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With an rise in energy needs and environmental deterioration, industrialists are urged to pursue environmentally sustainable substitutes. This research includes the use of TiO2 nanoparticles to boost oil lubricity. Euphorbia lathyris oil has been employed as a source oil during the study. The primary intent of this research is to investigate the friction and wear features of Euphorbia lathyris oil. During this analysis, distinct loads are applied at constant temperatures throughout the implementation procedure. Different concentration of nanoparticles chosen on the basis of the foregoing research being included. The minimal friction coefficient became reached by adding close to 0.3% of nanoparticles. As during maximum proportion of nanoparticles incorporated, additional disc wear occured. Enhanced outcome in terms of wear of the specimens were recorded at 0.3% of nanoparticles compared to untreated Euphorbia lathyris oil. The SEM images of the lubricants also shows improved surface at 0.3% concentration.

EDM is one of the advanced machining process which is used to machine any electrically conductive material. Dielectric fluid is an unavoidable component in this process. Dielectric fluid plays a significant role on the characteristics of machining process such as tool wear rate (TWR), material removal rate (MRR) and more. Conventional dielectric fluid having disadvantages like they emit carbon die oxide, carbon mono oxide gases in the environment. Vegetable based bio-oil/ biodiesels are biodegradable, environment friendly and they emit less harmful gases. In this paper study of various waste vegetable oils used as dielectric fluid are considered and the overall effect on the EDM are analysed. The various properties of biodiesel/bio-oil such flash point, viscosity index, and surface roughness etc. are compared with the traditionally dielectric fluid. The study shows that the vegetable based biodiesel could be an alternate of traditional based oil. The High MRR, good surface area and effective TWR are observed from the study. The comparative study of Jatropha curcas oil and Kerosene oil shows that the jatropha curcas oil highly effective over kerosene.

Due to continuous extraction of fossil fuels to meet the the energy demand has put adverse effect on our environment leads to focus more on ecological sources to meet the energy demand. Also, the high cost of edible oil in recent years shifts to work on non-edible oil that are easily available, low cost and clean form of energy source. In this study, the work is focused on Styrax officinalis as the feedstock for bio-lubricant production. The different loads were applied and maximum friction was observed at higher loads. The chemically modified Styrax oil showed better properties. Reduction in friction and wear was observed.

The absence of efficient mass spectrometry-based approaches for the large-scale analysis of protein arginine methylation has hindered the understanding of its biological role, beyond the transcriptional regulation occurring through histone modification. In the last decade, however, several technological advances of both the biochemical methods for methylated polypeptide enrichment and the computational pipelines for MS data analysis have considerably boosted this research field, generating novel insights about the extent and role of this post-translational modification.Here, we offer an overview of state-of-the-art approaches for the high-confidence identification and accurate quantification of protein arginine methylation by high-resolution mass spectrometry methods, which comprise the development of both biochemical and bioinformatics methods. The further optimization and systematic application of these analytical solutions will lead to ground-breaking discoveries on the role of protein methylation in biological processes.

Immobilization of Bacillus megaterium spores on Eppendorf tubes through physical adsorption has been used in the detection of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk within real time of 45 ± 5 min using visual observation of changes in a chromogenic substrate. The appearance of a sky-blue colour indicates the absence of AFM1 in milk, whereas no colour change indicates the presence of AFM1 in milk at a 0.5 ppb Codex maximum residue limit. The working performance of the immobilized spores was shown to persist for up to 6 months. Further, spores immobilized on 96-well black microtitre plates by physical adsorption and by entrapment on sensor disk showed a reduction in detection sensitivity to 0.25 ppb within a time period of 20 ± 5 min by measuring fluorescence using a microbiological plate reader through the addition of milk and fluorogenic substrate. A high fluorescence ratio indicated more substrate hydrolysis due to spore-germination-mediated release of marker enzymes of spores in the absence of AFM1 in milk; however, low fluorescence ratios indicated the presence of AFM1 at 0.25 ppb. Immobilized spores on 96-well microtitre plates and sensor disks have shown better reproducibility after storage at 4 °C for 6 months. Chromogenic assay showed 1.38% false-negative and 2.77% false-positive results while fluorogenic assay showed 4.16% false-positive and 2.77% false-negative results when analysed for AFM1 using 72 milk samples containing raw, pasteurized, and dried milk. Immobilization of spores makes these chromogenic and fluorogenic assays portable, selective, cost-effective for real-time detection of AFM1 in milk at the dairy farm, reception dock, and manufacturing units of the dairy industry.

Bacterial Spores are robust and dormant life forms. The enthralling controlling system can maintain the spore dormancy for years yet allow the reappearance into active state within minutes thus provide resistance to the bacterium to heat, freezing, chemicals, radiations and other adverse environments. In spite of being considered as a spoilage and disease cause, Bacterial spores have been emerging as a miracle package. The survivability of bacterial spores under harsh conditions provides various solutions to human needs. Thus bacterial spores are drawing increased interest of the researchers as a solution to get work done under tough conditions. Bacterial spores have been exploited successfully to develop Biological Detection Systems as they can sense environmental changes and respond rapidly. Recently several spore based biosensors have been developed for the detection of different contaminants from different sources. More valued Probiotic Products based on bacterial spores have also been developed as spores can travel through GIT safely due to their resistant to digestive enzymes.Taking advantage of spore survivability, Pest Control Products based on spores are being used for making innovations in pest control. Different strains of Bacillus thuringiensis have been used to protect crops. More recent Bt genes have been expressed in transgenic plants to provide inherent resistance. Bacillus spores also have been exploited for vaccine delivery as a noninvasive and thermostable vaccine delivery system. Bioremediation and Electricity generation is also another applied corner of bacterial spores. This reevaluation highlights the potential of this simpler microbial structure and recent growth in the applied bacterial spore biology. Key-wordsBacterial Spore, Biological detection system, Probiotics, Vaccine delivery, Bioremediation -------------------------------------------------IJLSSR----------------------------------------------INTRODUCTION Under normal conditions, the bacterial cell acquires the nutrients from surroundings that results in an orderly increase of all the chemical constituents of the bacterial cell and the multiplication of the cell is the consequent. During inability of bacteria to acquire nutrients, the bacterial cell loses its ability to reproduce and resultant is the death. However, some bacteria particularly members of Firmicutes, exist in two configurations depending upon the nutrient swing. Under cordial conditions, these bacteria exist as metabolically committed and dividing vegetative cells. Access this article online Quick Response Code: Website

The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei is used for industrial production of secreted enzymes including carbohydrate active enzymes, such as cellulases and hemicellulases. The production of many of these enzymes by T. reesei is influenced by the carbon source it grows on, where the regulation system controlling hydrolase genes involves various signaling pathways. T. reesei was cultivated in the presence of sorbitol, a carbon source that does not induce the production of cellulases and hemicellulases, and then exposed to either sophorose or spent-grain extract, which are efficient inducers of the enzyme production. Specific changes at phosphorylation sites were investigated in relation to the production of cellulases and hemicellulases using an MS-based framework. Proteome-wide phosphorylation following carbon source exchange was investigated in the early stages of induction: 0, 2, 5, and 10 min. The workflow involved sequential trypsin digestion, TiO2 enrichment, and MS analysis using a Q Exactive mass spectrometer. We report on the identification and quantitation of 1721 phosphorylation sites. Investigation of the data revealed a complex signaling network activated upon induction involving components related to light-mediated cellulase induction, osmoregulation, and carbon sensing. Changes in protein phosphorylation were detected in the glycolytic pathway, suggesting an inhibition of glucose catabolism at 10 min after the addition of sophorose and as early as 2 min after the addition of spent-grain extract. Differential phosphorylation of factors related to carbon storage, intracellular trafficking, cytoskeleton, and cellulase gene regulation were also observed.