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The purpose of this study is first trial to detect of pigeon circovirus, so 1sr group include 100 cloacal swabs were collected 55 healthy and 45 ill pigeons, 36 yearlings and 64 adults, the 2nd group included organs was liver, spleen, bursa of Fabricius from 41 young pigeons 10-30 days old and bursa of Fabricius, liver, spleen from 28 dead in shell pigeon embryo in the 3rd group. DNA extracted from this samples and detection of virus DNA was attempt using polymerase chain reaction, after DNA amplification, the final products of the amplicon with 331 bp was cleared by using electrophoresis using agarose gel at concentration 2%. Results of viral DNA amplification were positive, which revealed as band in 331 bp the results showed that ill yearling pigeons recording high infectivity rate 66.7% compare with healthy yearling pigeons and adult once, the bursa of Fabricius samples of dead yearling pigeons recorded high prevalence 36.58% when compare with liver and spleen samples, DNA of pigeon circovirus high detected 60.71% in bursa of Fabricius of dead in shell pigeon embryo.in conclusion pigeon circovirus affected the racing pigeon in Mosul, Iraq.

Salah satu cara dalam meningkatkan efisiensi kecernaan pakan adalah dengan menambahkan feed additive. Asam organik yang sering digunakan sebagai feed additive, adalah asam format, karena sifat kelarutannya yang tinggi dalam air. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian asam format terhadap folikel limfoid bursa Fabricius dan limpa ayam, dilakukan penelitian dengan menggunakan 18 ekor day old chick (DOC) ayam kampung dengan tiga perlakuan yakni perlakuan kontrol (P0) ayam diberikan minum yang tidak mengandung asam format. Perlakuan 1 (P1) ayam diberikan air yang mengandung asam format (pH 2,5) dan perlakuan 2 (P2) ayam diberikan air yang mengandung asam format (pH 3,5). Masing masing perlakuan terdiri dari enam ekor ayam sebagai ulangan (n). Ayam ditimbang bobot badannya sebelum diberikan perlakuan. Enam minggu pasca perlakuan, ayam ditimbang kembali dan dikorbankan nyawanya dengan cara dislokasi capitis serta dilanjutkan dengan nekropsi. Organ bursa Fabricius dan limpa diambil dan dimasukkan dalam formalin 10%, jaringan yang telah difiksasi kemudian diproses dan diwarnai dengan pewarnaan Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penurunan pH air minum akibat pemberian asam format tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap jumlah folikel limfoid bursa Fabricius. Namun, berpengaruh nyata terhadap penurunan diameter folikel limfoid bursa Fabricius. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan penurunan pH air minum berpengaruh nyata terhadap penurunan jumlah dan diameter folikel limfoid pulpa putih limpa. Simpulannya adalah pemberian air minum yang asam menekan sistem imun ayam kampung.

Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites of moulds from the genus Aspergillus (Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus being the main producers). The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 on bursa of Fabricius morphology. Also, the possibility for prevention of toxic effects of AFB1 by feed supplementation of a mycosorbent (Mycotox NB) was studied. Experiments were carried out with sixty 7-day-old female turkey broilers (meat TM strain) divided into one control and five treatment groups (n=10). Groups were as followed: Group I – control (fed standard feed according to the species and age of birds); Group II – experimental, whose feed was supplemented with 0.5 g/kg Mycotox NG, Group III– experimental, whose feed contained 0.2 mg/kg aflatoxin B1, Group IV – experimental, whose feed contained 0.4 mg/kg aflatoxin B1, Group V – experimental, supplemented with 0.2 mg/kg aflatoxin B1 and 0.5 g/kg Mycotox NG and Group VI – experimental, supplemented with 0.4 mg/kg aflatoxin B1 and 0.5 g/kg Mycotox NG. The duration of the experiments was 42 days. The changes in bursal morphology in control and treated groups were followed out after the end of the study. In birds from experimental groups ІІI and IV, atrophy and degenerative changes have occurred in the bursa of Fabricius: reduction of lymphoid cell - populations in lymphoid follicles along with dystrophy. Feed supplementation with the tested toxin binder (Groups V and VI) resulted in partial neutralisation of deleterious effects of AFB1 on severity of histological lesions: interfollicular oedema, considerably lower lymphoid follicle rarefaction.

Use of immunomodulators has increased, particularly in poultry production around the world. The study evaluates effect of levamisole HCl (LMS) as an immunostimulatory agent on antibody titres and histomorphometric parameters of caecal tonsils, bursa and thymus of broilers. Sixty chickens were treated with 0 (control), 2, 5, 10, 15 and 25 mg/kg LMS in drinking water for 45 days. Antibody titre against ND, AI, IBD and IB was assayed periodically. At the end of the experiment, histological sec-tions were made from caecal tonsils, bursa and thymus. LMS had no effect on body, caecal tonsil and bursa weights. Treated birds, except those at 15 mg/kg, showed significantly higher antibody titres in some of the sampling occasions. In caecal tonsils, the highest dose had the most remarkable effect. In bursa, the most profound effect of this dose was on number of follicles per plica. Thymus was the least affected organ. In conclusion, LMS administration affected positively active antibody titres and histomorphometric parameters of caecal tonsils, bursa and less profoundly thymus in normal broilers.

WOS: 000354765400004, This study was carried out to investigate the effect of breeder age and lighting regimen on performance, some organ weights, villus development, and bursa of fabricius histological structure in broiler chickens. A total of 384 one-day-old chicks were obtained from two Ross broiler breeder flocks at 32 (young; Y) and 49 (old, O) weeks of age. Chicks from each breeder age were reared under 18 h light : 6 h dark (18 L : 6 D) (control; CL) or 14 L : 4 D : 2 L : 4 D (split darkness, SD). Body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and mortality were measured weekly during the experiment. At 21 days of age, liver, heart, spleen, and bursa of fabricius weights were recorded, gastrointestinal tract and jejunum lengths were measured, and histomorphometry of villi and bursa of fabricius structure were investigated. Interaction between breeder age and lighting regimen was observed, where Y-CL chicks had the lightest body weight from 7 to 35 days (P < 0.05). Neither breeder age nor lighting regimen influenced feed conversion ratio. SD chicks had longer (P < 0.05) gastrointestinal tract and jejunum, and wider villus in comparison to CL chicks. Lower relative spleen weight was observed in CL chicks compared to SD ones (P < 0.05). It was concluded that split darkness lighting regimen could be used for broiler chickens from young breeders to improve live body weight without affecting feed conversion ratio., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK), The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) is deeply acknowledged for its support through the Research Fellowship Program for Foreign Citizens.

SYBR Green I based real-time RT-PCR assay was developed for the detection and quantification of duck reovirus (DRV) using ABI PRISM 7500 sequence detection system. The assay was carried out using a set of primer designed to amplify highly conserved sequences of S2 gene of DRV. A 10-fold dilution series assay using a plasmid containing the cDNA of DRV S2 gene demonstrated the high sensitivity of the assay with a lowest detection limit of ≤1.48 copies/μL Standard deviation and coefficient of variation were low for both intra-assay and inter-assay variability. The assay performance was evaluated on 80 samples obtained from artificially infected Cherry Valley ducklings and 10 field specimens compared with the conventional RT-PCR assay. It was shown that 10 artificially infected samples tested negative in gel-based assay were positive for the real-time RT-PCR. DRV could be detected in all eight different tissues collected from the ducklings infected artificially. In contrast, the higher detection rate was obtained in the bursa of fabricius (90%), lung (90%), spleen (80%), and thymus (70%) than that in the liver (30%) as well as in the pancreas (10%). This method was rapid, specific, and sensitive for the detection of DRV and will be useful in veterinary diagnostic applications.

Resume On a etudie certains effets metaboliques de la splenectomie sur la bourse de Fabrice et sur le thymus des poulets. L'operation a ete pratiquee 5 semaines apres eclosion et les analyses ont ete effectuees 1 semaine et 3 semaines apres l'operation. On a determine, dans la bourse de Fabrice et dans le thymus, les activites transaminasiques (GOT et GPT), les proteines totales et l'azote amine. Dans les deux organes, on constate un phenomene de proteolyse, en parallele avec des modifications de l'activite transaminasique et de l'azote amine. Toutes les modifications obtenues sont semblables a celles que nous avons observees chez les poulets boursectomises ou thymectomises. Zusammenfassung Veranderungen an der Bursa Fabricii und am Thymus bei den Kuken nach der Milzexstirpation Bei Kuken wurden die Effekte einiger Stoffwechselanderungen nach der Splenektomie auf die Bursa Fabricii und den Thymus untersucht. Die Milzexstirpationen wurden 5 Wochen nach dem Ausschlupfen und die Analysen 1 bzw. 3 Wochen nach der Operation durchgefuhrt. In der Bursa Fabricii wurden die Aktivitat der Transaminasen (GOT und GPT) sowie die Totalproteine und der Aminosaure-Stickstoff bestimmt. Mit den Anderungen der Transaminasen-Aktivitat und des Aminosaure-Stickstoffs trat eine Proteolyse in den beiden Organen auf. Die Veranderungen sind denen ahnlich, die bei bursektomierten und thymektomierten Kuken gefunden wurden. Summary Changes in the bursa of Fabricius and thymus of chicks after splenectomy Certain metabolic effects of splenectomy on the bursa of Fabricius and thymus of chicks were studied. The operation was carried out 5 weeks after hatching and the metabolic tests were conducted 1 and 3 weeks later. In the bursa the activity of transaminases (GOT and GPT), as well as total proteins and amino-acid N were determined. Accompanying the changes in transaminase activity and amino-acid N there was proteolysis in both organs. All the changes are similar to those occurring in bursectomized or thymectomised chicks. Resumen Modificaciones en la bolsa de Fabricio y en el timo en pollitas tras esplenectomia Se estudiaron ciertos efectos metabolicos de la esplenectomia sobre la bolsa de Fabricio y el timo en pollitos. La operacion se practico 5 semanas despues de la eclosion y los analisis se efectuaron 1 y 3 semanas despues de extirpar el bazo. En la bolsa de Fabricio y en el timo se valoraron las actividades transaminasicas (GOT y GPT), las proteinas totales y el nitrogeno aminado. Al lado de las modificaciones de la actividad transaminasica y del nitrogeno aminado, se constato una proteolisis en ambos organos. Las modificaciones son semejantes a las observadas en los pollitos bursectomizados o timectomizados.

Summary Two and 14-day old chickens were busectomized (B), thymectomized (T), testosterone-treated (t) (five doses of 1 μg. per kg. body weight, a dose every two days), or subjected to combinations of these interventions. Animals were sacrificed at 10 days after operation or beginning of treatment, and pectoral muscle was analyzed. Protein content was generally lowered (even that of the myofibrillar fraction in younger t chickens). RNA and DNA contents were generally lowered, but important differences occurred between age-groups. Bt and Tt combinations did not lead to summation of the effects of the two procedures. Zusammenfassung Endokrine Einflusse auf den M. pectoralis von Kuken: Beziehungen zwischen Thymus, Bursa Fabricii und Testosteron Bei Kuken im Alter von 2 und 14 Tagen wurden folgende Eingriffe vorgenommen: Bursektomie (B), Thymektomie (T), Testosteron-Applikation: 5mal in Abstanden von 2 Tagen je 1 μg/kg KGW (t) oder Kombinationen dieser Behandlungen. 10 Tage nach der Operation oder nach dem Behand-lungsbeginn wurden die Tiere getotet und der Brustmuskel analysiert. Der Protein-Gehalt war allgemein erniedrigt, selbst in der myofibrillaren Fraktion der jungeren t-Kuken. RNS und DNS-Gehalte waren ebenfalls erniedrigt, wobei zwischen den Altersgruppen deutliche Unterschiede bestanden. Nach Bt- und Tt-Kombinationen konnte kein additiver Effekt der beiden Behandlungen beobachtet werden. Resume Influences endocrines sur M. pectoralis du poussin: Rapport entre Thymus, Bursa Fabricii et Testosterone Les interventions suivantes ont ete faites chez des poussins âges de 2–14 jours: boursectomie (B), thymectomie (T), application de testosterone (t) (5 fois en l'espace de 2 jours et chaque fois 1 μg/kg de poids). On a egalement procede a une combinaison de ces traitements. Les animaux ont ete sacrifies 10 jours apres l'operation ou le debut du traitement et on a analyse M. pectoralis. Le taux de proteines fut en general diminue, meme dans la fraction myofibrillaire des plus jeunes poussins (t). Les taux d'ARN et d'ADN furent egalement abaisses, de nettes differences existant entre les differentes classes d'âge. Aucun effet additif n'a ete observe apres des combinaisons Bt et Tt. Resumen Influjos endocrinos sobre el musculo pectoral del pollito: Correlaciones entre el timo, la bolsa de Fabricio y la testosterona En pollitos de 2 y 14 dias de edad se efectuaron las intervenciones siguientes: bursectomia (B), timectomia (T), aplicacion de testosterona (t): 5 dosis de 1 mg/kg PC, facilitandose una dosis cada dos dias, o combinaciones de estos tratamientos. Se sacrificaron los animales a los 10 dias despues de efectuada la operacion o tras el comienzo del tratamiento, analizandose el musculo pectoral. Por lo general, se hallaba disminuido el contenido en proteina, incluso en la fraccion miofibrilar de los pollitos t mas jovenes. Tambien estaban reducidos los niveles de RNA y DNA, existiendo diferencias importantes entre los grupos por edades. Las combinaciones Bt y Tt no indujeron ningun efecto aditivo a los dos procedimientos.

Zusammenfassung Doppelinfektionen von Eintagskuken mit dem Stamm Gifu-1 des Erregers der infektiosen Anamie bei Kuken (CAA und pathogenem Virus der Marekschen Krankheit (MDV) verursachten ein Fruhsterblichkeitssyndrom mit aplastischer Anamie. Die Infektion mit CAA alleine fuhrte bei minimaler Mortalitat ab 14. Tag p. i. (0–25 %) innerhalb von 14 Tagen zu einer Anamie mit Knochenmarksaplasie, Atrophie von Thymus und Bursa Fabricii, Leberschwellung und gelegentlichen Blutungen in Drusenmagen und Skelett- und Herzmuskulatur. Diese Veranderungen waren nach Doppelinfektion mit CAA und MDV (Stamme HPRS-16 oder HPRS-B 14) erheblich verstarkt, und es kam ab 10. Tag p. i. bis zum 16. Tag p. i. zu einer Mortalitat von 75–92 %. Das Krankheitssyndrom lieβ sich mit Vollblut doppelt infizierter Kuken ubertragen. Der MDV-Stamm HPRS-16 alleine verursachte weder eine Anamie noch eine Sterblichkeit vor dem 24. Tag p.i. Ein eigenes MDV-Isolat (Oldenburg) verursachte spontan bei bis zu 7 Tage alten Kuken ebenfalls das Fruhsterblichkeitssyndrom und ab 21. Tag p. i. die klassische Form der Marekschen Krankheit. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, daβ fur die durch dieses MDV-Isolat verursachte Anamie eine Verunreinigung mit CAA oder einem CAA-ahnlichen Erreger verantwortlich war. Danksagung Herrn Noboru Yuasa sind wir zu grosem Dank dafur verpflichtet, daβ er uns Material vom Stamm Gifu-1 des Anamie-Erregers zur Verfugung gestellt hat. Summary Early mortality syndrome of chickens after dual infection with Marek's disease virus (MDV) and chicken anaemia agent (CAA) Dual infection of day-old chickens with the Gifu-1 strain of chicken anaemia agent (CAA) and virulent Marek's disease virus (MDV) caused an early mortality syndrome associated with aplastic anaemia. Single CAA infection resulted in a low mortality (0–25 %) not before 14 days p. i. with anaemia, bone-marrow aplasia, atrophy of thymus and bursa of Fabricius, swelling of the liver and occasional haemorrhages in the mucous membrane of the proventricules, in skeletal muscles or on the heart. The lesions were considerably increased as a result of dual infections with CAA and the HPRS-16 or HPRS-B 14 strains of MDV. Chickens died as early as 10 days p. i., and the mortality was 75 % to 92 % until 16 days p. i. This syndrome could be transmitted by inoculation of whole blood from dually infected chickens. Single infection with the HPRS-16 strain of MDV did not cause anaemia, or mortality before 24 days p. i. An own isolate of MDV (Oldenburg) spontaneously caused the early mortality syndrome if inoculated into chickens up to 7 days of age, and it caused the classical form of MD occurring after 21 days or later. It could be shown that a contamination with CAA or a very similar agent was responsible for anaemia and early mortality caused by that MDV isolate. Resume Syndrome de mortalite precoce chez des poussins apres une double infection avec le virus de la maladie de Marek (MDV) et un agent d'anemie (CAA) Des infections doubles de poussins d'un jour avec la souche Gifu-1 de l'agent de l'anemie infectieuse des poussins (CAA) et avec le virus de la maladie de Marek (MDV) ont prevoque un syndrome de mortalite precoce avec anemie aplasique. L'infection avec seulement CAA a provoque une mortalite minimale des le 14e jour p. i. (0–25 %) durant 15 jours avec une anemie accompagnee d'une aplasie de la moelle osseuse, une atrophie du thymus et de la bourse de Fabricius, un foie grossi et occasionnellement des hemorragies dans le ventricule succenturie et la musculature du squelette et le myocarde. Ces lesions furent beaucoup plus fortes apres une infection double avec CAA et MDV (souches HPRS-16 ou HPRS-B 14) et il y a eu une mortalite de 75–92 % des le 10e jour p. i. jusqu'au 16e jour p. i. Une souche MDV isolee par nos soine (Oldenburg) a provoque spontanement le syndrome de mortalite precoce chez des poussins âges jusqu'a 7 jours et la forme classique de la maladie de Marek des le 21e jour p. i. On a pu montrer que l'anemie provoquee par cette souche MDV etait due a une contamination par CAA ou un agent semblable a CAA. Resumen Sindrome mortal precoz en pollitos tras infeccion doble con el virus de la enfermedad de Marek (MDV) y un agente etiologico de anemia infecciosa (CAA) Las infecciones dobles en pollitos de un dia de edad con la estirpe Gifu-1 del agente de la anemia infecciosa en pollitos (CAA) y el virus patogeno de la enfermedad de Marek (MDV) ocasionaron un sindrome mortal precoz con anemia aplastica. La infeccion con el CAA solamente conducia con mortalidad minima a partir del dia 14° p. i. (0–25 %) en un plazo de 14 dias a una anemia con aplasia de medula osea, atrofia de timo y bolsa de Fabricio, hepatomegalia y hemorragias ocasionales en el estomago glandular y musculaturas esqueletica y cardiaca. Estas modificaciones fueron reforzadas considerablemente tras la infeccion doble con CAA y MDV (estirpes HPRS-16 o HPRS-B 14), y a partir del dia 10° p.i. hasta el dia 16° p.i. se produjo una mortalidad de 75–92R. El sindrome nosologico se pudo transmitir con sangre completa de pollitos infectados dobles. La estirpe MDV-HPRS-16 sola no provocaba ni la anemia ni la mortalidad antes del dia 24° p. i. Un aislamiento MDV (Oldenburgo) propio causaba tambien espontaneamente el sindrome letal precoz, y a partir del dia 21° p.i. la forma clasica de la enfermedad de Marek. Se pudo demostrar que la anemia ocasionada por este aislamiento MDV se debia a una impurificacion con CAA o un agente similar al mismo.

Zusammenfassung Der direkte Immunofluoreszenz-Test (FA-Test) mit Huhner-Immunseren eignete sich zuverlassig fur den Nachweis von Infektionen mit Stammen der akuten (HPRS-16) und der klassischen (VC) Marek'schen Krankheit in Kukennieren-Zellkulturen. Ab 24 Stunden p. i. waren die ersten Fluoreszenzreaktionen zu beobachten. Der charakteristische ZPE trat fruhestens zwei Tage spater auf. Die Fluoreszenz war zuerst auf das Zytoplasma beschrankt und dehnte sich erst ab 3. Tag p. i., kurz vor dem Abkugeln der Zelle auch auf den Kern aus. Bei Huhnerembryonen lies sich eine spezifische Immunofluoreszenz nur im Herzmuskel eindeutig feststellen, wenn gleichzeitig eine herdformige Myocarditis vorlag. Bei Kuken traten spezifische Fluoreszenzreaktionen in den Follikel-Zentren der Bursa Fabricii auf. Im Mittel waren 52–55% der zwischen 12. und 56. Tag p. i. untersuchten Bursen fluoreszenzserologisch positiv. Die anderen Organe und Gewebe, einschlieslich Tumoren, Nerven und der als besonders infektios geltenden Milz waren im FA-Test negativ oder zeigten nur unklare, nicht verwertbare Reaktionen. Die Bedeutung der Befunde in der Bursa Fabricii wird im Hinblick auf die Pathogenese der Marek'schen Krankheit diskutiert. Summary The direct immunofluorescence test in Marek's disease The direct immuno-fluorescence test (FA test) with immune chicken serum is suitable for the demonstration of infection with strains of acute (HPRS-16) and classical (VC) Marek's disease in chick kidney cultures. The first fluorescence reaction is detectable 24 hours after infection. The characteristic cytopathogenic effect is first seen at least two days later. Fluorescence is first confined to the cytoplasm and then extends to the nucleus from three days after infection onwards, shortly before rounding of the nucleus. In chick embryos, a specific immunofluorescence can be detected with certainty only in the heart muscle when there is simultaneously a focal myocarditis. Chicks show a specific fluorescence reaction in the follicle centres of the bursa of Fabricius. On average, 52–55% of the bursae studied were positive between 12 and 56 days after infection. The other organs and tissues, including the tumours, nerves, and the spleen — which is considered as particularly infectious — were either negative to the FA test or showed only indistinct reactions which could not be evaluated. The significance of the findings in the bursa of Fabricius is discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of Marek's disease. Resume Test par immunofluorescence directe dans la maladie de Marek Le test par immunofluorescence directe (FA-Test) avec des immunserums de poule se prete fort bien a la mise en evidence des infections par les souches de la maladie de Marek aigue (HPRS-16) et classique (VC) sur cultures de cellules de reins de poulets. On peut observer les premieres reactions fluorescentes 24 heures p. i. L'effet cytopathogene caracteristique se manifeste au plus tot deux jours apres. La fluorescence reste d'abord limitee au cytoplasme et s'etend jusqu'au noyau a partir du 3eme jour p. i. seulement, peu avant que n'apparaisse la forme cellulaire spherique. Dans les embryons de poulet, on ne met en evidence une immunofluorescence specifique que dans le muscle cardiaque, lorsqu'il y a simultanement une myocardite en foyers. Chez les poussins, on observe des reactions fluorescentes specifiques dans les centres folliculaires de la bursa Fabricii. En moyenne, 52–55% des bourses examinees entre le 12eme et le 56eme jour p. i. sont positives a l'immunofluorescence. Les autres organes et tissus, y compris les tumeurs, les nerfs et la rate, consideree comme particulierement infectieuse, sont negatifs au test FA ou ne manifestent que des reactions peu claires qui ne sont pas utilisables. On discute la signification des observations faites sur la bursa Fabricii par rapport a la pathogenie de la maladie de Marek. Resumen Prueba de la inmunofluorescencia directa en la enfermedad de Marek La prueba de la inmunofluorescencia directa (test FA) con sueros sanguineos inmunes resultaba apropiada, de forma segura, para identificar infecciones con estirpes de la enfermedad aguda de Marek (HPRS-16) y clasica (VC) en cultivos celulares de rinones de pollo. El efecto citopatogeno caracteristico se iniciaba cuanto antes dos dias mas tarde. La fluorescencia se limitaba en un principio al citoplasma y a partir del dia tercero post infectionem se propagaba al nucleo poco antes de tornarse esferica la celula. En los embriones de pollo solo se comprobo, sin lugar a dudas, una inmunofluorescencia especifica en el musculo cardiaco, cuando al mismo tiempo se presentaba una miocarditis focal. En los pollitos aparecieron reacciones fluorescentes especificas en los centros foliculares de la bolsa de Fabricio. Como media, del 52–55% de las bolsas mencionadas examinadas entre el 12° y 56° dia p. i. eran fluorescente-serologicamente positivas. Los organos y tejidos restantes, incluidos los tumores, nervios y bazo, que se considera harto infeccioso, resultaron negativos en el test FA o bien ofrecian solo reacciones poco claras, no aprovechables. Se discute la importancia de los hallazgos en la bolsa de Fabricio con respecto a la patogenia de la enfermedad de Marek.

Newcastle Disease is a highly contagious and very virulent avian disease in all of poultry. The aims of this study were to determine the lesions and distribution of Newcastle disease virus on spleen and bursa of Fabricous of Newcastle disease chickhens from field cases. The sample used in this study were the spleen and bursa Fabricious organ of ten cases of suspect Newcastle disease. Haematoxylin and eosin staining examination was performed determine of cell morphology and distribution of the virus by immunohistochemical staining. The distribution of the lesions and the degree of reaction were determined by the category immunopositive mild, moderate and severe. Gross lesion on spleen, including swollen, fragile and necrotic multifocal. Histopathological lesions showed hyperemia/congestion and depletion of lymphoid cells. Immunopositive reaction found in lymphoid cells of red pulp and lymphoid cells in lymphoid follicles. Bursa of Fabricious showed atrophy and hyperemia/congestion with histopatological lesions hemorrhages, lymphoid cells in lymphoid follicles undergo necrosis and depletion of lymphoid follicles. Immunopositif reaction was observed in lymphoid cells in the mantle zone of lymphoid follicles. Newcastle disease from field cases cause damage to the spleen and bursa of Fabricius with degrees lesions and virus distribution in the organs are severe.

The aim of this paper was to examine the effect of different duration sound stress on immune organs of broiler chickens of different age. Nine groups, with 10 chickens in each group were included in experiment. The histological structure of bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen were analyzed. The results indicated that the bursa of Fabricius, in relation to the other examined organs, was the most sensitive to this kind of stress. Histological changes of spleen and thymus were also observed, but less prominent except in chickens after more than 30 days of exposure to stress. According to our results, degree of histological changes of immune organs under the influence of sound stress depends on the length of exposure and age of chickens. Cilj rada je da se ispita uticaj zvučnog stresora na imunološke organe brojlera koji su bili izlagani u različitim uzrastima i različitom trajanju stresora. Formirano je devet grupa, a svaka grupa je imala po 10 pilića. Ispitivana je histološka građa Fabricijeve burze, grudne žlezde i slezine. Rezultati ukazuju da je Fabricijeva burza, u odnosu na ostale ispitivane organe, najosetljivija na delovanje ove vrste stresora. Promene se uočavaju i kod grudne žlezde i slezine, ali su manje i javljaju se nakon izlaganja stresoru više od 30 dana. Stepen promena u histološkoj građi imunoloških organa pod uticajem zvučnog stresora zavisi od dužine izlaganja kao i uzrasta pilića.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of floor density and feeding system on the weight of bursa of Fabricius and spleen as well as the plasma Triiodothyronine level of Bayang Duck. Objective of the experiment was to know the effect of floor density and feeding system on the weights of bursa of Fabricius and spleen as well as the plasma triiodothyronine level in the Ducks. As animal materials in the experiment were used Bayang Ducks, a localized kind of domestic water poultry. Bayang Ducks have been being reared traditionally by small farmers in District Pesisir Selatan of The Province of West Sumatera- Indonesia. In amount of 80 ducks treated since they were 2 weeks age and average body weight 135±0.39g until finishing of six weeks experimental period. The experiment was arranged into Split Plot Design in CRD with factors Floor density D1 0.48 sq m/duck, D2 0.08 sq m/duck and feeding systems F1 ration and F2 free choice. Every treatment had five replications and every experimental unit consisted of four ducks. The measured variables were relative weight of bursa of Fabricius and spleen as well as level of triiodothyronine in blood plasma. Data were analyzed statistically with Split Plot Design in CRD. The experiment resulted in that the relative weight of bursa of Fabricius as well as spleen and the level of plasma triiodothyronine (T3) as D1 and F1 effects significantly higher than that of S2 and F2 respectively.

This study was designed to detect the reactions grossly and histologically on the lymphoid organs (Bursa of Fabricious, Spleen, Thymus) in 8 day old broiler chickens vaccinated with infectious bursal disease vaccine (Intermediate plus)-(Ceva- IBDL).The study revealed no clinical signs on post vaccination days 2, 4 and 6. Gross lesions were swelling of the bursa due to the edema which obviously appeared as yellowish transudate covering the serosal surface area, and the bursa appears congested, the longitudinal striation on the surface become more prominent and congested while small gray foci appear on the surface of spleen. Microscopically there is degeneration and necrosis of lymphocytes in the medullary area and lymphoid follicles, edema between lymphoid follicles, hyperemia, lymphocytic depletion and cystic cavities developed in the medullary area of the follicles. In spleen, there were degeneration and necrosis of reticuloendothelial cells in the germinal center of the white pulp, with hyperemia in spleen and thymus. It was concluded that the intermediate plus vaccine which used in this study induced severe pathological changes in the bursa and spleen and less in the thymus on post vaccination days 2, 4 and 6.

The present study was carried out to analyse the vascularization of the pigeon bursa cloacalis of Fabricius and to determine whether it undergoes age-dependent changes during its functionally most important growth period after hatching of the pigeon. Morphological assessment of vascular corrosion casts, studied qualitatively and quantitatively, was applied for the first time to investigate the vascularization of the pigeon pigeon bursa of Fabricius. This also allowed us to analyse the microvasculature and morphological aspects of the vessel interrelationships as occurring in the natural state. The casts were compared with histological sections stained by haematoxylin-eosin and by binding of the lectin e-PHA (Phaseolus vulgaris, erythroagglutinin) to blood vessels. The vascular architecture of the bursa of Fabricius of the pigeon revealed that the organ is irrigated via two pathways, first through the terminal capillary system of lymphoid follicles arising from the internal pudendal artery, and secondly through arteries originating from the cloacal vasculature of the collum of the organ supplying the periluminal capillary system of the pigeon bursa of Fabricius. Both systems are drained by a venous system which is collateral to the system of the internal pudendal artery and clearly functions as a direct link between the lumen and vasculature of the cloaca or gut, respectively, and the bursa fabricii. This could allow the lymphocytes to be confronted with antigens from the contents of the gut, and their subsequent transport into the secondary lymphoid organs of the organism. Our results demonstrate that the blood vessels, as major and supplying part of the lymphoid system of the bursa Fabricii, clearly reflect three different phases of development: the evolution phase from about day 20 until day 50 post-hatching, the mature phase from days 50 to 90, and the involution phase after day 90. During the evolution phase the density of the vessel system rapidly increases, while in the mature phase the vascular architecture is maintained. The involution phase is dominated by vascular degeneration combined with shrinkage of the whole organ. Therefore, the morphology of the vasculature distinctly reflects the functional status of this primary lymphoid organ during its lifespan.

Cryptosporidiosis is one of the main protozoan infections in birds. It manifests as either a respiratory or a digestive illness, and it affects a very large number of avian species across several continents. The aim of this review is to report on the main results of studies on cryptosporidiosis among birds and the importance of these results to veterinary medicine and public health. A criptosporidiose constitui-se em uma das principais infecções por protozoários em aves, manifestando-se como enfermidade respiratória ou digestiva, em dezenas de espécies aviárias, em vários continentes. O objetivo desse trabalho foi relatar, por meio de revisão de literatura, os principais resultados de estudos sobre criptosporidiose em aves e sua importância para a medicina veterinária e saúde pública.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of phytogenic additives and glutamine plus glutamic acid, associated or not, on histomorphometry of bursa of Fabricius and small intestine, oocyst count and lesion scores, and carbon turnover of duodenal mucosa of broiler chickens infected with Eimeria acervulina. A total of 450 male broiler chickens was distributed into a completely randomized design with six treatments and three replications. Treatments consisted of control diet (CD); CD + coccidiosis vaccine; CD + antibiotic performance enhancers and anticoccidial (APE/AC); CD + glutamine and glutamic acid (Gln/Glu); CD + phytogenic additives (PA); CD + Gln/Glu + PA. Birds on treatment CD + vaccine were vaccinated via drinking water at three days of age against coccidiosis. At 16 days of age all birds of all treatments were inoculated orally and individually with 500,000 oocysts of Eimeria acervulina. There was no treatment effect on lesion score in the intestinal epithelium of birds. The smaller number of excreted oocysts was observed in groups of birds fed diets containing APE/AC and PA. Were observed better results of villus height and crypt depth for duodenum and ileum of birds of treatments containing Gln/Glu at 7 days of age, and Gln/Glu and PA at 21 days of age. Higher percentage of cortical area from bursa follicles was observed in birds fed diets supplemented with Gln/Glu and PA at 7, 14 and 21 days of age. Increased turnover of intestinal mucosa was observed in treatments containing Gln/Glu, indicating acceleration in development and regeneration of damaged tissue. Glutamine plus glutamic acid and phytogenic additives can provide improvements to structure, and thus to intestinal function, as well as to better immune response against the infectious challenges. Phytogenic additives can be used for coccidiosis control of broiler chickens where the use of antibiotic performance enhancers and anticoccidials is prohibited. Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos aditivos fitogênicos e da glutamina mais ácido glutâmico, associados ou não, sobre a histomorfometria da Bursa de Fabricius e intestino delgado, sobre contagem de oocistos e escores de lesão e sobre o turnover do carbono da mucosa intestinal de frangos de corte experimentalmente infectadas com Eimeria acervulina. Para isso foram utilizados 450 pintos de corte machos distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualisado, com seis tratamentos e três repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de dieta controle (DC); DC + Vacina de coccidiose; DC + antibióticos melhoradores de desempenho e anticoccidiano (AMD/AC); DC + glutamina e ácido glutâmico (Gln/Glu); DC + sditivos fitogênicos (AFs); DC + Gln/Glu + AFs. As aves do tratamento DC + Vacina foram vacinadas via água de bebida, aos três dias de idade, contra coccidiose. Aos 16 dias de idade todas as aves de todos os tratamentos foram inoculadas oralmente e individualmente com 500.000 oocistos de Eimeria acervulina. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos para escore de lesão no epitélio intestinal das aves. O menor número de oocistos excretados foi observado nos grupos de aves alimentadas com dieta contendo AMD/AC e AFs. Foram observados melhores resultados para altura das vilosidades e profundidade das criptas do duodeno e ílio das aves dos tratamentos contendo Gln/Glu, aos 7 dias de idade e Gln/Glu e AFs aos 21 dias de idade. Maior porcentagem de área cortical dos folículos bursais foi observada em aves alimentadas com dieta suplementada com Gln/Glu e AFs aos 7, 14 e 21 dias de idade. Maior turnover da mucosa intestinal foi observada em aves dos tratamentos contendo Gln/Glu, indicando aceleração do desenvolvimento e regeneração do tecido lesado. Glutamina mais ácido glutâmico e aditivos fitogênicos podem oferecer melhorias à estrutura e, consequentemente, à função do intestino, bem como melhores condições para resposta imune frente à desafios infecciosos. Aditivos fitogênicos podem ser utilizados no controle da coccidiose em criações de frangos de corte onde é proibida a utilização de antibióticos melhoradores de desempenho e anticoccidianos.

The bursa of Fabricius (BF) is a lymphoepithelial organ found only in birds. Differences in morphology of BF could play an important role in immune response. The objective of this study was to investigate the histological and histochemical characteristics of the bursa of Fabricius in the long-legged buzzard (Buteo rufinus). The material for the study comprised bursa samples obtained from three long-legged buzzards with permission of the General Directorate of Nature Protection and National Parks (Ankara, Turkey). Briefly, interfollicular epithelium (IFE) was shown to be columnar in shape and not to contain goblet cells. Reticular fibers were located in interfollicular septae. Each lymphoid follicle in the bursa of Fabricius in the long-legged buzzard was remarkably linked to the follicle associated epithelium (FAE). Namely, FAE has been reported to stimulate antibody production by transferring antigens to the medulla and have a leading role in developing of local immune response. Among the others, the species-specific differences in bursa of Fabricius morphology of long-legged buzzard (Buteo rufinus) also might support the continuity of this species in nature.

Estudou-se, pela histomorfometria da bolsa de Fabrício, o envolvimento da apoptose como mecanismo de depleção linfocitária em frangos de corte, após ingestão de toxina T-2 de Fusarium sporotrichioides veiculada pela ração. Foram utilizados 42 pintos de um dia de idade, distribuídos ao acaso em três grupos. O grupo tratado (n = 15) recebeu diariamente ração contaminada com 2,64 mg/kg da toxina T-2; o grupo residual (n = 12) recebeu ração contaminada por 7 ou 14 dias, passando a receber ração limpa (não contaminada) na semana antecedente ao sacrifício. Um grupo controle (n = 15) recebeu ração não contaminada. Aos 7, 14 e 21 dias de experimento cinco animais de cada um dos grupos controle e tratado e aos 14 e 21dias seis do grupo residual foram sacrificados, colhendo-se as bolsas de Fabrício (BF) para análise histomorfométrica e determinação do índice apoptótico. As características da apoptose foram confirmadas pela técnica de marcação in situ da fragmentação do genoma (TUNEL) e pela eletroforese do DNA, em gel de agarose. As BF nos grupos tratado e residual, aos 14 e 21 dias, apresentaram depleção linfocitária de moderada a intensa e elevado índice apoptótico, significativamente maior do que do grupo controle (P

Humoral immune responses in birds, contrary to mammals, depend on the normal functioning of bursa Fabricii. Recent studies have delivered new information about the structure, development and origin of cells that compose the bursa environment. Several viral infections affect bursa, causing lymphocyte depletion or excessive proliferation. This review summarizes data on the development and histology of healthy bursa and introduces some common disorders that affect this organ.

The article "The bursa of Fabricius and antibody production" by Bruce Glick, Timothy S. Chang, and R. George Jaap first demonstrated the role of the bursa in immune development. Birds, including chickens, possess a peculiar organ, the bursa of Fabricius. The organ was recognized for more than 300 yr before its function was described in 1956. Discovery of the bursa as an essential component of the immune response began by accident. Removal of the bursa, bursectomy, during the rapid growth period diminished the antibody response to Salmonella. A paper describing this exceptional finding was initially rejected by Science and ultimately published in Poultry Science. This revelation triggered sequential events leading to the understanding of the dichotomy of the immune response. Additional work in multiple laboratories over many years revealed fundamental immune mechanisms attributable to the bursa. Understanding those mechanisms advanced agricultural and biomedical science.

The development of the bursal follicle and the appearance of the follicle-associated epithelial (FAE) cell and the reticuloepithelial (REp) cell were studied. The stages of development of the bursal follicle were observed by light and electron microscopy; an anticytokeratin monoclonal antibody was also used. At the beginning of follicle development, a mesenchymal cell cluster is observed in the tunica propria; the cluster becomes wedged in a niche of the surface epithelium, and gradually it is completely surrounded by the epithelium itself, which closes under the clump of mesenchymal cells. The epithelial cells lying upon the mesenchymal clump become necrotic, and a number of mesenchymal cells bulge out, forming the FAE cells. The epithelial cells that have closed under the mesenchymal nodule become stratified and form the REp cells; they become star-shaped because the medullary-lymphoid cells grow between them. Finally, the cortex is formed, possibly as a result of the migration of medullary cells before they peripheralize. It is concluded that FAE cells are not specialized epithelial cells, as they do not react to an anticytokeratin monoclonal antibody; on the contrary, they are formed by mesenchymal stemcells that bulge into the lumen and change their character after moving into the epithelium. The REp cells appear in the follicular primordium shortly after the bursal follicle begins to develop; the pronounced reactivity of the REp cells to an anticytokeratin monoclonal antibody supports the hypothesis of their epithelial origin.

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes idades de matrizes sobre a biometria de orgaos e a morfometria intestinal de pintos de corte a eclosao. Foram incubados 200 ovos provenientes de matrizes pesadas da linhagem comercial Ross 308, com as idades de 32, 40, 48, 56 e 64 semanas. A eclosao 20 pintinhos de cada idade de matriz foram pesados individualmente e sacrificados para avaliacao do peso do peito, bolsa cloacal, saco da gema e intestino delgado e do comprimento do intestino delgado. O segmento do duodeno foi coletado para mensuracao da altura de vilo e da profundidade de cripta. Houve efeito linear positivo da idade da matriz (p

The family Echinostomatidae Looss, 1899 is a rather heterogeneous group of cosmopolitan, hermaphroditic digeneans that parasitize, as adults, numerous vertebrate hosts of all classes. This group exhibits a substantial taxonomic diversity (91 nominal genera are described), which is associated with the broad range of final hosts and a wide geographical distribution. Adult echinostomes are predominantly found in birds, but also parasitize mammals and occasionally reptiles and fishes. Their typical site of location is the intestine, but there are examples from the bile duct, gall bladder, ureters and urinary tubules of the kidneys, cloaca and bursa Fabricii of birds. The main distinguishing feature of the family Echinostomatidae is the presence of a circumoral head collar armed with one or two ventrally interrupted crowns of large spines. The pattern of the crown armature is an essential diagnostic character at both suprageneric and generic level, and in most cases the size of the spines is used at the species level. Consequently, illustrations of the collar spines, after cutting the entire collar at its base and mounting in glycerine, is desirable in order to study these characters accurately and consistently.

A carboximetilglucana (CMG) e uma molecula soluvel, composta de residuos de glicopiranosil unidos em ?(1-3) e ?(1-6), que possui a capacidade de ativar o sistema imune do hospedeiro. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as caracteristicas produtivas e imunologicas de 192 frangos de corte (Gallus domesticus) da linhagem COBB, que receberam racoes contendo 0%, 0,025%, 0,050% e 0,075% de CMG de Saccharomyces cerevisiae adicionada em farinha de milho. Todas as aves foram imunizadas contra a doenca de Newcastle e, em cada tratamento, 3 aves escolhidas aleatoriamente receberam CMG intramuscular no 3o, 7o e 14o dia. Foram avaliados o desempenho animal, o desenvolvimento da bursa de Fabricius e lâminas histologicas do intestino delgado, alem do numero de celulas fagociticas no sangue e niveis de anticorpos no soro. Os resultados mostraram diferenca no ganho de peso e consumo de racao das aves que consumiram a CMG no periodo de 1 a 21 dias. O peso relativo da bursa de Fabricius aumentou nas aves suplementadas com 0,025 e 0,050% de CMG. O numero de celulas fagociticas e os niveis de anticorpos totais dos frangos de corte, aos 21 dias de idade foram maiores nas aves que receberam CMG na racao. Para os animais que receberam CMG via intramuscular foi observado aumento no titulo dos anticorpos especificos para Newcastle.

During 1974-1984, cryptosporidiosis was diagnosed in slightly more than 1% (63/6050 = 1.04%) of histopathology reports on chickens and turkeys made at two Georgia diagnostic laboratories. During 1985-1988, cryptosporidiosis was diagnosed in almost 6% (157/2622 = 5.99%) of histopathology reports on chickens and turkeys made at the two laboratories. Intestinal and respiratory Cryptosporidium sp. infections have increased significantly (p less than 0.01) with time. During the same period, there was no statistical pattern for bursa of Fabricius Cryptosporidium sp. infections, and there was no relationship between the incidence of bursal infections and the incidence of either respiratory or intestinal infections.

Summary To study the clinical and pathological manifestations of Cryptosporidium infections, 24 h-old chickens were inoculated via four routes: orally, nasally, cloacally and by contamination, using 10 5 oocysts of Cryptosporidium in each case. The chickens began to shed oocysts of Cryptosporidium on days 7 to 8 after inoculation. There was no difference in the clinical manifestations or histological damage with respect to the inoculation routes. Various developmental stages of Cryptosporidium were also demonstrated microscopically in the smears or sections of bursa of Fabricii, larynx, trachea and cecal tonsils of inoculated chickens. Although the intestinal mucosa and respiratory tract mucosa were scarcely infected with the parasites, the bursa Fabricii was heavily infected in association with hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the lining epithelial cells.

The histological changes occurring in the bursa of Fabricius and in the thymus of 4-week-old pigeons after cyclophosphamide (Cy)-treatment are described. The bursa underwent atrophy and lymphoid cells virtually disappeared from the follicles in which only the reticulo-epithelial cells persisted. The thymus also showed marked degeneration accompanied by lymphocyte depletion. The development of lesions ceased 4 days after the beginning of treatment in the thymus and 6 days later than this in the bursa. After 2 weeks, the two organs showed regeneration. The histological appearance of the thymus returned to normal after 3 weeks and that of the bursa after 7 weeks. Cy-treatment of pigeons produced a profound B and T-cell deficiency which is more transient for T-cells.

A new theory implies that the epithelium of the gut in e.g. fishes is a first level lymphoid organ with the same influence on lymphocytes and lymphoid tissue as the bursa Fabricii in birds. The mammals may be in the process of developing a special bursa equivalent—the epithelium covering the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. But even in mammals the epithelium of the whole gut may function as a bursa Fabricii. In this investigation a series of questions about the kinetics of the lymphocytes within the gut epithelium in germfree and conventional rats has been asked and partly answered. At least 2–3 per cent of the lymphocytes within the gut epithelium, here called theliolymphocytes, synthesize DNA in situ . As many as 12 per cent of the theliolymphocytes at the tip of the villi of the small intestine are less than three days old. These data, and other data on the theliolymphocytes given in this paper, can be best explained by the assumption that theliolymphocytes are to a large extent immigrants, and that these immigrants constitute a selection of young lymphocytes compared to the ordinary mixture of mostly old blood lymphocytes. There is some weak evidence that the theliolymphocytes do not leave the body together with the epithelial cells at the tip of the villi, but reenter the lamina propria. The absence of clearcut differences between germfree and conventional animals regarding the kinetics of the theliolymphocytes supports the original theory. The theory discussed in this article was partly based on the assumption that fishes, amphibians and reptiles did not show demonstrable gut-associated lympho-epithelial organs, to which a bursa function could be ascribed. However, such microscopical lympho-epithelial organs have recently been demonstrated in the gut of fishes and reptiles (Fichtelius, Finstad, Good, to be published). The structure of all these organs is characterized by a close spatial relationship between epithelium and collections of lymphocytes within the lamina propria of the gut. The kinetics of theliolymphocytes and proprialymphocytes is still very interesting, even if the diffuse bursa equivalent of vertebrates very probably includes both the epithelium and part of the proprialymphocytes.

In this paper I have the honour to submit to the Society some observations which I have made on the Bursa Fabricii—an organ respecting the function of which so little has yet been determined with any certainty, some physiologists regarding it, after the manner of the author who first described it, as a receptaculum seminis, others as the analogue of Cowper’s glands, others as that of the prostate; and one as that of the urinary bladder of fishes. For the sake of order and to save some repetition, before entering into particulars it may not be amiss to state briefly that this peculiar organ, in every instance it is met with, is found to lie low in the cavity of the pelvis, behind the intestine, either directly in the median line, or a little on one side of it; that it is covered anteriorly by the reflected peritoneum; is composed mainly of two coats, one an outer muscular, the other an inner mucous, the latter in the instances of most development abounding in follicles; that it communicates with the cloaca by an opening, in the female, close to the entrance of the oviduct, in the male between and a little inferior to that of each vas deferens, in both inferior to the termination of the ureters; and that it has over its orifice, when most perfect, a slight valvular fold, affording some, but not perfect, security against the entrance into its cavity of fæcal matter whilst passing in the act of expulsion.

Bursa Fabricii, Thymus, Milz und Zakaltonsillen von 63 Huhnern im Alter von 1 Tag bis zu 1 Jahr werden histologisch untersucht, wobei das Vorkommen der als bursaabhangig geltenden Keimzentren und Plasmazellen quantitativ erfast wird. Beide treten in der Milz und Tonsilla caecalis erst wahrend des Reifestadiums der Bursa in zunehmender Menge auf. Mit Beginn der Bursainvolution werden Keimzentren und pyroninophile Zellen in der Milz selten, wahrend in den Zakaltonsillen kaum Veranderungen auftreten. Im Thymus verschiebt sich das Verhaltnis zwischen Mark- und Rindenbreite zugunsten des Marks. Bei 8 Monate alten Tieren fehlt die Rinde vollstandig. Plasmazellen treten im Thymusmark wahrend des Reifestadiums der Bursa auf und nehmen mit dem Beginn deren Involution zu. In dem Zeitraum zwischen 2 Wochen und 5 Monaten andert sich das Verhaltnis zwischen reifen und unreifen Plasmazellen bestandig zugunsten der reifen Plasmazellen.

Die Bursae Fabricii von Huhnern im Alter von 1 Tag bis zu 1 Jahr werden histologisch untersucht. Dabei sind nach dem histologischen Bild Postembryonal-, Ausreifungs-, Reife-, fruhes und spates Involutions- sowie Reliktstadium zu unterscheiden. Postembryonal-, Ausreifungs- und Reifestadium weichen im wesentlichen hinsichtlich Gesamtgrose, Follikelgrose und Zellzusammensetzung voneinander ab. Die Involution kann im Alter von 14 Wochen bis 5 Monaten beginnen. Wahrend der Involution verschmelzen die Bursafalten, das Lumen verschwindet. Die Bursafollikel verlieren an der Lumenseite zunachst die Rinde, dann das Mark. Die Restfollikel lagern sich zusammen und werden nekrotisch, ein Teil bildet Zysten. Als Reliktstadien finden sich bis zum Alter von 1 Jahr fibrotische, muskel- und gefasreiche Gebilde, die Bursafollikel, Keimzentren oder Lymphozytenhaufchen enthalten.

A proposed operational technique is described whereby the intestinal flow from the Bursa of Fabricius in chickens at hatching is excluded.

Summary Ablation of the bursa Fabricii, thymus or both lymphatic organs in chicks of different ages induces modifications in the protein (total protein, RNA and DNA contents), carbohydrate (glycogen content and phosphorylase activity) and oxidative (cytochrome oxidase activity) metabolism of the pectoral muscle. The modifications seem to be mediated by the adrenals. Zusammenfassung Wirkung der Extirpation der Bursa Fabricii und des Thymus auf den Stoffwechsel des Brustmuskels der Kucken Die Exstirpation der Bursa Fabricii und des Thymus bzw. der beiden lymphatischen Organe bei verschieden alten Kucken verandert den Protein-Kohlenhydrat- und Oxydationsstoffwechsel des M. pectoralis (Totalprotein, RNS- und DNS-Gehalt, Glykogengehalt, Phosphorylase-Aktivitat, Cytochromoxidase-Aktivitat. Die Wirkungen scheinen durch den Einflus der Nebennieren ausgelost zu werden. Resume Action de l'extirpation de la bourse de Fabricius et du thymus sur le metabolisme de la musculature du brechet chez des poussins L'extirpation de la bourse de Fabricius et du thymus ou des deux organes lymphatiques chez des poussins d'âges differents modifie le metabolisme proteine-hydrate de carbone et d'oxydation, le taux du glycogene, l'activite de la phosphorylase et de la cytochromoxydase. Les effets semblent etre declenches par l'influence des glandes surrenales. Resumen Efecto de la ablacion de la bolsa de Fabricio y del timo sobre el metabolismo del musculo pectoral en los pollitos La extirpacion de la bolsa de Fabricio y del timo resp. de ambos organos linfaticos en pollitos de edades diferentes induce modificaciones en el metabolismo de las proteinas, hidratos de carbono y oxidativo del musculo pectoral (proteina total, contenidos en ARN y ADN, contenido en glucogeno, actividad de la fosforilasa y actividad de la citocromooxidasa). Las modificaciones parecen ser desencadenadas por las anterrenales.

Anal sucking-like movements and the uptake of tracer materials by the bursa Fabricii, caeca and caecal tonsils were studied in chick embryos and chickens of various ages. In embryos, aged 15 days or more, sucking movements were associated with transportation of colloidal carbon from the anal lips into the bursal lumen. Since sucking was found only after mechanical irritation of the skin, occurring simultaneously with slow respiratory efforts, we conclude that it may not have any biological importance during the embryonal period. After hatching, the sucking movements were spontaneous and occurred also in old chickens after bursal involution. In young chickens movements were simultaneous with the respiratory motions, increasing in older birds. In chickens with intact bursa, anal sucking was associated with effective transport of tracer materials into the bursal lumen, immediately after application; later the tracers were found in the caecal lumina. Also in old chickens, after bursal involution, the tracers were taken up into the cloaca, colon and the caeca. As in the bursa, a further transport of colloidal carbon from the lumen into the mucosal lymphoid tissue was found also in the caecal tonsils, but in the bursa this transport was by far more effective.

Summary The action in vivo of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) on the thymus and bursa of Fabricius was investigated in 5 days old Studler-Cornish chickens. The PHA was administered i. m. in a dose of 3 mg. per 100 g. body weight and the birds were killed 8 and 24 hr, and 3, 7, 14 and 21 days thereafter. The action of PHA was evident at 7 days after administration when the thymus became stimulated (increase in weight, DNA and RNA content), but there was no effect on the bursa of Fabricius. The effect suggests that PHA has implications in cellular immunity. The thymus changes may be the result of the adrenal reaction. Zusammenfassung In-vivo-Effekt von Phytohamagglutin auf den Thymus und die Bursa Fabricii Bei 5 Tage alten Studler-Cornish-Kuken wurde der Einflus von Phytohamagglutinin (PHA) auf den Thymus und die Bursa Fabricii untersucht. Das PHA wurde in einer Dosis von 3 mg / 100 g Korpergewicht i. m. appliziert. Die Versuchstiere wurden 8 und 24 Stunden bzw. 3, 7, 14 und 21 Tage nach der Medikation getotet. Der PHA-Effekt wurde 7 Tage nach der Behandlung manifest, und zwar in Form einer Thymusstimulation (Zunahme des Gewichts sowie des DNS- und RNS-Gehaltes). An der Bursa Fabricii war kein Effekt festzustellen. Die Ergebnisse sprechen fur einen Einflus des PHA auf die zellulare Immunitat. Die Thymusveranderungen durften die Folge einer Nebennierenreaktion sein. Resume Effet in vivo de la phytohemagglutinine sur le thymus et la bourse de Fabricius On a examine l'influence de la phytohemagglutinine (PHA) sur le thymus et la bourse de Fabricius chez des poussins Studler-Cornish âges de 5 jours. PHA fut applique a une dose de 3 mg / 100 g de poids i/m. Les animaux furent sacrifies 8 et 24 heures, 3, 7, 14 et 21 jours apres l'application d'une stimulation du thymus (augmentation du poids et du taux en DNA et RNA). Il n'y a pas eu d'effet sur la bourse de Fabricius. Les resultats indiquent une influence de PHA sur l'immunite cellulaire. Les modifications du thymus devraient etre la consequence d'une reaction des surrenales. Resumen Efecto in vivo de fitohemaglutinina sobre el timo y la bolsa de Fabricio en pollitos Se estudio en pollitos Studler-Cornish, de 5 dias de edad, el influjo de fitohemaglutinina (FHA) sobre el timo y la bolsa de Fabricio. Se administro la FHA por via im. en una dosis de 3 mg/100 g peso vivo. Los animales de ensayo se mataron 8 y 24 horas resp. 3, 7, 14 y 21 dias tras la medicacion. La accion de la FHA se manifesto a los 7 dias del tratamiento, habiendose estimulado el timo (aumento del peso y de los contenidos en ADN y ARN). En la bolsa de Fabricio no se pudo apreciar ningun efecto. Los resultados abogan a favor de que la FHA tiene inferencias en la inmunidad celular. Las modificaciones en el timo podrian ser el resultado de la reaccion adrenal.

Four live virus vaccines against Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) were studied with regard to their safety, immune response and applicability. None of the vaccines caused clinical symptoms or had an adverse impact on bodyweight. Differences between these vaccines were observed in their effect on the Bursa/Bodyweight Ratio and the severity of the microscopical lesions of the bursa Fabricii. The immunosuppressive effect of IBD vaccination at one day of age on the response to Newcastle disease vaccine applied was rather low. Three of the four vaccines induced antibodies associated with protection against challenge. Vaccination of SPF rearing chickens by drinking water at an age of 15 weeks produced an antibody response (Agar Gel Precipitin Test) whereas at 15 weeks produced an antibody response (Agar Gel Precipitin Test) whereas at an age of 23, 32 and 60 weeks it did not. Chickens of all age groups responded serologically to an intramuscular vaccination. A correlation was found between the immunological response and the effect of the vaccines on the bursa Fabricii.