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It was aimed to evaluate and compare the primary lymphoid organs bursa Fabricius and thymus tissues of chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) and pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) histologically. In the study, three chukar partridges and three pheasants were provided from Süleyman Demirel University Department of Animal Science Poultry Breeding Unit. Bursa Fabricius and thymus tissue samples were taken by dissection. It was performed hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome for general histological examination, and periodic acid schiff (PAS) for the neutral mucosubstance and carbohydrate content, methyl green-pyronin staining for the plasma cells. Van gieson with Weigert's hematoxylin staining was performed for the major cells of thymus. Toluidine blue and alcian blue/safranin O combination procedure was performed to show the mast cells. The sizes of plasmocyte, mastocyte and lymphocyte cells in the cortex and medulla regions of the thymus and bursa Fabricius of chukar partridge and pheasant were measured and their average values were calculated. In addition, photographs of tissues were taken with a Leica DM 500 microscope. When the bursa Fabricius and thymus tissues of chukar partridge and pheasant were compared histologically, it was concluded that there was no significant difference., Kınalı keklik (Alectoris chukar) ve sülün (Phasianus colchicus)’ün primer lenfoid organlardan bursa Fabricius ve timus dokularının histolojik yönden değerlendirilmesi ve karşılaştırılması amaçlandı. Çalışmada, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Zootekni Bölümü Kanatlı Hayvan Yetiştirme Biriminden 3 adet, sağlıklı kınalı keklik ve sülün temin edildi. Bursa Fabricius ve timus doku örnekleri diseksiyon ile alındı. Genel histolojik incelemeler için hematoksilen-eosin ve masson trikrom boyamaları, doku ve hücrelerdeki nötral mukosubstansı ve karbonhidrat içeriğini belirleyebilmek için periodic acid schiff (PAS) reaksiyonu, plazma hücrelerini belirlemek için methyl green-pyronin boyaması uygulandı. Timusun major hücreleri için Weigert’s hematoksilenli van gieson boyaması gerçekleştirildi. Mast hücrelerini göstermek için ise toludin blue ve alcian blue/safranin O kombinasyon boyama teknikleri yapıldı. Kınalı keklik ve sülün timus ve bursa Fabricius’unun korteks ve medulla bölgelerindeki plazmosit, mastosit ve lenfosit hücrelerinin büyüklüklerinin ölçümleri yapılıp ortalama değerleri hesaplandı. Ayrıca dokuların fotoğrafları Leica DM 500 mikroskobunda çekildi. Kınalı keklik ve sülün bursa Fabricius ve timus dokuları histolojik açıdan karşılaştırıldığında önemli bir farklılığın olmadığı sonucuna varıldı.

Salah satu cara dalam meningkatkan efisiensi kecernaan pakan adalah dengan menambahkan feed additive. Asam organik yang sering digunakan sebagai feed additive, adalah asam format, karena sifat kelarutannya yang tinggi dalam air. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian asam format terhadap folikel limfoid bursa Fabricius dan limpa ayam, dilakukan penelitian dengan menggunakan 18 ekor day old chick (DOC) ayam kampung dengan tiga perlakuan yakni perlakuan kontrol (P0) ayam diberikan minum yang tidak mengandung asam format. Perlakuan 1 (P1) ayam diberikan air yang mengandung asam format (pH 2,5) dan perlakuan 2 (P2) ayam diberikan air yang mengandung asam format (pH 3,5). Masing masing perlakuan terdiri dari enam ekor ayam sebagai ulangan (n). Ayam ditimbang bobot badannya sebelum diberikan perlakuan. Enam minggu pasca perlakuan, ayam ditimbang kembali dan dikorbankan nyawanya dengan cara dislokasi capitis serta dilanjutkan dengan nekropsi. Organ bursa Fabricius dan limpa diambil dan dimasukkan dalam formalin 10%, jaringan yang telah difiksasi kemudian diproses dan diwarnai dengan pewarnaan Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penurunan pH air minum akibat pemberian asam format tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap jumlah folikel limfoid bursa Fabricius. Namun, berpengaruh nyata terhadap penurunan diameter folikel limfoid bursa Fabricius. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan penurunan pH air minum berpengaruh nyata terhadap penurunan jumlah dan diameter folikel limfoid pulpa putih limpa. Simpulannya adalah pemberian air minum yang asam menekan sistem imun ayam kampung.

The present study was conducted to investigate the responsiveness expressions of ggTas2Rs against denatonium benzoate (DB) and genistein (GEN) in several organs of the Chinese Fast Yellow Chicken. A total of 300 one-day-old chicks that weighed an average of 32 g were randomly allocated into five groups with five replicates for 56 consecutive days. The dietary treatments consisted of basal diet, denatonium benzoate (5 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg), and genistein 25 mg/kg. The results of qRT-PCR indicated significantly (p &lt, 0.05) high-level expressions in the heart, spleen, and lungs in the starter and grower stages except for in bursa Fabricius. The responsiveness expressions of ggTas2Rs against DB 100 mg/kg and GEN 25 mg/kg were highly dose-dependent in the heart, spleen, lungs, and kidneys in the starter and grower stages, but dose-independent in the bursa Fabricius in the finisher stage. The ggTas2Rs were highly expressed in lungs and the spleen, but lower in the bursa Fabricius among the organs. However, the organ growth performance significantly (p &lt, 0.05) increased in the groups administered DB 5 mg/kg and GEN 25 mg/kg, meanwhile, the DB 20 mg/kg and DB 100 mg/kg treatments significantly reduced the growth of all the organs, respectively. These findings indicate that responsiveness expressions are dose-dependent, and bitterness sensitivity consequently decreases in aged chickens. Therefore, these findings may improve the production of new feedstuffs for chickens according to their growing stages.

The study of the functional state of immunogenesis young ducks during critical periods of growth and development is important for breeding and keeping birds of this species in view of improving the system of evaluation of the immune status of the organism. Such approaches make it possible to warn the development of immunodeficiencies body ducks develop improved feeding schemes to improve capacity performance. In the article are given results of the study of the functional state of the clinically healthy young duck's thymus, bursa Fabricius, spleen in critical periods of postnatal ontogenesis, whose were grown in conditions of Myklashiv farms of Pustomyty district, Lviv region. It is established the increasing of duck's absolute mass of immunogenesis organs on a background of reducing the relative weight and index. However, the functioning of immunogenesis ducklings in critical periods of growth and development of the actual numerical values indicating the relative weight and index. Pronounced changes in the index of immunogenesis observed on the border between 14 and 21 ducklings era of life that can be isolated as one of the critical periods of postnatal ontogenesis immunological this type of bird. The result is the index of thymus, bursa Fabricius, spleen ducklings who are within the physiological norm, show active progress imunomorfolohichnyh specific immune responses in these organs. At sufficiently high index seminary and reduced spleen index can prevent the development of adaptive-compensatory reactions B immunity and lack of imunodefitstnoho state body ducklings 45-day age.

WOS: 000406295200024 This study aims to examine the effects of environmental enrichment (EE) practices on some physiological and behavioral parameters of broiler chicks. A total of 280 one-day old Ross 308 mixed-sex broiler chicks with an average initial body weight of 44.5 +/- 0.37 g were used in a 42-d trial. Broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 20 pens composed of 14 birds in 1x1.4m sized floor area. Each of the EE treatment consisted of 5 replicate pens (70 chickens per treatment). The treatments were 1) control; 2) perch for EE; 3) ball for EE; 4) mirror for EE; and 5) dust for EE. Final body weights, tonic immobility test results, and rectal temperatures were recorded. Spleen, liver, and bursa fabricius weights were measured. The blood biochemistry of birds was analyzed at the end of the experiment. Besides, gait score test was applied on the 42(nd) day of experiment. Body weight gain, lymphoid organ weights and rectal temperature values of broilers were not affected by EE treatments on the 21(st) and 42(nd) days of the study. At the end of the study, WBC values, tonic immobility values and gait scores of the control groups were found higher than those of the EE groups. HCT and PLT values of the ball groups were found lower than the other groups, concluding that EE improved the welfare of birds. Scientific Research Projects Coordinatorship of Ahi Evran University in Turkey [PYO-ZRT.4003/2.13.007] This work, a part of MSc study of Mehmet Yildirim, was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Coordinatorship of Ahi Evran University in Turkey with PYO-ZRT.4003/2.13.007 project number.

Resume Influence de L'«Imarun» sur le thymus et la bourse de Fabricius chez des poules On a examine l'influence d'un traitement a l' «Imuran» sur les organes lymphatiques centraux (thymus et bourse de Fabricius) chez des poules et sur la reponse immunitaire contre un antigene E. coli. Les resultats ont montre de nets changements dans le metabolisme des proteines (proteines totales, taux en ARN et en ADN) qui sont plus etendus dans la bourse de Fabricius que dans le thymus. L' «Imuran» active les glandes surrenales, ce qui se manifest par une chute du taux de l'acide ascorbique. Un traitement de longue duree avec cette preparation presente un effet immuno-suppresseur qui determine une reponse imlunitaire de defense diminued vis-a-vis d'un antigene E. coli. Summary The effect of Imuran on the Thymus and Bursa of Fabricius in Chickens The effect of Imuran treatment on the central lymphatic organs (thymus and bursa of Fabricius) in chickens as well as on the immune response to E. coli antigen were studied. Data show important changes in the protein metabolism (total protein, RNA and DNA content) which are more pronounced in the bursa of Fabricius than in the thymus. The drug induced in activation of the adrenals suggested by a decrease of their ascorbic acid content. A prolonged treatment with the drug had also an immunosuppressive effect expressed by the lowering of the immuno-biological capacity of chicken tested against E. coli antigen. Zusammenfassung Die Auswirkungen von Imuran auf den Thymus und die Vursa Fabricus von Huhnern Untersucht wurde der Einflus einer Imuran-Behandlung auf die zentrajen lymphatischen Organe (Thymus und Bursa Fabricius) bei Huhnern und die Immunantwort gegen E. coli Antigen. Es traten Veranderungen im Protein Metabolismus (Gesamtprotein, RNS und DNS Gehalt) auf, die in der Bursa deutlicher ausgepragt sind als im Thymus. Imuran aktiviert die Nebennieren, was sich durch einen Abfall des Ascorbin Saure Gehaltes feststellen lies. Eine Langzeit-Behandlung mit diesem Praparat fuhrte zu einem Immun-suppressiven Effekt, der sich in einer verminderten immunologischen Abwehrkapazitat gegenuber E. coli Antigen aus-druckt. Resumen Los efectos de Imuran sobre el timo y la bolsa de Fabricio en las gallinas Se examino el influjo de un tratamiento con Imuran sobre los organos linfaticos centrales (timo y bolsa de Fabricio) en gallinas y la respuesta inmunologica frente a antigeno de E. coli. Aparecieron modificaciones en el metabolismo proteico (proteina total, contenido en ARN y ADN), las cuales eran mas manifiestas en la bolsa que en el timo. Imuran activa las anterrenales, lo cual se pudo establecer mediante un descenso del contenido en acido ascorbico. Un tratamiento a plazo largo con esta especialidad conducia a un efecto inmunosupresivo, que se expresa en una capacidad reducida de defensa inmunologica frente al antigeno de E. coli.

Day-old chicks were bursectomized, growth rate, blood and spleen characteristics were examined and compared with those of sham-operated chicks of the same age at 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks. Bursectomy was shown not to interfere with growth rate but to influence spleen weight at 5–6 weeks of age. No proliferation of pyroninophilic cells was noted but there was a decrease in germinal centers. At the age of 5–6 weeks lymphocyte numbers were reduced and heterophil numbers increased in the bursectomized birds.

SummaryThis experiment was designed to serve as a careful test of the hypothesis that the bursa of Fabricius produces a hormone responsible for the development of immunocompetence. Cell- and bacterium-free extracts of the bursa or pancreas were administered subcutaneously for 23 days to neonatally bursectomized cockerels. Immune responses were tested at 30 and 77 days of age. The bursal extracts produced no significant repair of the immuno-deficient state. The responses to BSA and B. abortus antigens did not differ in bursectomized birds receiving bursal or pancreas extract. However, all bursectomized birds showed significantly lower primary and secondary responses than did sham operated birds. No significant differences were measured in the number of splenic bursal dependent centers between bursectomized birds receiving bursal extract and their controls. On the basis of our findings, we conclude that prior evidence for a humoral function of the bursa should be challenged.

IT HAS frequently been noted that the thymus of rapidly growing chickens is large, whereas that of slowly growing chickens is relatively very small. Ackert (1924) found that the thymus glands of chickens parasitized with Ascaridia perspicillum were smaller than those of non-parasitized chickens. However, Riddle and Krizenecky (1931) reported that the removal of both the thymus and the bursa Fabricius from 17 common pigeons did not affect development or function of the reproductive organs. They suggested that other organs, particularly lymph nodes, might have thymic functions. Plagge (1941) has concluded that the thymus glands of male and female albino rats are definitely sensitive to varying concentrations of sex hormones as indicated by gross changes in the thymus at puberty and by both gross and histological changes following castration or injections of sex hormones. Thymectomy does not affect the reproduction system of either sex. As the physiological relationship between the . . .

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a contagious viral disease has been reported in young broiler and layer chickens from Bangladesh. This communication report the outbreaks of IBD on two vaccinated (Gumboro D78®, Intervet) and one unvaccinated commercial cockerel farms which were diagnosed on clinico-pathological findings and assessment of ELISA antibody titre. The outbreaks of IBD occurred on two vaccinated farms in cockerels of 29 to 31 days (Farm 1) and 30 to 33 days (Farm 2), whereas 19 to 22 days old in unvaccinated (Farm 3) birds. It caused 39.38% (Farm 1) and 75.0% (Farm 2) mortality in vaccinated and 29.20% (Farm 3) in unvaccinated cockerel farms. Clinical investigation showed rapid onset, dullness, depression, anorexia, whitish loose diarrhoea, soiling and pasting of the vent, ruffled feathers, trembling and finally prostration and death due to dehydration. Necropsy examination revealed dehydrated carcasses, enlargement and oedematous swelling of bursa Fabricius and some cases yellowish, haemorrhagic, yellowish and caseous exudate in the bursa. Skeletal muscles especially thigh muscles showed haemorrhages in some birds. The IBD ELISA antibody titre of both the vaccinated and the unvaccinated moribund cockerels showed at vulnerable state and the mean antibody titre of vaccinated farm 1 had 161 ± 59.22 and vaccinated farm 2 had 57.82 ± 14.85, whereas unvaccinated farms had 194 ± 90.35. The occurrence of IBD outbreaks in both the vaccinated and unvaccinated birds indicate not only vaccination failure but also defective control strategies, which resulted heavy economic loss (85.05%) in the three cockerel farms. Therefore, a sound control strategy requires monitoring of maternal derived antibody with correct vaccination policy as well as good biosecurity principles to control IBD in Bangladesh.Key words: Outbreaks, infectious bursal disease, cockerels, vaccination failure DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v1i1.1912 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2003). 1 (1) : 21 - 24 Â

Glick (1955) observed that the weight of the bursa Fabricius at two weeks of age in White Leghorns (0.44 gm.) was larger (p In baby chicks of a randombred broiler-type strain, 72 to 92 percent of the variance in weight of the bursa of Fabricius at a constant body weight was attributable to genetic effects (Jaap, 1958). Since Chang, Rheins and Winter (1957) had demonstrated the importance of the bursa in antibody production, it appeared desirable to explore whether breed differences in bursa size existed at hatching. MATERIALS AND . . .

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of a panel discussion on immunology. Notable discussions centered on the matter of B-cell differentiation, grafting of the thymus to reconstitute T-cell deficiency, the development of complement, selected deficiencies of complement in man and alternate pathways of the C system. A primary question about humoral immunity has centered about the origin of B cells in man. Dr. Robert Good discussed this problem and described such existence in relation to the Bursa Fabricius of chicken. Although extensive work has investigated possibilities to define gastrointestinal associated lymphoid tissue that might be exercising the same function as the bursa, no definitive evidence has been forthcoming. There are areas that seem to be good expanders of the B cells system but not necessarily differentiation sites. Dr. Good reported work by the Toivanens carried out in his laboratories in which chickens were made agammaglobulinemic by removing their bursa 4 days before hatchinu and were fully reconstituted with bursal cells so that they were forming all the immunoglobulins — the interesting point being that when the bursa began to involute, the whole stem population shifted to the marrow.

NEONATAL thymectomy has a pronounced inhibiting or stimulating effect on the growth of tumours induced by various oncogenic viruses1–12. Our task was to investigate the role of thymus in the induction of Rous virus tumours. The interest of such experiments is that there are two organs in the chickens (thymus and bursa Fabricius), one of which has the functions of a mammalian thymus.