glycan groups known to be involved in IgE recognition are revisited, and their characteristic structural, functional, and clinical features are discussed.
- Published
- 2021
37. Increase in carbohydrate content and variation in microbiome are related to the drought tolerance of Codonopsis pilosula
- Author
-
Jianhe Wei, Mengzhi Li, Youping Liu, Guanghui Zhao, Kang Ning, Linlin Dong, Guangfei Wei, Guozhuang Zhang, Yichuan Liang, Lu Luo, and Shilin Chen
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Sucrose ,Physiology ,Drought tolerance ,Carbohydrates ,Plant Science ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Botany ,Genetics ,Raffinose ,Codonopsis ,Rhizosphere ,biology ,Codonopsis pilosula ,Microbiota ,fungi ,food and beverages ,Carbohydrate ,biology.organism_classification ,Trehalose ,Droughts ,Plant Breeding ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,biology.protein ,Starch synthase ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Drought stress is one of the main limiting factors in geographical distribution and production of Codonopsis pilosula. Understanding the biochemical and genetic information of the response of C. pilosula to drought stress is urgently needed for breeding tolerant varieties. Here, carbohydrates, namely trehalose, raffinose, maltotetraose, sucrose, and melezitose, significantly accumulated in C. pilosula roots under drought stress and thus served as biomarkers for drought stress response. Compared with those in the control group, the expression levels of key genes such as adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase, starch branching enzyme, granule-bound starch synthase, soluble starch synthase, galacturonate transferase, cellulose synthase A catalytic subunit, cellulase Korrigan in the carbohydrate biosynthesis pathway were markedly up-regulated in C. pilosula roots in the drought treatment group, some of them even exceeded 70%. Notably, and that of key genes including trehalose-6-phosphatase, trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase, galactinol synthase, and raffinose synthase in the trehalose and raffinose biosynthesis pathways was improved by 12.6%-462.2% in C. pilosula roots treated by drought stress. The accumulation of carbohydrates in C. pilosula root or rhizosphere soil was correlated with microbiome variations. Analysis of exogenous trehalose and raffinose confirmed that increased carbohydrate content improved the drought tolerance of C. pilosula in a dose-dependent manner. This study provided solid foundation for breeding drought-tolerant C. pilosula varieties and developing drought-resistant microbial fertilizers.
- Published
- 2021
38. Ex-foliar application of glycine betaine and its impact on protein, carbohydrates and induction of ROS scavenging system during drought stress in flax (Linum usitatissimum)
- Author
-
Prasanta K. Dash, Payal Gupta, Sujata Vasudev, Rhitu Rai, and Devendra K. Yadava
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Linum ,Drought tolerance ,Carbohydrates ,Bioengineering ,01 natural sciences ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Acclimatization ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Betaine ,Flax ,010608 biotechnology ,Botany ,Proline ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,biology ,Chemistry ,fungi ,food and beverages ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Droughts ,Amino acid ,030104 developmental biology ,Osmolyte ,Glycine ,Reactive Oxygen Species ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Crop plants have an innate capacity to acclimatize and survive myriad stresses in field conditions. This acclimatization to stress enhances crop stand in field and productivity of plant. Inter alia field crops withstand drought stress (hydropenia) by inducing synthesis or accumulation of osmolytes such as (i) proline and other amino acids, (ii) glycine betaine (GB), (iii) soluble carbohydrates, and (iv) reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging system as intrinsic drought antagonizing molecules. Precise in vivo induction of osmolytes and their effect on ROS scavenging system in flax/linseed has not been elucidated. The investigation was carried out to identify a tolerant and susceptible cultivar of flax from a core collection of 53 core accessions and evaluate the role of compatible osmolytes in Linum usitatissimum under hydropenia. We screened eight morphometrically diverse flax genotypes in field under irrigated and un-irrigated condition and classified them as tolerant and susceptible genotypes. Further, we examined the effect of ex-foliar glycine betaine application - a signature molecule involved in drought tolerance, on selected tolerant and susceptible varieties. Our results showed stimulatory impact of glycine betaine on accumulation of ROS scavenging antioxidants, total soluble protein and on its own accumulation. While the ex-foliar application had no inhibitory effect on the growth of plants; accumulation of free proline, amino acids and carbohydrates are inhibited par se in flax. Our findings reveal, flax is a non-accumulator of glycine betaine and exogenous application of glycine betaine enhances its own levels during drought stress.
- Published
- 2021
39. Temperature memory and non-structural carbohydrates mediate legacies of a hot drought in trees across the southwestern USA
- Author
-
Michael Bangs, Drew M. P. Peltier, Yao Liu, David Auty, William R. L. Anderegg, Marcy E. Litvak, John D. Shaw, Jessica S. Guo, Kimberly E. Samuels-Crow, Larissa L. Yocom, Michael Fell, Phiyen Nguyen, Michelle Wilson, Christopher R. Schwalm, Kiona Ogle, and George W. Koch
- Subjects
biology ,Physiology ,Ecology ,Climate Change ,Carbohydrates ,Temperature ,Climate change ,Plant Science ,Pinus edulis ,biology.organism_classification ,food.food ,Droughts ,Trees ,Recovery period ,food ,Juniperus osteosperma ,Dendrochronology - Abstract
Trees are long-lived organisms that integrate climate conditions across years or decades to produce secondary growth. This integration process is sometimes referred to as ‘climatic memory.’ While widely perceived, the physiological processes underlying this temporal integration, such as the storage and remobilization of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), are rarely explicitly studied. This is perhaps most apparent when considering drought legacies (perturbed post-drought growth responses to climate), and the physiological mechanisms underlying these lagged responses to climatic extremes. Yet, drought legacies are likely to become more common if warming climate brings more frequent drought. To quantify the linkages between drought legacies, climate memory and NSC, we measured tree growth (via tree ring widths) and NSC concentrations in three dominant species across the southwestern USA. We analyzed these data with a hierarchical mixed effects model to evaluate the time-scales of influence of past climate (memory) on tree growth. We then evaluated the role of climate memory and the degree to which variation in NSC concentrations were related to forward-predicted growth during the hot 2011–2012 drought and subsequent 4-year recovery period. Populus tremuloides exhibited longer climatic memory compared to either Pinus edulis or Juniperus osteosperma, but following the 2011–2012 drought, P. tremuloides trees with relatively longer memory of temperature conditions showed larger (more negative) drought legacies. Conversely, Pinus edulis trees with longer temperature memory had smaller (less negative) drought legacies. For both species, higher NSC concentrations followed more negative (larger) drought legacies, though the relevant NSC fraction differed between P. tremuloides and P. edulis. Our results suggest that differences in tree NSC are also imprinted upon tree growth responses to climate across long time scales, which also underlie tree resilience to increasingly frequent drought events under climate change.
- Published
- 2021
40. Large seasonal fluctuations in whole-tree carbohydrate reserves: is storage more dynamic in boreal ecosystems?
- Author
-
K G Fleurial, Erin Wiley, C Fermaniuk, and Simon M. Landhäusser
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0303 health sciences ,Phenology ,Taiga ,Carbohydrates ,Xylem ,Original Articles ,Plant Science ,15. Life on land ,Biology ,01 natural sciences ,Carbon ,Trees ,03 medical and health sciences ,Boreal ,Agronomy ,Frost ,Shoot ,Temperate climate ,Carbohydrate Metabolism ,Ecosystem ,Seasons ,030304 developmental biology ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Background and Aims Carbon reserves are a critical source of energy and substrates that allow trees to cope with periods of minimal carbon gain and/or high carbon demands, conditions which are prevalent in high-latitude forests. However, we have a poor understanding of carbon reserve dynamics at the whole-tree level in mature boreal trees. We therefore sought to quantify the seasonal changes in whole-tree and organ-level carbon reserve pools in mature boreal Betula papyrifera. Methods Non-structural carbohydrate (NSC; soluble sugars and starch) tissue concentrations were measured at key phenological stages throughout a calendar year in the roots, stem (inner bark and xylem), branches and leaves, and scaled up to estimate changes in organ and whole-tree NSC pool sizes. Fine root and stem growth were also measured to compare the timing of growth processes with changes in NSC pools. Key Results The whole-tree NSC pool increased from its spring minimum to its maximum at bud set, producing an average seasonal fluctuation of 0.96 kg per tree. This fluctuation represents a 72 % change in the whole-tree NSC pool, which greatly exceeds the relative change reported for more temperate conspecifics. At the organ level, branches accounted for roughly 48–60 % of the whole-tree NSC pool throughout the year, and their seasonal fluctuation was four to eight times greater than that observed in the stemwood, coarse roots and inner bark. Conclusions Branches in boreal B. papyrifera were the largest and most dynamic storage pool, suggesting that storage changes at the branch level largely drive whole-tree storage dynamics in these trees. The greater whole-tree seasonal NSC fluctuation in boreal vs. temperate B. papyrifera may result from (1) higher soluble sugar concentration requirements in branches for frost protection, and/or (2) a larger reliance on reserves to fuel new leaf and shoot growth in the spring.
- Published
- 2021
41. Nuclear magnetic resonance‐based chemical signature and nutritional discrimination of <scp> Macrotyloma uniflorum </scp> accessions from the alpine Himalayas
- Author
-
Dinesh Kumar, Rakesh Kumar Chahota, and Manisha Gautam
- Subjects
Chemical signature ,Principal Component Analysis ,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,Research groups ,Chemotype ,biology ,Chemical shift ,Fatty Acids ,Carbohydrates ,Discriminant Analysis ,India ,Fabaceae ,Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ,biology.organism_classification ,Macrotyloma ,Metabolomics ,Proton NMR ,Carbohydrate Metabolism ,Food science ,Amino Acids ,Nutritive Value ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Food Science ,Biotechnology - Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrotyloma uniflorum (horsegram) is cultivated in the alpine Himalayas for its nutritional benefits. The chemical diversity of M. uniflorum has been explored by several research groups, but none has reported the chemical signature to monitor the identity and quality. To overcome quality control problems and provide more accurate chemotype information, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H-NMR)-based chemical signature and tentative metabotype discrimination was studied. RESULTS Metabolites were identified by characteristic chemical shifts and their correlations in one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. The identifications were confirmed by reference standards, with in-house databases, and with public databases. From the analysis of seed samples from eight locations, NMR detected 46 diversified metabolites, including 18 amino acids, nine carbohydrates, three vitamins, seven flavonoids, and nine miscellaneous molecules (fatty acids/choline/phenolics/organic acids/sterols). These metabolites generated a single snapshot chemical signature for M. uniflorum. Greater content of identified metabolites was found at high elevations of 1829 m (55.78 g kg-1 ) followed by 1000-1150 m (19.30-17.23 g kg-1 ) and 1150-1450 m (7.33-13.41 g kg-1 ). Principal component analysis of samples revealed that chemotypes grouped into three distinct clusters. 'Cluster-3' was positively correlated with metabolites and found the best nutritionally enriched chemotype. CONCLUSIONS A proton nuclear magnetic resonance-based M. uniflorum chemical signature was generated for the first time. The environmental conditions of 1829 m were most suitable for obtaining nutritionally enriched M. uniflorum crops. Overall, this information could help in the conservation, quality control, product development, and agriculture inventions of M. uniflorum. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
- Published
- 2021
42. Early origin of sweet perception in the songbird radiation
- Author
-
Maude W. Baldwin, Takashi Hayakawa, Alejandro Rico-Guevara, Yoshiro Ishimaru, Simon Yung Wa Sin, Tomoya Nakagita, James D. Crall, Timothy B. Sackton, Ayano Sakakibara, Takumi Misaka, Meng Ching Ko, Kana Uemura, Qiaoyi Liang, Pablo Oteiza, Scott V. Edwards, Shuichi Matsumura, William A. Buttemer, Eliot T. Miller, and Yasuka Toda
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Sucrose ,Plant Nectar ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Sensory biology ,Carbohydrates ,Sensory system ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ,Avian Proteins ,Birds ,Songbirds ,03 medical and health sciences ,Perception ,Animals ,Amino Acids ,Clade ,media_common ,Multidisciplinary ,biology ,Taste Perception ,Feeding Behavior ,biology.organism_classification ,Biological Evolution ,Evolutionary radiation ,Diet ,Songbird ,030104 developmental biology ,Evolutionary biology ,Protein Multimerization - Abstract
From savory to sweet Seeing a bird eat nectar from a flower is a common sight in our world. The ability to detect sugars, however, is not ancestral in the bird lineage, where most species were carnivorous. Toda et al. looked at receptors within the largest group of birds, the passerines or songbirds, and found that the emergence of sweet detection involved a single shift in a receptor for umami (see the Perspective by Barker). This ancient change facilitated sugar detection not just in nectar feeding birds, but also across the songbird group, and in a way that was different from, though convergent with, that in hummingbirds. Science , abf6505, this issue p. 226 ; see also abj6746, p. 154
- Published
- 2021
43. Hydration to Maximize Performance and Recovery: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors Among Collegiate Track and Field Throwers
- Author
-
Makenzie A. Schoeff, Ali M. Al-Nawaiseh, David Bellar, Donald L. Hoover, Bruce W. Craig, Jennifer K. Popp, Lawrence W. Judge, Brian Fox, and Brandon M. Kistler
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,biology ,Athletes ,Significant difference ,carbohydrates ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,030229 sport sciences ,Nutritional information ,hypohydration ,biology.organism_classification ,Section II - Exercise Physiology & Sports Medicine ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,thirst ,Physiology (medical) ,Injury prevention ,Physical therapy ,medicine ,Track and field athletics ,Psychology ,Association (psychology) ,Alpha level - Abstract
Hydration plays an important role in performance, injury prevention, and recovery for athletes engaged in competitive sports. Therefore, it is important that strength and conditioning coaches understand an athlete’s hydration needs to prevent illness and enhance performance. The purpose of this study was to identify hydration knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of collegiate track and field throwers, as well as identify barriers to hydration and sources of nutritional information. The Rehydration and Refueling in Collegiate Track and Field Throwers Survey was sent to 271 track and field thrower coaches with a request to forward the email to current track and field throwers. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated regarding knowledge, attitude, and behavior scores among the participants in this sample. Differences among response patterns were assessed via Chi-square analysis. Alpha level was set at p = .05. Results demonstrated that 97.3% (n = 287) of respondents knew that dehydration would decrease performance, but 50.5% (n = 149) erroneously believed thirst was the best indicator of dehydration. Chi-square analysis demonstrated a significant difference in reported values between participants who intended to eat a performance-enhancing diet and those who consumed less fluid than recomended values (207 – 295 m)l in the 2-3 hours prior to competition (χ2 = 10.87, p < .05). Pearson correlation coefficients demonstrated a large association between knowledge and behavior (r = .70, p < .05), a medium association between knowledge and attitude (r = .41, p < .05), and a small association between attitude and behavior (r = .21, p < .05). This suggests that strength and conditioning coaches and health staff need to educate and monitor hydration behaviors among collegiate track and field throwers to optimize performance.
- Published
- 2021
44. Fueling Gut Microbes: A Review of the Interaction between Diet, Exercise, and the Gut Microbiota in Athletes
- Author
-
Hannah D. Holscher and Riley L Hughes
- Subjects
Synbiotics ,carbohydrates ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Physiology ,microbiome ,Context (language use) ,Review ,Gut flora ,digestive system ,AcademicSubjects/MED00060 ,Carbohydrate loading ,Humans ,Microbiome ,Exercise ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,biology ,gastrointestinal health ,Athletes ,Gastrointestinal Physiology ,Probiotics ,Immune modulation ,biology.organism_classification ,Diet ,Gastrointestinal Microbiome ,Prebiotics ,athletic performance ,protein ,Food Science - Abstract
The athlete's goal is to optimize their performance. Towards this end, nutrition has been used to improve the health of athletes’ brains, bones, muscles, and cardiovascular system. However, recent research suggests that the gut and its resident microbiota may also play a role in athlete health and performance. Therefore, athletes should consider dietary strategies in the context of their potential effects on the gut microbiota, including the impact of sports-centric dietary strategies (e.g., protein supplements, carbohydrate loading) on the gut microbiota as well as the effects of gut-centric dietary strategies (e.g., probiotics, prebiotics) on performance. This review provides an overview of the interaction between diet, exercise, and the gut microbiota, focusing on dietary strategies that may impact both the gut microbiota and athletic performance. Current evidence suggests that the gut microbiota could, in theory, contribute to the effects of dietary intake on athletic performance by influencing microbial metabolite production, gastrointestinal physiology, and immune modulation. Common dietary strategies such as high protein and simple carbohydrate intake, low fiber intake, and food avoidance may adversely impact the gut microbiota and, in turn, performance. Conversely, intake of adequate dietary fiber, a variety of protein sources, and emphasis on unsaturated fats, especially omega-3 (ɷ-3) fatty acids, in addition to consumption of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics, have shown promising results in optimizing athlete health and performance. Ultimately, while this is an emerging and promising area of research, more studies are needed that incorporate, control, and manipulate all 3 of these elements (i.e., diet, exercise, and gut microbiome) to provide recommendations for athletes on how to “fuel their microbes.”, Statement of Significance: This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of the current evidence for the effects of diet, as it pertains to athletic performance, on the gut microbiota, and the potential for the gut microbiota to impact athletic performance as a result of diet-induced modifications.
- Published
- 2021
45. Genome-wide association mapping of lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) prebiotic carbohydrates toward improved human health and crop stress tolerance
- Author
-
Shiv Kumar, William C. Bridges, J. Lucas Boatwright, Nathan Johnson, Pushparajah Thavarajah, Dil Thavarajah, and E. R. Shipe
- Subjects
Agricultural genetics ,0106 biological sciences ,Plant genetics ,food.ingredient ,Genotype ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Science ,Carbohydrates ,Biology ,Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,Plant breeding ,Crop ,03 medical and health sciences ,food ,Stress, Physiological ,medicine ,Humans ,Food science ,Resistant starch ,Sugar ,Legume ,030304 developmental biology ,Ecotype ,0303 health sciences ,Multidisciplinary ,Abiotic stress ,Prebiotic ,Chromosome Mapping ,Adaptation, Physiological ,Prebiotics ,Health ,Medicine ,Lens Plant ,Beneficial organism ,Genome-Wide Association Study ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Lentil, a cool-season food legume, is rich in protein and micronutrients with a range of prebiotic carbohydrates, such as raffinose-family oligosaccharides (RFOs), fructooligosaccharides (FOSs), sugar alcohols (SAs), and resistant starch (RS), which contribute to lentil's health benefits. Beneficial microorganisms ferment prebiotic carbohydrates in the colon, which impart health benefits to the consumer. In addition, these carbohydrates are vital to lentil plant health associated with carbon transport, storage, and abiotic stress tolerance. Thus, lentil prebiotic carbohydrates are a potential nutritional breeding target for increasing crop resilience to climate change with increased global nutritional security. This study phenotyped a total of 143 accessions for prebiotic carbohydrates. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was then performed to identify associated variants and neighboring candidate genes. All carbohydrates analyzed had broad-sense heritability estimates (H2) ranging from 0.22 to 0.44, comparable to those reported in the literature. Concentration ranges corresponded to percent recommended daily allowances of 2–9% SAs, 7–31% RFOs, 51–111% RS, and 57–116% total prebiotic carbohydrates. Significant SNPs and associated genes were identified for numerous traits, including a galactosyltransferase (Lcu.2RBY.1g019390) known to aid in RFO synthesis. Further studies in multiple field locations are necessary. Yet, these findings suggest the potential for molecular-assisted breeding for prebiotic carbohydrates in lentil to support human health and crop resilience to increase global food security.
- Published
- 2021
46. Asparagine Tautomerization in Glycosyltransferase Catalysis. The Molecular Mechanism of Protein O-Fucosyltransferase 1
- Author
-
Robert S. Haltiwanger, Beatriz Piniello, Megumi Takeuchi, Hideyuki Takeuchi, Ramon Hurtado-Guerrero, Erandi Lira-Navarrete, and Carme Rovira
- Subjects
O-glycosylation ,Fucosyltransferase ,Letter ,biology ,Stereochemistry ,Chemistry ,enzymes ,carbohydrates ,General Chemistry ,Tautomer ,Catalysis ,metadynamics ,Glycosyltransferase ,glycosyltransferases ,biology.protein ,Molecular mechanism ,Asparagine ,quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics - Abstract
O-glycosylation is a post-translational protein modification essential to life. One of the enzymes involved in this process is protein O-fucosyltransferase 1 (POFUT1), which fucosylates threonine or serine residues within a specific sequence context of epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF-LD). Unlike most inverting glycosyltransferases, POFUT1 lacks a basic residue in the active site that could act as a catalytic base to deprotonate the Thr/Ser residue of the EGF-LD acceptor during the chemical reaction. Using quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) methods on recent crystal structures, as well as mutagenesis experiments, we uncover the enzyme catalytic mechanism, revealing that it involves proton shuttling through an active site asparagine, conserved among species, which undergoes tautomerization. This mechanism is consistent with experimental kinetic analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans POFUT1 Asn43 mutants, which ablate enzyme activity even if mutated to Asp, the canonical catalytic base in inverting glycosyltransferases. These results will aid inhibitor development for Notch-associated O-glycosylation disorders.
- Published
- 2021
47. A round up on some of the latest in the chemistry and biology of carbohydrates and carbohydrate-processing enzymes.
- Author
-
Vocadlo, David and Overkleeft, Herman
- Subjects
- *
CARBOHYDRATES , *SYNTHETIC biology , *CHEMISTRY , *ENZYMES , *BIOLOGY , *PHYSICAL organic chemistry , *GLYCOCONJUGATES - Abstract
Carbohydrates are ubiquitous throughout nature, from bacteria to humans, and play diverse roles from serving as important structures that confer essential material properties to plants right on through to acting as signals that regulate intercellular and intracellular signaling within mammals. Furthermore, both these classes of enzymes, as well as the carbohydrate recognition modules that recognize particular glycan epitopes, are emerging as therapeutic targets. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. The Assembly of Cell Membranes.
- Author
-
Lodish, Harvey F. and Rothman, James E.
- Subjects
CELL membrane formation ,BIOLOGY ,LIPIDS ,PROTEINS ,CARBOHYDRATES - Abstract
The article presents a study on the formation of cell membranes. The formation of a close vessel is a requirement for the membrane to preserve concentration gradients. The functional asymmetry of membranes reflects an underlying structural asymmetry was established. Several methods to ensure the correct functions of the membrane were discussed. The three kinds of substance found in a membrane are lipids, proteins and carbohydrates.
- Published
- 1979
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Molecular basis for recognition of the Group A Carbohydrate backbone by the PlyC streptococcal bacteriophage endolysin
- Author
-
Daniel C. Nelson, Sowmya Ajay Castro, Helge C. Dorfmueller, Harley King, Amol Arunrao Pohane, Natalia Korotkova, C. M. Scholte, and Vincent A. Fischetti
- Subjects
Protein Conformation ,Streptococcus pyogenes ,Carbohydrates ,Lysin ,Peptidoglycan ,medicine.disease_cause ,Biochemistry ,Article ,Epitope ,Cell wall ,Bacteriophage ,Viral Proteins ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Cell Wall ,Catalytic Domain ,medicine ,Bacteriophages ,Molecular Biology ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,biology ,030306 microbiology ,Chemistry ,Hydrolysis ,N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine Amidase ,Cell Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Enzymes ,Lytic cycle ,Binding domain - Abstract
Endolysins are peptidoglycan (PG) hydrolases that function as part of the bacteriophage (phage) lytic system to release progeny phage at the end of a replication cycle. Notably, endolysins alone can produce lysis without phage infection, which offers an attractive alternative to traditional antibiotics. Endolysins from phage that infect Gram-positive bacterial hosts contain at least one enzymatically active domain (EAD) responsible for hydrolysis of PG bonds and a cell wall binding domain (CBD) that binds a cell wall epitope, such as a surface carbohydrate, providing some degree of specificity for the endolysin. Whilst the EADs typically cluster into conserved mechanistic classes with well-defined active sites, relatively little is known about the nature of the CBDs and only a few binding epitopes for CBDs have been elucidated. The major cell wall components of many streptococci are the polysaccharides that contain the polyrhamnose (pRha) backbone modified with species-specific and serotype-specific glycosyl side chains. In this report, using molecular genetics, microscopy, flow cytometry and lytic activity assays, we demonstrate the interaction of PlyCB, the CBD subunit of the streptococcal PlyC endolysin, with the pRha backbone of the cell wall polysaccharides, Group A Carbohydrate (GAC) and serotype c-specific carbohydrate (SCC) expressed by the Group A Streptococcus and Streptococcus mutans, respectively.
- Published
- 2021
50. A review of Vicieae lectins studies: End of the book or a story in the writing?
- Author
-
Benildo Sousa Cavada, Kyria S. Nascimento, Vinicius Jose Da Silva Osterne, Messias Vital Oliveira, Claudia Figueiredo Lossio, and Vanir Reis Pinto-Junior
- Subjects
0303 health sciences ,Mitogenic lectin ,biology ,Vicia ,Agglutination ,Carbohydrates ,Single gene ,02 engineering and technology ,General Medicine ,Fabaceae ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,biology.organism_classification ,Biochemistry ,03 medical and health sciences ,Structural Biology ,Lectins ,Lens culinaris lectin ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Vavilovia ,0210 nano-technology ,Molecular Biology ,030304 developmental biology - Abstract
Vicieae tribe, Leguminosae family (Fabaceae), has been extensively studied. In particular, the study of lectins. The purification, physicochemical and structural characterizations of the various purified lectins and the analysis of their relevant biological activities are ongoing. In this review, several works already published about Vicieae lectins are addressed. Initially, we presented the purification protocols and the physicochemical aspects, such as specificity for carbohydrates, optimal activity in the face of variations in temperature and pH, as well metals-dependence. Following, structural characterization studies are highlighted and, finally, various biological activities already reported are summarized. Studies on lectins in almost all genera (Lathyrus, Lens, Pisum and Vicia) are considered, with the exception of Vavilovia which studies of lectins have not yet been reported. Like other leguminous lectins, Vicieae lectins present heterogeneous profiles of agglutination profiles for erythrocytes and other cells of the immune system, and glycoproteins. Most Vicieae lectins consist of two subunits, α and β, products of a single precursor protein derived from a single gene. The differences between the isoforms result from varying degrees of proteolytic processing. Along with the identification of these molecules and their characteristics, biological activities become very relevant and robust for both basic and applied research.
- Published
- 2021
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.